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conceived as action at a distance, as a compressor of time and space pressure, as a tool for accelerating interdependence, as making the world shrink and as an agent of change in contemporary political system. It is also explained that not all scholars believe in globalization which they perceive as a myth or an ideology to promote new liberal imperialism. Students are exposed to this great theoretical debate between globalists and skeptics and are encouraged to find their own understanding of the phenomenon.
Lecture XIV: International Political Economy Due to the fact that not every student of IR might have a background in Economics, it is
necessary to familiarize students with basic elements of macroeconomics. Therefore, most of the lecture is devoted to explaining to students such basic concepts as free trade, the balance of payments (its constituting categories and some examples), monetary and fiscal policy, exchange rates and trade deficits, how exchange rates affect trade and relationships between exchange rates, trade and macroeconomic policy.
As for the theories of IPE, lecture covers such theories as hegemonic stability theory, North South debates, economic globalization and the role of states.
100
socialur mecnierebaTa seria
saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebis
Teoria
momzadebulia socialur mecnierebaTa centris
akademiuri stipendiis safuZvelze
saleqcio kursi
socialuri mecnerebebis magistraturisaTvis
eka akobia
Tbilisi
2006
socialur mecnierebaTa seria
mTavari redaqtori: marine CitaSvili
enobrivi redaqtori: lia kaWarava
dakabadoneba, ydis dizaini: giorgi bagrationi
© socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006
© Center for Social Sciences, 2006
q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. # 10
el. fosta: [email protected]
internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge
wigni momzadebulia da gamocemulia `socialur mecnierebaTa
centris” (Center for Social Sciences) mier, fondis OSI – Zug, budapeStis Ria sazogadoebis institutis umaRlesi ganaTlebis
mxardaWeris programis (HESP) finansuri xelSewyobiT
The book has been published by the Center for Social Sciences, sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foundation and the Higher Education Support Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Budapest.
ISBN: 99940 - 872 - 6 – 6
Lecture XII: Small States in International Relations
The lecture starts off by discussing Dr. Alexander Rondeli’s book on Small States in International Relations, which students are given to read in full. It is explained that the issue of small states in IR is fraught with contradictions and conceptual confusion over definitions of what is small and what is weak. There are absolute definitions of the term and also relative definitions. The Neorealist School applies the relative definitions of small states. For them power is the most important factor in the international relations. Powerful states are those that can exert their influence on the international system. Consequently, small states are those that can not have any significant influence on the changes in international system.
For Kenneth Waltz, the main criterion that qualifies a state as being small is precisely their inability to amend international system. For Neorealists small states are “rather stakes than players” they are “consumers rather than producers of the security.” Some authors go even further and treat small states as ‘anachronisms’ of international relations. “A small state is a vacuum in a high pressure area. It does not live because of its strength but because nobody wants its territory, or because its preservation as a buffer state or as a weight in the balance of power is of interest to a stronger nation. When the balance disappears, the small state usually disappears with it”. One of the most accepted definition of the small state comes from Keohane, who combines Rothstein’s subjective element with Neorealist systemic effect and concludes that weakness/strength of the country should derive from the “systemic role that states’ leaders see their countries playing”. By applying psychological and systemic criteria Keohane concludes, that “a small power is a state whose leaders consider that it can never, acting alone or in a small group make a significant impact on a system.
Schweller categorizes the states as lions, lambs, jackals and wolves. The first two are
the status-quo states whereas the other two are revisionist. Lions are the great powers that rule the system and promote their national interests, often even by force. Jackals are those countries that value what they have more than what they can obtain from the system, but who would definitely get involved in the conflict if the chance of gaining is reasonable. Wolves value what they might obtain more than what they have and in most cases they are the aggressor states, whereas the lambs are the weak states, who try to stay away from the world politics and maintain their security by all means. According to Schweller weak states are termed as lambs since “they possess relatively weak capabilities, or suffer from poor state-society relations for a variety of reasons; their elites and institutions may lack legitimacy with the masses; they may be internally divided along ethnic, political, class, religious or tribal lines; the state’s ideology may conflict and be imposed on the popular culture; or they may be what Samuel Huntington calls torn countries: states “that have a fair” degree of cultural homogeneity but are divided over whether their society belongs to one civilization or another” (Schweller, 1994).
Lecture XIII: Globalization This lecture is aimed at first of all introducing the essentials of Globalization to
students, that is what does the phenomenon represent, what are the indicators and what kind of effect does it have. It is explained that due to the complexity of the process there is no single agreed upon definition of Globalization. However, in general it has been variously
99
Robert McCalla also builds on the literature on international institutions to explain NATO persistence after the Cold War. In his case study he shows how NATO shed its Cold War responsibilities and replaced them with new mechanisms that were necessary to deal with the new security environment.
Constructivism: Constructivists mostly think of institutions, as the “institutional articulation of international communities of values and norms whose definitions, rules, and principles are encoded in the prescriptions” they elaborate “for nation state practice” (Connie L. McNeely , 1995). The enlargement of an institution is perceived as a process of “socialization” during which an international community and its organizations “teach” their constitutive norms and values to states and societies.” The organization is interested in spreading its norms and values and thus the cost of “teaching” has a marginal or subordinate role. However, costs should not extend beyond the capabilities of the member states in order not to threaten the existence of the organization itself.
Thus, for constructivists, NATO is not simply a military alliance as it is for realists, nor is it a functional international institution alone as regarded by liberal institutionalists; rather, it is an organization of an international community of values and norms. It is embedded in the Euro-Atlantic or “Western” community and represents its military arm. Therefore, the NATO enlargement process starts when “a state seeks membership,” that is to say, when a state is interested in sharing Western norms and values and actual membership is granted when a country is perceived by the community as reliably sharing the liberal values and the multilateralist norms of the Western community. Based on the above mentioned notion of “socialization” and “teaching,” Shimmelfennig hypothesizes that a state is included into an international organization if it reliably shares the community values and norms. The faster it learns, the earlier it becomes a member.
Lecture XI: International Relations and Domestic Politics
As domestic and international relations are criss-crossing each other, naturally they determine and influence each other. The question however is how and when do these two levels define and influence each other. An answer to this question is given by Robert D. Putnat in his renown article Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: the Logic of two Level Games and his subsequent edited volume Double Edged Diplomacy which offers ample case studies where both domestic and international decision making are involved.
Putnam suggests to look at international negotiations as two level games, that is game at the national level, and game at the domestic level. As it turns out neither of the two games can be ignored by central decision-makers, so long as their countries remain interdependent, yet sovereign. The Success of the negotiation depends on the size of the win-sets and whether the win-sets of the two parties overlap. He defines win-sets as the set of all possible Level I (international) agreements that would win, that is gain necessary majority among constituents at Level II (domestic level). Thus, contours of the Level II win-sets are very important for understanding Level I agreements. Larger the win-sets bigger the chance of an agreement and vise-versa.
98
sarCevi
leqcia I
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis
disciplinis Camoyalibeba da didi debatebi 4
leqcia II
Teoriis roli saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi 14
leqcia III
klasikuri realizmi 17
leqcia IV
neorealizmi 22
leqcia V
TavdacviTi da TavdasxmiTi realizmi 30
leqcia VI
liberalizmi 34
leqcia VII
reJimebi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi 40
leqcia VIII
TanamSromloba anarqiis pirobebSi 44
leqcia IX
konstruqtivizmi da misi kirtika 48
leqcia X
natos gafarToeba da
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoriebi 55
leqcia XI
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi da saSinao politika 62
leqcia XII
patara qveynebi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi 66
leqcia XIII
globalizacia 71
leqcia XII
saerTaSoriso politikuri ekonomia 74
THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 90
3
leqcia I: saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis disciplinis
Camoyalibeba da didi debatebi
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis,
rogorc samecniero disciplinis Camoyalibeba
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis, rogorc akademiuri disciplinis Camo-
yalibeba didad ganapiroba XX saukunis dasawyisSi msoflios dapiris-
pirebul banakebad dayofam da 1914 wels pirveli msoflio omis gaCaRebam.
CamoyalibebisTanave saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi ganviTarda konkre-
tuli ideologiuri mimarTulebiT da misi xedva aigo erTi Teoriis —
idealizmis safuZvelze. pirveli msoflio omiT gamowveuli didZali
msxverplis Sedegad msoflioSi momwifda Sexeduleba, rom aucilebelad
unda Seswavliliyo omis gamomwvevi mizezebi, raTa momavalSi Tavidan
aecilebinaT msgavsi damangreveli movlenebi. swored idealizmi gaxda is
ideologia, romlis principebze dayrdnobiTac momavalSi kacobriobas
unda SeZleboda am damangreveli fenomenis Tavidan acileba.
aRsaniSnavia, rom pirvel msoflio omamde saerTaSoriso urTierTo-
bebi, rogorc samecniero disciplina ar arsebobda da mis funqciebs
ZiriTadad samarTali da istoria iTavsebda. ZiriTadad istorikosebi,
ufro zustad ki, diplomatiis istorikosebi iyvnen dakavebulni sxva-
dasxva istoriuli faqtebis analiziT, Tumca, am faqtebis ganzogadebasa
da daskvnebis gamotanaze aravin fiqrobda. aseve aRsaniSnavia, publicis-
tikis da Jurnalistebis roli; aq SegviZlia gavixsenoT vinme ainStainis
statia, romelic pirveli msoflio omis win gamoqveynda amerikaSi, sadac
avtori mouwodebda amerikis mTavrobas yuradReba mieqcia evropaSi mim-
dinare movlenebisaTvis da ar gaegrZelebina izolacionisturi politika.
imisaTvis, rom kargad mivxvdeT ra Teoriuli foni iyo Seqmnili
pirveli msoflio omis droindel evropaSi, sakmarisia gavixsenoT karl
fon klauzevicis sityvebi — omi diplomatiis ufro Zlieri formaa, xolo
sabrZolo asparezi molaparakebebis konferenciis gagrZeleba. aqedan
Cans, rom omi sul ufro da ufro xSirad gamoiyeneboda rogorc
instrumenti politikuri miznebis misaRwevad. mxolod pirveli msoflio
omis Semdeg mixvdnen wamyvani qveynebis politikuri elitebi, rom omis
Sedegad miRebuli situacia ar SeiZleboda yofiliyo aravisTvis mom-
gebiani da swored pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg Seiqmna pirveli saswavlo
centrebi da departamentebi, sadac saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi iswav-
leboda. pirveli kaTedra, sadac saerTaSoriso politika iswavleboda,
iyo uelsSi, aberisTviTis universitetSi, xolo saerTaSoriso urTierTo-
bebis departamenti pirvelad jorjtaunis universitetSi daarsda. ori-
vegan es moxda 1919 wels.
am periodSi moRvawe specialistebis mier omi aRqmul iqna rogorc
tragedia, radgan pirvelma msoflio omma moitana uamravi msxverpli.
zogierT brZolebSi 100 000-ze meti adamianic ki daRupula (magaliTad,
4
Lecture X: NATO Enlargement and IR Theories This lecture is aimed at displaying to the students how different theories of International
Relations explain the same issue differently. At the same time the idea is to show that no theory can explicate the issue to the fullest and each of them offers a different perspective of the issues which in the end gives a better understanding of the real world situation, in our case the NATO enlargement after the end of the Cold War.
Realism: the early prediction of realists on the fate of NATO was that it should disappear with the collapse of the Soviet Union or reconstruct itself on the basis of the new distribution of power in Europe. Realists have been heavily chastised for not being able to predict NATO’s fate, an institution that not only persisted after the end of the Cold War, but also emerged as the most dynamic military organization in the world. Despite their initial failure to predict the fall of NATO, realists argued that they had not been altogether wrong in their predictions. For example, Keneth Waltz argues in his essay “the Balance of Power and NATO expansion” that his prediction has been already borne out, since one cannot say against whom NATO is defending.
Waltz explains NATO expansion in terms of the balance of power. He argues that with the demise of the Soviet Union the international political system became unipolar, with the US as the single most powerful nation in the world. According to Waltz, “as nature abhors vacuum, so international politics abhors unbalanced power.”Waltz names three reasons why the decision to enlarge NATO came into being. First, the one with the least importance for Waltz is the fact that organizations, especially big ones, have long lives. The second and most important reason is that NATO expansion is a means of maintaining and lengthening America’s presence in the foreign and military affairs of Europe. The third reason is the influence of domestic politics on the decision taken by the US executive. In other words, Waltz demonstrates that institutions serve national rather then international interests, unlike the other two theories discussed below.
Liberalism: A central claim of institutionalist theory is that once created, institutions tend to persist, because it is cheaper to maintain institutions than to create new ones. Therefore, when confronted with new sets of problems, states seek to modify an already existing institution to meet new challenges. Thus, institutional liberal theories have easier time explaining why NATO persisted after the end of the Cold War even when the enemy that it was supposed to counter disappeared. To illustrate a liberal point of view this lecture looks at major work on this issue, mainly of Celeste Wallander and Robert McCalla.
In her efforts to explain NATO expansion, Celeste Wallander provides a great addition to the institutionalist literature. She agrees with Keohane that institutions persist because they are costly to create and less costly to maintain, so they may remain useful despite changed circumstances; however, she states that this argument is incomplete, since it does not tell us when institutions persist and when they do not.
According to Wallander, “an institution will not persist if it no longer serves the interests of its members . . . either the institution adapts to change depends on whether its assets – its norms, rules, and procedures – are specific or general, and on whether its mix of assets matches the kinds of security problems faced by its members.” According to Wallander, NATO persists because it developed general assets during the Cold War, such as transparency among its members, civilian control over the military, practices and procedures for consultation, an integrated command structure, interoperability among its members, logistics and air defense, and a common economic infrastructure.
97
Lecture IX: Constructivism This lecture is devoted to explaining constructivism as a theory of IR. A seminal work by
Alexander Wendt, Anarchy is what States Make of It is discussed, which in fact is one of the most popular and most cited pieces of writing in IR. In his article, Wendt contests the assumption by Waltz about international relations. Wendt accepts the main ontological assumptions of Neorealists’, asserting that contemporary state system constitutes a competitive self-help system but he rejects the traditional Waltzian understanding of anarchy, disputs the causal relations between anarchy and the self-help system and attempts to demonstrate that anarchy does not necessarily generate self-help.
Wendt argus that self-help, far from being a natural corollary to anarchy, is only an institution. States created it so states could change it as well. For Wendt, Neorealists make a priori assumptions about the state identity, which is unacceptable. State identity in Neorealist terms, would be the perception of the world as a self-help system, which initially predisposes a state to the use of force. There is no reason, according to Wendt, to give self-help such an “exalted position”, since Neorealists in the first place fail to explain how does anarchy lead to the self-help system.
Wendt on the other hand argues that the identity of the states is shaped not by the structure but by the process and interactions among the states. Structure of the international systems, as defined by Waltz in terms of ordering principle, distribution of capabilities and the character of the units can not explain why do states appear in the self-help world. What explains the identity of the units (whether self-help or not) is the process of interaction among the units. Fundamental claim that Wendt is making is that people and states act towards objects according to what meaning that object carries. Alter will only use force or try to diminish Ego, if they are foes and not friends, rivals, rather than allies. These collective meanings constitute the structures which organize the state actions.
Wendt does not preclude the possibility of the state system where states can only rely on the self-help, what he argues is that, focusing only on this type of system does not give the full picture of the international relations. In contrast he suggests that international security systems can be either competitive, individualistic or cooperative, which he later dubbed in his book as Hobbesian, Lockean and Kantian systems. Only first two of these are characterized by self-help, while the third is a cooperative system where collective prosocial interests prevail.
This lecture also considers Jonathan Mercer’s critique of Wendt. Mercer strikes at the core of Wendt’s argument that states might produce other system than self-help, which is an other-help system. by analyzing European Union and applying SIT Mercer demonstrates that group of European States, even though they cooperate still discriminate against those states who are out of the group. In short, by identifying their own group against some other group, states still create self-help system which is far from the altruistic other-help system. Within their own group states might have the convergence of their national identities towards a common European identity, which is still a doubtful issue, though they still identify themselves negatively and restrictively against different groups. Example for that would be simple. Immigration and asylum policy of the European Union, the developments of the concepts of the safe third countries and the growth of the readmission agreements demonstrate that European Union is more discriminatory against the citizens and nationals of the foreign states than of their own. Social Identity Theory and Mercer’s application of the theory do not suggest that constructivist approach is not valid. The emphasis on identity is ‘exciting’, though it does not explain how the system can change, neither can it explain how the process changes the identity and then the system.
96
safrangeTi, 1916 weli). amis gamarTleba ar arsebobda. dikinsoni ambobda,
rom “omi ar aris adamianis bunebis gardauvali Sedegi, is bunebis gar-
kveuli pirobebSi gamovlenaa,” xolo arnold toinbim oms “kacobriobis
momakvdinebeli seni” uwoda.
idealizmi gaxda erTgvari pasuxi kiTxvaze, Tu ratom xdeba omi? ratom
ganagrZobdnen oms qveynebi maSin, rodesac amdeni msxverplis gaTvalis-
winebiT omidan Semosuli mogeba sul ufro mcirdeboda.
am kiTxvebze pasuxi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis farglebSi didad
iyo dafuZnebuli or oms Soris gabatonebul tradiciaze, romelic li-
beraluri idealizmis saxeliTaa cnobili. am tradiciis mixedviT, saWiro
iyo ZalTa balansis da aliansebis sistemis Secvla.
maSasadame, idealizmze dafuZnebuli xedva/mizani iyo Semdegi: msof-
lio sistemis reformireba da avtokratiul saxelmwifoebSi Sida cvli-
lebebis moxdena.
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentis, vudro uilsonis mier wa-
moyenebuli cnobili 14 punqti miiCneva idealizmis manifestad. igi moi-
cavs punqtebs saidumlo diplomatis aRkveTis Sesaxeb da SeTanxmebebis
Riad dadebis aucileblobis Sesaxeb. ouwodebs, rom iyos navigaciis Ta-
visufleba, TviTgamorkveva yvelasTvis, SeiaraRebis Semcireba da ase Sem-
deg, xolo bolo punqtad mocemuli aqvs erTa ligis Camoyalibeba, ro-
melic unda yofiliyo organizacia, romelic daicavda saerTaSoriso
wesrigs da mSvidobas.
vilsoniseuli idealizmi mokled rom vTqvaT, gulisxmobda racio-
naluri da inteligenturi saerTaSoriso organizaciebis Seqmnas da amiT
omis Sekavebas, rac unda gamxdariyo safuZveli msoflioSi samudamo
mSvidobis damkvidrebisa.
norman anjeli aseve aris idealizmis erT-erTi TvalsaCino war-
momadgeneli. Tavis naSromSi — didi iluzia (1909), igi ambobda, rom
zogierTs jer kidev hgonia, rom omi aris momgebiani, xolo dRevandel
samyaroSi es ase ar aris. anjeli gamoTqvamda imeds, rom saxelmwifoebi
(maTi liderebi) Tu gaiziareben am faqts, mixvdebian omis uSedegobas da
usargeblobas. misi azriT, rac ufro win waiwevda modernizacia, miT ufro
urTierTdamokidebuli gaxdeboda msoflio da Sesabamisad omi gaxdeboda
usargeblo.
uilsonis da anjelis mosazrebebi eyrdnoba azrs, rom adamianebi arian
racionalurebi, da Tuki isini gonebiT miudgebian saerTaSoriso urTi-
erTobebs maSin Seqmnian iseT saerTaSoriso organizaciebs, romlebic
yvelas sikeTes moutans.
liberaluri ideebis gavrcelebis erT-erTi triumfi iyo saxelmwi-
foebs Soris 1928 wels dadebuli kelog-brianis paqti, romlis mixed-
viTac saxelmwifoebi uars acxadebdnen saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi
Zalis gamoyenebaze da konfliqtebis mSvidobiani gziT mogvarebas
irCevdnen. magram, istoriam naTelhyo liberaluri ideologiis kraxi.
nacizmis aRzevebasTan erTad — italia, espaneTi, germania, aRmosavleT
5
evropa gaxdnen avtoritarulni, demokratiulis magivrad. amasTan erTad
yvelaze didi kraxi ganicada erTa ligam. igi Cavarda xuT umniSvnelovanes
SemTxvevaSi (iaponia-manjuria, italia abisinia, bolivia-paragvai, espa-
neTis samoqalaqo omi da ssrk-fineTi).
amasTan erTad, anjelis mosazrebebic imis Sesaxeb, rom msoflio xdeba
sul ufro da ufro urTierTdamokidebuli da omi xdeba aramimzidveli
instrumenti, ar gamarTlda: vaWroba sagrZnoblad Semcirda da indus-
triuli ganviTareba Senelda imdenad, rom igi gaxda mxolod mesamedi
imisa, rac iyo mecxramete saukunis bolos da meoce saukunis dasawyisSi.
Sesabamisad, istoriis msvlelobam aCvena, rom Zala kvlavac iyo
umniSvnelovanesi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi da rom TanamSromlobam
da koleqtiurma usafrTxoebam, erTa ligis saxiT, ver gaamarTla (Tumca,
erTa ligam did warmatebas miaRwia sxva sakiTxebSi — pirveli msoflio
omis ltolvilebi, narkotikebis Sekaveba, trefikingi da ase Semdeg).
pirveli debatebi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi:
realizmis aRmoceneba — “ocwliani krizisi” 1
liberaluri idealizmi ar iyo saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis kargi
inteleqtualuri megzuri 1930-ian wlebSi. urTierTdamokidebulebam ar
warmoSva mSvidobiani TanamSromloba da erTa ligac win ver aRudga
totalitaruli da eqspansionisturi qveynebis destruqciul qmedebebs.
Sesabamisad, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi xelaxla gaJRerda klasikuri
realistebis: Tukidides, makiavelis da hobsis moZRvrebebi.
liberaluri idealizmis yvelaze yovlismomcveli kritika mogvca
britanelma saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis specialistma eduard qarma,
Tavis sayovelTaod cnobil naSromSi ”ocwliani krizisi”, romelic
pirvelad 1939 wels gamoica. qaris TqmiT, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis
liberalurma moazrovneebma arasworad waikiTxes istoriuli faqtebi da
ver gauges saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis bunebas. maT SecdomiT swamdaT,
rom aseTi urTierTobebi SeiZleboda dafuZneboda qveynebs da xalxebs
Soris interesebis harmoniulobas. qaris TqmiT yvelaferi piriqiTaa: Cven
unda vivaraudoT, rom arsebobs fundamenturi interesTa konfliqti
qveynebsa da xalxebs Soris. zogierTi qveyana da zogierTi erebi ukeT
arian, vidre sxvebi. isini Seecdebian TavianTi privilegirebuli poziciis
SenarCunebas da dacvas. uqonlebi ki ibrZoleben situaciis Sesacvlelad.
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi, martivad rom iTqvas, aris swored brZola
aseT konfliqtur iteresebsa da survilebs Soris. swored am mizeziT
1 Robert Jackson and Georg Sorensen. Introduction to International Relations: theories and approaches, Oxford University Press, second edition, 2003, p. 34-63.
6
interdependence in an information age means even more open channels of communication between different societies in the world. However, information revolution is still in its early phase and power politics still dominates international relations because information is flowing in the domains already occupied by politics. At the same time, interdependence is not global. Industrial countries with soft and hard power resources, which are mainly advanced democracies, have an upper hand.
Lecture VII: Institutions This lecture focuses on institutions, their theoretical underpinnings and their utility for
facilitating international cooperation. Institutions are defined mainly as set of rules which govern state action in particular areas. These sets of rules are also called regimes. Stephen Krasner offers the most elaborative definition of regimes: “International regimes are defined as principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures around which actors expectations converge in a given issue-area.” The three major approaches that exist towards regimes, which are structural approach, modified structural approach and an approach based on Grotiusian tradition is discussed. In summary, we identify that traditional structural approach does not perceive regimes seriously, they believe that if main causal indicators change, regimes will change as well and that regimes cannot affect actions independently. According to modified structural approach regimes are important only when independent decisions can lead to unfavorable ends and the third approach maintains that regimes are inalienable parts of social life and consequently of international system.
The great debate on the futility or utility of regimes/institutions that is ensuing among realists and liberal institutionalists is also covered by taking look at John Mearsheimer’s “False Promise of International Institutions”, Lisa Martin and Robert Keohane’s reply article “Promise of Institutionalist Theory,” and a “Realist Reply,” by Mearsheimer.
Lecture VIII: Cooperation under Anarchy Based on historical evidence, there have been more conflicts than instances of
cooperation - situation which provides a fertile ground for realism to flourish. According to realism, relations between states in the anarchical world is doomed to the state of constant conflict in which states can only count on themselves. Whatever cooperation exists in the world they prescribe it to the hegemonic order. This means that hegemon, the US, creates institutions which facilitate cooperation but that these institutions are carriers of hegemonic interests and their existence is related to the existence of a hegemon.
Representatives of liberal school deny the aforementioned argument and point at contemporary networks of cooperation in many fields which they see as a positive current in the world politics. We discuss Robert Keohane’s After Hegemony as an example of how liberal institutionalism sees institutions and their role in world politics. It also explains game theories (based on Keohane and Jervis) and how they are illustrating difficulties of cooperation (prisoner’s dilemma).
95
Van Evera lists several circumstances that affect the change in offense-defense balance. These are: military technology and doctrine, geography, national security structure, and diplomatic arrangements, especially defensive alliance or balancing behavior by offshore powers. Van Evera asserts that “the net offense-defense balance is an aggregate of these military, geographic, social, and diplomatic factors.”
Lecture VI: Liberalism This lecture gives an introduction to liberalism as a theory of international relations. First
of all, lecture draws upon the basic differences between realism and liberalism and pinpoints the areas which constitute points of departure between them. Liberals generally share a positive view of human nature. Similar to realists, they also recognize that individuals are self-interested and competitive up to a point but also believe that they can engage in a cooperative social action when the common interests exist on both domestic and international level. In short, the departure point between realists and liberals is that liberals do not agree with the idea that wars and conflicts are inevitable and believe in the possibility of cooperation. Liberalism is also divided in several strands of thinking which are covered in this lecture. These are sociological liberalism, interdependence liberalism, republican liberalism and institutional liberalism.
Sociological liberalism refers to the liberal school of thought which believes that confining the study of IR only to states is very narrowly focused and pays more attention to transnational relations, that is relations between people, groups and organizations who belong to different countries. This strand is also called pluralism due to the fact that it looks at many different types of actors. Works of James Rosenau, Karl Deutsch and John Burton are considered in this lecture. In summary, the main logic of sociological liberalism is conveyed as a studying relations between individuals, groups and societies. The main belief of this strand is that a world with a large number of transnational networks will be more peaceful.
Interdependence means that peoples and governments are affected by the actions of their counterparts in other countries. Higher level of transnational relations between countries means a higher level of interdependence. A seminal work by Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye, Power and Interdependence (1977) is discussed. They argue in this work that postwar complex interdependence is qualitatively different from earlier and simpler kinds of interdependence. Relations between states take place on many different levels via many different actors and branches. On the other hand, there are transnational relations between individuals and groups outside of the state. They also assert that in a postwar world military force is becoming a less useful instrument of policy under the conditions of complex interdependence. Different power resources such as for example ‘negotiating skills’ are becoming more important to solve the issue oriented conflicts that arise between the interest groups that are often of transnational character. In short, Keohane and Nye conclude that under complex interdependence states are engaged in ‘low politics’ of welfare and less concerned with ‘high politics’ of national security.
