The Cold WarThe Cold War

Beginning TensionsBeginning TensionsStandard 20Standard 20

SSUSH20 The student will SSUSH20 The student will analyze the domestic and analyze the domestic and

international impact of the international impact of the Cold War on the United Cold War on the United

States. States.

The Cold WarThe Cold War The Cold War was the era of confrontation and The Cold War was the era of confrontation and

competition beginning immediately after WW II competition beginning immediately after WW II between the United States and the Soviet Unionbetween the United States and the Soviet Union

Partition of GermanyPartition of GermanyEnd of WWIIEnd of WWII

Soviet Sphere of Soviet Sphere of InfluenceInfluence

Tensions escalated as the Soviet Union Tensions escalated as the Soviet Union annexed countriesannexed countries such as Estonia, such as Estonia, Latvia, & Lithuania Latvia, & Lithuania following WWIIfollowing WWII

Other countries became Other countries became Soviet Soviet satellitessatellites, which means they were , which means they were controlled militarily & economically by controlled militarily & economically by the USSRthe USSR– Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia,

Hungary, Czechoslovakia, & AlbaniaHungary, Czechoslovakia, & Albania The US feared the influence would move The US feared the influence would move

into the Mediterranean region nextinto the Mediterranean region next

a. Describe the creation of the a. Describe the creation of the Marshall Plan, U.S. Marshall Plan, U.S.

commitment to Europe, the commitment to Europe, the Truman Doctrine, and the Truman Doctrine, and the origins and implications of origins and implications of

the containment policythe containment policy

Promoting DemocracyPromoting Democracy The term The term iron curtainiron curtain soon became symbolic soon became symbolic

of the political division between western & of the political division between western & eastern Europe.eastern Europe.

In 1947, American diplomat In 1947, American diplomat George F. Kennan George F. Kennan proposed a proposed a policy of containmentpolicy of containment..– Included both economic support & military aid Included both economic support & military aid

to vulnerable countries as a way to prevent to vulnerable countries as a way to prevent them from falling under Communist rule.them from falling under Communist rule.

– Later that year, Later that year, President TrumanPresident Truman announced announced the the Truman DoctrineTruman Doctrine, based on Kennan’s , based on Kennan’s theory.theory.

– It guided America’s foreign policy for the next 4 It guided America’s foreign policy for the next 4 decades.decades.

Containment PolicyContainment Policy ContainmentContainment

– The U.S. policy towards the Soviet Union The U.S. policy towards the Soviet Union and communism and communism

– Used to block, or contain, communist Used to block, or contain, communist expansion into other countries expansion into other countries

Marshall PlanMarshall Plan To aid Europe’s recovery, in 1947, To aid Europe’s recovery, in 1947, Secretary of Secretary of

State George Marshall State George Marshall proposed a massive relief proposed a massive relief plan of providing billions of dollars to European plan of providing billions of dollars to European countries.countries.– Because after WW II much of Europe was devastated Because after WW II much of Europe was devastated

physically and economically physically and economically – The US provided European countries with The US provided European countries with

funds needed to purchase supplies to rebuild funds needed to purchase supplies to rebuild their economies & to support democratic their economies & to support democratic ideas.ideas.

– Allowed Europe to rebuild itself Allowed Europe to rebuild itself – The Soviet Union rejected the aid and developed it’s The Soviet Union rejected the aid and developed it’s

own economic program own economic program

Truman DoctrineTruman Doctrine Proposed by President Proposed by President

Harry Truman in 1947, Harry Truman in 1947, The Truman Doctrine The Truman Doctrine provided aid to any provided aid to any country battling country battling Communist aggressionCommunist aggression

It was immediately used It was immediately used to support the free to support the free governments in Turkey governments in Turkey and Greece against and Greece against communist threats communist threats

Unification of Unification of West GermanyWest Germany

June 1948, France, Great June 1948, France, Great Britain, and the U.S. Britain, and the U.S. announced their plan to announced their plan to unify their occupation zones unify their occupation zones in western Germany, plus in western Germany, plus those of Berlin, the capital, those of Berlin, the capital, located deep within Soviet-located deep within Soviet-held eastern Germany.held eastern Germany.

