01 Health Safety & Environmental Mgmt

1

Dr. Musli bin Mohammad

Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM)

Chapter 1:

HEALTH, SAFETY AND

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

Prepared by:

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

(BDA 31302)

Sub topics

1.1 Introduction to Occupational Safety and Health (OSH)

1.2 Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) 1994

1.3 Factories and Machinery Act (FMA) 1967

1.4 Occupational Health, Safety and Environment

Management System

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• Safety is the state of being "safe", the condition of being protected against physical, social, spiritual, financial, political, emotional, occupational, psychological, educational or other types or consequences of failure, damage, error, accidents, harm or any other event which could be considered non-desirable.

• Health can be defines as "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity".


• It is very important for the employers to manage occupational safety and health (OSH) at their workplaces because a lack of management control often leads to the existence of causes of accidents and allows for the unsafe practices among the workers.

• Managing OSH at workplaces is vital as accidents have direct and indirect costs on the organizations.

• Direct costs include lost of time, damage to work equipment and premises, lost of productivity and costs of replacement goods and services.

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• Indirect costs may include costs of replacement for injured workers and costs arising from loss of commitment and motivation of workers involved in the accidents.

• If a safe and conducive environment is created by implementing safety and health at work, there will be an indirect cost saving as the workers efficiency and productivity will be enhanced under such favorable environment [1].


• Organisations related to OSH in Malaysia:

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• Obviously the safety and health aspects involving the workers cannot be disregarded as the law requires the employers to implement safety and health at work.

• The duty has been imposed by the law and the breach of the duties shall invite legal sanctions. The statute makes it an offence for an employer who fails to discharge their statutory duties prescribed under it.


• As far as the legislation that regulates activities in the Malaysian industry is concerned, the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 (OSHA) and Factories and Machinery Act 1967 (FMA) are the primary legislation that govern safety and health of all employees in the industry [1].

• The structure of legistration is as follow [1]:

- The Act (Duties of care, Committees, SHO, DOSH

Officers, Improvement and Prohibition Notices)

- Regulation (To detail specific requirements)

- Code of practice (Guidance in complying with the

Act, Evidence that legal requirements contravened)

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1.2 Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) 1994 – Act 514 [2]

• A piece of Malaysian legislation which was gazetted on the 25th February 1994 by the Malaysian Parliament.

• An Act to make further provision for securing that safety, health and welfare of persons at work, for protecting others against risks to safety or health in connection with the activities of persons at work, to establish the National Council for Occupational Safety and Health and for matters connected therewith.

• Scope: Person at work in all economic activities including public and statutory authorities, except on board ships or the Armed Forces.

• Divided into 15 parts and 67 Sections [2].

1.2 Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) 1994 – Act 514

Part 1: Preliminary Section 1. Short title and application.Section 2. Prevailing laws.Section 3. Interpretation.Section 4. Objects of the Act.

PART 2: Appointment of officersSection 5. Appointment of officers.Section 6. Appointment of independent inspecting body.Section 7. Certificate of authorization.

PART 3: National Council for Occupational Safety and HealthSection 8. Establishment of the Council.Section 9. Membership of the Council.Section 10. Second Schedule to apply.Section 11. Powers and functions of the Council.Section 12. Appointment of secretary to the Council.Section 13. Committees.Section 14. Annual report.

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Part 4: General Duties of Employers and Self-Employed Persons Section 15. General duties of employers and self-employed persons to their employees.Section 16. Duty to formulate safety and health policy.Section 17. General duties of employers and self-employed persons to persons other than their employees.Section 18. Duties of an occupier of a place of work to persons other than his employees.Section 19. Penalty for an offence under section 15, 16, 17 or 18.

PART 5: General Duties of Designers, Manufacturers and SuppliersSection 20. General duties of manufacturers, etc., as regards plant for use at work.Section 21. General duties of manufacturers, etc., as regards substances for use at work.Section 22. Explanations to sections 20 and 21.Section 23. Penalty for an offence under section 20 or 21.