Power and Interdependence in the Information Age is a follow up to the aforementioned work in which authors updated their theory by adding a powerful element of modernization - information. This article by Keohane and Nye tries to describe the nature of international relations in the information age. They add several components to the idea of complex interdependence, which they first developed in 1977. They conclude that complex
94
Seexeba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi ufro metad konfliqtebs, vidre
TanamSromlobas. 2
meore mniSvnelovani naSromi, romelmac gavlena moaxdina realizmis
aRzevebaze, aris hans morgenTaus qveynebis politika: brZola Zalauf-
lebisa da mSvidobisaTvis, (1948 weli) romelmac, aleqsandre rondelis
TqmiT, didi xniT gansazRvra saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa disciplinis
Teoriuli da praqtikuli interesebi da mTeli am dargis Semdgomi
ganviTarebis xasiaTi.
morgenTausTvis adamianuri buneba warmoadgens saerTaSoriso urTi-
erTobebis yvelaze dabal, fundamentur dones. adamianebi ki arian ego-
istebi da eltvian Zalauflebas, rac advilad xdeba agresiis safuZveli.
1930-ian wlebSi Zneli ar iqneboda am mosazrebebis zurgis gamamagrebeli
argumentebis moZieba, radgan hitleris, musolinis Tu iaponiis sagareo
politika swored konfliqtebze iyo agebuli da ara TanamSromlobaze.
jeqsoni da sorenseni amboben: aris 3 ZiriTadi mosazreba imis Sesaxeb,
Tu ratom varaudoben realistebi, rom saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi aris
aucileblad egoizmiT da agresiulobiT gaJRenTili. pirveli mosazreba
efuZneba adamianis bunebis Tandayolil bnel mxares da mis ltolvas
siZulvilisa da destruqciisken. igive mosazreba SeiZleba qristianul
religiaze dafuZnebiTac miviRoT, romlis mixedviT adamianebi arian
codvilni da midrekilni cdunebisaken, mas Semdeg rac adami da eva
gamogdebul iqnen samoTxidan. pirveli mkvlelobac istoriaSi bibliaSia
aRwerili, rogorc kaenis mier misi Zmis abelis mokvla, mxolod da mxolod
Suris safuZvelze. anu, realizmis sawyisi wertili aris is, rom adamianuri
buneba aris Tandayolilad, bunebrivad boroti. 3
meore mosazreba efuZneba im faqts, rom saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi
aris brZola ZalauflebisaTvis iseT garemoSi, sadac ar arsebobs
msoflio mTavroba. xolo mesame mniSvnelovani mosazreba isaa, rom
istoria aris cikluri da ara xarisxobrivad gaumjobesebadi fenomeni,
rogorc amas idealistebi aRiqvamen. TiToeuli axali Taoba uSvebs igive
Secdomebs, rasac misi winamorbedi da am garemoebis cvlileba nakleb
savaraudoa. movlenebi grZeldeba da meordeba. sanam arsebobs suvere-
nuli saxelmwifoebi saxelmwifoebi ibrZoleben ZalauflebisaTvis, raTa
uzrunvelyon TavianTi usafrTxoeba. pirveli da meore msoflio omebi
arc arabunebrivia da arc gardauvali. Tu arsebobs ZalTa balansi
qveynebs aseve SeuZliaT didi xani mSvidobianad Tanacxovreba. magram, ama
Tu im etapze es ZalTa balansi irRveva, rasac mohyveba omebi. bevri
realizmis warmomadgeneli Tvlis, rom ukve parizis 1919 wlis samSvidobo
konferencia moicavda omis marcvlebs, radgan germaniaze kabaluri
pirobebi iqna dawesebuli. Tumca, eWvgareSea, rom germaniis SigniT
2 ixileT, zurab daviTaSvili, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoria, qrestomaTia.
samoqalaqo iniciativebis instituti, 2004, gv. 9-18. 3 Jackson and Sorensen, p. 34-63.
7
ganviTarebulma da kidev sxva mravalma movlenebma erToblivad gana-
pirobes meore msoflio omi.
maSasadame, 1920-iani wlebis utopiuri idealizmis da 30-50-iani wlebis
realizmis dapirispireba qmnian pirvel did debatebs saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebSi. raRa Tqma unda, realizmis skolam es es debatebi moigo
didi upiratesobiT da morgenTaus da qaris Tezisebi gaxda gabatonebuli
mcnebebi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi. bevrma liberaluri skolis
mesveurma aRiara realizmis gamarjveba, magram liberalizmi, rogorc
erT-erTi skola saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi ar Camkvdara. am skolis
warmomadgenlebma SemdegSi Seqmnes kidevac Zlieri kontr argumentebi
ukve gabatonebuli realizmis winaaRmdeg, rac ganxiluli iqneba Semdeg
TavebSi.
meore debatebi: biheivioralisturi revolucia
meore didi debatebi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi exeba ufro
meTodologias, vidre Tavad Teoriebs. aq mniSvnelovania gaviTavisoT is
faqti, rom pirveli Taobis saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis specialistebi
profesiiT iyvnen istorikosebi, iuristebi, yofili diplomatebi, an
Jurnalistebi. Sesabamisad, maT hqondaT ufro humanitaruli, istoriaze
dafuZnebuli midgoma saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Seswavlisadmi. es
midgoma ki fesvgadgmuli iyo filosofiaSi, istoriaSi da samarTalSi da
axasiaTebda azrovnebaze da analizze (judgement) dayrdnoba. Sesabamisad,
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Seswavlis am normatiul formas ewoda
tradiciuli/klasikuri midgoma.
meore msoflio omis Semdeg saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis dis-
ciplina gaxda Zalian popularuli, gansakuTrebiT amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi, sadac samTavrobo dawesebulebebi da kerZo fondebi afinan-
sebdnen saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis mecnierulad Seswavlas, rasac
isini amarTlebdnen amerikis erovnuli interesebiT. am daxmarebam war-
moSva axali Taoba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis specialistebisa, rom-
lebmac SemoiRes mkveTrad meTodologiuri midgoma. am specialistebsac
gansxvavebuli ganaTleba gaaCndaT, vidre tradicionalistebs. isini iyvnen
politologebi, ekonomistebi an sxva socialuri mecnierebis warmomad-
genlebi, da zog SemTxvevebSi, maTematikosebi da sabunebismetyvelo
disciplinebis warmomadgenlebic. am specialistebs hqondaT sxvagvari
midgoma saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Seswavlisadmi, da maT ewodaT
biheivioralistebi, radgan emxrobodnen saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis
mecnierulad Seswavlas, am terminis pirdapiri gagebiT. biheivioralis-
tebis ambicia iyo, rom saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSic aRmoeCinaT Semow-
mebadi da obieqturi kanonzomierebebi, rogorc es xdeba sxva mecni-
erebebSi. es, ra Tqma unda, moiTxovs faqtebis Segrovebas, klasifikacias,
ganzogadebas da wamoyenebuli hipotezis damtkicebas.
8
Lectures IV and V: Defensive and Offensive Realism
In previous lectures we discussed realism as one of the dominant theories of International Relations which explains many complex and important issues of international politics. We differentiated between classical and structural realism. In this lecture we make distinction between defensive and offensive realisms. Offensive and Defensive realisms are of course both structural theories of International Politics. They share same fundamental principles on how the world politics work. However, their ways diverge when it comes to power.
Defensive realism diverts from offensive realism on the question of how much power is enough for a state. Defensive realists believe that states have very small incentive to acquire more power; instead, they are trying to preserve status quo and are paying great attention to preserving the balance of power. Consequently, main theoretical proposition of defensive realism is that state’s major aim is to preserve power, not increase it. To the contrary, offensive realists think that there are no status quo powers and that international system offers more then enough incentives to states to increase their power on the expense of others and exploit such situations when benefits of doing so outweigh the costs. Thus, according to offensive realism state’s final supreme goal is to be a hegemon in the system.
Division into these two camps is worth noting since they are both trying to explain the fundamental questions in international relations which are war and peace. Much depends on how the world really works: states only care about preserving status quo and balance of power in the system or they care about acquiring as much power as they can afford and increase their relative power compared to other states. These theories give us ability to explain past events and more importantly we can explain the future patterns of behavior, however depending on which theory we use. They both have different visions of why states go to war, when it’s more likely for them to engage in war making and when not and what needs to be done to preserve stability in the world.
Some authors, like Robert Jervis, Jack Snider or Stephen Van Evera pay attention to a certain kind of structural concept which they call offense-defense balance. According to this idea, military power can at any time be classified either in favor of offense or in favor of defense. Thus, if defense has preponderance over offense and consequently it is hard to initiate offense then states have fewer incentives to use power. Instead, they will focus on preserving what they already have. And on the contrary, if offense is easy, states will be tempted to conquer each other with an aim to acquire more power, which will cause many wars in the system. According to Stephen Van Evera change in offense-defense balance has great affects on the possibility of wars in the system. He points out 10 reasons when offense is dominant:
1. Opportunistic expansion 2-3 . Defensive expansion and fierce resistance to expansion 4. Moving first is more rewarding 5. Windows are larger and more dangerous 6. Faits Accomplis are more common and more dangerous 7. States negotiate less and reach fewer agreements 8. States are more secretive 9. States arms race harder and faster 10. Conquest grows still easier
93
traditional school of realism and their works which contributed to the development of realism. First, we briefly go over Thucydides and his Peloponnesian War. To become more closely familiar with Thucydides students have to read the Melian Dialogue (Book 5, Chapter 17). Then we go briefly over Nicolo Machiavelli’s contribution to realism and familiarize students with major points of The Prince. Then we go over to Thomas Hobbes and his “Leviathan.” In this work the emphasis is made on Hobbes’s description of the state of the nature and how life of man in this state of nature is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short in which the state of nature is all’s fight against all. We also touch upon the tragedy of the states and the security dilemma that cannot be helped in this anarchic world. We also consider the most prominent representative of the neo-classical realism, Hans J. Morgenthau and his famous work Politics Among Nations. Students are encouraged to read at least the first three chapters of the book to become more closely familiar with it.
Lecture III: Structural Realism This lecture focuses on the leading neorealist scholar Kenneth Waltz and his landmark
book Theory of International Politics. In this work he tried to explain international political system in a scientific way. He parts way with classical representatives of realism when he assumes that states behave in certain predictable ways and the way they behave is due to the nature of the system rather then human nature, as classical realists mentioned in the previous lecture believed. Thus, in this work Waltz defines international political system in terms of a system which is composed of a structure and of interacting units. He defines structure of international politics based on 3 elements:
– Ordering Principle – The Character of the Units and – The Distribution of Capabilities
Up until the end of the Cold War realism was the dominant theory of international
relations as it explained most of the political events. However, after the end of the Cold War started crisis of realism due to the circumstances that it failed to predict or predicted wrongly several events, especially the case of NATO enlargement. It seemed as if other theories such as democratic peace theory, complex interdependence and institutional liberalism were better at explaining the events after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
In response to the severe criticism Kenneth Waltz published an article in 2000 entitled “Structural Realism after the End of the Cold War,” in the journal International Security in which he tried to provide some arguments in defense of realism. His major point in the article is that realism is still an active theory since the system itself has not changed. Only some things inside the system have changed. Structural realism will exist until the system exists and the possibility of the system disappearing is none until it is comprised of states who are operating in the self help mode. He asserts that after the fall of the Soviet Union the system was redone a bit from bipolar to unipolar, but that will not last long since unipolar political system is the most short-lived as other states in the system are always trying to balance the dominant power. He also notes that the balancing tendencies are already visible and balancing powers will most likely be the EU and or Germany who will be heading the coalition. Also China and Japan pose as balancing powers with Russia being one in a more distant perspective.
92
Sesabamisad, dapirispireba or midgomas Soris moxda meTodologiis
safuZvelze. tradicionalistebi eyrdnobodnen normebs da faseulobebs,
analizs da istoriul codnas da cdilobdnen warmoedginaT Tavi Sesas-
wavli sagnis adgilze - mecnieri sagnis SigniT. amis sapirispirod, bihe-
ivioralistebi ayeneben hipoTezas, agroveben faqtebs, eyrdnobian mec-
nierul codnas da sagans Seiswavlian garedan, dakvirvebebis meSveobiT -
mecnieri sagnis gareT.
mesame debatebi: neoliberalizmi da neorealizmi
miuxedavad imisa, rom pirveli didi debatebi realistebma moiges
absolituri upiratesobiT, liberaluri skola ar Camkvdara. 1950-iani
wlebidan ekonomikis da vaWrobis zrdasTan erTad Tavi wamoyo libera-
lizmmac. aq mcdeloba iyo rom Seqmniliyo gabatonebuli realizmis
alternatiuli Teoriebi, magram amasTanave CamoecilebinaT manamde
arsebuli Warbi idealizmi. maSasadame, am liberaluri skolis warmomad-
genlebs ewodebaT neoliberalistebi, radgan maTac, rogorc maT wina-
morbedebs sjeraT progresis da cvlilebebis, magram ar arian idea-
listebi. isini aseve qmnian Teoriebs mecnierul meTodologiaze dayr-
dnobiT.
msoflioSi da gansakuTrebiT dasavleTis demokratiul saxelmwifoebs
Soris vaWrobis da ekonomikuri aqtivobis zrdam warmoSva bevri liberali
Teoria, romelic yuradRebas aqcevda am movlenebs da cdilobda
daemtkicebina, rom msoflioSi aris TanamSromloba da rom realistebis
mier nawinaswarmetyvelebi bneli momavaliT ar mTavrdeba kacobriobis
ganviTareba. iseTma Teoriebma, rogoricaa sociologiuri liberalizmi,
kompleqsuri urTierTdamokidebuleba, instituciuri liberalizmi da
demokratiuli, anu respublikuri idealizmi yuradReba miaqcia
TanamSromlobis da mSvidobis formebs msoflioSi da ganaviTara mZlavri
Teoriebi empiriul magaliTebze dayrdnobiT. am Teoriebma, romlebic
dawvrilebiT qvemoT iqneba ganxiluli, mTlianobaSi Seqmna axali mZlavri
talRa neorealizmis winaaRmdeg. maTi amosavali wertili aris rwmena
imisa, rom saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi SeiZleba iyos ufro mSvidobiani
da TanamSromlobaze agebuli. Tumca, 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, kenet
uolcis mier realizmis reformulaciis Sedegad balansi kidev erTxel
gadaiwia realizmis sasargeblod. amas aseve xels uwyobda istoriuli
movlenebi, kerZod ki, mwvave dapirispirebebi dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs
Soris, ramac TavisdaTavad ganapiroba debatebis gangrZobadoba.
neorealistebma kvlavac SeZles neoliberalistebis TavdacviT pozi-
ciaSi gadayvana da Tavad kvlav gabatonebuli pozicia daikaves. neo-
realistebis siZliere is iyo, rom maT aRiares rom anarqia ar gamoricxavs
TanamSromlobas, magram es yvelaferi mainc realizmze dafuZnebiT axsnes.
magaliTad, realistebi aRar gamoricxaven TanamSromlobas demokratiul
9
saxelmwifoebs Soris, magram aRniSnaven, rom TanamSromlobis dros sa-
xelmwifoebi, upirveles yovlisa, fiqroben fardobiT mogebaze da avto-
nomiis SenarCunebaze. istoriulma faqtebmac xeli Seuwyo neorealizmis
kvlav moZlierebas: 80-ian wlebSi dapirispirebam sabWoTa kavSirsa da
amerikas Soris piks miaRwia. reiganma sabWoTa kavSirs ”boroti imperiac” ki
uwoda, da am mtrul garemoSi SeiaraRebaSi Sejibreba kidev ufro
intensiuri gaxda. uTanxmoebebi iyo aseve demokratiul banakSi, sadac, ra
Tqma unda, omi gamoricxuli iyo, magram savaWro omebi xSirad imarTeboda.
amerika sul ufro grZnobda mzard konkurencias rogorc iaponiis, aseve
evropis mxridan, rac mwvave savaWro da sxva tipis konfliqtebis
safuZveli xdeboda. es ki wyals asxamda neorealistebis wisqvilze,
romlebic amtkicebdnen rom saxelmwifoebi arian egoisturebi da rom maT
adardebT mxolod sakuTari fardobiTi siZliere da keTildReoba
sxvebTan SedarebiT.
aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom 1980-ian wlebSi bevrma neoliberalma
aRiara realizmis ZiriTadi mcnebebi da gaiziara am Teoriis fundamen-
turi mosazrebebi imis Sesaxeb, rom saxelmwifoebi arian mTavari aqtorebi
anarqiul sazogadoebaSi, romlebic mudmivad cdiloben TavianTi
interesebis ganxorcielebas. miuxedavad amisa, neoliberalistebi amboben,
rom saerTaSoriso sistema iZleva ufro safuZvliani TanamSromlobis
saSualebas, vidre amas realistebi aRiareben da, rom TanamSromlobas
xels uwyobs institutebi, urTierTdamokidebuleba da demokratia.
miuxedavad imisa, rom am debatebis dros moxda garkveuli sinTezi
skolebs Soris, (magaliTad, buzanma da kioheinma gaiTavises realizmis
zogierTi elementi), mTliani sinTezi mainc ar momxdara, radgan arian
mkveTrad dapirispirebuli avtorebic, magaliTad, mirSaimeri (realizmis
skolis warmomadgeneli) da ruzenau (neoliberalizmis skolis warmo-
madgeneli). Sesabamisad, neo-neo debatebi kvlav grZeldeba.
saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba: inglisuri skola
Canasaxidanve saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis disciplina dominirebuli
iyo amerikel mkvlevarTa mier. stenli hofmanma amasTan dakavSirebiT
aRniSna, “saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi daibada da gaizarda amerikaSi” 4 man
aseve aRniSna, rom amerikuli skola dominirebda saerTaSoriso urTi-
erTobebs imis miuxedavad, rom amerikuli hegemonia sustdeboda. 1990-iani
wlebidan, civi omis dasrulebasTan erTad, amerikuli dominantoba am
disciplinaSi Serbilda da moZlierdnen evropeli da sxva mkvlevarebi,
romlebic ukve naklebad eguebodnen amerikeli avtorebisgan wamosul
diqtats.
did britaneTSi mTeli civi omis ganmavlobaSi arseboboda skola,
romelic gansxvavebuli iyo sxva skolebisgan ori garemoebiT: pirveli, es
4 Stenley Hoffmann, 1977, 41-59
10
At this point students are introduced to the idea that further on they will be introduced with the scholars that are mentioned as having taken part in these famous academic debates. After introducing IR as a discipline the lecture will go on explaining the role and place of THEORY in the study of IR. With that aim I use articles by Kenneth Waltz and Stephen Walt to explain what is theory in social sciences, why it is used and what are we to make out of the fact that none of the theories explain everything altogether and also the fact that different theories might give different analysis to the same political event. The need and necessity of theory in the study of IR is treated very delicately. It is made clear (for the skeptical ones) that theory is only a simplified model of the world (according to Waltz) but that we are in a desperate need to have simplified models to understand the bigger picture which is so complex (according to Walt). It is also explained that “competition between theories helps reveal their strengths and weaknesses and spurs subsequent refinements, while revealing flaws in conventional wisdom” (Walt, 1998). As an insight into the future of the course I offer a simplified scheme (adapted from Walt) which compares three major theories: Realism, Liberalism and Constructivism in terms of several indicators which are: Main theoretical propositions, Main units of analysis Modern theorists, Representative modern works, Post-cold war predictions and Main limitations.
Lecture II: Classical Realism
This lecture and its subsequent extended syllabus aim at introducing realism as a theory of international relations. At first it classifies in general the main theoretical propositions of realism as a theory of international relations and then focuses on exploring the roots of realism, commonly referred to as classical realism.
Political realism is different from the rest of the theories of IR as it depicts the grim picture of the world politics. International relations are depicted as a severe competition between states that have no reason to trust each other since their major interest is survival in the environment of zero sum game that is, when one’s looses are the gains of others. I offer students characterization of realism by John Mearsheimer from his article “False Promise of International Institutions” as it offers a comprehensive overview of political realism and explains perfectly well as to why realists have such pessimistic view of world politics. The first assumption is that international system is anarchic. The second assumption is that states inherently possess some offensive military capability. Third assumption is that states can never be certain about the intentions of others, the fourth is that the most basic motive driving states is survival and the fifth assumption is that states think strategically about how to survive in the international system, that is states are rational. From these five characteristics derive patterns of actions which create incentives for states to think and sometimes act aggressively: first pattern is that states fear each other; second, each state in the international system aims to guarantee its own survival; third, states in the international system aim to maximize their relative power positions over other states. I also go on explaining the fact that realism perceives that there is very little room for cooperation among states due to the fact that states always worry about relative gains (when each side does not only consider its individual gain but also how well it does compared to the other side) rather then absolute gains (when each side focuses on maximizing its own profit, and cares little about how much the other side gains or loses in the deal).
After characterizing realism in general we go on explaining that we differentiate between traditional realism and neo-realism and introduce most prominent representatives of the
91
Eka Akobia
THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS COURSE PREPARED UNDER
THE CENTER FOR SOCIAL SCIENCES ACADEMIC FELLOWSHIP
Short Resume of the Course
Introduction This Theory of International Relations course is an advanced course for masters’
students. It is advanced in terms of required readings which include most acclaimed past and present scholars of theory of international relations. The course is designed in a way to provide students a theoretical background and in depth knowledge of the major international relations theories such as realism, liberalism and constructivism. These theories have been selected as major targets of the course due to their dominance and influence among IR theories. Besides, this course offers an insight of such topics as globalization, political economy and IR and domestic politics in order to broaden students’ knowledge of IR. Although the course is overly theoretical it also incorporates several real life political events and how theories help extrapolate these events. For example, the course covers IR theories and the issue of NATO enlargement as an example of how different theories explain some parts of reality better than the others and how a better picture of the real world is portrayed by looking at the issue from the angles of different theories. The overall aim of the course is to familiarize Georgian students with the theoretical world of IR similar to the way it is taught in advanced schools of the Western civilization.
A few words about the extended syllabus in Georgian: This syllabus is designed in a way to first of all explain the topic of each lecture in depth and second, cover all the major reading materials offered for the lecture. The last is done due to the fact that most of the readings are in English and some of them are of exceptionally difficult nature. Therefore, in order to make sure that students understand the material instead of simply skimming through them, I tried to convey major points of each required reading in Georgian (translations are of my own).
Lecture I: Introduction to the Study of IR and the Role of Theory
In this written extended lecture and a subsequent reader I introduce students to the discipline of IR, how it was born and developed. In that context they get a taste of a bit of history of IR which gave birth to theoretical discussions between scholars, known as the debates in IR. Bigger emphasis is placed on the nature and roots of the four major debates, which are:
– First major debate between utopian liberalism and realism; – Second major debate between traditional approaches and behavioralism; – Third major debate between neorealism/neoliberalism and neo-Marxism; – Emerging fourth debate between established traditions and post-positivist alternatives.
90
skola ar aRiarebda biheivioralistur gamowvevas da xazs usvamda tra-
dicul midgomas da meore, is uaryofda raime mkveTr gansxvavebas mkacrad
realizmiseul msoflio politikis xedvasa da mkacrad liberalur xedvas
Soris. am skolas uwodeben saerTaSoriso sazogadoebas an inglisur
skolas.
es skola safuZvelSive aRiarebs Zalis mniSvnelobas da saxelmwifoTa
sistemas, magram miiCnevs, rom hobsiseuli xedva Zalian viwroa. saxel-
mwifos ganixilavs rogorc konstitutciis da Zalis erTobas. aRiarebs
individebis mniSvnelobas, zogjer saxelmwifoze winac ki ayenebs mas. xazs
usvams transnacionalur urTierTobebs. uaryofs biheivioristul mid-
gomas, upiratesobas aniWebs adamianur elements, analizs, normebs da
istorias. uaryofs mkacr dayofas realistur, Tu liberalur xedvebs
Soris. amaxvilebs yuradRebas im faqtze, rom msoflio politika aris
saxelmwifoTa msoflio, magram amave dros adamianebis msoflio.
saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis midgoma garkveulwilad aris pirveli
debatebis gagrZeleba da meore debatebis triumfis Serbileba. igi
efuZneba klasikur ideebs, magram amave dros agrZelebs maT. uaryofs
mkveTr dayofas realizms da liberalizms Soris im motiviT, rom
istoriuli samyaro ar akeTebs arCevans sikeTes da borotebas, Zalas da
kanonierebas Soris. realurad arsebobs konfliqti da TanamSromloba,
arian saxelmwifoebi da arian indvidebi. Sesabamisad, ar SeiZleba maTi
abstragireba da erT romelime TeoriaSi moqceva. am skolis yvelaze
TvlasaCino warmomadgenlebi arian martin uaiti da hedli buli.
saerTaSoriso politikuri ekonomika
aqamde arsebuli debatebi mxolod politikas Seexeboda. saerTaSoriso
politikuri ekonomika ki exeba ekonomikur urTierTobebs. igi yuradRebas
amaxvilebs saerTaSoriso simdidreze da saerTaSoriso siRaribeze. anu,
vin iRebs ras da ramdens. maSasadame, politikuri ekonomika warmoadgens
mesame debatebis Semadgenel nawils da igi moicavs neo-marqsistul kri-
tikas kapitalisturi msoflio ekonomikisa da amavdroulad liberaluri
politikuri ekonomikis da realisturi politikuri ekonomikis mosaz-
rebebs ekonomikasa da politikas Soris urTierTqmedebaze saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebis farglebSi.
neomarqsizmi, es aris mcdeloba, rom mesame samyaros situacia ganxi-
luli iqnes im meqanizmebis gamoyenebiT, rac pirvelad karl marqsma
daamkvidra. Tu marqsis mixedviT, burJuazia iyenebs ekonomikur instru-
mentebs, raTa daCagros muSaTa klasi, neomarqsizmi igives anzogadebs
CrdiloeTsa da samxreTze. damokidebulebis Teoria aris marqsizmis
centraluri koncefcia, romlis mixedviTac CrdiloeTi imonebs samxreTs.
samxreTi Raribia ara imitom, rom CamorCenilia, aramed imitom, rom
CrdiloeTi mas uwevs eqspluatacias.
11
saerTaSoriso politikuri ekonomikis liberaluri xedva sruliad
gansxvavdeba zemoT mocemulisgan. am skolis warmomadgenlebi amboben,
rom adamianuri keTildReoba miiRweva globaluri Tavisufali bazris
eqspansiiT suverenuli saxelmwifos sazRvrebis gavliT da am sazRvrebis
mniSvnelobis SesustebiT. liberaluri politikuri ekonomikis xedvis
mimdevrebi iziareben adam smitis Teorias bazris sayovelTao sargeb-
lianobis Sesaxeb da amboboen, rom vaWroba kargia yvelasTvis. anu, es xedva
Tavisufal vaWrobas ganixilavs, rogorc progresis meqanizms da ara
eqspluataciis meqanizms.
realizmis gadasaxedidan es yovelive ufro sxvagvarad aRiqmeba.
realizmis mixedviT, ekonomikuri saqmianoba unda iyos saxelmwifos gaZ-
lierebis meqanizmi da unda emsaxuros qveynis erovnul interesebs.
