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7/23/2019 01 - Cryogenics - Nakai
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/01-cryogenics-nakai 1/63
NAKAI Hirotaka
Accelerator Laboratory,
High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK)
Tsukuba, Japan
SRF 2013 Tutorials
20 September, 2013
7/23/2019 01 - Cryogenics - Nakai
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20130920 SRF 2013 Tutorials - Cryogenics: Nakai, KEK
1. Introduction
Superconducting RF cavities and cryogenics
2. Helium refrigerators
Thermodynamics of helium liquefaction
Liquefiers and refrigerators
3. Superfluid helium and cryogenic systems
Superfluid helium (He II)
Superfluid helium cryogenic system
2 K cryogenic systems at KEK
4. Cryogenic Engineering
Cryomodules
Transfer Lines
5. Summary
2
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Cryogenics - Science and engineering
concerning with low temperature Low temperature - below normal boiling point
temperature of oxygen (~ 90 K) or
nitrogen (~ 77 K)
4
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Nb : Tc = 9.3 K
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0 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature [K]
NbNbTi
Nb Sn3
He4
n-H2
NeN2
CO
F2
Ar
O2
T c
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0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5
1.3 GHz, Rres
= 8x10-9
W
509 MHz, Rres
= 3.3x10-8
W
S u r f a c e R e s i s t a n c e [ x 1 0 - 7
W ]
Temperature [K]
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QH = QL +W R
QH
T H
! Q
L
T L
W R !QL
T H
T L"1
#
$ %&
' ( = QL )b
QH
QL
T L
W R
T H
R
Cited from Lebrun, Ph., “An Introduction to Cryogenics”,CERN/AT 2007-1 (2007)
Carnot factor : b =
T H
T L!1
T H = 300 K , T
L= 4.5 K
QL = 1 W W
R ! 65.7 W
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1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4
Carnot FactorCavity Loss
Cooling Power
A r b i t a r y S
c a l e
Temperature [K]
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A A' C B B'
V A
V B
P A PB
Porous Plug
Cited from I. Oshida and T. Fujishiro, “Thermodynamics”, Shokabo Publishing (1970) in Japanese
External work :
First law of thermodynamics :
Adiabatic condition :
Increased internal energy :
Enthalpy (Gibbs’ heat function) :
Q = 0
U B!U
A= P
AV A! P
BV B
W = P AV A! P
BV B
U + PV = const . = H
Q = U B!U A( ) !W
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m =!T
!P
!
"####
$
%
&&&& h
=
V
c p
a T '1( )
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0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
0 10 20 30 40 50
P r e s s u r e
[ M P a ]
Temperature [K]
Critical Point
m > 0
m < 0
Cited from Verein Deutscher Ingenieure, Lehrgangshandbuch Kryotechnik (1977)
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T e m p e r a t u r e [ K ]
300
280
260
240
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
1507
1424
1340
1256
1172
1089
1005
921
837
754
1 . 0
1
0 . 5
0 7
0 . 2
0 3
0 . 1 0 1
5 . 0
7
3 . 0
4
2 . 0
3
P [ M P
a ]
H [J/g]
20.9 25.112.6 16.7 29.3
Entropy [J/g·K]
586
670
T e m p e r a t u r e [ K ]
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
5020.9 25.112.6 16.78.37 29.3
Entropy [J/g·K]
502
461
419
377
335
293
H [J/g]
1 . 0 1
0 . 5 0 7
0 . 2 0 3
0 . 1 0 1
5 . 0 7
3 . 0 4
2 . 0 3
P [ M P
a ]
T e m p e r a t u r
e [ K ]
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0 20.9 25.112.6 16.78.374.19
Entropy [J/g·K]
251
209
167
126
83.7
41.9
33.525.116.73.56
1 . 0
1
0 . 5
0 7
0 . 2
0 3
0 . 1
0 1
5 . 0
7
3 . 0
4
2 . 0
3
P [ M
P a
]
H [J/g]
Cited from S. Tanuma ed., “Cryogenics”, Kyoritsu Shuppan (1974) in Japanese
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G
K
I
I'
E
H2
C
F
J H3
H4
H1
P1PcP2P3
T c
T e m p e r a
t u r e
T
Entropy S
Isobars ( P > P > P > P )2 c 13
Isenthalps
( H > H > H > H )1 32 4
IsothermalCompression
IsentropicExpansion
IsenthalpicExpansion
AdiabaticExpansion
Cited from S. Tanuma ed., “Cryogenics”, Kyoritsu Shuppan (1974) in Japanese
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T300 K
61.3 GPa
0.13 MPa
4.5 KS
8.2 GPa
3.89 J/g·K 8.07 J/g·K
Cited from Lebrun, Ph., “An Introduction to Cryogenics”, CERN/AT 2007-1 (2007)
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T e m p e r a
t u r e
Entropy
A
B
C
C'
D
PressureP1
P 2 ( < P1 )
Enthalpy Hisobaric
(heat exchanger)
isentropic
adiabatic
(expansion engine)
isenthalpic(Joule-Thomson vaive)
Cited from Lebrun, Ph., “An Introduction to Cryogenics”, CERN/AT 2007-1 (2007)
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Compressor
.