Almost immediately Almost immediately following the USSR following the USSR declaring East Germany declaring East Germany communist, thousands of communist, thousands of people fled to West Berlin people fled to West Berlin hoping to make their way to hoping to make their way to freedom.freedom.

Berlin BlockadeBerlin Blockade In response to the unification In response to the unification

of West Germany, of West Germany, StalinStalin sent sent troops to blockade the troops to blockade the western border of Berlin, western border of Berlin, halting vital supplies to 2 halting vital supplies to 2 million people.million people.

In a countermove, British & In a countermove, British & American cargo planes began American cargo planes began an all around-the-clock airlift an all around-the-clock airlift of food, fuel, & other of food, fuel, & other essentials to West Berlin.essentials to West Berlin.

The Berlin AirliftThe Berlin Airlift lasted until lasted until Stalin ended the blockade 10 Stalin ended the blockade 10 months later.months later.

Soon after, the country Soon after, the country officially divided into West & officially divided into West & East Germany.East Germany.

NATONATO In 1949, an alliance In 1949, an alliance

between the U.S., Canada, between the U.S., Canada, Great Britain, France and Great Britain, France and many other countries many other countries created the created the North North Atlantic Treaty Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).Organization (NATO).

Members agreed to mutual Members agreed to mutual military assistance if any military assistance if any member was attacked.member was attacked.

The Communist nations The Communist nations formed a similar alliance formed a similar alliance with the with the Warsaw Pact.Warsaw Pact.

b. Explain the impact of the new communist b. Explain the impact of the new communist regime in China and the outbreak of the Korean regime in China and the outbreak of the Korean War and how these events contributed to the rise War and how these events contributed to the rise of Senator Joseph McCarthyof Senator Joseph McCarthy

Following WW II, China was Following WW II, China was involved in a civil war between involved in a civil war between the U.S. backed Nationalist the U.S. backed Nationalist government and Mao Zedong’s government and Mao Zedong’s Communist forcesCommunist forces

Despite help from the U.S. the Despite help from the U.S. the Nationalist government lost and Nationalist government lost and retreated to the island of Taiwanretreated to the island of Taiwan

The Communist People’s The Communist People’s Republic of China was formed in Republic of China was formed in 19491949

Communist RevolutionCommunist Revolution

In 1950, the People’s Republic In 1950, the People’s Republic and the Soviet Union signed a and the Soviet Union signed a treaty of alliance treaty of alliance

The U.S. feared that the two The U.S. feared that the two countries would spread countries would spread communism across the globecommunism across the globe

The U.S. immediately began to The U.S. immediately began to industrialize/rebuild Japan in industrialize/rebuild Japan in order to gain an ally in Asia order to gain an ally in Asia

Korean WarKorean War At the end of WW II Korea was split into two at the 38At the end of WW II Korea was split into two at the 38thth

parallel, with the Soviets occupying the north and the U.S. parallel, with the Soviets occupying the north and the U.S. occupying the southoccupying the south

Both the North and the South formed their own Both the North and the South formed their own

governments and claimed the entire country as their own.governments and claimed the entire country as their own.

In 1950 the Soviet backed North Korean Army invaded In 1950 the Soviet backed North Korean Army invaded South Korea nearly capturing the whole country South Korea nearly capturing the whole country

Korean WarKorean War The U.S. Army The U.S. Army

backed by United backed by United Nations troops, Nations troops, counter-attacked counter-attacked and pushed the and pushed the North Korean Army North Korean Army to the border of to the border of ChinaChina

Feeling threatened Feeling threatened by the advance, by the advance, China attacked and China attacked and forced the U.S. to forced the U.S. to retreat back behind retreat back behind the 38the 38thth parallel parallel

Korean WarKorean War The two sides eventually The two sides eventually

signed a peace treaty in signed a peace treaty in 19531953

The U.S. then began to The U.S. then began to build up their military and build up their military and signed defense agreements signed defense agreements with many Asian countrieswith many Asian countries

The U.S. also began The U.S. also began sending aid to French sending aid to French forces fighting Communist forces fighting Communist forces in Vietnamforces in Vietnam

McCarthyMcCarthy In 1952 Senator Joseph In 1952 Senator Joseph

McCarthy began holding McCarthy began holding hearings about hearings about Communism, accusing Communism, accusing many in the government many in the government of being spies, or of being spies, or Communist sympathizers Communist sympathizers