Sesabamisad, simdidre unda emsaxuros da kontroldebodes saxelmwifos
mier. am doqtrinas merkantilizmi an ekonomikuri nacionalizmi ewodeba.
realizmi dafuZnebuli politikuri ekonomika aseve RaRadebs, rom Tavi-
sufali, liberaluri vaWroba SeuZlebeli iqneboda hegemonis gareSe.
hegemonuri Teoriis erT-erTi apologetia robert gilpini. am xedvis
mixedviT, msoflio liberaluri ekonomikuri sistema iyo mtkice da
stabiluri, radgan pirveli msoflio omis droidan moyolebuli amerika
iyo hegemoni, magram 1970-iani wlebidan misi hegemonuri Zliereba
Sesustda, radgan mas konkurencias uweven iaponia da evropa. am xedvis
mixedviT, amerikis liderobis SesustebasTan erTad msoflio liberaluri
wesrigic Sesustda, radgan sxva arc-erT saxelmwifos ar Seswevs
sakamarisi Zala, rom globaluri hegemonis roli Seasrulos.
politikur-ekonomikurma debatebma gza misca sami mniSvnelovani sa-
kiTxis ganxilvas. pirveli sakiTxi exeba ekonomikur globalizacias, meore
imas, Tu vin igebs da vin agebs am globalizaciis procesSi da mesame, ra
ufro mniSvnelovania: politika, Tu ekonomika.
meoTxe debatebi: post pozitivisturi/alternatiuli midgomebi
aqamde ganxiluli debatebi exeboda ukve damkvidrebul Teoriul
tradiciebs: realizms, liberalizms, saerTaSoriso sazogadoebas, da
saerTaSoriso politikur ekonomikas. amJamad adgili aqvs meoTxe deba-
tebs saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi, romelic moicavs damkvidrebuli
tradiciebis kritikas alternatiuli midgomebis saSualebiT, romlebsac
zogjer post pozitivistebsac uwodeben.
am Teoriebma (kritikuli Teoria, istoriuli sociologia, feminizmi,
konstruqtivizmi) win wamoswies meTodologiuri sakiTxebi, anu rogor
unda viswavloT saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi da aseve iseTi Zireuli
sakiTxebi, romlebic Seexeba TviTon disciplinis fokuss, anu ra unda is-
wavlos saerTaSoriso urTierTobebma, ra ufro mniSvnelovania da ra ara.
12
triuli barierebis, warsulis institutebis da SezRuduli faseulobaTa siste-
mebis daZlevas, romlebic xels uSlian zrdis da modernizaciis procesebs.
modernizaciis Teoriebis warmomadgenlebis mTavari daniSnulebaa im tradi-
ciuli komponentebis gamomJRavneba, romlebic xels uSlian ganviTarebas da im
faqtorebis gamomJRavneba, romlebmac xeli unda Seuwyon modernizacias.
liberaluri ekonomistebi xazs usvamen Ria da Tavisufali ekonomikis warmoebis
aucileblobas, ramac xeli unda Seuwyos investiciebs rac saWiroa TviTmyofadi
ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da ekonomikuri zrdisaTvis.
am liberalurma mosazrebebma ganviTarebis Sesaxeb gamoiwvia mwvave reaqcia,
rasac xeli Seuwyo samxreTis faqtobrivad ganuviTareblobis gagrZelebam da
CrdiloeTis mzardma ganviTarebam. yvelaze mkacri kritika wamovida neo-
marqsistebisagan, romelTa Teoria cnobilia rogorc damokidebulebis Teoria
(dependency theory). damokidebulebis Teoria problemas xedavs ara tradiciebSi, aramed Tavad
CamorCenilobaSi. ganivuTarebloba ganixileba ara rogorc sawyisi stadia,
romelSic odesRac yvela qveyana iyo, aramed rogorc procesi globaluri
kapitalisturi sistemis CarCoebis SigniT, romelic wilad xvdaT mesame samyaros
qveynebs. anu, es qveynebi arian ganuviTareblebi gamiznulad da warmoadgenen
dasavleTis ganviTarebis Sedegad miRebul produqtebs. es aris procesi, romlis
meSveobiTac kapitalisturi CrdiloeTi akninebs da aRaribebs mesame samyaros
qveynebs. isini aRiareben, rom samxreTi ganuviTarebeli iyo, magram misi Camor-
Ceniloba ganapiroba globaluri kapitalizmis xanis dadgomam. anu, globaluri
kapitalizmi marqsistebis mixedviT aris procesi, romelic erTis mxriv
warmoSobs ganviTarebas da simdidres industriul samyaroSi da CamorCenilobas
da siRaribes mesame samyaroSi.
damokidebulebis Teoria ambobs, rom CamorCeniloba gamowveulia gareSe
faqtorebiT. mesame samyaros qveynebze dominireben sagareo itneresebi,
romlebic saTaves iReben dasavleTidan. CamorCeniloba ar aris tradiculi
sazogadoebis erT-erTi faza, aramed orive, ganviTareba da CamorCeniloba aris
kapitalisturi globalizaciis nayofi. CamorCenilobas ganapirobebs gareSe
ekonomikuri Zalebi, rasac Sedegad moyveba invalidi socialuri struqturebis
arseboba mesame samyaros qveynebSi. Sesabamisad, imisTvis rom CamorCeniloba
daZleul iqnas, saWiroa moxdes gareSe zemoqmedebis Sewyveta.
aseTi radikaluri damokidebulebis Teoria kritikis qarcecxlSi moeqca,
rodesac 1970-ian wlebSi aRmosavleT aziis qveynebma, gansakuTrebiT ki, aziis
vefxvebma (samxreT korea, taivani, singapuri da hong kongi) ekonomikur
warmatebebs miaRwies, rac gamoixata swraf zrdaSi da msoflio bazarTan
integraciaSi. am magaliTma Crdili miayena damokidebulebis Teoriis
mosazrebebs mesame samyaros qveynebis stagnaciis Sesaxeb.
89
amerikis ekonomikuri siZliere TandaTan sustdeba. 1970 wlidan iwyeba krizisi da
amerikuli ekonomikuri politika ufro nacionalisturi xdeba. jon konibearis
TqmiT igi gaxda mtacebeli hegemoni. zogierTi mkvlevari am periodidan
saubrobs amerikis hegemoniis dasavalze, magram bevric am azrs uaryofs.
magaliTad, stranJi da nai amboben, rom amerika kvlavac aris uZlieresi
saxelmwifo Tavisi samxedro, ekonomikuri, teqnologiuri Tu teritorialuri
monacemebis mixedviT. marTalia, rom misi Zala SedarebiT Sesustda, magram es
gardauvali iyo, radgan amerikis lideroba ormocdaaTian wlebSi arabunebrivad
didi iyo. stranJi aseve ambobs, rom Zlierebis gazomva marto teritorialuri
ekonomikuri monacemebis mixedviT arasworia. ufro mniSvnelovania msoflio
warmoebis wili. aq ki amerikas pirveloba uWiravs. garda amisa, amerikas aqvs
wamyvani roli Tanamedrove industriebSi, romlebic samrewvelo industriebze
ufro maRla dganan. seve, amerika aris Zalian mdidari aramaterialuri resur-
sebiT, rogoricaa, magaliTad kultura, romelsac sayovelTao aRiareba da
mowoneba aqvs. xolo amerikul liberalur faseulobebs efuZneba bevri
gavleniani saerTaSoriso organizacia, rogoricaa msoflio savaluto fondi da
msoflio savaWro organizacia. es amerikis SeerTebul Statebs aZlevs sagrZnob
rbil Zalas, (Soft Power) romelic josef nais ganmartebiT aris SesaZlebloba ise
moawyo situacia, rom sxva erebi ganaviTareben prioritetebs, an sazRvraven
TavianT interesebs ise, rom isini am qveynis interesebTan modian SesabamisobaSi.
am kriteriumebis mixedviT amerikis Zliereba kvlavac mniSvnelovania. stranJi
Tvlis, rom arsebuli finansuri da monetaruli krizisebi, romelic dRevandel
liberalur ekonomikas axasiaTebs zogierTi ”saeWvo” gadawyvetilebis mizeziT
aris gamowveuli.
kidev erTi garemoeba hegemonuri stabilurobis TeoriasTan dakavSirebiT
gamoTqmulia robert kioheinis mier, romelic Tavis wignSi ”hegemonobis Semdeg”
akeTebs arguments, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom hegemonurma Zalam daamkvidra
saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba finansebis, vaWrobis Tu navTobis sferoSi,
rodesac amerikis Zliereba Sesustda, TanamSromloba ar CaSlila rogorc amas
hegemonuri stabilurobis Teoria ambobs. kioheini askvnis, rom Tumca hegemonis
arseboba aucilebelia Tavdapirveli TanamSromlobis Sesaqmenlad, rodesac
saWiro saerTaSoriso institutebi iqmneba, isini iZenen sakuTar sicocxles da
aqvT SesaZlebloba, rom sakuTari ZalebiT imuSaon da xeli Seuwyon Tana-
mSromlobas maSinac ki, rodesac im hegemonis Zala, romelmac es institutebi
Seqmna ecema. kioheini akeTebs daskvnas, rom saWiroa aRiareba imisa, rom
saerTaSoriso reJimebs aqvT gangrZobadi zegavlena saerTo interesebis mqone
qveynebs Soris TanamSromlobis zrdaze.
ganviTareba da CamorCeniloba mesame samyaroSi. am sakiTxis irgvliv
debatebi emTxveva marqsizmis mosazrebebs, romelic mimarTulia liberaluri
eknomikis debulebebis winaaRmdeg. am orive Teorias gansxvavebuli Sexeduleba
aqvT imaze, Tu ratom aris samxreTi (azia, afrika da laTinuri amerika)
ganuviTarebeli da CamorCenili.
ganviTarebis Teoriebs pirvelad liberalebma misces safuZveli. rogorc
viciT, liberaluri Teoria efuZneba modernizaciis cnebas. anu, liberaluri
ekonomistebis azriT samxreTsac unda gaevlo ganviTarebis igive gza rac
CrdiloeTma gaira, rac niSnavs progresul gadasvlas tradiciuli, preindus-
triuli da agraruli sazogadoebidan Tanamedrove, industriul da masobrivi
moxmarebis sazogadoebaze. ganviTareba liberalebis azriT niSnavs preindus-
88
romeli Teoriaa misaRebi?
zemoT warmodgenili Teoriebis siWarbe da mravalferovneba saWiroebs
imis garkvevas, Tu romeli Teoriaa ufro misaRebi da sando da romeli ara.
rogorc jeqsoni da sorenseni amboben, Teoria pirvel rigSi unda iyos
Sekruli da Tanmimdevruli. mas ar unda hqondes Sinagani dapirispirebebi.
amasTanave, igi unda iyos naTeli: gadmoscemdes azrs gasagebad. Teoria
unda cdilobdes iyos miukerZoebeli — Tumca mTlianad miukerZoebeli
Teoria ver iqneba. Teorias unda hqondes farTo fokusi. anu, igi unda
exebodes mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis farTo areals da amasTanave unda
igrZnobodes siRrme, rac imas niSnavs, rom Teoria Tavis Seswavlis saganze
unda xsnides, rac SeiZleba bevr rames.
13
leqcia II
Teoriis roli saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi
Teoriis rols da saWiroebas saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi xSirad eWvis qveS
ayeneben, gansakuTrebiT praqtikosebi da saxelmwifo moxeleebi. miuxedavad
amisa, Teorias aqvs Tavisi adgili da datvirTva saerTaSoriso politikuri
movlenebis Seswavlis da ganWvritvis saqmeSi. Teoriis arsebobis aucileblobaze
da mniSvnelobaze bevri naSromebia dawerili. erT-erTi maTgani gansa-
kuTrebulad martivi da amavdroulad damajerebeli eniT gadmoscems Teoriis
saWiroebas da moxmarebas saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi. es aris Cikagos
universitetis sayovelTaod saxelganTqmuli politikuri mecnieris, stiven
voltis statia “saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi: erTi msoflio, bevri Teoria”,5
romelic 1998 wels daibeWda akademiur Jurnal sagareo politikaSi.
volti ambobs, rom “arsebobs gardauvali kavSiri abstraqtul samyarosa da
politikis realur samyaros Soris. Cven gvWirdeba Teoria imisaTvis, rom azri
gamovitanoT im sainformacio qarbuqisagan, romelic yoveldRiurad Tavs
gvatydeba.” 6 anu, idea SemdgomSi mdgomareobs: rom gaverkveT im zRva faqtobriv
masalaSi, romelsac yoveldRe vRebulobT saWiroa gamartivebuli modelebis
qona. anu, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, Teoria aris saSualeba sirTuleebis
gamosarkvevad. 7 uolci ambobs, rom: “adamianis (an saxelmwifoebis) motivaciebis
gansaWvretad samyaro sagrZnoblad unda gavamartivoT, niuansebi uxeSad
gverdze gadavdoT da realoba sagrZnoblad davamaxinjoT. aRweras aqvs mid-
rekileba akuratulobisken/sizustisken, mosazrebebi ki aris mdabiurad yalbi.” 8
mosazrebebi, romlebzec Teoriebia agebuli samyaros radikalurad amartiveben,
magram isini sasargebloa mxolod imitom, rom swored aseTebi arian.9
Cven yvela ase Tu ise raRac TeoriiT vxelmZRvanelobT, Tumc SeiZleba amis
Sesaxeb arc ki vicodeT, an ver vacnobierebdeT amas. volti ambobs, rom is
politikosebic ki, romlebic “ver itanen” Teorias eyrdnobian TavianT sakuTar
Teorias (xSirad gaumxelels) imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor moqmedebs msoflio.” 10
amasTanave, volti iqve aRniSnavs im aucilebel kavSirs, romelic unda
arsebobodes Teoris Semqmnelsa (ra Tqma unda, am SemTxvevaSi saubari gvaqvs
socialur Teoriebze da ara zust sabunebismetyvelo Teoriebze) da realur
samyaros Soris. “Znelia gaataro kargi politika Tu Seni maorganizebeli
principi aris uvargisi, iseve rogorc Znelia konstruireba gaukeTo karg
Teorias Tu kargad ar icnob realur samyaros.”11
Teoriis zust da mravlismTqmel ganmartebas gvaTavazobs kidev erTi titani
saerTaSoriso politikisa, kenet uolci. misi TqmiT, “Teoria aris xriki. Teoria
aris inteleqtualuri konstruqcia, romlis meSveobiTac Cven varCevT faqtebs
da vxsniT maT. mTavari isaa, rom ise davukavSiroT Teoria faqtebs, rom mogveces
axsnis da momavlis ganWvretis saSualeba. es mxolod maSin iqneba SesaZlebeli,
roca ganvasxvavebT Teorias da faqtebs. mxolod maSin SegviZlia gamoviyenoT
5 Stephen M. Walt, “International Relations: One World, Many Theories,” Foreign Policy, Spring 1998, pp. 29-45. 6 iqve, ... p. 29 7 Kenneth N. Waltz, “Realist Thought and Neorealist Theory,” Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 44, Spring 1990, pp. 21-37. 8 iqve, ..., p. 27 9 iqve, ..., p.27 10 Walt. “International Relations: One World…” p. 29 11 iqve, ..., p. 29
14
Statebi gamoiyenebda Tavis samxedro Zalas dasavleT evropis TavdacvisaTvis
sabWoTa kavSiris winaaRmdeg. am garemoebam ki saSualeba misca amerikis
SeerTebul Statebs gavlena hqonoda evropaze sxva sferoebSi, rogoric aris
savaWro politika. Sesabamisad, samxedro usafrTxoebiT uzrunvelyofam
evropisaTvis amerikas mianiWa berketebi ekonomikis sferoSi. josef nais 1990
wlis naSromis mixedviT civi omis Semdeg samxedro Zalis Canacvlebadoba
klebulobs. xolo, robort kioheini ambobs, rom samxedro Zalis garda hegemonur
saxelmwifos unda gaaCndes kidev oTxi ekonomikuri resursi: bunebrivi
nedleuli, kapitali, bazari da hegemonis konkurentunarianoba im saqonlis
warmoebaSi, romelsac gansakuTrebiT maRali safasuri aqvs.
hegemonis arsebobis aucileblobad liberaluri msoflio wesrigis Senar-
CunebisTvis Teoretikosebi xsnian im momsaxureobis TaviseburebebiT, romlebic
saWiroa liberaluri msoflio wesrigis dros. liberaluri msoflio ekonomika
aris saxalxo anu koleqtiuri simdidre, romelic yvelas sargeblobaSia. es aris
saqoneli/momsaxureoba, romelic erTxel Seqmnis Semdeg yvelas sargeblobaSia.
magaliTad, haeri, Suqura, gzebi da trotuarebi warmoadgenen koleqtiuri
simdidris karg magaliTebs. liberaluri ekonomikis elementebi, rogoricaa
msoflio savaluto bazari, an Ria bazrebi, sadac yvelas SeuZlia vaWroba, aseve
warmoadgenen koleqtiuri simdidris magaliTebs. problema ki imaSi mdgomareobs,
rom koleqtiuri simdidre miewodeba arasakmarisad da yovelTvis iwvevs ufasod
sargeblobis faqtebs, anu am simdidris gamoyeneba zogis mier xdeba safasuris
gaRebis gareSe. saboloo jamSi koleqtiur simdidresac aqvs gamoyenebis zRvari
da rom ar iqnes amowuruli misi efeqturoba, saWiroa misi Senaxva. swored
amisTvis aris saWiro hegemoni sistemaSi. igi daaregulirebs “ufasod mgzav-
robis” problemas jarimebis dawesebis gziT imitom, rom mas TviTon aqvs sagr-
Znoblad maRali interesi sistemis SenarCunebasa da normalurad funqci-
onirebaSi.
asaxeleben msoflio hegemonis or klasikur magaliTs: did britaneTs
mecxramete saukunis bolos da meoce saukunis dasawyisSi da amerikis SeerTebul
Statebs meore msoflio omis Semdeg. didi britaneTi iyo globaluri Zala da
amasTanave imperialuri Zala, romlis interesSi Sedioda Ria sabazro ekonomikis
SenarCuneba. britaneTma dakarga Tavisi hegemonia meoce saukunis dasawyisSi
roca mis Zlierebas konkurencia gauwies germaniam da amerikis SeerTebulma
Statebma. am ukanasknelma Tavis xelSi aiRo msoflio wesrigis marTvis sadaveebi
meore msoflio omis Semdeg, Camoayaliba axali institutebi, ris Sedegadac
moxda liberaluri ekonomikis transformacia. msoflio savaluto fondi,
msoflio banki, zogadi SeTanxmeba tarifebisa da vaWrobis Sesaxeb, romelic
Semdeg msoflio savaWro organizaciam Secvala, ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis da
ganviTarebis organiacia da ase Semdeg. es institutebi ki iyo breton vudsis
SeTanxmebis nawili, romelic 1947 wels Sedga. liberaluri ekonomikis aRdgena
raRa Tqma unda amerikis interesebSi iyo. am gziT is ufro advilad Sedioda ucxo
bazrebze ris Sedegadac ekonomikur warmatebebs aRwevda. evropis da iaponiis
aRdgena da aRmSenebloba aseve mis interesebSi iyo, radgan mas Wirdeboda Zlieri
regionuli Zala ruseTis eqspansiis SesaCereblad. magram, bevrs sjera rom
amerikis qmedebebi altruizmis elementebsac Seicavda. magaliTad marSalis
gegma da amerikis mier dasavleT evropis da iaponiisTvis gansakuTrebuli
savaWro prioritetebis miniWeba aseT magaliTebad ganixileba.
1960-50-iani wlebidan evropa da iaponia sagrZnoblad moZlierdnen, xolo
87
ganixileba klasobriv WrilSi. Sesabamisad, kapitalizmi eyrdnoba or klass:
burJuazia, romelic flobs warmoebis saSualebebs da proletariats, romelsac
gaaCnia mxolod samuSao Zala, romelsac burJuazia misgan yidulobs. miuxedavad
imisa, rom kapitalisturi ekonomika eqspluataciazea dayrdnobili, marqsi mas
mainc progresul movlenad ganixilavda, radgan ganviTarebis saboloo etaps
xedavda socialistur revoluciaSi, romlis Sedegadac warmoebis saSualebebze
damyardeboda socialuri/koleqtiuri kontroli. marqsizmis ideologia
materialisturia, radgan is ekonomikur saqmianobas miiCnevs yvela danarCeni
adamianuri saqmianobis, politikis CaTvliT, safuZvlad.
Sesabamisad, is burJuaziuri klasi, romelic flobs ekonomikur sadaveebs
aseve dominirebs politikas radgan ekonomika aris politikis safuZveli. aqedan
gamomdinareobs marqsistuli politikuri ekonomikis CarCoebic: saxelmwifoebi
arian avtonomiurebi. isini axorcieleben mmarTveli klasis, anu burJuaziis
interesebs. Sesabamisad, konfliqtebi saxelmwifoebs Soris, marqsizmis
TvalsazrisiT aris igive konfliqtebi sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebis mmarTvel
klasebs Soris. meore mosazreba ki is aris, rom rogorc ekonomikuri sistema,
kapitalizmi aris eqspansionisturi, rac gamoixateba gasaRebis bazrebis da
mogebis gauTavebel ZiebaSi. istoriulad am eqspansias qonda imperializmis xolo
Semdeg kolonializmis forma. marqsizmis mixedviT kapitalisturi eqspansia
dekolonizaciis Semdegad grZeldeba, amJamad ukve ekonomikuri globalizaciis
saSualebiT, romelic imarTeba giganturi transnacionaluri korporaciebis
mier.
hegemonuri stabilurobis Teoria. Tanamedrove politikuri ekonomikis
Tanamedrove Teoriebidan erT-erTi yvelaze mZlavria hegemonuri stabilurobis
Teoria, romelic merkantilizmisgan iRebs raRac elementebs magram aseve
liberalizmisganac ar aris Sors. am Teoriis dedaazri imaSi mdgomareobs, rom
hegemonis, anu dominanturi ekonomikuri da samxedro Zalis arseboba aris saWiro
liberaluri sabazro ekonomikuri wesrigis Sesaqmnelad, radgan aseTi Zalis
arsebobis gareSe liberaluri wesebi ver dakanondeba msoflioSi. sxvanairad rom
iTqvas, hegemoni aris Zala, romelsac aqvs unari da survili rom daamyaros da
SeinarCunos wesrigi. amasTanave, hegemoni amas akeTebs ara mxolod sakuTari
interesebis gansaxorcieleblad aramed is qmnis Tavisufal sabazro ekonomikas,
romelic efuZneba Tavisufal vaWrobas, romelic yvela monawile qveynisTvis
aris sasargeblo da ara marto hegemonisTvis. rom ar iyos hegemoni, ekonomikuri
urTierTobebi gaxdeba nacionalisturi miswrafebebis tyve da proteqcionis-
turi, ris Sedegadac qveynebi Seecdebian TavianT mezoblebs yvelaferi waarTvan
TavianTi interesebis sasargeblod. aseTi situacia iyo 1930-ian wlebis
ekonomikuri krizisis dros. am droisTvis amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi ukve iyo
udidesi qveyana ekonomikuri Tu sxva maCveneblebiT, magram mas ar qonda survili,
rom Tavis xelSi aeRo liberaluri ekonomikuri wesrigis Seqmna da SenarCuneba.
es situacia Seicvala meore msoflio omis dros, rodesac amerikam Tavisi
izolacionisturi politika daTmo.
Teoretikosebma yuradReba miapyres im faqts, Tu ra tipis Zala aris saWiro
hegemonobisaTvis. es cota rTuli sakiTxia vinaidan Zala ganixileba misi
Canacvlebadobis (fungibility) xarisxis mixedviT. Zala iTvleba Canacvlebadad
Tuki misi gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia ramodenime sferoSi. magaliTad, samxedro
Zala SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas ara marto sabrZolo operaciebis dros, aramed
sagareo politikis warmoebis sxva aspeqtebSic. magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebuli
86
Teoria faqtebis asaxsnelad, Tu maT Soris gansxvaveba naTelia.”12
Teoriis rolis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso TeoriebSi ori mTavari garemoeba unda
gaviTvaliswinoT. pirveli is, rom ar arsebobos unviersaluri Teoria, romelic
yvela politikur movlenas erTnairi sizustiT axsnis. aris raRac molenebi,
romlebsac esa Tu is Teoria xsnis ufro ukeT vidre sxva romelime Teoria,
magram sxva movlenebis axsnaSi es Teoria ufro moikoWlebs, an saerTodac ver
xsnis. uolcisave TqmiT, “nebismieri Teoria tovebs raRacas auxsnels”. 13
socialur mecnierebebSi da gansakuTrebiT politikur mecnierebebSi is
Teoriebi fasobs, romlebic yvelaze met movlenas xsnis da amave dros aris
martivi Teoria. aseT Teoriebs socialur mecnierebebSi parsimoniuli
ewodebaT. magaliTad, demokratiuli mSvidobis Teoria, anu is, rom
demokratiuli reJimebi erTmaneTs ar ebrZvian umartivesi da mokle Teoriaa,
magram faqtobrivad xsnis Zalian bevr movlenas. sxvadasxva Teoriebi
parsimoniulobis sxvadasxva xarisxiT gamoirCeva.
meore garemoeba, romelzec minda gavamaxvilo Tqveni yuradReba is aris, rom
SeiZleba sxvadasxva Teoriebma erTi da igive movlena axsnan sxvadasxvagvarad da
movlenis sruliad gansxvavebuli analizi SemogvTavazon.
magaliTad, rodesac civi omis dasasrulis Semdeg natos identurobas
safrTxe Seeqmna da politikosebi da gadawyvetilebis mimRebni dadgnen arCevanis
winaSe, aliansi daeSalaT Tu moexdinaT misi modifikacia axali realiebis
mixedviT. rodesac 1990-91 wlebSi naTeli gaxda, rom aliansi transformaciis
gzas daadga, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis disciplines farglebSi es procesi
sxvadasxvagvarad iqna axsnili da momavlis prognozebic Teoriidan Teoriamde
iyo sxvadasxvanairi. magaliTad, realistebis TvalsazrisiT, natos gafarToeba
iyo dasavleTis Zalisxmeva gaezarda Tavisi gavlenis sfero tradiciuli
gavlenis sferoebis miRma maSin, rodesac ruseTi iyo susti. realizmis
mimdevrebi ambobdnen, rom es qmedeba aucileblad gamoiwvevda mwvave reaqcias
moskovis mxridan. liberaluri perspeqtividan natos gafarToeba iyo da aris
stabilurobis sferos gafarToebis instrumenti, romelic gaaZlierebs axlad-
gamoCekil demokratiebs centralur da aRmosavleT evropaSi da amavdroulad
natos konfliqtebis menejmentis meqanizms xelmisawvdoms gaxdis am arastabi-
luri regionisaTvis. mesame mosazreba, romelsac ZiriTadad konstruqti-
vistebi iziareben aris is, rom nato farTovdeba imdenad ramdenadac axlad
gaTavisuflebulma saxelmwifoebma aiTvises da gaiTavises is faseulobebi da
principebi, romelsac iziareben natoSi Semavali wevri saxelmwifoebi da
Sesabamisad, isini erTiandebian erTgvarovnad moazrovne qveynebis klubSi.
amavdroulad, vinc ufro male gaiziarebs evroatlantikur faseulobebs,
romlebsac efuZneba nato, miT ufro male gaxdeba is saxelmwifo natos wevri.