W c
Joule-Thomson
Valve(JT Valve)
HeatExchanger
(HX)
Liquid
-.
m L
. m
L
. m
L
. m
. m
(4)
(3)(2)
(V)
(1)
(1)
(1)(2)
(3)
(4)
(3')
(4')
(L)
(V)
T e m p e r a t u r e
Entropy
Isobars
Isentalps
C
Linde Cycle
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JT Valve
Liquid
(6)
(3)
(V)
Compressor
.
W c
L
. m
-.
m L
. m
L
. m
. m (2)(1)
(1)
HX3
Expander
HX1 HX2
.
W e
e
. m
-.
m e
. m
-.
m e
. m - L
. m
(7)
(4) (5)
(9)
(e)
(8)
(7)
T e m p e r a t u r e
Entropy
(1)(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)(L)
(e)
(V)
(9)
(8)
Claude Cycle
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120 kPa
700 kPa
6.5 kW @ 80 K
80 KCharcoal
Filter
15 MPa
Drier 150 Nm3 /h
0.5 MPa
110 kPa
1.7 MPa 400 kPa
135 kPa
100 m3 x 9 = 900 m3
High Pressure Gas Storage
0.5 m3 x 18 x 4 = 36 m3
120 kPa
Gas Bag
4 Superconducting Cavities at D11 Section4 Superconducting Cavities at D10 Section
SuperconductingCavity Under Test
Multi-channel Transfer Line
Helium Gas Recovery Line
CirculationCompressors(Screw Type)
Recovery/PurifierCompressor
Helium GasPurifier
NitorgenCirculation
System
Nitrogen GasCompressor
Impure Helium Gas
CylindersPure Helium GasCylinders
Liquefied NitrogenStorage Vessel
Liquefied HeliumStorage Vessel
Evaporator
Helium RefrigeratorCold Box
AdsorberCold Box
Intermediate PressureGas Storage Tanks
SubsidiaryCold Box
80 m 3
C1
C2 C4
C3
C5 C6
C A
CB
T4
T5
T1
T2
T3
T
12000 L
50000 L
D10 Test Stand
SuperKEKB Accelerator Nikko Experimental Hall(Underground Tunnel)
To Open Air
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Refrigerator Cryostat
Liquid Helium Liquid Helium
Helium Gas (Warm)
OPEN CYCLE REFRIGERATOR CLOSED CYCLE REFRIGERATOR
Helium Gas (Cold)
Liquid Helium
Storage Vessel(Dewar)
Liquid
Helium
CryostatLiquefier
Gas Bag
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0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
HeliumNitrogenn-Hydrogen
E n t h a l p y ( v o l u m e ) [ M J / m 3 ]
Temperature [K]
77.420.4
4.2
Latent Heat
Sensible Heat
Cited from Verein Deutscher Ingenieure, Lehrgangshandbuch Kryotechnik (1977)
4.2
77.3
Sensible Heat
Latent Heat
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4.5 K
18.8 J/g
4.2J/g·K
S
T
Q1
Refrigerator
HeatLoad
Compressor
LPHPT0 = 300 K
T1 = 4.5 K
Q1
1543J/g
23.1J/g·K
300 K
4.5 K
isobar(0.13 MPa)
18.8 J/g
4.2J/g·K
R
S
T
Q1
Liquefier
Compressor
LHe
R
LPHPT0 = 300 K
T1 = 4.5 K
Q1HeatLoad
Cited from Lebrun, Ph., “An Introduction to Cryogenics”, CERN/AT 2007-1 (2007)
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Saturated VaporPressure Curve
C
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Saturated Vapor Pressure Curve
Melting Curve
Lambda Line
Gas Pumping
0
5
Temperature [K]
Solid
He II(Liquid)
He I (Liquid)
Vapor
Critical
Point
2.5
0.2
0.1
Normal Liquid HeliumSuperfluid
Helium
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Superfluidity
Flowing through capillaries without any
friction
Super Thermal Conductivity
Apparent thermal conductivity about 100
times of that of high-purity copper
Film Flow Flowing in adsorbed layer of helium atoms
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Normal Fluid
ComponentSuperfluid Component
Density rn rs
Viscosity m 0
Entropy
TransportYes No
Driven by Pressure Difference Temperature Difference
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Total density is sum of those of each component :
Density ratio depends on temperature
Independent flow fields of each component
r = r
s+ r
n
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
r s
/ r
o r