PART 6: General Duties of EmployeesSection 24. General duties of employees at work.Section 25. Duty not to interfere with or misuse things provided pursuant to certain provisions.Section 26. Duty not to charge employees for things done or provided.Section 27. Discrimination against employee, etc.

PART 7: Safety and Health OrganizationsSection 28. Medical surveillance.Section 29. Safety and health officer.Section 30. Establishment of safety and health committee at place of work.Section 31. Functions of safety and health committee.

PART 8: Notification of Accidents, Dangerous Occurrence, Occupational Poisoning and Occupational Diseases, and InquirySection 32. Notification of accidents, dangerous occurrence, occupational poisoning and occupational diseases, and inquiry.Section 33. Director General may direct inquiry to be held.Section 34. Power of occupational safety and health officer at inquiry.

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PART 9: Prohibition against Use of Plant or SubstanceSection 35. Power to prohibit the use of plant or substance.Section 36. Aggrieved person may appeal.

PART 10 - INDUSTRY CODES OF PRACTICESection 37. Approval of industry codes of practice.Section 38. Use of industry codes of practice in proceedings.

PART 11 - ENFORCEMENT AND INVESTIGATIONSection 39. Powers of entry, inspection, examination, seizure, etc.Section 40. Entry into premises with search warrant and power of seizure.Section 41. Entry into premises without search warrant and power of seizure.Section 42. Power of forceful entry and service on occupier of signed copy of list of things seized from premises.Section 43. Further provisions in relation to inspection.Section 44. Power of investigation.Section 45. Power to examine witnesses.Section 46. Employer, etc., to assist officer.Section 47. Offences in relation to inspection.Section 48. Improvement notice and prohibition notice.Section 49. Penalty for failure to comply with notice.Section 50. Aggrieved person may appeal.


PART 12 - LIABILITY FOR OFFENCESSection 51. General penalty.Section 52. Offences committed by body corporate.Section 53. Offences committed by trade union.Section 54. Offences committed by agent.Section 55. Defense.Section 56. Body corporate or trade union liable to fine.Section 57. Aiding and abetting.Section 58. Safeguards against further personal liability.Section 59. Civil liability not affected by Parts IV, V and VI.Section 60. Onus of proving limits of what is practicable.Section 61. Prosecutions.Section 62. Compounding of offences.

PART 13 - APPEALSSection 63. Appeal committees.Section 64. Powers of appeal committee.Section 65. Decision of appeal committee.

PART 14 - REGULATIONSSection 66. Regulations.

PART 15 - MISCELLANEOUSSection 67. Duty to keep secret.

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Objectives of Acts:

• To secure the safety, health and welfare of persons at work

• To protect person (other than person at work) at a place of work against hazard

• To promote the occupational environment adaptable to the person’s physiological and psychological needs

• To provide the means towards a legislative system based on regulations and industry codes of practice in combination with the provisions of the Act.


Philosophy and guiding principles:

• Responsibilities to ensure safety and health at the workplace lies with those who create the risk and with those who work with the risk (Self-regulation, Consultation, Workers cooperation and participation)

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General duties of employers and self-employed persons:

• provide and maintain plant and system of work

• make arrangements for the safe use, operation, handling, storage and transportation of substances and plant

• provide information, instruction, training and supervision

• provide and maintain place of work and means of access to and egress from any place of work

• provide and maintain working environment that is safe and without health risk and adequate welfare facilities.


Other duties of employers, self-employed and occupiers:

• Formulate written statement of his policy on OSH.

• Conduct undertaking in such manner not to affect other persons not his employees

• Provide information to other persons on ways his undertaking may affect them.

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General duties of designers, manufacturers and suppliers (plant and substance):

• to ensure plant/substance is designed and constructed to be safe and without risk to health when properly used

• arrange for carrying out testing and examination

• adequate information

• arrange for research to eliminate or minimize hazards

• safe erection and installation.