Cven vxedavT, rom erTidaimave movlenas sami sxvadasxva Teoria xsnis
sxvadasxvagvarad. amavdroulad, arc erTi axsnaganmarteba ar aris moklebuli
logikur azrs. daskvna aq mxolod erTia: arc erT Teorias ar SeuZlia
Tanamedrove movlenebis sirTuleebis srulad axsna, magram es ar niSnavs imas,
rom esaTu is Teoria unda uarvyoT. piriqiT, Cven ufro meti ramis axsnis
saSualeba gveZleva roca gvaqvs mravali sxvadasxva Teoria vidre maSin, rodesac
gveqneboda mxolod erTi universaluri Teoria. am garemoebis Sesaxeb volti
aRniSnavs, rom “konkurencia Teoriebs Soris warmoaCens maT Zlierebas da
12 Waltz, “Realist Thought . . .,” p. 24 13 iqve, ..., p. 34
15
sisustes, warmoSobs siaxleebs da amavdroulad amJRavnebs xarvezebs ukve
kargad damkvidrebul sibrZneSi.”14
zemoT naxseneb statiaSive volti gvTavazobs Teoriebs da maT mokle aRweras
dalagebuls sqematurad ukeT aRqmisaTvis, rac am sami Tanamedrove da ZiriTadi
Teoriis (realizmi, liberalizmi, konstruqtivizmi) sisusteebis da siZlieris
Sefasebis saSualebas iZleva.
mTavari Teoriebi da maTi ZiriTadi principebi
konkretuli
paradigmebi realizmi liberalizmi konstruqtivizmi
ZiriTadi
Teoriuli
principebi
egoisti
saxelmwifo
mudmivad
ibrZvis Zalisa
da
usafrTxoebisa
Tvis
ekonomikuri da
politikuri
mosazrebebi ufro
maRla dganan vidre
ltolva Zalisa
Zlierebisaken
saxelmwifos qceva
ganisazRvreba
elituri nawilis
rwmenebis, koleqtiuri
normebis da
socialuri
identurobis
safuZvelze.
analizis
mTavari
elementebi
saxelmwifoebi saxelmwifoebi
individebi
(gansakuTrebiT elitis
warmomadgenlebi)
ZiriTadi
instrumente
bi
ekonomikuri da
gansakuTrebiT
samxedro Zala
sxvadasxva (mag., saerT.
institutebi, ek.
TanamSromloba,
demokratiis
xelSewyoba)
ideebi da dialogi
TvalsaCino
warmomadgen
lebi
uolci,
mirSaimeri koheni, fukuiama vendti
post civi
omiseuli
prognozebi
axali/faruli
konkurencia
did
saxelmwifoebs
Soris
gazrdili
TanamSromloba
liberaluri
faseulobebis,
Tavisufali bazrebis
da saerTaSoriso
organizaciebis
moRvaweobis zrdis
gavrcelebis fonze
ar SeuZlia ideebis
winaswar gansazRvra
es Teoria aris
agnostikuri*
mTavari
SezRudvebi
kargad ver
asaxavs
cvlilebebs
saerTaSoriso
doneze
midrekileba aqvs Zalis
da Zlierebis rolis
ugulebelyofisadmi
ufro Zlieria
warsulis
gansazRvra/aRweraSi,
vidre momavlis
ganWvretaSi. 15
*agnostika aris idealisturi moZRvreba, romlis mixedviTac SeuZlebelia
obieqturi samyaros Secnoba. a-uaryofas niSnavs, gnosos-codnas.
14 Walt, “International Relations: One World…” p. 30 15 iqve,…, p. 38
16
ekonomikuri liberalizmi. ekonomikuri liberalizmi iyo kritika
saxelmwifos mier ekonomikuri saqmianobis kontrolis sawinaaRmdegod.
ekonomikuri liberalizmis warmomadgenlebi uaryofen Teoriebs, romlebic
ekonomikas politikas uqvemdebareben. am Teoriis TvalsaCino warmomadgenels,
adam smits swamda, rom bazrebi farTovdebian spontanurad adamianuri
moTxovnebis dasakmayofileblad mxolod im SemTxvevaSi Tu mTavrobebi ar
Caerevian am ekonomikur procesSi. smitis mixedviT ekonomikuri bazari aris
progresis, TanamSromlobis da keTildReobis ZiriTadi wyaro. amis sapiris-
pirod, maT swamT, rom politikuri Careva da saxelmwifoebrivi regulaciebi aris
araekonomikuri, retrograciuli da SeiZleba konfliqtamdec migviyvanos.
gilpini ekonomikur liberalizms uwodebs im principebis erTobliobas,
romlebic emsaxurebian ekonomikuri zrdis da individualuri keTildReobis
organizacias da menejments. es mimdinareoba eyrdnoba mosazrebas, rom Tu
mivuSvebT, sabazro ekonomika Tavisive wesebis mixedviT, spontanurad
ganviTardeba. merkantilistebisgan gansxvavebiT, ekonomikuri liberalizmis
mimdevrebi centralur aqtorebad aRiareben individebs, romlebic arian
momxmareblebi, an mimwodeblebi. Sesabamiad, ekonomikuri gacvlebi bazris
gamoyenebiT aris dadebiT jamovani, nulovan jamovanis sapirispirod, romlis
Sedegad yvela igebs ufro mets vidre gascems, mzardi efeqturobis wyalobiT.
miuxedavad zemoTmoyvanili arguemtnebisa, ekonomikuri liberalizmis
SigniT arsebobs debatebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra xarisxis Careva aris dasaSvebi
mTavrobis mxridan. adreuli ekonomikuri liberalizmis mimdevrebi rogorc
viciT ’laissez-faire’ politikas emxrobodnen. es politika iTvaliswinebda
ekonomikuri saqmianobebis srul siTavisufles yvelanairi politikuri
SezRudvebis da regulaciebisgan. Tumca, igi aseve iTvaliswinebda mTavrobebis
mier minimaluri pirobebis Seqmnas, Tundac iuridiuli CarCoebis Camoyalibebas,
romelSic bazarma unda ifunqcioniros.
ekonomikuri liberalizmis mimdevrebi aseve Tavidanve aRiarebdnen im faqts,
rom bazari yovelTvis ver imoqmedebs efeqturad da yvelasTvis sasargeblod.
aseT SemTxvevebs bazris Cavardna ewodeba da amis Tavidan asacileblad
politikuri regulaciebi, an SezRudvebia saWiro. jon stuart mili Tavisi
mrwamsiT aseve leizez fearis mimdevari iyo, magram amavdroulad akritikebda
mzard qonebriv uTanasworobas da mouwodebda saxelmwifos mier SezRuduli
rolis TamaSs calkeul sferoebSi situaciis gamosaworeblad, magaliTad
ganaTlebasa da siRaribis daZlevis sferoSi. meoce saukunis erT-erTi yvelaze
gamoCenili ekonomisti, jon meinard keinsi ganavrcobs milis mosazrebas da
emxroba ekonomikuri procesebis saxelmwifos mier ”Wkvianurad” marTvas. keinsis
ideebma dasabami daudo reformirebul liberalur Teorias, romelic
Zveleburad sabazro ekonomikas efuZneba, magram aseve iTvaliswinebs
saxelmwifos mier Carevis da ekonomikisTvis mimarTulebis micemis gzebs.
marqsizmi. es Teoria efuzneba mecxramete saukunis germaneli filosofosis
da ekonomistis karl marqsis mosazrebebs. marqsizmi fundamentur
winaaRmdegobaSia ekonomikur liberalizmTan radgan is ekonomikas ganixilavs
ara rogorc dadebiT jamovan TamaSs aramer rogorc adamianebis eqpluataciis da
klasobrivi upiratesobis asparezs. marqsistebi ufro merkantilistebis
Sexedulebas emxrobian, magram saxelmwifoebis magivrad urTierTobebs
ganaogadeben klasebs Soris. merkantilistebisgan gansxvavebiT ekonomikas
pirvel adgilze ayenebn da politikas meoreze. kapitalisturi ekonomika
85
rac saswrafod unda Sewyvetiliyo. es gadawyvetileba miiRo prezidentma
niqsonma roca man oqros standardis arseboba Sewyvita da igi mcuravi savaluto
kursiT Caanacvla. anu moxda is, rom politikurma gadawyvetilebam Secvala
bazris da ekonomikis TamaSis wesebi. amave periodSi iyo vietnamis omiT
gamowveuli ekonomikuri problemebi da aseve navTobis krizisiT gamowveuli
Soki. daskvna am situaciebidan ki is iyo, rom krizisebis dros politika da
ekonomika ganuyofeli arian.
meore faqtori, ramac politka da ekonomika erTmans daukavSira, jeqsonis da
sorensenis azriT, iyo dekolonizaciis meore talRa, romlis Sedegad warmoiSva
bevri ekonomikurad Raribi da politikurad susti saxelmwifo, romlebic
ukmayofilebas gamoxatavdnen arsebul ekonomikur sistemaSi subordinirebuli
rolis qonis gamo. amas mohyva mTeli rigi moTxovnebi da Semdeg mcdelobebi da
politikuri SeTanxmemebi Tu gadawyvetilebebi raTa “mesame samyaros” qveynebis
ekonomikuri mdgomareoba gaumjobesebuliyo. am yovelivem kidev erTxel
warmoaCina Tu rogor aris zogierTi qveynis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba
damokidebuli zogierTi qveynis politikur saqcielze. mesame faqtori, ramac
politikuri ekonomika win wamoswia iyo civi omis dasasruli. anu, vinaidan da
radganac axlad gaTavisuflebul saxelmwifoebs surdaT politikuri
integracia (dasavlur organizaciebSi gawevrianeba) da aseve ekonomikuri
integracia (ufro intensiuri ekonomikuri kavSirebi) politika da ekonomika
saerTaSoriso doneze kidev ufro gadaixlarTa erTmaneTSi.
rogorc aqamde ganxiluli bevri saerTaSorsio urTierTobebis Teoriebi,
politikuri ekonomikis Teoriebic iyofian klasikur da Tanamedrove Teoriebad.
klasikuri Teoriebidan ganvixiloT merkantilizmi, ekonomikuri liberalizmi,
marqsizmi da Sesabamisad neo-marqsizmi. xolo ufro Tanamedrove Teoriebidan
ganvixiloT hegemonuri stabilurobis Teoria, damokidebulebis Teoria da
ekonomikuri globalizacia.
merkantilizmi. merkantilizmi iyo politikuri elitebis Sexeduleba,
romlebic Tvlidnen, rom ekonomikuri saqmianoba unda emsaxurebodes upirveles
mizans, rac aris Zlieri saxelmwifos aRmSenebloba. sxva sityvebiT, ekonomika,
merkantilistebis azriT aris politikuri instrumenti, politikuri Zlierebis
safuZveli. merkantilistebis xedviT saerTaSoriso ekonomika aris konfliqtis
arena konkurentul erovnul itneresebs Soris. robert gilpinis azriT qveynebs
Soris ekonomikur konkurencias SeiZleba hqondes orgvari forma. pirveli
SeiZleba iyos TavdacviTi, anu keTili merkantilizmi: saxelmwifoebi iRwvian
TavianTi ekonomikuri interesebis uzrunvelsayofad magram ar aris aucilebeli
rom am RonisZiebebs gansakuTrebulad negatiuri gavlena hqondeT sxva
saxelmwifoebze. meore forma ki ufro agresiulia da boroti merkantilizmis
saxeliT aris cnobili. am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifoebi cdiloben saerTaSoriso
politikuri ekonomikis uzurpacias eqspansiuri qmedebebis saSualebiT.
merkantilizmi ganixilavs ekonomikas rogorc politikaze, kerZod ki
mTavrobaze daqvemdebarebul instruments. ekonomikuri saqmianoba ganixileba
saxelmwifos Zlierebis gazrdis konteqstSi. Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo, romelic
aris erovnuli interesebis gamtarebeli da masze pasuxismgebeli, warmarTavs
kerZo ekonomikur interesebs am miznebis misaRwevad. merkantilistebis
TvalsazrisiT, rodesac ekonomikuri da usafrTxoebis interesebi erTmaneTs
ewinaaRmdegebian, usafrTxoebis interesebs aqvT upiratesoba.
84
leqcia III
klasikuri realizmi
ganasxvaveben klasikur da Tanamedrove anu struqturul realizms, igive
neorealizms. klasikuri (tradiciuli) realizmi batonobda meoce saukunis
biheivioristul revoluciamde. klasikuri realizmi ZiriTadad eyrdnoboda
iseT normatiul faseulobebs rogoricaa erovnuli usafrTxoeba da
saxelmwifos TviTgadarCena. amasTanave, klasikuri realizmis ZiriTadi
ganmasxvavebeli niSani aris is, rom am skolis warmomadgenlebi, romlebic
aRsaniSnavia rom cxovrobdnen sxvadasxva droebSi, Zveli saberZneTiT dawyebuli
meoce saukuniT damTavrebuli, TavianT politikur xedvas afuZnebdnen adamianis
bunebis Tandayolil borotebaze da mzakvrobaze, egreT wodebul bnel mxareze
(dark side of the human nature). klasikuri realizmis TvalsazrisiT, swored adamianis
xasiaTis bneli mxare ganpirobebs politikuri realobis xifaTianobas.
qvemoT ganvixilavT klasikuri realizmis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebs da
maT naSromebs, romlebmac udidesi gavlena iqonies realizmis rogorc
saerTaSoriso politikis Teoriis Camoyalibebaze.
Tukidide
Zveli saberZneTis istorikosma Tukididem Tavis naSromSi “istoria”,
romelic peloponesis oms eZRvneba (431-404) aRwera omi saberZneTis polisebs
Soris. man Tavis naSromSi yuradReba gaamaxvila saxolmwifoTa uTanasworobaze.
zogierTi saxelmwifo iyo didi da Zlieri, rogoricaa aTeni, sparta da sparseTis
imperia, zogi patara da susti. Tukidide am uTanasworobas ganixilavda rogorc
bunebrivs da gardauvals. misi daskvna da gamosavali am situaciidan ki iyo is,
rom yvela saxelmwifom, didma Tu pataram, unda SeZlos adaptaciis moxdena
mocemuli realobisadmi da moiqces mis Sesabamisad. Tu saxelmwifoebi SeZleben
amas isini gadarCebian, Tu ara isini TavianT arsebobas eWvis qveS daayeneben da
SeiZleba ganadgurdnen kidec.
misi filosofia yvelaze kargad Cans epizodidan, romelSic aRwerilia
dialogi aTensa da meloss Soris. meloselebis liderebma mimarTes
samarTlianobis princips, romlis mixedviTac Zlevamosil aTenelebs pativi unda
ecaT maTi damoukideblobisaTvis, SeenarCunebinaT maTi reputacia da uari
eTqvaT maT dapyrobaze. mis pasuxad aTenelebis piriT Tukidide gadmogvcems
Tavis filosofias romelic naTlad asaxavs faqts, rom saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebi aris anarqiuli, sadac calkeul saxelmwifoebs ar aqvT sxva
gamosavali garda imisa, rom moiqcnen Zalismieri politikis principebis
Tanaxmad. amasTanave TviTgardarCna aris upirvelesi faseuloba, romelic
pativsa da reputaziaze maRla dgas da omi aris yovelives saboloo arbitri.
amgvarad, aTenelebis pasuxi susti melosisadmi aris is, rom samarTlianoba
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi gansakuTrebuli mcnebaa. igi ar gulisxmobs
Tanosworuflebianobas aramed imas, Tu ramdenad kargad ici sakuTari kuTvnili
adgili da ramdenad SegiZlia adaptacia moaxdino samyaroSi romlis realoba
aris ZalTa uTanasworoba. “samarTlis standarti damokidebulia Zalis
Tanasworobaze... Zlierni akeTeben imas, risi Zalac SeswevT da sustni urigdebian
17
imas, rasac unda Seurigdnen.”16
nikolo makiaveli
renesansis droindeli italieli moRvawe nikolo makiaveli iTvleba po-
litikuri realizmis erT-erT yvelaze cnobil warmomadgenlad. makiaveli
cxovrobda da moRvaweobda florenciaSi, im dros, rodesac italia daquc-
macebuli iyo ramodenime metoqe qalaq saxelmwifod, romlebsac axasiaTebdaT
arastabiluroba da religiuri konfliqtebi. misi wigni “mTavari,” (The Prince),
romelic misi gardacvalebidan 5 wlis Semdeg, 1532 wels gamoica, warmoadgens
sakuTari gamocdilebis da mis mier uZvelesi istoriis Seswavlis nayofs.
makiaveli am naSromSi gvaZlevs realizmis erT-erT dromouWmel normas,
romlis mixedviTac politikis warmoeba, romelic gulisxmobs xalxisadmi
pasuxismgeblobas, ar SeiZleba efuZnebodes morals, rogorc es kerZo
urTierTobs Seefereba. makiavels sjeroda, rom grZnobebis gareSe, moralze
daufuZneblad moqmedeba aris warmatebis sawindari. es gakveTili man misi
batonis, cezare borgias qmedebebis Sesawvlisas SeiZina.
makiaveli Tavis “mTavarSi” qadagebs, rompasuxismgebeli lideri ar unda
sargeblobdes qristianuli eTikis mixedviT, imdenad ramdenadac aseT
SemTxvevaSi man SeiZleba yvelaferi dakargos: sakuTreba, Tavisufleba da misi
moqalaqeebis sicocxle. moraliT sargeblboba politikaSi upasuxismgeblobis
tolfasia. mmarTvels amis ufleba ar aqvs, radgan mas xalxis bedi abaria. sxva
sityvebiT rom iTqvas, politikuri pasuxismgebloba sul sxva gziT miemarTeba,
vidre kerZo morali. politikaSi fundamenturi, uzenaesi faseuloba aris
usafrTxoeba da saxelmwifos TviTgadarCena. politikaSi zneobrivi normebi da
morali emorCileba saxelmwifo interesebs. es aris is, ramac unda marTos
sagareo politika. mmarTvelebis mTavari pasuxismgebloba ki isaa, rom yovelTvis
iyos upiratesobis ZiebaSi, daicvas Tavisi saxelmwifos interesebi da
uzrunvelyos misi gadarCena.
makiavelis naSromis mTavari ganmasxvavebili niSani isic aris, rom igi
mmarTvels ayenebs xalxis da qveynis samsaxurSi da ara sakuTari Tavis, an reJimis
samsaxurSi. is, rom mmarTvelebi unda iyvnen rogorc lomebi (Zala, Zliereba)
aseve meliebi (cbiereba) aris makiavelis realizmis dedaazri. maT es orive
Tviseba sWirdebaT radgan maTi xalxis bedi maTi simamacisa da sazrianobis
xelSia.
is faqti, rom xalxis bedi mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli mmarTvelis da
Sesabamisad saxelwifos bedTan aris makiavelis, da saerTod, politikuri
realizmis erT-erTi fundamenturi mosazreba.
16 Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, chapter xvii. Sixteenth year of the war - the melian conference - fate of melos. ixileT internet gamocema, misamarTze: http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/melian.htm
18
Semdeg dolari 50 % daeca, magram deficiti mTeli es dro izrdeboda 1987
wlamde. xolo 1988-90-ian wlebSi monacemebi mxolod 1984 wlis monacemebis
donemde gaumjobesda. arsebobs Zalian martivi mizezebi imisaTvis, Tu ratom ver
axdens kursis dacema sasurvel gavlenas deficitze, radgan xSir SemTxvevaSi
miuxedavad dolaris kursis dacemisa importi mainc izrdeboda. arsebobs amis
ramodenime mizezi. pirveli albaT is aris, rom amerikelebi upiratesobas
aniWeben mTel rig importul saqonels; meore, biznesmenebi xSirad ar sweven fass
TavianT produqciaze, aramed Tavad iziareben dolaris dacemis gamo moyenebul
zarals. ase iqcevian radgan surT SeinarCunon bazari da aseve aqvT dolaris
momavalSi gaZlierebis imedi an SesaZlebelia biznesmenebma es fuli ar
gadacvalon da daabandon aSS-Si. marTlac, dResdReobiT multierovnuli
korporaciebis zrda, romelTac permanentuli saqmianobis areali aris
sazRvargareT amis saSualebas iZleva.
politikuri ekonomikis Teoriebi
Cveni arseboba fundamentalurad damokidebulia politikur ekonomikaze da
ara calkeulad politikaze, an ekonomikaze. imisTvis, rom gadarCnen, adamianebs
sWirdebaT sakvebi, Casacmeli da bevri sxva ram, rasac adamianebis umravlesoba
SeiZens fulis saSualebiT, romelsac gamoimuSaveben. Tanamedrove bazari ki
politikur wesebs efuZneba. politikuri wesebi da regulaciebi gansazRvraven im
CarCoebs, romlis SigniTac funqcionirebs bazari. amavdroulad, ekonomikuri
siZliere politikuri Zalauflebis mniSvnelovani komponentia. rogorc
robert gilpini ambobs, ekonomika aris swrafva simdidrisken xolo politika
Zalauflebisken da am or fenomens Soris urTierTqmedeba aris rTuli da
gamaognebeli. swored es rTuli urTierTqmedeba politikas da ekonomikas,
saxelmwifoebs da bazrebs Soris saerTaSoriso konteqstSi aris saerTaSoriso
politikuri ekonomikis Seswavlis sagani.
niSandoblia is faqti, rom politikuri ekonomika aRmocenda saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebis disciplinis farglebSi rogorc sfero, romelsac damou-
kideblad arsebobis safuZveli aqvs. zogierTi imasac ki ambobs, rom politikuri
ekonomika ufro farTo da yovlismomcveli disciplinaa da amitom saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebi unda iyos misi qvesfero. xolo suzan stranJi fiqrobs, rom orive,
saerTaSoriso politikuri ekonomika da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi SeiZleba
CaiTvalos saerTaSoriso sakiTxebis Seswavlebis (international studies) qve- sfe-
roebad. ekonomistebi Tvlian, rom is meTodebi, romlebic ekonomikaSi gamoi-
yeneba SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes politikaSic da saerTaSoriso urTi-
erTobebSic, xolo politkuri mecnierebi sastikad ewinaaRmdegebian politikis
Seswavlis sxva romelime Teoriis donemde dayvanas da mas damoukidebel
disciplinad aRiareben.
ormocdaaTian da samocian wlebSi Seiqmna iseTi situacia, rom politika da
ekonomika absoliturad izolirebuli iyo. xarisxobrivad araerTgvarovani
sakiTxebi iswavleboda aseve araerTgvarovani meTodebiT. magram 1970-ni
wlebidan aseTi mkveTri dapirispirebis arsebobis marTebuloba eWvis qveS dadga.
am yovelives jeqsonis da sorensenis azriT xels uwyobda ramodenime faqtori.
pirveli iyo breton vudsis sistemis krizisi, romelic imaSi gamoixateboda, rom
Warbi dolaris mozRvavebis Sedegad xdeba amerikis oqros rezervebis gadineba
83
aqvs ase Tu ise motivtive gacviliTi kursis politika anu, mTavrobebi
drodadro erevian bazris saqmianobaSi, rom zemoqmedeba moaxdinon garkveul
procesebze. 20-mde qveyanas aqvs politika, romelic uzrunvelyofs mudmiv
gacvliT kurss qveynebis jgufebTan mimarTebaSi. qveynebis umravlesobas ki
(susti da patara saxelmwifoebi) mimagrebuli aqvT TavianTi valutis Rire-
buleba sxva ufro Zlier valutasTan. amasTan, mniSvnelovania ganvasxvaoT myari
(stabiluri da usafrTxo, romelic gamoiyeneba saerTaSoriso transaqciebis
dros) da susti (gamoiyeneba mxolod qveynis SigniT) valutis tipebi.
jerjerobiT ar arsebobs valuta, romelic mxolod bazris mier aris
regulirebadi. centraluri bankebi xSirad erTvebian savaluto bazris
operaciebSi raTa gavlena moaxdinon maTi valutis moTxovna miwodebaze. amas
imitom akeTeben, rom erovnuli fulis faseuloba pirdapir kavSirSia am qveynis
saqonlis RirebulebasTan saerTaSoriso bazarze da saerTaSoriso saqonlis
Rirebulebaze Sida bazarze. sakuTari erovnuli valutis Rirebulebis SecvliT
mTavrobebs, rogorc wesi, surT Secvalon fasebi importze da eqsportze da
Sedegad zegavlena moaxdinon saboloo savaWro balansze.
rogor axdens savaluto kursi zegavlenas vaWrobaze
rogorc mogexsenebaT, rodesac xalxi awarmoebs saerTaSoriso vaWrobas maT
unda Seafason TavianTi saqoneli im bazris valutiT, romelzec saqoneli
iyideba, magram sabolood maT sWirdebaT sakuTari qveynis valuta. es imas
niSnavs, rom gayidvidan miRebuli fuli unda gadaicvalos erovnul valutaze.
amgvarad, savaluto kursi axdens pirdapir zegavlenas fasebze.
ganivixiloT es magaliTis mixedviT. warmovidginoT, rom amerikeli
eqsportiori yidis kompiuteris disk draiverebs did britaneTSi. am periodSi
savaluto kursi am or valutas Soris aris 1 funt sterlingi 2 aSS dolarTan. es
disk draivebi aSS-Si iyideba 500 dolarad. eqsportiori mzad aris
transportaciis xarjebi Tavad gaiRos raTa daimkvidros Tavi inglisis bazarze.