His “witch-hunt” for His “witch-hunt” for communist became know communist became know as McCarthyism. as McCarthyism. Those Those who openly challenged who openly challenged McCarthy would be McCarthy would be accused of being a accused of being a communist sympathizercommunist sympathizer

McCarthy-ismMcCarthy-ism

McCarthy’s downfall began McCarthy’s downfall began in 1954 when, in televised in 1954 when, in televised hearings, he accused the hearings, he accused the U.S. Army of containing U.S. Army of containing communistscommunists

As millions of Americans As millions of Americans watched on TV, he openly watched on TV, he openly badgered and harassed badgered and harassed witnesseswitnesses

With pressure from the With pressure from the American people, Congress American people, Congress censured McCarthy, ending censured McCarthy, ending his political power his political power

c. The Cuban Revolution, the c. The Cuban Revolution, the Bay of Pigs, and the Cuban Bay of Pigs, and the Cuban

missile crisis. missile crisis. Cuban RevolutionCuban Revolution

Communism was spreading Communism was spreading across across the world, not only just to Asia & East the world, not only just to Asia & East Europe Europe – Cuba had its own Revolution – Cuba had its own Revolution from 1953-59.from 1953-59.

Fidel Castro Fidel Castro led a rebel army that led a rebel army that sought to overthrow the corrupt sought to overthrow the corrupt government of government of Fulgencio BatistaFulgencio Batista, , Cuba’s self-proclaimed dictator.Cuba’s self-proclaimed dictator.

Batista fled in 1959 & Cuba became Batista fled in 1959 & Cuba became a Communist country supported by a Communist country supported by the USSR, the first country in the the USSR, the first country in the Western hemisphere backed by the Western hemisphere backed by the Soviets.Soviets.

c. The Cuban Revolution, the Bay c. The Cuban Revolution, the Bay of Pigs, and the Cuban missile of Pigs, and the Cuban missile

crisis. crisis.

Cuba, only 90 miles from Cuba, only 90 miles from the U.S. mainland, took the U.S. mainland, took control of all U.S. control of all U.S. property in Cuba, property in Cuba, including land and including land and factoriesfactories

The new Cuban leader, The new Cuban leader, Fidel Castro, aligned his Fidel Castro, aligned his government with the government with the Soviet UnionSoviet Union

Bay of PigsBay of Pigs In 1961, the US sponsored an In 1961, the US sponsored an

invasion of Cuba by Cubans invasion of Cuba by Cubans who had fled and were living who had fled and were living in the U.S. in the U.S. – President Kennedy had just President Kennedy had just

taken office & inherited this plan taken office & inherited this plan from the previous President from the previous President which called for a CIA backed which called for a CIA backed invasion of Cuba in order to invasion of Cuba in order to over- throw Castroover- throw Castro

This invasion was known as This invasion was known as the the Bay of PigsBay of Pigs – it failed, – it failed, and was an embarrassment and was an embarrassment for for President John F. KennedyPresident John F. Kennedy..

The U.S. worried that the Soviet Union would The U.S. worried that the Soviet Union would use Cuba as a base to spread Communism use Cuba as a base to spread Communism through out the Western Hemisphere through out the Western Hemisphere

Though only the President for three months, Though only the President for three months, Kennedy listened to his advisors and approved Kennedy listened to his advisors and approved the secret plan which called for 1,500 Cuban the secret plan which called for 1,500 Cuban exiles to attack, supported by U.S. planesexiles to attack, supported by U.S. planes

The attack was a disaster/failure:The attack was a disaster/failure: News of the attack leaked out days before it News of the attack leaked out days before it

happenedhappened The attack site, the “Bay of Pigs”, was poorly chosen The attack site, the “Bay of Pigs”, was poorly chosen

with coral reefs slowing down the landing craft, and with coral reefs slowing down the landing craft, and swampy land causing problems once ashore swampy land causing problems once ashore

In an effort to hide U.S. involvement, Kennedy In an effort to hide U.S. involvement, Kennedy refused to send in the expected air supportrefused to send in the expected air support

- Within days Cuba had captured or killed the invaders Within days Cuba had captured or killed the invaders

Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis In 1962, U.S. spy planes In 1962, U.S. spy planes

photographed Soviet made long photographed Soviet made long range missiles being set-up in Cuba range missiles being set-up in Cuba that could reach the United States.that could reach the United States.