General duties of employees:

• Reasonable care for safety and health of himself and others

• Co-operate with employer and others

• Wear and use PPE

• Comply with instruction on OSH.

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12


Qualifications (to be registered as a Safety and Health Officer):

• Holds a diploma in OSH or equivalent;

• Successfully completed a course of training in OSH and passed any examination for that course or equivalent;

• Has been working in the area of OSH at least for a period of ten years; or

• Holds such other qualification or has received such training as prescribed from time to time by the Minister pursuant to subsection 29(4) of the Act

Source: SHO Regulation 1997


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• A safety and health committee shall consist of :

(a) a chairman (employer or his authorized manager)

(b) a secretary

(c) representatives of employer (management)

(d) representative of employees (workers)

CHAIRMAN

MANAGEMENT

REPRESENTATIVES

WORKERS

REPRESENTATIVES

SECRETARY

MANAGEMENT

REPRESENTATIVES

WORKERS

REPRESENTATIVES


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Chairman : Employer or his authorised manager

Secretary : Safety & Health Officer

Management Representatives: Manager/Director/Supervisors

Workers Representatives: From section or process


Chairman Employer or Authorized Manager shall be

chairman.

Secretary Person employed as Safety & Health Officer

If no SHO, chairman may appoint anotherperson

or SHC may appoint by ballots frommembers.

Appointment


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Management Representatives : Appointed by Employer

Min 2 persons ( < 100 employees )

Min 4 persons ( > 100 employees )

Workers Representatives : Selected by workers

Appointed by employer

Min 2 persons ( < 100 employees )

Min 4 persons ( > 100 employees )

Appointment


Employees Representatives Nominated from employees

If number exceeded the vacancies…. ballot

If no representatives, employer shall appoint

Shall represent various section of work place

Any vacancy shall be replaced in the same manneras the previous member.

Do not penalise workers who absent due to theirduties as SHC members

S A F E T Y & H E A L T H C O M M I T T E E

Appointment


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Removal of Committee member

Fail to attend 3 consecutive meetings

Unsound mind

Bankrupt

No longer employed (employee rep)

Convicted on a charge of:

Fraud, dishonesty or moral turpitude

offence under law relating to OSH

Other criminal offence

Incapable to carry duty as member



The Safety and Health and Committee should be established for the following purposes:

• To increase and maintain the interest of employees in health and safety issues.

• To convince managers, supervisors and employees through awareness and training activities that they are primarily responsible for the prevention of workplace accidents.

• To help make health and safety activities an integral part of the organization's operating procedures, culture and programs.

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The Health and Safety Committee should be established for the following purposes (cont):

• To provide an opportunity for the free discussion of health and safety problems and possible solutions.

• To inform and educate employees and supervisors about health and safety issues, new standards, research findings, etc.

• To help reduce the risk of workplace injuries and illnesses.

• To help insure compliance with federal and state health and safety standards

Assist in development of rules and systems

Assist in development and review of safety& health programmes

Perform analysis of incident trends andstatistics

Review and recommend amendments tosafety & health policies.


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Perform inspections at work place andrecommend preventive and correctivemeasures

Perform immediate investigation ofaccidents, near-miss accident, dangerousoccurrence, occupational poisoning oroccupational diseases occurred atworkplace.


• Investigates complaints of unsafe orunhealthy practices and report to employerwith recommendations for corrective actions.

• Assists in the development of promotionaland education programmes

• Discusses reports and matters from thesafety officer, enforcement officer, etc

• Advises the employer on safety and healthmatters


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Reporting of accidents, dangerous occurrences, occupational poisoning and diseases:

• Employer to report to the nearest OSH officers of accidents, dangerous occurrence, occupational poisoning and diseases

• Medical officers to report on scheduled diseases in FMA.


Enforcement and investigation:

• Director General of OSH

• OSH officers

• Certificate of authorization

• Power of DOSH Officer (Enter and inspect any place of work; Enter with equipment and authorized persons; Take photos, measurements and samples; Require medical examinations if risk of prescribed disease; Question any person if necessary)

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Enforcement and investigation (Cont.):

• All persons must assist the officer with entry, inspection, examination and enquiry.