Sesabamisad is Tavis produqts afasebs 250 funt sterlingad da miiRebs 500
amerikul dolars. axla warmovidginoT, rom sterligis kursma aiwia da 1 funt
sterlingi udris 3 amerikul dolars. amis Sedegad, eqsportiors saSualeba aqvs
gaaiafos Tavisi produqti (daimaxsovreT, rom mas mxolod 500 dolaris miReba
ainteresebs) da gaxados 166.67 funt sterlingi, rom miiRos 500 dolari (166.67
gamravlebuli 3-ze). Sesabamisad, Sesustebuli dolaris kursi saSualebas aZlevs
(magram ar aris aucilebeli) rom amerikelma eqsportiorebma gaaiafon fasebi
sazRvargareT. Tu aris sapirispiro situacia, anu Zvirdeba dolari da ecema
funt sterlingis kursi, magaliTad 1 funt sterlingi udris 1 amerikul
dollars, maSin eqsportiorebs didi problema aqvT. imisTvis, rom maT miiRon
saWiro 500 dolari unda gazardon produqtis fasi ucxo bazarze 500 funt
sterlingamde raTa maTi biznesi wamgebiani ar gaxdes.
dolaris kursis dagdebis xerxs xSirad mimarTavs amerikis mTavroba raTa
aRmofxvras uzarmazari savaWro defici. magram, gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqtic,
rom kursis dagdebis zegavlenas savaWro deficitis amovsebaze aqvs Tavisi
limitebi. istoriulad cnobilia, rom dolaris gaiafebam mxolod zRvruli
zegavlena iqonia aSS-s savaWro deficitze. 1971 - 1980 wlebSi miuxedavad imisa,
rom dolaris kursi daeca, amerikis savaWro deficiti gauaresda. 1985 wlis
82
Tomas hobsi
ingliseli filosofosis, Tomas hobsis Sexedulebebi iTvleba realizmis
fundamentad. Tavis “leviaTanSi,” filosofiuri deduqciis saSualebiT hobsi
cdilobs axsnas politkuri sinamdvilis buneba. SesavalSive hobsi ambobs, rom
saxelmwifo aris xelovnuri adamiani, mxolod ufro didi da ufro Zlieri, vidre
bunebrivi adamiani, romlis usafrTxoebisa da dacvisaTvisac aris igi Seqmnili.
am did manqanas hobsi uwodebs leviaTans, romelic misi TqmiT, aris igive
Tanamegobroba, igive saxelmwifo.
misi naSromis mizania axsnas am xelovnuri adaminis, saxelmwifos, buneba.
risgan Sedgeba da ras warmoadgens igi. rogoria suverenis uflebebi, samarTali
da xelisufleba. ra Slis da ra asazrdoebs suverenitets.
imisaTvis, rom gaigos politikuri cxovrebis fundamenturi arsi hobsi
warmoidgens adamianebs, qalebsa da kacebs, sawyis mdgomareobaSi, garemoSi, sadac
jer ar aris gamogonebuli suverenuli saxelmwifo. igi am mdgomareobas uwodebs
“bunebriv mdgomareobas” (state of nature). misi aRwerilobiT, bunebriv pirobebSi
yoveli mamakaci, qali da bavSvi safrTxeSia yvela sxva danarCenis mxridan.
adamianebs aqvT erTmaneTisadmi mudmivi SiSi, radgan maTi sicocxle mudvivad
safrTxis qveSaa da aravis aqvs usafrTxoebis garantia. aseT situaciaSi,
romelsac hobsi aRwers rogorc “euli, Raribi, sazizRari, sastiki da mokle,”
bunebrivi mdgomareobaa “yvelas omi yvelas winaaRmdeg.”
am “euli, Raribi, sazizRari, sastiki da mokle,” situaciidan hobsi xedavs
erTaderT gamosavals, rac aris suverenuli saxelmwifos Seqmna da amoqmedeba.
hobsi ambobs, rom adamianebi instinqturad uerTebian erTmaneTs da ayalibeben
usafrTxoebis paqtebs, romelic uzrunvelyofs TiToeulis usafrTxoebas. es
sayovelTao SiSi da usafrTxoebis SegrZneba aiZulebT maT gamovidnen bunebrivi
mdgomareobidan sadac sufevs yvelas omi yvelas winaaRmdeg. sxvanairad rom
iTqvas hobsi ambobs, rom adamianebi qmnian suverenul saxelmwifoebs ara
gonierebaze, aramed instinqtze dayrdnobiT. isini nebiT deben socialur
kontraqts erTmaneTTan da qmnian suverenul mTavrobas, romelsac gaaCnia
saWiro Zliereba, raTa daicvas isini sagareo Tu saSinao mtrebisa da
xelisSemSleli faqtorebisgan. aseT civilur pirobebSi romelsac hobsi
“mSvidobasa da wesrigs” uwodebs adamainebi Tavisufldebian SiSisgan da aqvT
saSualeba iRvawon bednierebisaTvis.
saxelmwifos Seqmna marTalia adamianebs aZlevs gamosavals bunebrivi
mdgomareobidan, magram warmoSobs axal politikur problemas saxelmwifoTa
doneze. erTi sityviT, bunebrivi mdgomareoba pirovnuli donidan gadadis
saxelmwifoTa doneze da warmoiqneba erovnuli da saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis
problema rac gamowveulia saerTaSoriso sistemis anarqiulobiT. faqtiurad,
saxeze gvaqvs fenomeni, romelic politikaSi cnobilia rogorc “usafrTxoebis
dilema.” hobsi ambobs, rom erTi usafrTxoebis problemis gadaWriT adamianebi
Zalauneburad iwveven meores. 17
am usafrTxoebis dilemidan gamosavali aRar arsebobs, radgan ar aris
saSualeba imisa, rom Seiqmnas msoflio mTavroba. suverenul saxelmwifoebs
aranairi survili ar gaaCniaT rom TavianTi damoukidebloba daTmon sxva,
globaluri mTavrobis sasargeblod. am situacias hobsi imiT xsnis, rom
17 usafrTxoebis dilema mokled aris aRwerili aleqsandre rondelis wignSi
“saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi,” Tbilisis damoukidebeli universiteti, 1996, gv. 95.
19
bunebrivi mdgomareoba saerTaSoriso doneze ar aris iseTi saSiSi da muqaris
momgvreli rogorc pirovnul doneze. saxelmwifoebs ufro advilad SeuZliaT
erTmaneTi daicvan gareSe safrTxisgan, vidre es calkeul adamianebs SeuZliaT.
bolo suraTi rasac hobsi aRwers aris saerTaSoriso anarqia, romelic
dafuZnebulia suverenul saxelmwifoebze. radganac suverenitets dacva
sWirdeba, avtomaturad anarqiuli sistema gulisxmobs faqtobriv, an
potenciuri omis mdgomareobas. hobsi ambobs, rom omi aris ukanaskneli
saSualeba imisaTvis, rom saxelmwifoebma Seajeron SeuTanxmebeli problemebi.
neoklasikuri realizmi: hans morgenTau
1948 wels gamocemuli germanuli warmoSobis amerikeli politikuri
mecnieris hans morgenTaus naSromi “qveynebis politika: brZola Zalauflebisa
da mSvidobisaTvis” miCneulia politikuri naSromebis mwvervalad. am naSromma
didi xniT ganszaRvra saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoriuli da praqtikuli
interesebi da mTeli am dargis ganviTarebis Semdgomi xasiaTi. 18
morgenTaus qveynebis politika aris Tukidides, makiavelis da hobsis ideebis
gagrZeleba, Tumca ufro Tanamedrove eniT dawerili da gajerebuli dagrovili
istoriuli gamocdilebiT da politikuri sibrZniT. Tavis safuZvelSi es wigni
igive fundamentzea daarsebuli rogorc zemoT ganxiluli naSromebi, kerZod is,
rom adamianis buneba aris mtacebluri, bunebrivad mzakvari da bneli, da rom es
faqti aisaxeba politikur urTierTobebze. politika da eTika erTmaneTisgan
Sors dganan da, rom politikuri Zala da Zliereba aris mSvidobis erTaderTi
garanti. amitom aris, rom morgenTaus realizms uwodeben neoklasikur
realizms, rac imas niSnavs, rom misi realizmi aris meoce saukunis ganaxlebuli
klasikuri tradicia saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis TeoriaSi.
morgenTau, iseve rogorc misi ideuri winamorbedebi, Tvlida, rom qalebi da
kacebi bunebiT arian politikuri cxovelebi, isini dabadebulni arian, raTa
moipovon Zala da datkbnen Zlierebis nayofiT. igi ambobda, rom adamianebs
axasiaTebT Zalisadmi ltolva (lust) da amas uwodebda animus dominandi, romelic
iwvevs gardauval politikur brZolas adamianebs Soris.
adamianebs aqvT survili, rom iyvnen sxvebis politikuri zegavlenisgan
damoukedebeli. es qmnis saWiroebas imisas, rom Seiqmnas iseTi politikuri
sfero, sadac Tavisufuli iqnebian sxvisi politikuri diqtatisgan. saboloo
varianti aseTi sferosi, romlis SigniTac iqneba usafrTxoeba, aris suverenuli
saxelmwifo. mis gareT ki usafrTxoebis miRweva SeuZlebelia. 19
meores mxriv, sistema, romelic efuZneba damoukidebel elementebs,
romlebsac gaaCniaT kerZo interesebi da survili, daicvan es interesebi,
warmoSobs saWiroebas imisas, rom saxelmwifos SigniT moxdes Zalis mobilizeba
da saWiro SemTxvevaSi gamoyeneba. erTi sityviT, saxelmwifoebze dafuZnebul
sistemas mivyavarT anarqiamde da konfliqtamde.
rogorc misi azrobrivi winamorbedebi, aseve morgenTauc avlebs mkveTr xazs
pirad eTikasa da politikas Soris da mkacrad akritikebs meore msoflio omamde
damkvidrebul vilsoniseul liberalur politikas, romelic qadagebda, rom
saxelmwifoTa qmedebebic igive moraluri da eTikuri standartebiT unda
18 iqve, . . ., gv. 41. 19 Jackson and Sorensen, p. 76.
20
fiskaluri politika
ekonomikis menejmentis meore umniSvnelovanesi instrumentia fiskaluri
politika — gadasaxadebis da danaxarjebis warmoeba mTavrobis mier ekonomikaze
zemoqmedebis mizniT. fiskaluri politikis fundamentur mosazrebebs mivyavarT
gavlenian britanel ekonomistamde, jon meinard keinsamde, romelic ambobda,
rom ar aris aucilebeli fiskaluri politika emsaxurebodes dakanonebul da
dabalansebul biujets, aramed SeiZleba igi gamoyenebul iqnas ekonomikuri
ciklebis samarTavad da procesis gasaadvileblad.
1960 wlamde miRebuli iyo e.w. deficituri gadaxarjvebi, anu mTavroba
xarjavda ufro mets, vidre mas Semosavali hqonda gadasaxadebis saxiT. amis
principi iyo is, rom mTavroba fuls debda isev ekonomikaSi da amiT aCqarebda
ekonomikuri aqtivobis tempebs. 1964 wels miRebul iqna kenedi-jonsonis
gadasaxadebis Semcirebis aqti da amiT es principi Seicvala. imis magivrad, rom
dayrdnobodnen gazrdil samTavrobo danaxarjebs, ekonomistebma mxari dauWires
gadasaxadebis Semcirebas da danaxarjebis igive doneze datovebas, raTa
warmoqmniliyo mastimulirebeli deficiti. anu, idea is aris, rom is pirovnebebi,
romlebsac gadasaxadebis Semcirebis Sedegad gauCndaT zedmeti Semosavali am
fuls isev ekonomikaSi daabandeben da igive rezultati iqneboda miRweuli.
fiskalur politikas axasiaTebs sistute, radgan igi aris sxvadasxva
jgufebis da Tavad politikosebis uzurpaciis sagani. magaliTad, 1966 wels
prezidentma jonsonma gadawyvita ar gaezarda gadasaxadebi vietnamis omSi
gaweuli xarjebis asanazRaureblad, radgan es kidev ufro Seasustebda misdami
saxalxo mxardaWeras. aseTi qmedebebi SeiZleba racionaluri iyos mokle vadaSi,
magram hqondes savalalo Sedegebi grZelvadian periodSi. xSirad gadasaxadebis
Semcirebas mivyavarT ekonomikis zedmetad stimulaciisaken, rasac Sedegad
inflacia mosdevs. swored es mohyva jonsonis gadawyvetilebas.
savaluto kursi da savaWro deficitebi
darCenili koncefciebis nakrebi, romelic mniSvnelovania saerTaSoriso
politikuri ekonomikis gasagebad exeba urTierTobebs savaluto kurssa da
saerTaSoriso vaWrobas Soris. imisaTvis, rom vaWroba Sedges, fulma patroni
unda gamoicvalos. saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi erTi qveynis valuta unda gaicvalos
meoreze. Sesabamisad, savaluto kurss aqvs didi zegavlena vaWrobis pirobebze.
savaluto kursi martivad rom vTqvaT aRniSnavs, Tu ramdenad SeiZleba
gavcvaloT erTi valuta meoreze. savaluto kursi ganisazRvreba amaTu im
valutaze moTxovnis doniT da am valutis miwodebis doniT. savaluto kurss aqvs
sasicocxlo mniSvneloba mTavrobebisaTvis. isini gamoiyeneben ramodenime
saSualebas raTa zegavlena iqonion valutis kursze. erT-erTi aris mudmi-
vi/myari savaluto kursis (fixed exchange rate) daweseba. tipiurad, aseTi kursis
SenarCunebas Wirdeba mTavrobis mniSvnelovani Careva valutis bazarze, raTa es
kursi SenarCunebuli iqnas. mudmivi gacviliTi kursis politika tardeboda
msoflios umetes nawilSi 1958 wlidan 1973 wlamde da pirvel msoflio omamdec
ormoci wlis ganmavlobaSi. amis sapirispiro aris motivtive gacvliTi kursi
(floating exchange rate), romlis mixedviTac valutis fasi ganisazRvreba bazris mier
mTavrobis Caurevlad. dRevandeli mdgomareoba Zalian rTulia. 50-mde qveynas
81
miwodebas, an gamowovs fuls sabanko sistemidan saxelmwifo fasiani qaRaldebis
yidva-gayidvis gziT. rodesac ramdenime miliardi dolaris fasiani qaRaldebi
iyideba, maSin am qaRaldebis gamyidveli institutebi (rogorc wesi bankebi da
sadazRvevo kompaniebi), iReben didi raodenobiT fuls Cekis saxiT fedisgan, rac
zrdis fulis miwodebas. sabanko sistemaSi fulis CadebiT da Sesabamisad bankebis
sesxis gacemis unarianobis amaRlebiT fedi awarmoebs gafarToebaze orien-
tirebul monetarul/finansur politikas (expansionary monetary policy). amis
sapirispiro aris xelmomWirneobaze orientirebuli monetaruli politika (tight monetary policy), romlis drosac fedi yidis fasian qaRaldebs da miRebuli fulis
Sedegad efeqturad gamoswovs fuls sabanko sistemidan.
sawyisi procenti/diskonti (discount rate) aris aseve Zlieri instrumenti fulis
miwodebis samarTavad. es aris is procenti, romelsac fedi uwesebs wevr bankebs,
rodesac isini fuls sesxuloben fedisgan. sawyisi procenti aseve aris erTgvari
procenti, romelic zemoqmedebas axdens danarCeni procentebis odenobaze da
misi cvalebadoba iwvevs cvlilebebs sxva procentebSic. Sesabamisad, kidev
erTxel, mizani aris fulis miwodebis gafarToeba da Semcireba. sawyisi
procentis gazrda aZvirebs fulis Rirebulebas, sesxis aRebis survils amcirebs
da Sesabamisad unda Seanelos ekonomikuri eqspansiac. misi Semcireba aqezebs
sesxis aRebas da Sesabamisad ekonomikuri aqtivobac unda gaizardos.
fedis roli aSS-Si aris SeunarCunos stabiluroba finansur bazars
krizisebis dros da xeli Seuwyos ekonomikur zrdas da amave dros akontrolos
inflacia, anu ekonomikuri zrda dabali inflaciis TanxlebiT. meoce saukunis
dasawyisSi finasuri panika Zalian gaizarda da amitomac Seiqmna fedi. panika aris
periodi, rodesac SeSinebuli investorebi cdiloben saswrafod gayidon
TavianTi fasiani qaRaldebi, raTa TavianTi fuli ukan daibrunon.
fedi aseve aris fulis saboloo gamsesxebeli raTa uzrunvelyos
likviduroba (saWiro odenobis fuli, raTa ganxorcieldes yvela transaqcia,
romlis ganxorcielebac xalxs surs) rodesac danarCeni gamsesxebeli
institutebi arian panikiT paralizebulebi. fedis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani
roli aris inflaciis kontroli ekonomikuri aqtivobis mxardaWerasTan erTad.
inflacia gansakuTrebiT saSiSia imaTvTvis vin gascems fuls, an imaTTvis visi
Semosavalic ganisazRvreba mudmivi Semosavalis saxiT (fixed income). es
Semdeganairad aixsneba: mudmivi Semosavlis Rirebuleba mcirdeba inflaciis
gamo, radgan mzardi fasebis pirobebSi momavali Semosavali, romlis odenoba
warsulSi daigegma, gamoirCeva dabali msyidvelobiTi unarianobiT. rodesac
fedi cdilobs gaakontrolos inflacia igi icavs gamsesxeblebis da sxvaTa
interesebs, romlebic zaraldebian gazrdili fasebis Sedegad.
Tu monacemebi aCvenebs, rom ekonomika farTovdeba Zalian swrafad da
sainflacio wneva izrdeba, fedi aucileblad moqmedebas iwyebs. Cumi da
moklevadiani qmedeba inflaciis SesaCereblad iqneba operaciebi Ria bazarze rac
Seamcirebs fulis miwodebas da aswevs ganakveTs. ufro sajaro moqmedeba iqneba
ukve sawyisi procentis gazrda. situaciis sirTulidan gamomdinare am politikis
kombinaciebi SeiZleba didxans gagrZeldes. 70-iani da 80-iani wlebis
ganmavlobaSi, rodesac inflaciuri wneva maRali iyo fedi axorcielebda “mkacr
monetarul” politikas da saprocento ganakveTic uprecedentod gazarda. 1994
wels, rodesac inflaciuri wneva iyo mosalodneli, fedma winaswar gazarda
saprocento ganakveTi da Seanela amerikis ekonomika.
80
ganisajos rogorc civilzebul adamianTa urTierTobebi. morgenTau am
yovelives damRupvelad da upasuxismgeblobad miiCnevda. misi azriT, es iyo
udidesi inteleqtualuri Secdoma, radgan aseTi midgoma ver xedavda
gansxvavebas pirad sferosa da saxalxo sferos Soris. rogorc ukve ganvixileT,
politikuri realistebisaTvis am or sferos Soris gansxvaveba fundamenturia.
morgenTau miiCnevs, rom saxelmwifos marTvis fundamenturi safuZvelia imis
naTeli SegrZneba, rom politikuri eTika da piradi eTika erTmaneTisgan
gansxvavdeba. saWiroa am faqtis ara ugulebelyofa, aramed misi naTlad gaazreba
da cda, rom am gamouvali garemoebidan Seecado da saukeTeso Sedegi miiRo.
morgenTau Tavis naSromis SesavalSive ayalibebs politikuri realzmis 6
princips, raTa gaaqarwylos gaugebrobebi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra aris
politikuri realizmi. 20
1. politika fesvgadgmulia adamianis permanentulad ucvlel bunebaSi,
romelic aris egoisturi da egocentruli.
2. politika aris avtonomiuri sfero da ar SeiZleba misi dayvana ekonomikamde
(rogorc amas marqsizmis mimdevrebi akeTeben), an moralamde (rogorc amas
kantis liberaluri Teoriis mimdevrebi akeTeben xolme). saxelmwifo
meTaurebma unda imoqmedon politikuri sibrZnis diqtatis mixedviT.
maTTvis gzis gagnebis mTavari saSualeba erovnuli interesebis koncefciaa.
3. piradi interesebi aris adamianuri arsebis gamomxatveli faqti. yvela
adamianis piradi interesebis minimumi aris TviTgadarCena da usafrTxoeba.
politika aris arena, sadac es interesebi gamoixateba da es interesebi
aucileblad erTmaneTs Seejaxeba rac adre Tu gvian gamoiwvevs konfliqts.
saerTaSorsio politikac aseve aris saxelmwifoTa interesebis Sejaxebis
arena. saxelmwifoTa interesebi ki icvleba droSi da garemoSi. realizmi
aris doqtrina, romelic reagirebas axdens cvalebad politikur
realobaze.
4. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis eTika aris politikuri da situaciuri eTika,
rac Zalzed gansxvavdeba piradi moralisagan. politikur liders ar aqvs
Tavisufleba moiqces moralur principebze dayrdnobiT rigiTi
moqalaqisgan gansxvavebiT, radgan igi pasuxismgebelia xalxis winaSe da mis
xelSia maTi usafrTxoeba da keTildReoba. SesaZlebeli Sedegebidan
yvelaze momgebianis SerCeva politikosis umaRlesi miRwevaa.
5. realizmi miiCnevs, rom arc erTi eris da saxelmwifos zneobrivi miznebi ar
SeiZleba miviCnioT sayovelTao zneobriv kanonebad (TviT iseTi
demokratiuli erisac ki, rogoric aris aSS) da ar SeiZleba isini Zalis
gamoyenebiT dakisrebuli iqnes sxva saxelmwifoze. realistebi gamodian amis
sawinaaRmdegod, radgan es safrTxes uqmnis saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebas.
SesaZlebelia, rom raRac momentSi ZaliT dakisrebulma ideologiam
sapirispiro Sedegi gamoiRos da TviT “jvarosan” qveyanas safrTxe Seeqmnas.
6. politikosis umaRlesi zneoba da morali aris misi qveynis interesebi. 21
20 Hans J. Morgenthau. Politics Among nations: the Struggle for Power and Peace. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1985, p. 4. 21 realizmis eqvsi principis mokle anotacia aseve ixileT aleqsandre rondelis
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi, gverdi 41-42 da Jackson and Sorensen, p. 79-80.
21
leqcia IV
neorealizmi
politikuri realizmi: zogadi mimoxilva
politikuri realizmi sxva saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoriebisgan gan-
sxvavebiT xatavs saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sevdian suraTs. saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebi danaxulia rogorc mkacri konkurencia qveynebs Soris, rom-
lebsac aranairi mizezi ar aqvT erTmaneTs miendon maSin, rodesac maTi arsebobis
arsi TviTgadarCenaa iseT garemoSi sadac erTis danakargi meoris monapovaria
(zero sum game).
jon mirSaimeri gvTavazobs realizmis yvelaze naTel da amomwurav
daxasiaTebas. igi gamoyofs xuT ZiriTad mosazrebas romelic aRwers realizmis
midgomas saerTaSoriso urTierTobebisadmi. 22
1. pirveli mosazreba isaa, rom saerTaSoriso sistema anarqiulia. anu,
saerTaSoriso sistemis mowyobis principi aris anarqiuli, rac imas niSnavs,
rom sistema Sedgeba damoukidebeli politikuri erTeulebisgan
(saxelmwifoebi), romlebsac ar hyavT zemdgomi xelisufleba. sxva sityvebiT
rom vTqvaT, ar arsebobs umaRlesi mmarTveli organo, zesaxelmwifo, maSin
rodesac suvereniteti saxelmwifoTa Tandayolili Tvisebaa.
2. meore mosazereba isaa, rom saxelmwifoebs bunebrivad TandayvebaT agresiis
iaraRi, romelic SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg.
rogorc wesi, es aris samxedro SeiaraReba. Tumca, rom ar iyos iaraRi,
realizmi ambobs rom indivdebi saomrad xel-fexs gamoiyenebdnen.
3. mesame mosazreba isaa, rom saxelmwifoebi arasdros ar arian darwmunebulni,
Tu ra ganzraxva amoZravebs sxva saxelmwifos. kerZod, arc erT saxelmwifos
ar aqvs garantia imisa, rom mis winaaRmdeg agresiul iaraRs ar gamoiyenebs
meore saxelmwifo. SeiZleba es meore saxelmwifo iyos keTilmosurne da
saimedo, magram am mosazrebaze dayrdnoba SeuZlebelia, radgan
SeuZlebelia ganzraxvis asi procentiT gansazRvra. sxva sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, gaurkvevlobis (uncertainty) Tavidan acileba SeuZlebelia rodesac
xdeba ganzraxvis Sefaseba, es ki martivad ganapirobebs imas, rom
saxelmwifoebi verasdros iqnebian darwmunebulni, rom sxva saxelmwifoebs
agresiul iaraRebTan erTad agresiuli ganzraxvebic ar aqvT.
4. meoTxe mosazreba isaa, rom saxelmwifoTa ZiriTadi mamoZravebeli motivi
aris TviTgadarCena, radgan maT surT suverenitetis SenarCuneba.
5. mexuTe mosazreba ambobs rom saxelmwifoebi fiqroben strategiulad imaze,
Tu rogor gadarCnen saerTaSoriso sistemaSi. saxelmwifoebi arian
umetesad racionalurebi. Tumca, zogjer SeiZleba ver gansazRvron
saqcieli, radgan isini moqmedeben arasruli informaciis samyaroSi, sadac
potenciur mowinaaRmdeges gaaCnia sababi imisa, rom damalos Tavisi
namdvili Zala, an sisuste da damalos Tavisi namdvili ganzraxvebi.
aqedan gamomdinare, mirSaimeri gamoyofs saxelmwifoTa saqcielis sam ZirTad
22 John J. Mearsheimer, “The False Promise of International Institutions,” International Security, Vol. 19, No. 3 (Winter 1994/1995), pp. 5-49.