r n
/ r
Temperature [K]
rn / r
rs / r
l point
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Superfluid component flows toward higher temperature region
Normal fluid component flows in opposite direction ofsuperfluid component flow (thermal counterflow) No netflow
Entropy (heat) is transported only by normal fluid component
Apparent large thermal conduction (internal convection)
Cited from K. Yamada and T. Ohmi,
“Superfluidity”,
Baifukan (1995) in Japanese
T+DT T
SuperfluidHelium
A B
ElectricHeater
Superfluid componet flow
Normal fluid component flow
Q
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CottonWool
FinePowder
Radiation
SuperfluidHelium
T+DTT
Electric
Heater
SuperfluidHelium
FinePowder
Cited from Donnelly, R. J., “Experimental Superfluidity”, University of Chicago Press (1967)
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Thermometer
VacuumInsulation
Superfluid
Helium
Fine Powder(Porous Plug)
Cited from K. Yamada and T. Ohmi, “Superfluidity”, Baifukan (1995) in Japanese
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(A) (B) (C)
Cited from Donnelly, R. J., “Experimental Superfluidity”, University of Chicago Press (1967)
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NormalHelium
T ~ 4.4 K
SuperfluidHeliumT ~ 2 K
Joule-ThomsonValve 1
Joule-Thomson Valve 2
Compressor (Vacuum Pump)
Heat Exchanger
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T e m p e r a t u r e [ K ]
Entropy [J/(g·K)]
0 5 10 151
2
4
6
8
10
P = 0.1 MPa
P = 1.66 kPa
T = 4.2 K
T = 1.8 K
T = 2.2 K (P = 5.32 kPa)
He II
He I
89 % 62 % (V)(L)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
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Superconducting RF Test Facility (STF) Concerning with ILC project
Pulse mode operation
Capture cryomodule (2 x 9-cell cavities) +
STF2-CM1 (8 x 9-cell cavities) + STF2-
CM2A (4 x 9-cell cavities)
Compact Energy Recovery Linac (cERL)
CW mode operation
Injector linac (3 x 2-cell cavities) + Main
linac (2 x 9-cell cavities)
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Tunnel Level
Ground Level
Helium Liquefier/ Refrigerator
Cold Box
He IIPot
Gas Return Pipe
Helium GasPumping System
J-TValve
To Gas Bag
He IPot
LiquidHelium
HeatExchanger
Superconducting Cavities
To Open Air
LiquidNitrogen
5K Thermal Shield
80K Thermal Shield
2KRefrigeratorCold Box
Cryomodule
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ConnectionBox
EndBox
Multi-channel Transfer Line
Ground Level Tunnel Level
Helium Liquefier/Refrigerator Cold Box
2000 LLiquefied HeliumStorage Vessel
Helium GasPumping System
Shaft down toTunnel Level
STF2-CM1Cryomodule
CaptureCryomodule
2K Refrigerator Cold Box
2K Refrigerator Cold BoxEnd
Box
Gas Bag
STF2-CM2ACryomodule
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Helium Liquefier/
RefrigeratorCold Box
He IIPot
Helium GasPumping System
To Gas BagLiquid
Helium
Superconducting Cavities
Cryomodule
To Compressor/ Gas Bag
LiquidNitrogen
To Open Air
He IPot
5K Thermal Shield
80K Thermal Shield
J-TValve
HeatExchanger
2KRefrigeratorCold Box
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5K Shield5KCryopanel
Liquid
Nitrogen
Helium Liquefier/
Refrigerator Cold Box
Cold Helium Gas Return
Liquefied HeliumStorage Vessel
(3000 L)
LiquidHelium
Multi-channel Transfer Line
2K Refrigerator Cold Box
80K Shield
2K Refrigerator Cold Box
Liquefied NitrogenStorage Vessel(10000 L)
He II
80K Shield
Helium GasPumping System
He II
He I
Injector LinacCryomodule
Main LinacCryomodule
Precooling LinePrecooling Line
CavitiesCavities