• Contravention can lead to prosecution and / or issue of either an : IMPROVEMENT NOTICES or PROHIBITION NOTICES


Offence Penalty

Duty of employers and self employed Maximum RM50,000 or 2 years imprisonment

Duty of occupier to non employees Maximum RM50,000 and/or 2 years imprisonment

Duty of designer / manufacturers Maximum RM20,000 and/or 2 years imprisonment

Failure to comply to notice Maximum RM50,000; daily fine of RM500; or 5

years imprisonment

Duty of employee (general) Maximum RM1,000 and/or 3 months imprisonment

Duty of employee (interference/misuse) Maximum RM20,000 and/or 2 years imprisonment

Discrimination towards workers and

others

Maximum RM10,000 or 1 year imprisonment

Table 1.1: OSHA liabilities

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Offence Penalty

Related to inspection Maximum RM10,000 or 1 year imprisonment

Medical surveillance regulation Maximum RM5,000 and/or 6 months

imprisonment

Duty of occupier to employ SHO Maximum RM5,000 or 6 months

imprisonment

Duty of employer to create/consult

SHC

Maximum RM5,000 and/or 6 months

imprisonment

Disclosure of business secret Maximum RM20,000 and/or 2 years

imprisonment

Failure to comply with any other part

of the Act or any of the regulation

Maximum RM10,000; RM1,000 day after

conviction; and/or 1 year imprisonment

Table 1.1: OSHA liabilities (Cont.)


Regulations Under Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 (Act 514) [3]:1. Occupational Safety and Health (Classification, Labeling and Safety Data Sheet of Hazardous Chemicals) Regulations 2013 2. Occupational Safety and Health (Notification of Accident, Dangerous Occurrence, Occupational Poisoning and Occupational Disease) Regulations 2004 3. Occupational Safety and Health (Use and Standards of Exposure of Chemicals Hazardous to Health) Regulations 2000 4. Occupational Safety and Health (Safety and Health Officer) Regulations 1997 5. Occupational Safety and Health (Classification, Packaging and Labeling of Hazardous' Chemicals) Regulations 1997 (Revoked) 6. Occupational Safety and Health (Safety and Health Committee) Regulations 1996 7. Occupational Safety and Health (Control of Industrial Major Accident Hazards) Regulations 1996 8. Occupational Safety and Health (Employers' Safety and Health General Policy Statements) (Exception) Regulations 1995

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1.3 Factories and Machinery Act (FMA) 1967 – Act 139 [4]

• An Act to protect the safety, health and welfare of the people inside factories as well as registration and inspection of machinery and related items.

• First enacted in 1967 (Act No. 64 of 1967) and revised in 1974 (Act 139).

• Divided into 6 parts, 59 sections and 3 schedules [4].

1.3 Factories and Machinery Act (FMA) 1967 – Act 139

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The three (3) schedules are as follows:

• FIRST SCHEDULE: Dangerous Occurrence

• SECOND SCHEDULE: Serious Bodily Injury

• THIRD SCHEDULE: Notifiable Industrial Diseases

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Regulations Under Factories and Machinery Act 1967 (Act 139) [5]:

1. Factories and Machinery (Special Scheme of Inspection) (Risk-Based Inspection) Regulations 2014

2. Factories and Machinery (Mineral Dust) Regulations, 1989

3. Factories and Machinery (Noise Exposure) Regulations, 1989

4. Factories and Machinery (Building Operations and Works of Engineering Construction) (Safety) Regulations, 1986

5. Factories and Machinery (Asbestos) Regulations, 1986

6. Factories and Machinery (Leads) Regulations, 1984

7. Factories and Machinery (Compoundable Offences) Regulations, 1978

8. Factories and Machinery (Compounding of Offences) Rules, 1978


Regulations Under Factories and Machinery Act 1967 (Act 139) [5]:

9. Factories and Machinery (Notification of Fitness and Inspections) Regulations

10. Factories and Machinery (Certificates of Competency Examinations) Regulations, 1970

11. Factories and Machinery (Administration) Regulations, 1970

12. Factories and Machinery (Electric Passenger and Goods Lift) Regulations, 1970

13. Factories and Machinery (Fencing of Machinery and Safety) Regulations, 1970

14. Factories and Machinery (Person in Charge) Regulations, 1970

15. Factories and Machinery (Safety, Health and Welfare) Regulations, 1970

16. Factories and Machinery (Steam Boiler and Unfired Pressure Vessel) Regulations, 1970

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1.4 Occupational Health, Safety and Environment Management System

There are three sub-topics under this section:

1.4.1 Overview of Management System

1.4.2 Occupational Health and Safety Management System (OHSMS)

1.4.3 Environmental Management System (EMS)

1.4.1 Overview of Management system

• According to Hellriegel et. al. *8+, “management’ is about planning, organizing, leading, and controlling the people working in an organization and the on-going set of tasks and activities they perform.

• Kast and Rosenzweig *9+ define a system as “an organized, unitary whole composed of two or more interdependent parts, components, or subsystems and delineated by identifiable boundaries from its environmental suprasystem”.

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• A system can also be defined as “a complex whole the functioning of which depends on its parts and the interactions between those parts” *10+.

• A “system” is a unified whole of interdependent processes, that function harmoniously, using various resources, to achieve an objective. The objective of the system defines and drives it. Processes within the system transform input into output [11].


• The interrelationships among objectives, processes and resources can be explained using a simple graphical model of a system [12], as illustrated in Figure 1.1.

Figure 1.1: A simple graphical model of a system [12]

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Figure 1.2: Several

management

systems that are

parts of the business

system [13]

• Several management systems that are parts of the business system (see Figure 1.2). This section only discussed about the OHSMS and EMS.


• In the era of globalization, complying with management systems is vital for the companies to gain competitiveness and enter the free trade markets.

• Normally, the management systems are operated independently by different departments in the same company.

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• The certification of the management system standards such as ISO9000, QS9000 and ISO/TS16949 for Quality Management System (QMS), ISO14000 for Environmental Management System (EMS) and OHSAS18000 for Occupational Health and Safety Management System (OHSMS) are also conducted separately.

• However, the business trend nowadays requires the related management systems to be integrated in order to reduce paperwork, minimize costs, eliminate redundancies and eventually improve system efficiency and effectiveness [6,7].


• Organizations of all kinds are increasingly concerned with achieving and demonstrating sound occupational health and safety (OH&S) performance by controlling their OH&S risks, consistent with their OH&S policy and objectives.

• Many organizations have undertaken OH&S “reviews” or “audits” to assess their OH&S performance.

• On their own, however, these “reviews” and “audits” may not be sufficient to provide an organization with the assurance that its performance not only meets, but will continue to meet, its legal and policy requirements.

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• To be effective, they need to be conducted within a structured management system that is integrated within the organization [14].

• An Occupational Health and Safety Management System (OHSMS) is a system to manage the occupational health and safety risk faced by the workers, employees, or collaborators through good working conditions [15].


• The OHSAS Standards covering OH&S management are intended to provide organizations with the elements of an effective OH&S management system that can be integrated with other management requirements and help organizations achieve OH&S and economic objectives.

• These standards, like other International Standards, are not intended to be used to create non-tariff trade barriers or to increase or change an organization’s legal obligations [14].

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• The OHSAS Standard specifies requirements for an OH&S management system to enable an organization to develop and implement a policy and objectives which take into account legal requirements and information about OH&S risks.

• It is intended to apply to all types and sizes of organizations and to accommodate diverse geographical, cultural and social conditions. The basis of the approach is shown in Figure 1.3.


Figure 1.3: OHSMS model for OHSAS 18001:2007 Standard [14]

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• The success of the system depends on commitment from all levels and functions of the organization, and especially from top management.