22
monetaruli da fiskaluri politika
fiskaluri politika exeba mTavrobis politikas danaxarjebis, gadasaxadebis
da sesxebis Sesaxeb. monetaruli politika exeba centraluri bankis politikas
daareguliros fulis miwodeba da sesxis ganakveTi. am ori politikidan
monetaruli politika rogorc wesi ufro institucionalizebuli da efeqturia.
fiskaluri politika ki ufro politizirebulia. Sesabamisad, fiskaluri
politikis gamoyeneba makroekonomikis erT-erT instrumentad cota ufro
nakleb efeqturia.
magaliTad, amerikis centraluri banki Seiqmna 1913 wels. konservatorma
jgufebma federaluri rezervic ki Seqmnes. aSS-mde bevr wamyvan qveyanas ukve
hqonda centraluri bankebi. mag: did britaneTs 1840-ian wlebSi, germanias 1870-
ian wlebSi da iaponias 1880-ian wlebSi. erT-erTi mniSvnelovani ganamsxvavebeli
niSani centraluri bankebisa isaa, Tu ramdenad damoukideblebi arian isini
politikuri diqtatisagan. am gagebiT, germaniis centraluri banki, bundesbanki,
yvelaze damoukidebelia. Semdeg modis inglisis banki da safrangeTis banki.
federaluri rezervi am ori ukiduresobis SuaSi eqceva. anu mas aqvs
damoukideblad moqcevis saSualeba, magram amavdroulad xSirad pasuxobs
politikur zewolas da zrdis fulis miwodebas, an amcirebs ganakveTis
procents.
monetaruli politika
magaliTisTvis, ganvixiloT Tu rogor axorcielebs monetarul politikas
fedi. mas aqvs ori instrumenti, romliTac ekonomikaze axdens zegavlenas: Ria
sabazro operaciebi (open market operations) da procenti (discount rate). orive
instrumentis mizania gavlena moaxdinos kreditis xelmisawvdomobaze anu
bankebis survili gascen sesxi da individebis da korporaciebis survili aiRon
sesxi.
rogorc cnobilia, fulis brunvis didi nawili aris uxilavi fuli, anu Cekebi
da gadaricxvebi da ara naRdi fuli. amerikaSi ufro metad gamoiyeneba sabanko
transferebi angariSsworebisas. ufro metic, fulis nakadis moculoba ufro
metad damokidebulia bankebis mier kreditis gamoyofaze vidre saxelmwifos
mier fulis dabeWdvaze. fedi axdens fulis miwodebis menejments swored am
procesebze zegavleniT. rodesac banki gamouyofs sesxs Tavis klientebs es
zrdis ekonomiur aqtivobas. saqonlis da servisebis warmoebis zrda gazrdili
moTxovnis dasakmayoflileblad iwvevs dasaqmebis zrdas. es damatebiTi
muSaxeli ki Tavis Semosavals xarjavs, an sulac Tavad iRebs sesxs SenaZenis
gasakeTeblad. es procesi Sebrunebadia: rodesac bankebi amcireben sesxis
gacemas, saqonlis da momsaxureobis SeZena mcirdeba, umuSevroba ki izrdeba,
rasac mosdevs danaxarjebis Semcireba, Sesabamisad ekonomikuri aqtivobis
dacema.
am yoveliveze zemoqmedebs da aregulirebs federaluri rezervi. fedi
gansazRvravs im qonebis proporciebs, romelic unda imyofebodes rezervSi. mas
aqvs inspeqciis ufleba winaswari gafrTxilebis gareSe da aseve SeuZlia
daaZalos cvlilebebi sesxis gacemis politikaSi. yvelaze gavrcelebuli teqnika
fulis miwodebis samarTavad aris Ria sabazro operaciebi. fedi an zrdis fulis
79
investicias. es procesi Cans kapitalis eqsportis mkveTri dacemiT da kapitalis
importis mkveTri zrdiT meoTxe weliwadSi. es magaliTi gvaCvenebs, rom qveyanas
aqvs SesaZlebloba daabandos investicia sazRvargareT da miiRos sargebeli ori
Semdgomi wlis ganmavlobaSi. magram, meoTxe wels deficitis gaCena iwvevs
investiciebis Semcirebas da amis sapirispirod moizidavs ucxour investiciebs.
es procesi Cans im faqtiT, rom kapitalis eqsporti mkveTrad ecema meoTxe
weliwadSi da kapitalis importi izrdeba.
es SeiZleba dadebiT faqtad gveCvenos, radgan sxva qveynebs aqvT survili
daabandon investicia Cvens qveyanaSi, magram, miuxedavad amisa, am situacias
SeiZleba eqnes potenciurad savalalo Sedegebi momavalSi. kapitalis importis
zrda niSnavs, rom Cvens qveyanas mouwevs Semosavlis gadaxda ucxoeli
investorebisaTvis momavalSi, maSin rodesac Semosavali sazRvargareTidan
daecema, radgan am droisaTvis am qveynis kapitalis investiciebi sazRvargareT
Semcirda. Tu savaWro deficitis da kapitalis importis zrdis kombinacia
didxans gagrZeldeba, aman SeiZleba qveyana mZime arCevanis winaSe daayenos. erT-
erTi gamosavali, SeiZleba iyos mimdinare angariSis deficitis Semobruneba
importis Semcirebis xarjze, rom SesaZlebeli iyos kapitalis importis
Semosavlis gadaxda ucxoelebisaTvis. amis alternativa aris is, rom xangrZlivi
mimdinare angariSis deficiti aiZulebs qveyanas aiRos ufro meti sagareo vali
imasaTvis, rom gadaixados sargebeli adrindel investiciebze.
magram SesaZlebloba, rom sagareo vali gamoiyeno deficitis dasafaravad
damokidebulia ucxoelebis survilze undaT Tu ara investireba. isini ar arian
valdebuli ase moiqcnen. es imas niSnavs, rom is specifiuroba, rom yvela unda
gaswordes (yvelam Tavisi miiRos) niSnavs, rom saxelmwifom unda gadadgas
nabijebi mimdinare angariSis deficitis gasasworeblad. Sesworebebs SeiZleba
hqondeT sabazro operaciebis, an politikuri qmedebebis saxe.
msgavsi maCvenebeli aris eris roli saerTaSoriso arenaze, anu debitoria igi
Tu kreditori. Cvens SemTxvevaSi, meoTxe wlis monacemebis mixedviT qveyana aris
debitori im gagebiT, rom ucxoelebi floben am qveynis ufro met simdidres
vidre am qveynis moqalaqebi ucxours. es aris Sedegi imisa, rom didi xnis
manZilze deficiti mimdinare angariSSi finansdeboda ucxouri investiciebiT.
aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom debitor qveyanas uwevs interesebis da dividendebis
saxiT ufro meti Tanxis gadaxda vidre is Rebulobs (mag. me-4 weliwadSi Semo-
savali aris 20. 2 miliardi da gasavali 23. 1 miliardi) rac aris kidev erTi
uaryofiTi punqti balansSi). es situacia gagrZeldeba sanam mimdinare balansi ar
gadava plusebSi ramodenime wlis ganmavlobaSi. es rom piriqiT yofiliyo, anu
qveyanas hqonoda ufro meti qoneba sazRvargareT, vidre ucxoelebi floben sim-
didres am qveyanaSi, maSin qveyana iqneboda kreditori qveyana da maSin igi miiReb-
da jamur Semosavals ucxoeTidan, anu dadebiTi punqti gadasaxadebis balansSi.
Tu davukvirdebiT, gadasaxadebis balansi yvelaze ufro metad mniS-
vnelovania imisTvis, Tu ras gvimxels is disbalansebis Sesaxeb, gansakuTrebiT
ganmeorebad disbalansebze mimdinare angariSebis balansSi. magram sakiTxavi is
aris, Tu rogor zegavlenas axdens deficiti an froficiti qveynis keTil-
dReobaze da mis finansur mdgomareobaze? ra saSualebebs flobs saxelmwifo,
rom gamoasworos es problemebi? am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad saWiroa
ganvixiloT urTierTobebi msoflio da saSinao ekonomikebs Soris, rac moiTxovs
makroekonomikis elementaruli mcnebebis ganxilvas, rogoricaa sesxis
ganakveTi, fulis miwodeba, monetaruli da fiskaluri politika.
78
formas:
1. saxelmwifoebs erTmaneTis eSiniaT, radgan mudmivad saSiSroebis molodinSi
arian sxva saxelmwifoebis mxridan;
2. saxelmwifoebi damokidebulni arian mxolod sakuTar Tavze, radgan sxva
saxelmwifoebi potenciur safrTxes warmoadgenen. rogorc kenet uolci
ambobs saxelmwifoebi moqmedeben “TviT daxmarebis” reJimSi. Sesabamisad
aliansebi ganixileba rogorc droebTi movlena da SeiZleba dReis mokavSire
gaxdes xvalis metoqe da dReis mteri xvalis mekavSire. aqedan gamomdinare,
realistebi askvnian rom saxelmwifoebi unda iyvnen egoisturebi da
izrunon sakuTar erovnul interesebze. es mosazreba ucvleli rCeba
rogorc moklevadian aseve grZelvadian pirobebSi;
3. saxelmwifoebi cdiloben gazardon TavianTi fardobiTi Zliereba (relative power) sxva qveynebTan mimarTebaSi. 23 radgan rac meti aqvs samxedro
upiratesoba, miT ufro usafrTxoa qveyana. TiToel saxelmwifos aqvs
survili iyos Zlieri samxedro Zala radgan es aris yvelaze saukeTeso gza
uzrunvelyo sakuTari usafrTxoeba saSiS garemoSi. igive motivi logikurad
ganapirobebs imas, rom saxelmwifoebma wamoiwyon omi rodesac amis
saSualeba arsbobs da rodesac mogeba savaraudoa. idealuri gamosavali
aris iyo hegemoni sistemaSi. maSin TviTgadarCena TiTqmis uzrunvelyofili
iqneboda.
realizmis centraluri mosazreba, razec yuradRebis gamaxvileba
aucilebelia isaa, rom anarqia iwvevs konkurencias da konfliqts saxelmwifoebs
Soris da axSobs maTSi TanamSromlobis survils maSinac ki, rodesac arsebobs
saerTo interesi. es mosazreba mimarTulia neoliberaluri Teoriebis sapi-
rispirod, romelebic amtkiceben, rom saxelmwifoebs SeuZliaT iTanamSromlon.
realizmis azriT, arsebobos ori mizezi rac xels uSlis TanamSromlobas. esenia:
fardobiTi mogeba (relative gains) da Ralatis saSiSroeba.
saxelmwifoebi, romlebic fiqroben TanamSromlobaze unda gansazRvron, Tu
rogor ganawildeba mogeba monawileTa Soris. aris mogebis aRqmis ori gza:
absoluturi, an fardobiTi mogeba. absoluturi mogeba (absolute gains) niSnavs,
rom TiToeuli mxare mxolod dainteresebulia maqsimaluri mogebiT da ar
adardebs sxvisi monapovari. TiToeul mxares adardebs meoris qmedebebi mxolod
imdenad, ramdenadac meoris saqcielma SeiZleba zegavlena moaxdinos mis mier
maqsimaluri mogebis miRebis perspeqtivaze. amis sapirispirod fardobiTi
mogeba (relative gains) niSnavs, rom saxelmwifoebi saTvalavSi iReben ara marto
sakuTar individualur mogebas, aramed imas, Tu ramdenad kargad aqvs mas saqme
sxvasTan SedarebiT. realizmis samyaroSi saxelmwifoebi yuradRebas aqceven
fardobiT mogebas, radgan saxelmwifoebis mTavari mizania TviTgadarCena da
suverenintetis SenarCuneba. amitom, saxlemwifoebs aqvT SiSi, rom dRevandeli
megobari SeiZleba gaxdes xvalindeli mteri. amitom TanamSromloba, romelic
orives xels aZlevs arasasurvelia, radganac es mis potenciur mters aZlierebs.
aqidan gamomdinare, saxelmwifoebi mkacrad akvirdebian maTi partniorebis
23 am mosazrebasTan dakavSirebiT realizmi iyofa or ganStoebad: TavdasxmiT (mirSaimeri)
da TavdacviT realizmad (jervisi, van evera, volti). debatebi da gansxvavebebi am or
ganStoebas Soris ganxiluli iqneba Semdgom leqciebSi.
23
mogebas, rac zRudavs maT Soris TanamSromlobas. 24
Ralati aseve zRudavs TanamSromlobis perspeqtivebs. saxelmwifoebs
eSiniaT, rom SeiZleba meore partniorma moityus da amiT misi fardobiTi Zala
gaizardos. radganac, relizmis TvalTaxedviT saxelmwifoebi zrunaven ZalTa
balansis SenarCunebaze isini gansakuTrebiT frTxiloben, rom ar motyuvdnen
sxva saxelmwiofoebis mier da aseve zrunaven fardobiT mogebaze. es yovelive
arTulebs TanamSromlobas.
struqturuli realizmi
60-70 wlebSi wamoWrilma meore debatebma saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi
pozitivistebsa da biheivioristebs Soris gardamtexi gavlena iqonia realizmze,
rogorc saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoriaze. am periodSi saTave daedo
neorealizms, romlis midgoma realizmisadmi rogorc Teoriisadmi iyo ufro
meTodologiuri, ufro mecnieruli, da ara normatiuli, rogorc es klasikur
realizms axasiaTebda.
neorealizmis mamaTavrad iTvleba qeneT uolci, romlis sayovelTaod
aRiarebuli naSromi “saerTaSoriso politikis Teoria” (1979) ganaviTarebs
sruliad gansxvavebul realizms. uolcis meTodologia ganmsWvaluli iyo
ambiciebiT, rom saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi gamxdariyo samecniero dis-
cpilina.
maSasadame, uolcis mTavari mcdeloba is iyo, rom Camoeyalibebina kanonis
magvari mcnebebi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi da amiT am disciplinisaTvis
mecnieruli elferi mieca. uolci ambobs rom saerTaSoriso politikis Teoria
iseve SeiZleba Camoyalibdes rogorc sxva nebismieri Teoria. amisaTvis,
upirveles yovlisa, saWiroa:
- saerTaSoriso politika aRviqvaT rogorc gancalkevebuli sfero an areali,
- unda aRmovaCinoT kanonzomierebaTa magvari wesebi masSi (law like statements) da,
- SevimuSavoT dakvirvebis Sedegad gamovlenili kanonzomierebis axsnis gze-
bi. 25
aseT kanonzomierebebad uolcma miiCnia saxelmwifoTa saqcieli, romelic
yvelaze kargad e.w. Realpolitik-iT aris axsnili. kerZod, saxelmwifo interesebis
uzenaesoba, konkurenciis daregulireba (raSic ZalTa balansi moiazreba), Zalis
primati da ase Semdeg. anu, esenia meTodebi, romlebic ar icvlebian miuxedavad
imisa, rom maT gansxvavebuli pirovnebebi da saxelmwifoebi iyeneben. 26 am
meTodebis ganmeorebiTobas uolci xsnis saerTaSoriso sistemis xasiaTiT.
amiT igi avlebs mtkice zRvars klasikur/neoklasikur da neorealizms Soris.
klasikuri realistebis da morgenTausgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic saubroben
saxelmwifos marTvis eTikaze, adamianis bunebaze, sagareo politikis warmo-
ebisas wamoWril moralur dilemaze, uolci ar axsenebs arc erT maTgans da
,
24 Joseph M. Grieco, “Anarcy and the Limits of Cooperation,” International Organization, Volume 42, Issue 3, (Summer 1988): 492-499. 25 zurab daviTaSvili, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoria qrestomaTia. samoqalaqo
iniciativebis instituti, 2004. gv. 71. 26 iqve, .., gv. 71
24
c. daxmareba (jamSi) 0.7
5. mimdinare angariSebis balansi 213.5 173.6
+39.9
6. kapitaluri angariSi
a. eqsporti 58.4
(grZeli da mokle vadiani)
b. importi 31.7
(grZeli da mokle vadiani)
c. kapitaluri angariSis balansi -26.7
7. oficialuri rezervebi 7.0 -7.0
8. statistikuri uzustoba 6.2 -6.2
cxrili 1.2
weli 1 2 3 4
saqoneli/momsaxureoba
eqsporti 102.2 156.7 185.4 191.4
importi 119.9 140.1 148.9 227.5
investiciebi
Semosavali 3.2 3.7 14.6 20.2
gasavali 8.4 11.9 21.4 23.1
mTavroba 1.5 11.8 10.2 8.1
mimdinare angariSebis balansi -21.4 20.2 39.9 -30.9
kapitaluri angariSi
exporti 12.2 32.6 58.4 27.7
importi 26.8 29.1 31.7 50.3
kapitaluri angariSebis balansi 14.6 -3.5 -26.7 22.6
sarezervo angariSi 3.2 -11.0 -7.0 4.1
statistikuri uzustoba 3.6 -5.7 -6.2 4.2 138
davakvirdeT cxrils 1.2, romelSic gamogonili qveynis gadasaxadTa balansia
mocemuli 4 wlis ganmavlobaSi. rogorc Cans, es qveyana ganicdis eqsportis
zrdas, magram amave dros importi ufro swrafad izrdeba. es sxvadasxva sixSiris
zrdis tempebi iwvevs mimdinare angariSis cvalebadobas deficitidan siWarbemde
da Semdeg isev deficitamde. Cven amas vxedavT mimdinare angariSebis balansSi
21. 4 miliardian deficitidan orwlian Semosavalze gadasvliT da Semdeg isev
30. 9 miliardi dolaris deficitis arsebobiT.
kapitaluri angariSi TiTqos sarkiseburad aireklavs am garemoebas, anu,
gvaqvs Tanxebis jamuri Semosvla pirvel wels da Semdegi ori wlis manZilze
jamuri gasvla da Semdeg isev vubrundebiT Semosvlas. anu, es imas niSnavs, rom
qveyanam SeZlo ufro meti investiciebi gaetana sazRvargareT da samagierod naxa
sargebeli Semosavlis saxiT Semdgomi ori wlis manZilze. magram, xelmeore
deficiti sagrZnoblad amcirebs am investicias da samagierod izidavs ucxour
138 cxrili adaptirebulia tomas larsonis da devid skidmoris wignidan “saerTaSoriso
politikuri ekonomika”
77
daxmarebas.
5. mimdinare angariSebis balansi
es punqti aris 1-4 punqtebis jamuri punqti. anu, saqonlis,
momsaxureobis, sainvesticio Semosavlebis da mTavrobis.
6. kapitaluri angariSi
es punqti Seexeba im investiciebs, romlebic dabandebulia sazRvargareT
an am qveyanaSi, ucxoelebis mier. rogorc wesi, ganasxvaveben moklevadian
(romlis simwifis periodia erT weliwadze naklebi) da grZelvadian
investiciebs (welze meti). magaliTad, rodesac iaponiis banki yidulobs
obligaciebs aSS-s mTavrobisgan, romelic mwifdeba 180 dReSi, es iwereba
moklevadian kapitalur angariSSi, magram rodesac mTavroba uxdis
iaponiis banks procents es iwereba sainvesticio Semosavlebis da
gasavlebis punqtSi.
7. oficialuri rezervebi
qveynis centralur banks gaaCnia ucxouri valutis da oqros rezervi,
romelsac igi iyenebs maSin, rodesac is awarmoebs transaqciebs sxva
qveynis centralur bankebTan, an rodesac igi erTveba ucxouri valutis
bazarSi valutis gasayidad an SesaZenad. am operaciebis saboloo efeqti
aris is, rom daabalansos sxva punqtebis jamuri sxvaoba.
8. statistikuri uzustoba
gadasaxadebis balansis gazomva arazusti procesia misi sirTulis gamo
da aseve imis gamo, rom zogierTi transaqciebi damalulia (magaliTad
narkotikebiT aralegaluri vaWroba). es punqti aris statistikuri
xriki, romelic gamoiyeneba uzustobis gasazomad da Semdeg saboloo
kreditebis da debitebis balansSi mosayvanad.
ufro martivad rom warmovidginoT, gadasaxadebis balansi
aRniSnavs or rames: transaqciis Sedegad ucxoels uxdis Tanxas qveyana
(debiti), Tu ucxoeli uxdis Tanxans qeyanas (krediti).
cxrili 1.1
krediti debiti balansi
miliardi dolari
1. saqoneli
a. eqsporti 164.3
b. importi 129.6
2. momsaxureoba
a. eqsporti 21.1
b. importi 19.3
c. savaWro balansi 185.4 148.9 +36.5
3. sainvesticio Semosavlebi
da gasavlebi
a. Semosavali 14.6
b. gasavali 21.4
4. mTavroba
a. eqsporti 13.5
b. importi 2.6
76
mTlianad axdens fokusirebas saerTaSoriso politikis struqturaze da am
struqturis zegavlenaze saerTaSoriso urTierTobebze. igi saerTaSoriso
politikas, masSi arsebul kanonzomierebebs da saxelmwifoTa qcevis wesebs xsnis
struqturis TaviseburebiT.
rogorc ukve iTqva, uolcis Teoriuli fokusi iyo ganecalkevebina
saerTaSoriso politika sxva sferoebisgan. amisaTvis man Camoayaliba
saerTaSoriso politikis (sp) struqturis, sistemis da sistemis elementebis
mcneba. imisaTvis, rom gavigoT uolciseuli neorealizmi, saTiTaod avxsnaT is
ZiriTadi koncefciebi, romlebsac uolci gvTavazobs:
sistema Sedgeba struqturisa da urTierTmomqmedi elementebisagan.
struqtura moicavs mTels sistemas da saSualebas gvaZlevs vifiqroT
sistemaze, rogorc mTlianobaze.
sruqtura gansazRvravs Tu rogor arian mowyobili sistemis Semadgeneli
nawilebi, elementebi.
amavdroulad, uolcis mixedviT am SemTxvevaSi struqtura ar niSnavs poli-
tikuri institutebis erTobliobas, aramed imas Tu rogor arian isini mow-
yobilni. maSasadame, uolci saerTaSoriso politikis struqturas gansazRvravs
sam elementze dayrdnobiT:
1. mowyobis principi;
2. Semadgeneli elementebis xasiaTi;
3. ZalTa ganawileba. 27
1. mowyobis principis mixedviT sp sistema aris decentralizebuli da
anarqiuli. es imiT aris ganpirobebuli, rom ar arsebobs uzenaesi mmar-
Tveloba/mTavroba, romelic daaregulirebda urTierTobebs sistemis Semad-
genel elementebs Soris.
uolci xsnis, Tu rogor SeiZleba wesrigis ararseboba, e.i. anarqiuloba
CaiTvalos wesrigad, pozitivisturi ekonomikis modelis gamoyenebiT.
magaliTad, ekonomikaSi saubroben ekonomikur adamianze, romelic mimarTulia
mogebis maqsimizaciisaken da saubroben bazrebze. magram bazrebi warmoiSoba
spontanurad, winaswari ganzraxvis gareSe. igi warmoiSoba individualuri
elementebis: adamianebis da firmebis urTierTqmedebis Sedegad. SeqmnisTanave
bazrebi gvelinebian rogorc calke Zala, romlis gakontroleba sistemis
elementebs aRar ZaluZT. bazrebi zRudaven da ganapirobeben elementebis qcevis
wesebs, rac ganapirobebs maT beds. zogi kotrdeba, zogi ki mdidrdeba.
sxva sityvebiT rom iTqvas, “individualuri elementebi iqcevian TviT-
neburad. msgavi elementebis erTgvarovani qmedebebisas warmoiqmneba struq-
tura, romelic zRudavs TiToeul maTgans. Camoyalibebis Semdeg bazari xdeba
calke Zala, Zala, romelsac misi Semadgeneli elementebis calkeuli, an Tundac
patara jgufebad moqmedeba ver akontrolebs. amis magivrad, mcire Tu didi
masStabiT imdenad ramdenadac sabazro pirobebi gansxvavdeba, Semqmnelebi,
romelTa saqmianobamac Seqmna bazari xdebian misi qmnilebebi.” 28
igivenairad, saerTaSoriso politika iqmneba misi Semadgeneli, TavisTavze
mzrunavi elementebis Tanaqmedebis Sedegad. es elementebi arian amaTuim epoqis
27 Robert J. Art and Robert Jervis, International Politics, Enduring Concepts and Contemporary Issues, Eddison-Wesley, 2003, p. 49. 28 Art and Jervis. p. 51
25
wamyvani politikuri monawileebi: qalq-saxelmwifo iqneba es, imperia, Tu
Tanamedrove saxelmwifo. struqtura warmoiSoba saxelmwifoTa Tanaarsebobi-
dan. saerTaSoriso politikuri sistema, rogorc bazrebi arian individualuri,
spontanurad Seqmnili da ucabedi. orive sistemaSi struqtura iqmneba maTi
Semadgeneli elementebis Tanamoqmedebis gamo. 29
uolci Tvlis, rom yvela saxelmwifos mizania gadarCena. igi aRiarebs, rom
saxelmwifoebs aqvT uamravi sxva mizani, magram aRniSnavs, rom TviTgadarCena
aris yvela sxva miznis ganxorcielebisaTvis saWiro prerekviziti.
2. elementebis xasiaTi
uolcis mTavari amosavali wertili aris is, rom struqtura ganisazRvreba
ara yvela moqmedi elementis mier, aramed mTavari moqmedi elementebis mier,
romlebic arian saxelmwifoebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom neorealizmi aRiarebs sxva
ara-saxelmwifo aqtorebis arsebobas, rogorebicaa saerTaSoriso organi-
zaciebi, transnacionaluri korporaciebi da sxva monawileebi, misi midgoma
saerTasoriso politikisadmi aris saxelmwifo-centruli. uolci amtkicebs, rom
saxelmwifoebi qmnian TamaSis wesebs yvelasaTvis. SeiZleba isini umniSvnelod
Caerion arasaxelmwifo monawileTa saqmianobaSi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, magram,
miuxedavad amisa saxelmwifoebi aweseben urTierTqmedebis wesebs, an pasiurobiT,
romelic uflebas iZleva araformaruli wesebis ganviTarebisa, an aqtiuri
CareviT da im wesebis SecvliT, romlebic maT, saxelmwifoebs, aRar awyobT.
rodesac amis saWiroeba iqmneba saxelmwifoebi cvlian wesebs, romlebic
aregulirebs monawileTa urTierTobebs.
aqidan gamomgdinare, uolci askvnis, rom saxelmwifoebi arian is elementebi,
romelTa urTierTqmedeba qmnis saerTaSoriso politikis struqturas da rom es
ase iqneba didi xnis ganmavlobaSi.
uolci aseve amtkicebs, rom saxlemwifoebi arian msgavsni, imdenad
ramdenadac TiToeuli saxlemwifo aris suverenuli. misi TqmiT, suvereniteti
ar niSnavs imas, rom saxelmwifoebi ar ganicdian sxva saxelmwifoebis an
aqtorebis zegavlenas. suvereniteti da sxvaze damokidebuleba ar aris
SeuTavsebeli da dapirispirebuli mcnebebi. saxelmwifos suverenuloba niSnavs,
rom mas aqvs arCevani gadawyvitos rogor gaumklavdes saSinao, Tu sagareo
problemebs. es arCevani aseve gulisxmobs sxivsTvis daxmarebis Txovnas da amiT
sakuTari Tavisuflebis SezRudvas.
“TiToeuli saxelmwifo, iseve rogorc sxva danarCeni saxelmwifo, aris
suverenuli politikuri erTeuli.” miuxedavad am msgavsebisa, saxelmwifoebi
gansxvavdebian kidevac. magram isini gansxvavdebian ara funqciebis, aramed
SesaZleblobebis mixedviT. TiToeuli saxelmwifo asrulebs msgavs funqciebs,
magram TavianTi SesaZleblobebis farglebSi.
mokled rom iTqvas, saerTaSoriso sistemis mTavari moqemdi elementebi arian
erTi da imave funqciebis mqone suverenuli saxelmwifoebi, romlebic
erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian TavianTi SesaZleblobebiT.
29 iqve, .., gv. 52.
26
xorbali rkina
buSeli tona
britaneTi 10,000 25,000
aSS 20,000 15,000
mTliani warmoeba 30,000 40,000
TvalnaTelia, rom britaneTs aqvs specializacia rkinis warmoebaSi da aSS-s
xorblis warmoebaSi. Tu isini gadaisvrian mTels TavianT samuSao Zalas im
produqciis sawarmoeblad, romlis warmoebis absolituri upiratesobac
gaaCniaT, maSin orives mTliani warmoebuli produqcia gaizrdeba. Sesabamisad,
britaneTs SeeZleba awarmoos 50,000 tona rkina da aSS-s 40,000 buSeli xorbali.
amis Sedegad maT SeeZlebaT erTmaneTSi ivaWron. 4 buSel xorbalSi mova 5 tona
rkina da orive qveyana miiRebs sargebels. ra Tqma unda, vaWrobis moculoba
imazea damokidebuli Tu ramdeni produqcia gWirdeba. magram, miaqcieT
yuradReba im faqts, rom britaneTs SeuZlia 5 tona rkina gacvalos 4 buSel
xorbalSi, maSin rodesac Tu britaneTs mouwevs xorblis sakuTari ZalebiT
warmoeba man unda daTmos 10 tona rkina. anu, iqmneba situacia, sadac Tavisufali
vaWroba ufro momgebiania vidre izolacionizmi.
gadasaxadebis balansi
gadasaxadebis balansi aris erTgvari sabuRaltro meqanizmi, romelic
aRricxavs saqonlis, momsaxureobis da kapitalis moZraobas drois garkveul
periodSi (Tve, meoTxedi, weli). TviTon balansis mcneba am SemTxvevaSi cota ar
iyos arazustia, radganac sinamdvileSi Cven disbalansi ufro gvainteresebs,
romelic sxvadasxva punqtebSi iCens xolme Tavs. ganvixiloT, Tu romeli
punqtebisagan Sedgeba gadasaxadebis balansi:
1. saqonlis eqsport-importi
es punqti aRniSnavs im saqonels, romelic Seiqmna qveynis SigniT da
gaiyida qveynis gareT (eqsporti) da im saqonels, romelic Seiqmna qveynis
gareT da gaiyida qveynis SigniT (importi).