Helium GasPumping System
J-TValve
J-TValve
To Open Air
He I
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Heat Load
Joule-Thomson
expansion
Subcoolingheat exchanger
Heat Load
Joule-Thomson
expansion
Subcoolingheat exchanger
4 . 5
K
R e
f r i g e r a t o r
Liquidhelium
LP HP
4 . 5
K
R e
f r i g e r a t o r
Liquidhelium
LP HP
4 . 5
K
R e
f r i g e r a t o r
Liquidhelium
LP HP
Heat Load
Joule-Thomson
expansion
Subcoolingheat exchanger
E l e c t r i c a l
h e a t e r
Sub-atmosphericcompressor
~ 3 kPa
Sub-atmosphericcompressor MP
CC: Cold compressor HP: High pressureMP: Medium pressureLP: Low pressure
CC
CC
CC
CC
CC
1
2
3
ColdCompression
WarmCompression
Mixed (Hybrid)Compression
MPMP
(a) (b) (c)
CC
CC
CC
Cited from Ph. Lebrun and L. Tavian: “The technology of superfluid helium”,
European Graduate Course in Cryogenics Helium Week, WUT & CERN, August-September 2010
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Three Modes of Heat Transfer
Conduction
Thin-wall pipe
Low thermal conductivity material
Convection
Vacuum insulation
Radiation Multi-layer insulation (MLI)
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80 K Thermal Shield
Gas Return Pipe
Vacuum Vessel
Support Post
5 K Thermal Shield
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SuperconductingRF Cavity
2K SuperfluidHelium
Supply PipeHigh Power RFInput Coupler
5-8K ThermalRadiation Shield
40-80K Thermal
Radiation Shield
Support Post
Gas ReturnPipe
3 0 0
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0 5 10 15
Scale (cm)
Liquid
Nitrogen
LiquidHelium
GasHelium
LiquidNitrogen
Aluminum80K Shield
Glass Fiber Reinforced Polyester
Glass Fiber ReinforcedPlastic Plate (G-10)
Stainless SteelPipe
InsulationVacuum
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0 5 10
Scale (cm)
Liquid Nitrogen
Liquid Helium Gas Helium
Aluminum80K Shield
Glass Fiber Reinforced Polyester
Glass Fiber ReinforcedPlastic Plate (G-10)
Stainless Steel Pipe
Insulation Vacuum
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Refrigerator Side
CryomoduleSide
5K Shield (A5052)
80K Shield (A5052)
2K Line Support (G10 /Polyester)
5K Shield Support (G10)
80K Shield Support (G10)
3 1
8 t 3
2 4 0 t 2
1 7 0 t 2
ICF34
2K LHe Supply
ICF34
MLI 10 Layers
LN2 14 t0.5
LHe14 t0.5
MLI 10 Layers
MLI 30 Layers
U-Tight Seal H15040
MLI 10 Layers
2K GHe Return76.3 t0.8
17.3 t0.8
14 t0.5
14 t0.5
60.5 t0.8
80K Shield Pipe
5K Shield Pipe
2K LHe Supply Pipe
2K GHe Return Pipe
SS316L TP-SC
SS316L TP-SC
SS316L TP-SC
SS316L TP-SC
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Asphyxiation (Anoxia)
Lack of oxygen
Cold and heavy nitrogen gas - lower level
Cold but light helium gas - higher level
Frostbite Low temperature liquid and gas on skin
Appropriate equipments for protection
Explosion
Pressure rise of liquefied gas in closed space
such as vessels and pipes
Evaporated oxygen
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1. Superconducting RF cavities and cryogenics
Liquid helium (He I) for 509 MHz RF cavities
Superfluid helium (He II) for 1.3 GHz RF
cavities2. Helium refrigerators
Joule-Thomson expansion (isenthalpic
change)
Inversion curve
Difference of liquefiers and refrigerators
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3. Superfluid helium and cryogenic systems
Two-fluid model to understand unique
properties of superfluid helium
Helium gas pumping system
J-T valves and heat exchangers
4. Cryogenic Engineering
Cryomodules and transfer lines
Cryogenic hazards
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