• A system of this kind enables an organization to develop an OH&S policy, establish objectives and processes to achieve the policy commitments, take action as needed to improve its performance and demonstrate the conformity of the system to the requirements of this OHSAS Standard [14].


• The worldwide standard for OHSMS is OHSAS 18001. It has been first published in 1999 and has been developed using the principles of BS 8800 [6].

• The overall aim of this OHSAS Standard is to support and promote good OH&S practices, in balance with socio-economic needs.

• It should be noted that many of the requirements can be addressed concurrently or revisited at any time.

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• The second edition of this OHSAS Standard is focused on clarification of the first edition, and has taken due consideration of the provisions of ISO 9001, ISO14001, ILO-OSH, and other OH&S management system standards or publications to enhance the compatibility of these standards for the benefit of the user community.

• As shown in Figure 1.3, OHSAS 18001:2007 Standard consists of five major clauses which are: (1) Occupational Health and Safety policy, (2) planning, (3) implementation and operation, (4) checking and corrective action, and (5) management review [14].


• There is an important distinction between this OHSAS Standard, which describes the requirements for an organization’s OH&S management system and can be used for certification/registration and/or self-declaration of an organization’s OH&S management system, and a non-certifiable guideline intended to provide generic assistance to an organization for establishing, implementing or improving an OH&S management system.

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This OHSAS Standard is based on the methodology known as Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA). PDCA can be briefly described as follows [14]:

• Plan: establish the objectives and processes necessary to deliver results in accordance with the organization’s OH&S policy.

• Do: implement the processes.

• Check: monitor and measure processes against OH&S policy, objectives, legal and other requirements, and report the results.

• Act: take actions to continually improve OH&S performance.


• Many organizations manage their operations via the application of a system of processes and their interactions, which can be referred to as the “process approach”.

• ISO 9001 promotes the use of the process approach. Since PDCA can be applied to all processes, the two methodologies are considered to be compatible [14].

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• In Malaysia, there is a guideline on OHSMS. This guideline has been developed to guide and assist organizations on the implementation of the MS1722: Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems -Requirements standard.

• It is developed in replacement of the MS 1722: Part 2:2003 - Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems - Guidelines standard which has been withdrawn by Standards Malaysia.


• This guideline is to provide direction and assistance in implementing OSHMS that can contribute to the protection of employees from hazards and its associated risks, the elimination of work-related injuries, disabilities, ill health, diseases, near misses and fatalities [16].

• This guideline is intended to [16]:

- interpret the requirement MS1722:2011

- assist compliance to legal requirements

- ensure continual improvement in OSH performance

- cultivate OSH culture in organization

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Figure 1.4: OHSMS main elements (MS1722) [16]


As shown in Figure 1.4, the OHSMS consists of five major elements [16]:

• Policy: Include activities related to the development of the organization’s OSH policy statement and structures and practices that insure active and meaningful worker participation in OSH arrangement.

• Organizing: Addresses the establishment of OSH responsibilities and accountabilities structures, a training system, competency definitions, documentation practices and a communication system.

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• Planning & Implementing: Addresses those activities associated with the fulfillment of the principles expressed in the OSH policy statement. These activities include the initial assessment of the OSH arrangement that then support the actual system planning, development and implementation functions.

• Evaluation: Addresses those functions associated with measuring the management system’s performance. This involves the development of performance monitoring and measurement protocols, investigation practices for accidents, auditing methods and management review arrangement.


• Action for Improvement: Addresses issues associated with preventive/corrective actions and continual improvement. With the information obtained from performance monitoring and measurement, investigations, audits, and management review, appropriate prevention/corrective and continual improvement actions can be taken

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Figure 1.5: OHSMS Implementation framework (MS1722) [16]


Figure 1.6: Sub elements in OHSMS (MS1722) [16]

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• An Environmental Management System (EMS) manages the environmental aspects of the companies.

• The most well-known EMS standard in Malaysia is ISO14001 [6].