2. momsaxureobis eqsporti da importi
es exeba ufro araxelSesaxeb momsaxureobas, rogoricaa transportaciis
xarjebi, dazRveva, informacia, Tanamgzavruli gadacemebi, sabanko
danaxarjebi.
3. sainvesticio Semosavlebi da gadasaxadebi/gasavlebi
rodesac viRac akeTebs investicias ama Tu im qveyenaSi, igi moelis
mogebis dividendebs an procentebs am investiciidan. es punqti exeba
sainvesticio mogebis gadasaxads gadaxdils investorebis mier am qveynis
moqalaqeTaTvis da piriqiT, am qveynis mier ucxoelebisaTvis micemul
gadasaxadebs.
4. samTavrobo eqsporti/importi da ucxouri daxmareba
is saqoneli, romelsac mTavroba yidis saerTaSoriso bazarze,
magaliTad SeiaraReba. seve, mTavrobebi Rebuloben an gascemen ucxour
75
leqcia XII
saerTaSoriso politikuri ekonomia
yvelaze mniSvnelovani aris davinaxoT, Tu rogor urTierTqmedebaSi arian
erTmaneTTan saerTaSoriso da saSinao ekonomikebi. gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa
is garemoebebi, rodesac saerTaSoriso garemo zRudavs da mimarTulebas aZlevs
erovnul gadawyvetilebebs. mTavrobebi miiltvian imisaken, rom SeinarCunon
kontroli erovnul ekonomikaze da amave dros cdiloben miiRon saerTaSoriso
vaWrobis Sedegad SesaZlo sargebeli. mzardi globaluri urTierTdamoki-
debuleba am Zalisxmevas kidev ufro arTulebs da saTuos xdis. imisaTvis, rom
gavigoT Tu rogor urTierTqmedeben es ekonomikuri sferoebi, saWiroa vicodeT
elementaruli ekonomikuri koncefciebi.
upirveles yovlisa, kargad unda gaviazroT Tu saerTod ratom vaWroben
qveynebi urTierTSoris. amis gasagebad saWiroa gadavxedoT Tavisufali
vaWrobis Teorias da am Teoriis ZiriTad elementebs. meore, unda viswavloT Tu
rogor gavzomoT sazRvrebs gareT saqonlis, momsaxureobis da fulis
moZraoba/brunva. mesame, unda verkveodeT Tu ra instrumentebi gaaCnia
mTavrobas saSinao politikuri ekonomikis samarTavad. am instrumentebidan
yvelaze mniSvnelovani aris fiskaluri da monetaruli politika. meoTxe,
valutis konvertaciis saWiroeba qmnis garkveul problemebs. magaliTad,
savaluto kursis cvalebadoba ara marto gavlenas axdens eqspor-importze,
aramed qmnis politikuri Carevis saSualebas da saWiroebasac ki. maSasadame, sanam
politikuri ekonomikis Teoriebs ganvixilavdeT, saWiroa zemoT CamoTvlili
mcnebebis codna.
Tavisufali vaWroba
Tavisufali vaWroba eyrdnoba im faqts, rom yvela qveyanas aqvs saqonlis da
momsaxureobis warmoebis sxvadasxva SesaZleblobebi. Zalian xSirad erT
romelime saxelmwifos aqvs xolme raRac produqtis warmoebaSi absolituri
upiratesoba. anu, am qveyanas SeuZlia es produqcia awarmoos ufro iafad, vidre
sxva danarCen saxlemwifoebs.
absolituri upiratesoba SeiZleba warmovidginoT Semdegi gamartivebuli
magaliTiT. warmovidginoT ori qveyana, aSS da didi britaneTi da ori saxis
produqti: rkina da xorbali. TiToeuli qveyana erT-erTi tipis produqts ufro
efeqturad awarmoebs.
xorbali rkina
buSeli tona
britaneTi 100 250
aSS 200 150
naTelia, rom britaneTs aqvs absolituri upiratesoba rkinis warmoebaSi
da aSS-s xorblis warmoebaSi. warmovidginoT, rom TiToeul qveyanas yavs 200
muSaxeli. Tu orive qveyana awarmoebs orive tipis produqcias da Tavidan
aicilebs vaWrobas, isini miiReben Semdegi saxis Sedegs:
74
3. SesaZleblobaTa ganawileba
saerTaSoriso politikuri sistemis damaxasiaTebeli mesame elementi aris
ZalTa gadanawileba. funqciurad monawileebi ar gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan.
maTi ganmasxvaveebeli niSania maTi gansxvavebuli SesaZleblobebi Seasrulon
erTi da igive amocana. sistemis es mesame elementi umniSvnelovanesia, radgan igi
Zalaze da Zlierebazea dafuZnebuli. uolcis TqmiT, “struqturebs
gansazRvravs ara maTSi warmodgenili yvela monawile, aramed monawileTa Soris
yvelaze ufro Zlierebi.” politikuri sistemebi erTmaneTisgan gasnxvavdebian
imis da mixedviT, Tu ramdeni Zlieri saxelmwifoa masSi. politikuri sistema
icleba, rodesac icvleba ZalTa ganawileba elementebs Soris. struqturis
cvlileba aseve cvlis TamaSis wesebs da misi Semadgeneli elementebis saqciels,
romelTa urTierTqmedebac ukve sxvagvar Sedegebs iZleva.
maSasadame, neorealizmis Teoriidan gamodinare arsebobs kanonzomi-
erebebi/meTodebi saerTaSoriso politikaSi, romlebic meoredeba miuxedavad
imisa, rom maT sxvadasxva adamianebi da saxelmwifoebi iyeneben. es gamowveulia
imiT, rom saxelmwifoebi moqmedeben erovnuli interesebis Sesabamisad, anu
“TiToeuli saxelmwifo awesebs moqmedebis kurss, romelic misi azriT
saukeTesod moemsaxureba mis erovnul interesebes.”
uzenaesi erovnuli interesi ki aris usafrTxoeba da TviTgadarCena rac
mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli ZalasTan da ZlierebasTan. “saerTaSoriso politi-
kaSi Zala da Zliereba igive rols asrulebs, rasac sabazro ekonomikaSi fuli.”30
politikis warmatebuloba uolcis TvalsazrisiT, ganisazRvreba saxel-
mwifos SenarCunebiT da gaZlierebiT da vinaidan da radganac saerTaSoriso
politikuri sistema aris anarqiuli, romelic aris misi Semadgeneli erTeulebis
moqmedebis ganmsazRvreli, amitom aris, rom saxelmwifoebi droisa da
pirovnebebis cvlis miuxedavad qcevis erTgvarovan meTodebs iyeneben.
anarqiis pirobebSi saxelmwifoebma TviTon unda mixedon sakuTar Tavs. amis
gamoa, rom saxelmwifoebi, gansakuTrebiT Zlieri saxelmwifoebi iRwvian
sistemaSi arsebuli ZalTa balansis SesanarCuneblad.31 Tu ZalTa balansi
Seicvla, maSin Seicvleba sistemac. sistemis cvlilebis tipiuri gamomwvevi
mizezi aris did saxelmwifoebs Soris omi. ZalTa balansis miRweva SesaZlebelia,
magram anarqiul sistemaSi yovelTvis aris omis saSiSroeba.
uolci gamoyofs ori saxis sitemas, bipolaruls, romelic arsebobda civi
omis dros da multipolaruls, romelic arseboboda civ omamde da civi omis
Semdeg. uolcis azriT, bipolaruli sistema aris ufro stabiluri, mSvidobiani
da usafrTxo, vidre multipolaruli, radgan “mxolod ori Zlieri saxelmwifos
arsebobisas mosalodnelia, rom orive imoqmedebs sistemis SesanarCuneblad,”
vinaidan da radganac sistemis SenarCunebiT isini aseve inarCuneben sakuTar
statuss.
30 A. Wolfers, Discord and Collaboration: Essays on International Politics. Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988. citata amoRebulia aleqsandre rondelis, saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebidan, gv. 71. 31 ZalTa balansisaTvis ixileT aleqsandre rondeli “saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi” gv.
109-119.
27
neorealizmi civi omis Semdeg
civi omis damTavrebis Semdeg neorealizmi kritikis qarcecxlSi moeqca.
yvelaze Zlieri dartyma neorealizms miayena im faqtma, rom miuxedavad
neorealistebis mtkicebisa Crdilo atlantikur alianss arseboba araTu ar
Seuwyvetia, aramed transformacia ganicada da axali wevrebic miierTa. mwvave
kritikis sagani gaxda aseve is faqti, rom sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg did
saxelmwifoebs Soris omi ar yofila miuxedavad uolcis da sxva neorealistebis
mtkicebisa. Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso urTerTobebis ganviTarebam warmoSva
sxva, aranakleb mwvave kritikis safuZvlebi. magaliTad, bevri amtkicebs, rom
xdeba saerTaSoriso politikis gardaqmna da realizmis mniSvneloba afsurduli
xdeba demokratiis gavrcelebis fonze (democratic peace theory). asve, kompleqsuri
urTierTdamokidebuleba did saxelmwifoTa Soris oms warmoudgenels xdis
(complex interdependence) da rom institutebi aadvileben TanamSromlobas rac
problemebis Zaladobis gareSe mogvarebis saSualebas iZleva (liberal institutionalism).
yvela es Teoria realizmis winaaRmdeg aris mimarTuli da mwvave debatebi am
Teoriuli skolis warmomadgenlebs Soris ar wydeba.
am kritikis sapasuxod da Tavisi struqturuli realizmis dasacavad uolcma
gamoaqveyna sapasuxo statia erT-erT cnobil akademiur JurnalSi: saerTaSoriso
usafrTxoeba, saxelwodebiT “struqturuli realizmi civi omis Semdeg.”32
uolcis amosavali wertili aris is, rom struqturuli realizmi jer kidev
aqtualuria, vinaidan da radganac saerTaSoriso politikuri sistema ar
Secvlila. igi ambobs, rom cvlilebebi moxda sistemis SigniT, magram TviTon
sitema ar Secvlila. struqturuli realizmi gaqarwyldeba maSin, rodesac
Seicvleba saerTaSoriso politika. es ki manam ar moxdeba, sanam saerTaSoriso
sistema Sedgeba saxelmwifoebisgan, romlebsac mxolod TviTdaxmarebis imedi
aqvT. 33 “yovelTvis, rodesac mSvidoba myardeba, xalxi Tavs wamoyofs da
amtkicebs, rom realizmi mkvdaria. es igivea, rom Tqva, saerTaSoriso politikam
transformacia ganicada, magram msoflios transformacia ar ganucdia.
saerTaSoriso politikis struqtura mxolod gadakeTda sabWoTa kavSiris
gaqrobiT, da cotaxniT mogviwevs unipolarulSi cxovreba.”34
uolci amtkicebs, rom struqturuli Teoriis mixedviT unipolaruli
sistema yvelaze xanmoklea ori mizezis gamo: pirveli, dominanturi Zalebi
TavisTavze Zalian bevrs iReben da sabolood TavianT Tavs asusteben da meore,
rac ar unda rbilad da mozomilad moiqces dominaturi Zala susti
saxelmwifoebi mainc ecdebian misi Zlierebis dabalansebas. 35 adre Tu gvian
ZalTa balansi aRsdgeba. neorealizmis erTaderTi minusi aris is, rom ver ambobs
zustad rodis. uolci amtkicebs, rom damabalansebeli tendenciebi ukve
SeimCneva. uolcis TqmiT momavali Zlieri saxelmwifoebi, romlebic aRadgenen
ZalTa balanss arian evrokavSiri an germania, romelic koalicias Caudgeba
saTaveSi; aseve CineTi, iaponia da ufro Soreul momavalSi ruseTi. 36
neorealizmis kidev erTi damcveli aris jon mirSaimeri, romelmac Tavis
32 Kenneth Waltz. “Structural Realism After the End of the Cold War,” International Security, 25(1), 2000, pp. 5-41. 33 iqve, .., gv. 39 34 iqve, .., gv. 39 35 iqve, .., gv. 28 36 iqve, .., gv. 30
28
didi debatebi globalizaciaze
skeptikosebi globalistebi
1 koncefciebi internacionalizacia
da ara globalizacia
msoflio iZerweba Zlieri
eqstensiuri, intensiuri da
swrafi dinebebiT, romlebic
kveTen regionebs da
kontinentebs
2 Zala saxelmwifo aris
mTavari aqtori
intergavernmentalizmi
saxelmwifos suverenulobis
erozia, avtonomia da
legitimuroba
saxelmwifos gavlenis Semcireba
multilateralizmis aRzeveba
3 kultura nacionalizmis da
nacionaluri
identurobis aRzeveba
globaluri popularuli
kulturis aRzeveba
mudmivi politikuri
identurobis erozia
hibridizacia
4 ekonomika regionaluri blokebis
ganviTareba
triadizacia
axali imperializmi
globaluri sainformacio
kapitalizmi
transnacionaluri ekonomia
samuSaos axali, globaluri
dayofa
5 uTanasworoba mzardi CrdieloeT
samxreT ganxeTqileba
interesTa
konfliqtebis
SeuTavsebloba
mzardi uTanasworoba
sazogadoebebs Soris da SigniT
Zveli ierarqiebis erozia
6 wesrigi sax. saerTaSoriso
sazogadoeba
politikuri
konfliqtebis
gardauvaloba
saerT. mmarTveloba da
geopolitika
komunitarianizmi
multi Sreebiani globaluri
mmarTveloba
globaluri samoqalaqo
sazogadoeba
globaluri sazogadoeba
kosmopolitanizmi
73
mniSvnelovan dilemas efeqturobas da samarTlianobas Soris. Sesabamisad,
ekonomikuri globalizacia, garda sikeTis motanisa, qveynebs Soris mzardi
uTanasworobis gamomwvevicaa.
kulturuli globalizacia, hofmanis azriT, teqnlogiuri progresis da
ekonomikuri globalizaciis Sedegia. aq dilema dgas uniformizacias da
mravalgvarobas Soris. Sedegad xdeba msoflios danawevrebac (disenchantment of the world – Webber) da erTgvarovnebis winaaRmdegi reaqciis warmoSobac. ukanasknelis
dasturia adgilobrivi kulturebis renesansi da adgilobrivi enebis aRorZineba,
aseve dasavleTis kulturis winaaRmdeg momravlebuli galaSqrebebi.
mesame forma, hofmanis azriT, aris politikuri globalizacia, romelic wina
ori globalizaciis produqtia. aq gamoirCeva amerikis politikuri insti-
tutebis da politikis dominireba, aseve, arasaxelmwifo institutebis
momravleba da gaaqtiureba msoflio asparezze.
hofmanis azriT globalizaciasTan dakavSirebiT mniSvnelovania ramdenime
momenti:
1) globalizacia aris amerikuli nawarmi, romelic meore msoflio omis
Semdeg gaxda popularuli;
2) globalizacia ar aris yovlismomcveli, radgan masSi ar monawileobs
uamravi patara Raribi qveyana. bazrebi ar aris integrirebuli;
3) saerTaSoriso samoqalaqo sazogadoebis idea mxolod embrionul for-
maSia. arasamTavroboebi xSirad mTavrobebis wanazardebs warmoadgenen;
4) individualuri emansipacia ar aris aucilebeli TansarTi demokrati-
zaciis gzaze myof reJimebSi. aseve saerTaSoriso institutebi xSirad
mikerZoebulni arian rac xels uSlis emansipacias da demokratizacias;
5) adamianebis sacxovrebeli pirobebis gaumjobeseba barierebis moSlis
Sedegad sakmaod saeWvo ideaa. hofmanis azriT, globalziacia mxolod
sxvadasxva teqnikebis (audio da videokasetebi, interneti, komunikaciebi)
jamia, romlebic saxelmwifoebis da kerZo seqtoris xelSia. es aqtorebi ki
moZraoben sakuTari interesebis da ideologiis ZaxiliT da ara
humanitaruli mosazrebebiT. maTi qmedebebi arsebiTad gansxvavdeba
globalizaciis im xedvisgan, romelic globalizacias aRiqvams rogorc
ganmanaTleblur fenomens, romelic erTdroulad mecnieruli, racio-
naluri da universaluria.
qvemoT mocemulia cxrili, romelic aRwers did debatebs globalistebs da
skeptikosebs Soris maT mier wamoyenebul ZiriTad Tezisebze dayrdnobiT.
72
farTod ganxilul statiaSi, “momavalSi dabruneba: arastabiluroba evropaSi
civi omis Semdeg,”37 gaagrZela uolcis neorealisturi argumenti da gamoTqva
pretenzia, rom neorelizmi aris Teoria, romelic SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes
momavali movlenebis gansaWvretad.
mirSaimerma ganamtkica mosazreba, rom bipolaruli sistema aris ufro
stabiluri, vidre multipolaruli. mirSaimeris azriT, rodesac sistema
icvleba bipolarulidan multipolaruliT, unda movelodeT gaxSirebul
Zaladobas da omebs. igi ambobs, rom super saxelmwifos ararseboba evropaSi
gamoiwvevs Zaladobisadmi gazrdil midrekilebas vidre gasuli 45 wlis
ganmavlobaSi, Tumca ara iseT mwvaves, rogorc es saukunis pirveli 45 wlis
ganmavlobaSi iyo. 38 Zlieri saxelmwifoebis gamosvla evropis Suagulidan gzas
gauxsnis axali multipolaruli sistemis Camoyalibebas, romelic Sedgeba xuTi
Zlieri saxelmwifos da ramodenime patara saxelmwifosgan. am sistemas
midrekileba eqneba arastabilurobisaken. aseve, atomuri arsenalis Semcireba
gamoiwvevs atomuri iaraRis Semakavebeli efeqtis Semcirebas, rac gamoiwvevs
arastabilurobas. mirSaimeri akeTebs cota ar iyos sensaciur gancxadebas, rom
radgan dasavleTi dainteresebulia mSvidobis da stabilurobis SenarCunebiT
evropaSi, igi dainteresebulia civi omis droindeli konfrontaciis
SenarCunebiT.
rogorc jeksoni da sorenseni askvnian, mirSaimeris winaswarmetyvelebebidan
zogierTi gamrTlda, magaliTad evropaSi adgili hqonda gazrdil Zaladobas
(balkaneTi, ruseTi, kavkasiis qveynebi), magram isic unda aRiniSnos, rom arc erTi
es konfliqti ar momxda centralur evropaSi rogorc es mirSaimerma moiazra.
37 John J. Mearsheimer, “Back to the Future: Instability in Europe After the Cold War,” International Security, Vol. 15, No. 4 (Summer 1990), pp. 5-56. 38 iqve, .., gv. 5-56.
29
leqcia V
TavdacviTi da TavdasxmiTi realizmi
wina leqciebSi ganvixileT realizmi rogorc erT-erTi dominanturi Teoria
saeraSoriso urTierTobebSi, romelic saerTaSoriso politikaSi bevr
saWirboroto sakiTxebs gascems pasuxs. Cven gansxvaveba movaxdineT, rogorc es
sayovelTaod miRebulia, klasikur da struqturul realizms Soris da
ganvixileT struqturuli realizmi, rogorc dominanturi Teoria saeraSoriso
urTierTobebSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom struqturuli realizmi ase Tu ise
ganixileba rogorc Sekruli Teoria, masSi mainc gamoyofen or mimdinareobas,
TavdacviT da TavdasxmiT realizms. TavdacviTi realizmis apologetebad
iTvlebian upirveles yovlisa kenet uolci, Tavisi saerTaSoriso politikis
TeoriiT, aseve robert jervisi, jek snaideri da stiven van evera. TavdasxmiT
realizms arc ise bevri momxreebi hyavs. misi yvelaze TvalsaCino da erTguli
warmomadgeneli aris jeims mirSaimeri, romlis wigni, “Zlieri saxelmwifoebis
politikis tragedia,” TavdasxmiTi realizmis gaRrmavebas da Seswavlas eZRvneba.
rogorc ukve iqna ganxiluli, realizmi eyrdnoba sam ZiriTad mosazrebas.
pirveli is aris, rom saxelmwifoebi arian ZiriTadi aqtorebi, da maTgan
realistebi fokuss axdenen Zlier saxelmwifoebze, radganac isini dominireben
saerTaSoriso politikas da xSirad udidesi movlenebis iniciatorebi arian.
meore principi - saxelmwifoebis qmedebebi ganpirobebulia sistemis struq-
turiT da ar aris damokidebuli saxelmwifos Sinagan xasiaTze. sxva sityvebiT
rom iTqvas, ar arsebobs cudi da kargi saxelmwifo, radgan saboloo jamSi yvela
saxelmwifo, miuxedavad imisa Tu ra tipis reJimi marTavs mas da ra kultura da
politikuri sistema gaaCnia, erTi da igive logikiT xelmZRvanelobs, romelic
aris TviTgadarCena. mesame, realistebs miiCniaT, rom saxelmwifoebisTvis
yvelaze mniSnelvania Zala da Zliereba da saxelmwifoebi erTmaneTs ejibrebian
ZalauflebisaTvis. am konkurencias xSirad omamde mivyavarT, rac realiste-
bisaTvis Tumc arasasiamovno, magram mainc bunebrivi movlenaa. karl fon
klauzevicis kargad cnobil sityvebs Tu gavimeorebT, omi aris politikis
gagrZeleba sxva saSualebebiT. struqturuli realizmis mixedviT saxelmwifoebi
iltvian Zalauflebisaken radgan igi aris gadarCenis erTaderTi sando
saSualeba anarqiis pirobebSi. Zalaufleba udris usafrTxoebas.
TavdacviTi da TavdasxmiTi realizmi, ra Tqma unda aris saerTaSoriso
politikis struqturuli Teoria. isini iziareben zemoT CamoTvlil funda-
mentur ideebs saerTaSoriso politikis Sesaxeb. mxolod, maTi gzebi iyreba,
rodesac jeri midgeba Zalaze da Zalauflebaze. TavdasxmiTi realizmi gamo-
eyofa TavdacviT realizms imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ramdeni Zala esaWiroeba, an
yofnis saxelmwifoebs. TavdacviTi realizmis apologetebi Tvlian, rom
saerTaSoriso struqtura ise aris mowyobili, rom saxelmwifoebs aqvT cota
sababi (incentive) imisaTvis, rom maT ufro meti Zalaufleba moixveWon. nacvlad
amisa, TavdacviTi realizmi amtkicebs, rom saxelmwifoebi ibrZvian status-kvos
SesanarCuneblad da did yuradRebas aqceven ZalTa balanss sistemaSi. aqedan
gamomdinare, TavdacviTi realizmis mixedviT saxelmwifoTa mTavari mizania
Zalis SenarCuneba da ara gazrda. TavdasxmiTi realizmi ki amis sapirispirod
amtkicebs, rom ar arsebobs status-kvo saxelmwifoebi. saerTaSorsio sistema
qveynebs sTavazobs sakmaris mizezebs/SesaZleblobebs imisaTvis, rom isini
yovelTvis iltvodnen TavianTi Zlierebis gazrdisaken sxva saxelmwifoebis
30
leqcia XIII
globalizacia
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis da globalizaciis urTierTmimarTebaze
saintereso Tezisebi aqvs wamoyenebuli harvardel profesors ernst hofmans.
hofmanis azriT, 90-iani wlebSi dominirebda Setakeba saxelmwifoebis da
saxelmwifoTa sistemis fragmentacias da mzard globalizacias anu ekonomikur,
kulturul da politikur integracias Soris. swored amis gamo wina aTwleulSi
mravlad warmoiSva Teoriebi, romlebic saubrobdnen saerTaSoriso urTi-
erTobebze globalizaciis gavlenaze.
1990-ian wlebSi warmoiSva ramdenime Teoria, romelic saubrobda globa-
lizaciis Sedegebze msoflio politikasa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebze.
pirvel rigSi, aRsaniSnavia, frensis fukuiama da misi Tezisi istoriis
dasasrulis Sesaxeb, sadac avtorma iwinaswarmetyvela ideologiuri
konfliqtebis aRmofxvra da politikuri da ekonomikuri liberalizmis mTels
msoflioSi gavrceleba, rac msolfioSi konfliqtebis gauCinarebis sawindarad
miiCnia.
meore mxriv, fukuiamas statiis sapasuxod semuel hanTingtonma Tavis
naSromSi “civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba” xazi gausva civilizaciebs Soris momavali
dapirispirebis gardauvalobas da momavali konfliqtebis kerebad
civilizaciebs Soris gamyofi xazebi miiCnia. hanTingtoni varaudobda, rom
msgavsi kulturis, enis da civilizaciuri kuTvnilebis saxelmwifoebi
gaerTiandebodnen civilizaciis niSnis qveS da daupirispirdebodnen sxva
civilizaciebs, rasac msoflioSi axali tipis konfliqtebi mohyveboda.
miuxedavad amisa, hanTingtonma ver moaxerxa civilizaciis zusti gansazRvra da
gadametebiT didi roli mianiWa religias, ar gaiTvaliswina ra, rom
aradasavluri elitebi xSirad iviwyeben religias da vesternizebuli da saero
meTodebiT marTaven saxelmwifos. seve, ver gasca hantingtonma pasuxi kiTxvas,
Tu ratom mimdinareobda dapirispirebi Tavad civilizaciebs SigniT.
hofmani aseve aRniSnavs sxva modelebs. realistebs isev sjeraT, rom
msoflioSi araferi Secvlila Tukidides droidan, da rom saxelmwifo isev
akontrolebs msoflioSi mimdinare procesebs. am modelis udavo sisuste isaa,
rom igi ver axerxebs cvlilebebis, ufro zustad ki globalizaciis integrirebas
Tavis realobaSi. am Teoriis mixedviT aseve ugulebelyofilia is, rasac raimon
aroni “samyaros cnobierebis nawils” uwodebs. es, misi azriT, dReisaTvis
saxelmwifoebis umetesi nawilisaTvis Rirebulebas warmoadgens.
seve, arian mecnierebi, romelTac dRevandeli msoflio globalizaciis
triumfis asparezad miaCniaT. am mecnierebs Soris aRsaniSnavia “niu iork
taimsis” Jurnalisti tomas fridmani, romlis azriT globalizacia aris
dRevandeli epoqis gadamrCeneli, radgan mas aucileblad moaqvs mSvidoba da
demokratia. omi globalizaciis upirvelesi xelisSemSlelia da Sesabamisad xels
uSlis progressac, xolo axali teqnologiebi xels uwyobs individualur
avtonomias da iniciativebs, rac demokratiis upirvelesi mamoZravebelia.
hofmanis azriT globalizacia mTlad iseTi vardisferi ar aris, rogorc es
fridmans warmoudgenia. misi azriT globalizacias aqvs sami forma, romelTagan
TiToeuls Tavisi problemebi gaaCnia. pirvel rigSi esaa ekonomikuri
globalizacia, rac dakavSirebulia teqnologiur, sainformacio, savaWro da
sxva saxis ukanaskneli drois aqtivobasTan. kapitalizmis aseTi zrda warmoSobs
71
saxelmwifoebi, romlebic cdiloben Tavi Sors daiWiron msoflio politikisgan
da SeinarCunon TavianTi usafrTxoeba yvela SesaZlo saSualebiT. 136
Sveleris ganmartebiT, sustia saxelmwifo Tu “maT gaaCniaT SedarebiT susti
SesaZleblobebi an aqvT cudi sazogadoebriv-saxelmwifoebrivi urTierTobebi
ama Tu im mizezebis gamo. maTi elitebi da institutebi ganicdian legitimurobis
simcires masebTan mimarTebaSi; isini SeiZleba dayofili iyvnen Signidan
eTnikuri, politikuri, klasobrivi, religiuri Tu tomobrivi maCvenebelbis
mixedviT; saxelmwifo ideologia SesaZloa konfliqtSi iyos da ZaliT iyos Tavs
moxveuli popularul kulturaze; an SesaZlebelia isini iyvnen, rasac
hanTigtoni uwodebs, gaxleCili saxelmwifoebi: saxelmwifoebi, romlebsac
gaaCniaT sakmao donis kulturuli homogenuroba, magram ganxeTqilebaa imasTan
dakavSirebiT, Tu romel civilizacias ekuTvnis maTi sazogadoeba.” 137
136 iqve, . . ., gv. 99-100. 137 iqve, . . ., gv. 102.