CubanCuban Missile Crisis Missile Crisis

The US / President Kennedy ordered a naval The US / President Kennedy ordered a naval blockade of Cubablockade of Cuba, demanded that the Soviets , demanded that the Soviets dismantle and remove the missiles, and warned dismantle and remove the missiles, and warned Russia that the U.S. would launch an all out Russia that the U.S. would launch an all out nuclear missile attack on the Soviet Union if any nuclear missile attack on the Soviet Union if any missiles were fired from Cuba missiles were fired from Cuba

At the time, it appeared as though the two At the time, it appeared as though the two countries would go to war over the Soviet countries would go to war over the Soviet missiles.missiles.

Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis The Soviets ignored the warning and The Soviets ignored the warning and

continued to work on the sitescontinued to work on the sites Many in the U.S. believed that a Many in the U.S. believed that a

nuclear holocaust would occur nuclear holocaust would occur In late October, after secretly In late October, after secretly

negotiating with the Soviets, disaster negotiating with the Soviets, disaster was avoided (13 Days)was avoided (13 Days)

After an intense standoff, the After an intense standoff, the Soviets removed the missiles & Soviets removed the missiles & the U.S. Navy withdrew.the U.S. Navy withdrew.

This was the closest the two This was the closest the two countries ever came to making countries ever came to making the cold war, hot.the cold war, hot.

Nuclear Arms RaceNuclear Arms Race The fear of a nuclear attack was a The fear of a nuclear attack was a

direct result of the Cold Wardirect result of the Cold War Soon after the USSR developed Soon after the USSR developed

their own atomic bomb, the two their own atomic bomb, the two superpowers embarked on an superpowers embarked on an arms race that enormously arms race that enormously increased both the number & the increased both the number & the destructive power of weaponsdestructive power of weapons

The development of the H-Bomb The development of the H-Bomb was a response to the Soviet’s a-was a response to the Soviet’s a-bombbomb– They estimated that such a They estimated that such a

bomb would have the force of 1 bomb would have the force of 1 million tons of TNT (67 times million tons of TNT (67 times the power of the bomb dropped the power of the bomb dropped on Hiroshima).on Hiroshima).

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) reached outer space before the US (USSR) reached outer space before the US and because of the competition between and because of the competition between Americans and Russians the United States Americans and Russians the United States Space Program was launched. Space Program was launched.

Although President Eisenhower tried to Although President Eisenhower tried to “downplay the satellite as a ‘useless hunk of “downplay the satellite as a ‘useless hunk of iron,” he became anxious about keeping iron,” he became anxious about keeping America ahead of all Soviet achievements. America ahead of all Soviet achievements.

This created an urgency to initiate a space This created an urgency to initiate a space program to get American satellites in the air. program to get American satellites in the air.

Practice QuestionsPractice Questions The policy of containment was The policy of containment was

introduced as America’s foreign introduced as America’s foreign policy with the policy with the – A) the Tet OffensiveA) the Tet Offensive– B) the Truman DoctrineB) the Truman Doctrine– C) the Berlin AirliftC) the Berlin Airlift– D) the Marshall PlanD) the Marshall Plan

Practice QuestionsPractice Questions The Truman Doctrine stated thatThe Truman Doctrine stated that

– A) the US would not tolerate Communists A) the US would not tolerate Communists in high levels of US governmentin high levels of US government

– B) the US would not hesitate to intervene B) the US would not hesitate to intervene to help foreign nations resist communismto help foreign nations resist communism

– C) the US would not cross the 38C) the US would not cross the 38thth parallel parallel during the Korean Warduring the Korean War

– D) the US would not support Mao’s D) the US would not support Mao’s revolution in Chinarevolution in China

Practice QuestionsPractice Questions What prompted the Cuban Missile What prompted the Cuban Missile

Crisis?Crisis?– A) the Tet OffensiveA) the Tet Offensive– B) the Cuban RevolutionB) the Cuban Revolution– C) the discovery of Soviet missiles in C) the discovery of Soviet missiles in

CubaCuba– D) the interest in overthrowing Fidel D) the interest in overthrowing Fidel

CastroCastro