• The first version of ISO14001 was published in 1996, and a revised version was published in November 2004 [17].

• The latest ISO 14001 standard is due to be published by the end of 2015.


• The ISO14001:2004 consists of five major clauses which are: (1) environmental policy, (2) planning, (3) implementation and operation, (4) checking, and (5) management review.

• All these clauses implement a cycle of continual improvement as shown in Figure 1.7 [18].

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Figure 1.7: EMS model for ISO14001:2004 [18]

Discussion

• Describe the objectives of Occupational Safety and Health Act.

• Explain the objectives of Factories and Machinery Act.

• Provide definition of system.

• Explain the five major clauses of OHSAS 18001:2007 Standard.

• Describe the main elements of ISO14001:2004 Standard.

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Group Activity

• Explain the roles of engineer in real working environment based on OSHA, FMA, MS 1722, OHSAS18000, and/or ISO14000.

Roles of engineers related to safety and health + references

Examples in real working environment (specific industry) + references

Roles of engineers related to public interest and societal impact + references

Examples in real working environment (specific industry) + references

References

1. Rahman, R. A. (2008). OSH Management In Workplaces: The Legal Obligation. Research Bulletin of the Faculty of Economics and Management 3, 11-13.

2. Occupational Safety and Health Act (1994). Retrieved 1 December 2014 from http://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php?option=com_ docman&view= docman& Itemid=180&lang=en

3. Regulations Under Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994. Retrieved 22 October 2014 from http://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=169&Itemid=181&lang=en

4. Factories and Machinery Act (1967). Retrieved 1 December 2014 from http://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php?option=com_ docman&view= docman& Itemid=180&lang=en

5. Regulations Under Factories and Machinery Act 1967. Retrieved 22 October 2014 from http://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php?option=com_ docman&task=cat_view&gid=168&Itemid=181&lang=en

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References

6. Mohammad, M. (2006). Strategies for implementing Integrated Management System in the Malaysian manufacturing companies. Unpublished Master thesis, Universiti Putra Malaysia.

7. Mohammad, M., Osman, M. R., Yusuff, R. M., Masood, I., Yahya, M. S., & Jalil, M. A. S. M. (2013). Strategies for Integrating Quality, Environmental, Safety and Health Management Systems. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 315, 894-898.

8. Hellriegel, D., Jackson, S.E., and Slocum, J.W. (1999). Management (8th ed.). Ohio: South-Western College Publishing.

9. Kast, F. E., & Rosenzweig, J. E. (1985). Organization and management: A systems and contingency approach (4th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

10. Jackson, M. C. (2003). Systems thinking: Creative holism for managers. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

11. Karapetrovic, S. and Willborn, W. (1998). The system’s view for clarification of Quality Vocabulary, International Journal of Quality and Reliability Management, 15 (1), pp. 99-120.

References

12. Willborn, W.O. and Cheng, T.C.E. (1994). Global Management of Quality Assurance Systems. New York: McGraw-Hill.

13. Karapetrovic, S. and Willborn, W. (1998). Integration of quality and environmental management systems. TQM Magazines, 10 (3), pp. 204-213.

14. OHSAS Project Group (2007). OHSAS 18001:2007 Occupational health and safety management systems – Requirements. London: OHSAS Secretariat.

15. Matias, J.C.D.O. and Coelho, D.A. (2002). The integration of the standards systems of quality management, environmental management and occupational health and safety management. International Journal of Production Research, 40 (15), pp. 3857-3866.

16. Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) (2011). Guidelines on occupational safety and health management systems. Cheras: DOSH.

17. Jorgensen, T.H., Remmen, A., Mellado, M.D. (2005). Integrated management systems – three different levels of integration. Journal of Cleaner Production, pp. 1-10.

18. International Organization for Standardization (ISO) (2004). ISO 14001:2004 Environmental Management Systems – Requirements with guidance for use. Switzerland: ISO

Documents

01 Health Safety & Environmental Mgmt