70
xarjze da gamoiyenon iseTi situaciebi, rodesac wamowyebis Rirebuleba/Sedegi
aRemateba danaxarjebs (cost-benefit calculation). amrigad, TavdasxmiTi realizmis
TvalsazrisiT saxelmwifoTa saboloo da uzenaesi mizania iyos hegemoni
sistemaSi. 39
realizmis am or mimdinareobad dayofas SeiZleba didi mniSvneloba hqondes,
radganac orive - TavdasxmiTi da TavdacviTi Teoria, cdilobs pasuxi gasces
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis iseT fundamentur sakiTxebs, rogoricaa omi da
mSvidoba. magaliTad, bevri ram aris damokidebuli imaze, Tu marTla rogor aris
saerTaSoriso politika mowyobili. ra ufro adardebT saxelmwifoebs: TavianTi
status-kvos da Sesabamisad sistemaSi ZalTa balansis SenarCuneba, Tu TavianTi
Zalauflebis gazrda nebismieri saSualebebiT da imdeni Zlierebis damateba
ramdenic xel ewifebad. am or gansxvavebul Teoriul xedvas CvenTvis ra Tqma
unda aqvs is ZiriTadi mniSvneloba, rom maTi saSualebiT udna avxsnaT
saxelmwifoTa saqcieli warsulSi da rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, momavalSi.
isini sakuTar Teoriul principebze dayrdnobiT xsnian, Tu ratom xdeba omebi,
rodis ufro SesaZlebelia saxelmwifoebi wavidnen omSi da rodis ara. marTla
iyeneben Tu ara saxlemwifoebi yvela moments imisaTvis, rom gazardon TavianTi
Zliereba da ra SeiZleba gakeTdes imisaTvis, rom msoflio ufro stabiluri
gaxdes da ase Semdeg.
zogierTi Teoretikosebi, magaliTad, rogoricaa robert jervisi, jek
snaideri da stiven van evera yuradRebas amaxvileben erTgvar struqturul
koncefciaze, romelsac uwodeben Tavdasxmisa da Tavdacvis balanss (offense-defense balance). am ideis dedaazri is aris, rom samxedro Zliereba nebismier dros
SeiZleba iqnes klasificirebuli an Tavdasxmis sasargeblod, an Tavdacvis
sasargeblod. Tu Tavdacvas aqvs naTeli upiratesoba TavdasxmasTan SedarebiT
dapyrobis warmoeba aris ufro rTuli da Sesabamisad did saxelmwifoebs aqvT
naklebi motivi, rom gamoiyenon Zala. amis nacvlad isini yuradRebas gadaitanen
imis SenarCunebaze, rac maT ukve gaaCniaT. da piriqiT, Tu Tavdasxma aris ufro
ioli, saxelmwifoebi ganicdian cdunebas daipyron erTmaneTi Zlierebis gazrdis
mizniT. es xdeba sistemaSi uamravi omebis gamomwvevi mizezi.
van everas mixedviT, omis saSiSroeba aris ufro maRali rodesac dapyrobis
warmoeba aris advili da Sesabamisad cvlileba Tavdasxmisa da Tavdacvis
balansSi did zegavlenas axdens omis albaTobaze.40 igi gamohyofs omis gamomwvev
10 mizezs, rodesac Tavdasxma aris dominanturi:
1. oportunisturi eqspansia;
2. TavdacviTi eqspansia;
3. Tavdasxmisagan aqtiuri Tavisdacva;
4. pirveli dartyma ufro momgebiania — preventiuli omebis saSiSroeba;
5. meti Sansebi — meti sirTuleebi;
6. diplomatiuri taqtikebi romlebic omis gamomwvev mizezebad
gvevlinebian;
7. saxelmwifoebi naklebad Sedian molaparakebebSi da aRweven ufro nakleb
SeTanxmebebs;
39 John j. Mearsheimer , Tragedy of Great Power Politics, p. 21 40 Stephen Van Evera, “Offense, Defense, and the Causes of War,” International Security, Vol 22, No. 4 (Spring 1998), 5.
31
8. saxelmwifoebi ufro gasaidumloebis politikas misdeven;
9. saxelmwifoebi ufro aqtiur da swraf SeiaraRebas ewevian;
10. Tavdasxma ufro da ufro advildeba.
van evera fiqrobs, rom Tavdasxmisa da Tavdacvis balansis cvalebadobaze
zegavlenas axdens Semdegi faqtorebi: samxedro teqnologia da doqtrina,
geografia, erovnul-socialuri struqtura da diplomatiuri garemoebebi
(kerZod, TavdacviTi aliansebi da damabalansebeli aqtebi xmeleTsgaRma Zlieri
saxelmwifoebis mier). Tavdasxmisa da Tavdacvis jamuri balansi am faqtorebis
saerTo jamzea damokidebuli.
samxedro faqtorebi
samxedro teqnologiebi, doqtrina, ZalTa struqtura da ganlageba, es
yvelaferi gavlenas axdens Tavdasxmisa da Tavdacvis balansze. magaliTisTvis
van evera ambobs, rom pirvel msoflio omamde Tavdacvas qonda upiratesoba,
radgan am dros gamoigones mcire zomis iaraRebi, rkinigza da mavTulxlarTi,
romlebic Tavdacvis saSualebebad gamoiyeneboda. 1919-1945 wlebSi Tavdasxmis
potenciali aRsdga motomsroleli brigadebis da Tavdasxmis doqtrinis —
blickrigis SemoRebis Sedegad. am yovelivem daZlia zemoT mocemuli Tavdacvis
saSualebebi. 1945 wlis Semdeg Termoatmouri iaraRebis gamogonebis Sedegad
Tavdacvis potenciali aRsdga, amjerad, didi upiratesobiT.
van evera aseve aRniSnavs, rom teqnologia da doqtrina kombinirebulad
sazRvraven Tavdasxmis da Tavdacvis moqcevebs, magram zogjer doqtrina da
teqnologia erTmaneTs ar Seesabameba. magaliTad, 1945-1991 wlebSi, super
saxelmwifoebs hqondaT TavdasxmiTi doqtrinebi, magram ver moZebnes efeqturi
kontr-iaraRi atomuri iaraRis winaaRmdeg. Sesabamisad, maTi moqmedebebi ar iyo
TavdasxmiTi.
geografia
geografiulad Znelad misadgomi sazRvrebi aris ufro Znelad dasapyrobi.
Tu saxelmwifo sazRvrebi emTxveva okeanes, tbebs, mTebs, farTo mdinareebs,
junglebs, udabnoebs da sxva bunebriv barierebs es aferxebs Tavdamsxmelebs da
zurgs umagrebs Tavdamcvelebs. aseTive efeqti aqvs adamianis mier Seqmnil
sazRvrebs da buferul zonebs (mesame saxelmwifoebi an demilitarizebuli
zonebi) sadac verc erTi mxare ver Seva mSvidobis pirobebSi. aseve, dapyroba
ferxdeba, roca saxelmwifo aris vrceli. miT umetes, Tu misi ekonomika aris
TviTmyofadi da ar reagirebs izolaciaze.
magaliTad, dasavleT evropa ufro daculia am mxriv vidre aRmosavleTi. aris
qveynebi, magaliTad rogorc israeli, romelsac gaaCnia patara teritoria da
bunebrivad gaSlili sazRvrebi ris gamoc mTeli misi ekonomikuri mniSvnelobis
obieqtebi da mosaxleobis umetesoba ganlagebulia Ria teritoriaze. amis
sapirispirod, TavdacviTi geografiis TvalsaCino qveyanaa aSS, uzarmazari
teritoriiT, romelsac gars artyia okeaneebi da gaaCnia damoukidebeli,
TviTmyofadi ekonomika.
32
sxva saxelmwifoTa daxmarebas, institutebs, procesebs, an garemoebebs rom
uzrunvelyos usafrTxoeba. aseve, patara qveynis rwmena sakuTar uZlurebaSi
aRiarebuli unda iyos saerTaSoriso politikaSi Cabmuli sxva saxelmwifoebis
mier”. 127
neorealizmis skola iyenebs patara qveynebis fardobiT definiciebs. maTTvis
Zala, Zliereba aris umniSvnelovanesi determinanti da faqtori saerTaSoriso
politikisa. 128 Zlierni arian qveynebi, romelTac SeuZliaT zegavlena iqonion
saerTaSoriso arenaze. Sesabamisad, patarani arian qveynebi, romlebsac ar
ZaluZT raime mniSvnelovani zegavlenis moxdena saerTaSoriso arenaze. kenet
uolcisaTvis zustad es kriteriumi, anu qveynis SeuZlebloba Secvalos raime
saerTaSoriso sistemaSi, warmoadgens qveynis sisustis ganmsazRvrel faqtors. 129
neorealistebisaTvis patara qveynebi ufro fsonebi arian vidre moTamaSeebi.130
amvdroulad, isini arian usafrTxoebis momxmareblebi da ara mwarmoeblebi. 131
zogierTi avtori ufro Sors midis da patara qveynebs saerTaSoriso sistemis
‘anaqronizmebad’ aRiqvams. “patara saxelmwifo aris vakuumi maRali wnevis
arealSi. is cocxlobs ara imitom, rom is Zlieria, aramed imitom, rom aravis surs
misi teritoria, an imitom rom misi SenarCuneba rogorc buferul saxelmwifod,
an zewolis iaraRad ZalTa balansSi Sedis Zlieri saxelmwifos interesebSi.
rodesac balansi qreba, rogorc wesi patara saxelmwifo masTan erTad
qreba.” 132
erT-erTi yvelaze miRebuli definicia patara qveynisa ekuTvnis kioheins,
romelic aerTianebs rotsteinis subieqtur elements da neorealistur
sistemur elements. Sedegad igi askvnis, rom sisuste, an siZliere,
damokidebulia am qveynis lideris aRqmaze, Tu ra rols asrulebs misi qveyana
sistemur TamaSSi. 133 fsiqologiuri da sistemuri kriteriumebis SejerebiT
kioheini askvnis, rom “pataraa saxelmwifo, romlis liderebi Tvlian, rom mas
arasodes ar SeeZleba marto, an sxva patara jgufTan erTad, mniSvnelovani
zegavlenis moxdena sistemaze.” 134
Sveleri saxelmwifoebs yofs lomebad, cxvrebad, qurcikebad da mglebad.
pirveli ori arian status-kvo qveynebi, xolo bolo ori revizionisti qveynebi. 135
lomebi arian didi saxlemwifoebi, romlebic marTaven sistemas da axorcieleben
sakuTar erovnul interesebs, xSirad Zalismieri saSualebebiTac ki. qurcikebi
airan is qveynebi, romlebic ufro afaseben imas rac gaaCniaT, vidre imas rac
SeiZleba miiRon sistemisgan, magram romlebic yovel mizez gareSe Caebmebodnen
konfliqtSi Tuki raimes mopovebis Sansi aris sagrZnoblad maRali. mglebi
afaseben imas, rac maT SeuZliaT moipovon ufro metad, vidre rac maT gaaCniaT.
rogorc wesi, es qveynebi mudmivi agresorebi arian. cxvrebi ki arian susti
127 Rothstein, Alliances and Small Powers, 29. 128 Hans Morgenthau, Politics among Nations. (New York, Knopf. 1967), 5. 129 Kenneth Waltz, Theory of International Politics, (Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley, 1979): 184-185, 195. 130 Vandenbosch, “The Small States”, 294. 131 Ibid., 301. 132 Nicholas John Spykman, America’s Strategy in World Politics, (New York, Harcourt, Brace and Co, 1942): 20; quoted in Vandenbosch, “The Small States,” 294-5 133 Robert O. Keohane, “Lilliputians’ Dilemmas: Small States in International Relations”, International Organization, 23:.2 (1969), 295 134 iqve, . . ., gv. 296. 135 Randall Schweller, “Bandwagonning for Profit, Bringing the Revisionist State back in”, International Security, 19:1 (Summer, 1994): p. 100.
69
da “Zliereba” unda ganisazRvros samxedro SesaZleblobebis mixedviT.
vandenboxisaTvis “pataraa qveyana, romelsac ar ZaluZs Seejibros omSi Zlier
qveynebs Tanabari ZalebiT.” 118 gotCeli ki ambobs, rom civi omis Semdgomi
periodis saerTaSoriso garemos cvlilebasTan erTad “ricxobrivma Zalismierma
atributebma” dakarges TavianTi mniSvneloba. samxedro Zala rCeba mxolod
rogorc erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawili Zalisa, magram amisda miuxedavad,
avtomaturad ar aris siZlieris maCvenebeuli. 119
iseTi elementebi, rogoricaa
saerTaSoriso institutebis roli, 120
institucionalizebuli ideebi, 121 an
diplomatiuri korpusis siZliere, 122 SeiZleba CaiTvalos gadamwyvetad amaTu im
qveynisaTvis sustis, an Zlieris statusis miniWebisas.
saqarTvelos magaliTSic mxolod absolituri ganamrtebebiT sargebloba
SecdomaSi Segviyvanda. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im ambiciebs, romlebic
saqarTvelos gaaCnia regionSi da mis mezobel somxeTTan da azerbaijanTan
urTierTobebs, maSin mxolod ricxobrivi midgoma araswori iqneboda. zogierTi mkvlevari ambobs, rom ‘sisute’ damokidebulia imaze, Tu vis adareb.
es gansazRvrebebi ganixilaven ‘pataraobas’ SesaZleblobebis, da aseve imis
gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu rogor gamoiyeneba es SesaZleblobebi, vis winaaRmdeg,
rodis da ra miznebis misaRwevad. 123 knudseni Tvlis, rom saxelmwifo sustia
maSin, rodesac misi sagareo politikuri efeqturoba da Zliereba sagrZnoblad
mcirea mis Tundac erT mezobelTan SedarebiT. 124
ufro mogvianebiT knudsenma patara saxelmwifos aseTi ganmarteba misca
“nebismieri saxelmwifo, romelic aris SesamCnevad susti sxva saxelmwifosTan
mimarTebaSi.” 125 zogierTi mkvlevarebi ki iziriaben azrs, rom ‘pataraoba’ niSnavs
qveynis SeuZleblobas ganaxorcielos sakuTari erovnuli interesebi saerTa-
Soriso arenaze. magaliTad, godhameri xazs usvams, rom patarani arian is
saxlemwifoebi, romlebic ar erevian msoflio mniSvnelobis saerTaSoriso
saqmianobebSi. 126
arsebobs agreTve subieqturi gansazRvrebebi, romlebic eyrdnobian qveynis
sakuTar mosazrebas sakuTari Zlierebis Sesaxeb. rotSteini ambobos, rom
“pataraa is saxelmwifo, romelic aRiarebs rom mas ar SeuZlia moipovos
usafrTxoeba sakuTar Zalebze dayrdnobiT, da rom is unda daeyrdnos ZiriTadad
118 Amry Vandenbosch, “The Small States in International Politics and Organization”, The Journal of Politics, 26:2, (May 1964): 294. 119 Goetschell, “Small States and the CFSP”, 4. 120 Karoliina Honkanen, “The Influence of Small States on NATO Decision-Making: The Membership Experiences of Denmark, Norway, Hungary and Czech Republic”, (Totalförsvarets Orskningsinstitut, Stockholm, November 2002); Michael W. Mosser, “Engineering Influence”; Keyusuke Iida, “Third World Solidarity”. 121 Judith Goldstein, and Robert O. Keohane, Ideas and foreign policy: Beliefs, Institutions, and Political Change,” (Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1993). 122 Alexander Rondeli, “patara qveynis diplomatiuri saqmianoba” (Diplomatic Activity of a Small Country), "Georgian Diplomacy," Annual, No 7. (Tbilisi University Press, Tbilisi, 2000): 5-20; Bengt Sundelius, "Independence and Foreign Policy”, Cooperation and Conflict, 15 (1980): 202 123 Miriam Fendius Elman, “The Foreign Policies of Small States: Challenging Neorealism in its own Backyard”, British Journal of Political Science, No 25 (1995): 172 124 Olaf Knutsen “Patara Sakhelmtsifo: Usafrtxoebis Problema” (Small State, the Problem of Security), Politics, No. 7, (Tbilisi, 1991): 27; quoted in - Alexander Rondeli, Saertashoriso Urtiertobebi, (International Relations), (Independent University of Tbilisi, 1996), 216. 125 Olaf Knudsen, “Small States: Latent and Extant,” 184 126 H. Goldhammer, The Foreign Powers in Latin America, (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1972): 237
68
socialuri da politikuri wyoba
dResdReobiT, demokratiulad arCeuli reJimebis dapyroba ufro rTulia,
vidre arademokratiulis, magram warsulSi sapirispiro ufro Seesabameboda
simarTles. dResdReobiT arapopularuli mTavrobis mqone qveynis dapyroba
Tundac sazRvargareTidan marTuli revoluciis gziT aris SesaZlebeli.
subvercia igive Tavdasxmis formaa, radgan es movlenebi iseTive zegavlenas
axdenen saerTaSoriso urTierTobebze, rogorsac TavdasxmiTi omebi. 1792 wels
safrangeTis revoluciur reJims da avstriis oligarqiul reJims urTierT SiSi
hqondaT, rom romelimes meoris subvercia ar moexdina, ramac gamoiwvia orive
mxaris agresiuloba. ruseTis revoluciis Semdeg igive SiSi warmoiSva ruseTsa da
dasavleTs Soris, ramac dasabami misca konfliqts sabWoTa kavSirsa da
dasavleTs Soris, radgan TiToeul mxares eSinoda ar gamxdariyo meoris mier
ideologiuri subverciis sagani.
daaxloebiT 1800 wlamde reJimebis popularuloba Tavdasxmis wisqvilze
asxamda wyals, 1800 wlis Semdeg ki ufro Tavdacvis samsaxurSia. es cvalebadoba
gamowveulia iafi da masobrivad warmoebadi iaraRebis arsebobiT, romlebic
aqtiurad gamoiyeneba partizanul brZolebSi, ris Sedagadac moxda demok-
ratiulad arCeuli reJimebis Tavdacvis gaZliereba.
zemoT mocemul Tavdacvisa da Tavdasxmis Teoriaze dayrdnobiT van evera
gvTavazobs sam ZiriTad prognozs:
1. omi aris ufro gavrcelebuli maSin, rodesac dapyroba advilia, an
roca saxelmwifoebs hgoniaT rom es asea. nakleb gavrcelebuli maSin,
rodesac dapyroba Znelia, an hgoniaT rom Znelia;
2. saxelmwifoebi, romlebsac hgoniaT, rom maT SeuZliaT Tavdasxmis
ganxorcieleba an saxelmwifoebi, romelTa Tavdacvac aris susti,
wamoiwyeben ufro met omebs vidre nebismieri sxva saxelmwifoebi;
3. nebismieri saxelmwifo wamoiwyebs omebs da ibrZolebs ufro meti
sixSiriT im periodebSi, rodesac mas aqvs an fiqrobs, rom aqvs
Tavdasxmis didi SesaZleblobebi da TavdacviTi saSualebebi. 41
41 Van Evera, gv. 22
33
leqcia VI
liberalizmi
liberalizmis skolis ganviTareba saerTaSoriso urierTobebSi mWidrod
aris dakavSirebuli Tanamedrove liberaluri saxelmwifoebis aRmocenebasTan
da iseT liberalur moazrovneebTan rogorebic arian jon loki, jeremi benTami
da emanuel kanti.
realizmisgan gansxvavebiT liberalizmi fokuss axdens adamianis dadebiT
mxareebze, Tumca ki, ar uaryofs maT av Tvisebebsac. liberalizmi zogadad
aRiarebs, rom adamianis bunebas aqvs bneli mxare, magram amave dros maTi Teoriis
safuZvels qmnis mosazreba, rom adamianebi arian racionalurebi da rom
racionalurobis principi SeiZleba aseve gamoyenebul iqnas saerTaSoriso
saqmianobaSic. racionaluroba liberalizmis gagebiT ki imaSi gamoixateba, rom
adamainebs aqvT saerTo interesebi da maT misaRwevad isini TanamSromlobaze da
dialogze wavlen rogorc urTierTSoris, aseve saerTaSoriso da saxel-
mwifoTaSoriso doneze. liberalebis rwmeniT, TanamSromlobas moaqvs sargebeli
yvelasaTvis. es principebi, ra Tqma unda didad ewinaaRmdegeba realizmis Zireul
principebs, romlis Tanaxmadac saxelmwifoebi arian racionalurebi da
egoistebi da rom isini did yuradRebas aqceven fardobiT mogebas rac Zalian
zRudavs TanamSromlobas.
liberalizmis amosavali wertili isaa, rom adamianuri goniereba dasZlevs
SiSs da miT gamowveul ltolvas Zalisa da Zlierebisadmi. am process isini
kacobriobis progresad aRiqvamen. mxolod, liberaluri Teoriis mimdevrebi ver
Tanxmdebian im siZneleebis sirTulisa da xangrZlivobis xarisxze, romelic
kacobriobam unda gadalaxos.
kidev erTi mTavari gansxvaveba realizmsa da liberalizms Soris aris am ori
Teoriis mosazrebebi saxelmwifos Sesaxeb. realizmi saxelmwifos ganixilavs
rogorc Zalis da Zlierebis koncentracias, xolo liberalebi rogorc
konstituciur warmonaqmns, romelic awesebs da meTvalyureobs kanonis
uzenaesobas. aseTi saxelmwifoebi pativs scemen urTmaneTs da emorCilebian
saerTaSoriso samarTals, romelic emyareba urTierTgebis (reciprocity) princips.
swored es ideaa gadmocemuli jeremi benTamis naSromSi, romelic iTvleba
liberaluri Teoriis erT-erT fuZemdeblad da romelmac, rogorc cnobilia
pirvelma gamoiyena cneba saerTaSoriso samarTali. igive argumenti ufro
farTod aris gadmocemuli emanuel kantis mier, romelic Tvlida, rom
konstituciuri da urTierTpativismcemeli respublikebi sabolood daamya-
rebdnen “samudamo mSvidobas” (perpetual peace). marTalia, dRevandeli msoflio rogorc yovelTvis Sorsaa samudamo
mSvidobis epoqidan, gansakuTrebiT 9/11 Semdeg gaxSirebuli teroristuli
Semotevebis da mas moyolili reaqciebis Semdeg, magram liberaluri Teoriis
principi igive rCeba: modernizacia ganapirobebs progress adamianuri cxovrebis
yvela sferoSi da afarToebs asparezs TanamSromlobisaTvis. pasuxgasacemi
mxolod is rCeba ra xarisxis modernizacia da progresia saWiro imisaTvis, rom
msoflio mSvidobiani gaxdes.
liberaluri Teoriac, iseve rogorc ukve ganxiluli realizmi, iyofa
ramodenime mTavar mimdinareobad. maT Soris yvelaze gamokveTili Teoriebi aris
demokratiuli mSvidobis Teoria, saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis Teoria
sociologiuri liberalizmi, urTierTdamokidebulebis Teoria da
,
34
belyofda im saxelmwifoebs, romlebic iyvnen susti, magram ar ekuTvnodnen
mesame samyaros. amas garda dgResdReobiT ufro da ufro meti mecnieri uTmobs
yuradRebas iseTi patara qveynebis Seswavlas romlebic ekonomikurad uaResad
ganviTarebulni arian, arian saerTaSoriso da regionaluri organizaciebis
wevrebi, magram amavdroulad iTvlebian “patara” qveynebad. 113
koncefciis ganmartebiTi sirTuleebi naTeli gaxdeba Tuki SevxedavT
ramodenime magaliTs. saqarTvelo bunebrivia patara qveyanaa amerikis Seer-
Tebul StatebTan SedarebiT, magram Tuki gvinda misi Sedareba tuvalus an
vanuatusTan mimarTebaSi mainc patarad CaiTvleba igi? meore mxriv, saqarTvelos
hyavs TiTqmis imdenive mosaxleoba da aqvs TiTqmis igive teritoriuli sidide
rogorc niderlandebs, an belgias, magram SeiZleba vivaraudoT rom igi iseve
Zlieria rogorc es qveynebi? igivenairad, sqarTvelosTan SedarebiT ruseTi
aris Zlieri qveyana yvela monacemebiT, magram Tuki mas SevadarebT amerikis
SeerTebul Statebs, an CineTs maSin igives Tqmas SevZlebT? es yovelive imaze
miuTiTebs, rom pataris da sustis gansazRvrebebi fardobiTi mcnebebia da ara
absolituri.
am mcnebis ganmartebasTan dakavSirebuli sirTuleebi gaxdad mizezi imisa,
rom bevri mkvlevari skeptikurad uyurebs patara qveynebis gamoyenebas rogorc
kvlevis sagans saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi. amave mizeziT bevri ar cdilobs
pata da sustis mcnebebis Sesabamisi definiciis mofiqrebas. gotCeli ambobs, rom
“ am qveynebis analizis kategoriad gamoyenebis mizanSewoniloba kiTxvis niSnis
qveS dadga” da maTi ganmartebebi didad aris damokidebuli avtorebis Teoriul
safuZvelze, meTodologiur midgomaze da msofxedvelobaze. 114 magram miuxe-
davad am skepticizmisa im avtorebis ricxvi, romlebic patara qveynebis
problematikas Seiswavlian TandaTan izrdeba.
Tavdapirvelad ganmarteba efuZneboda iseT kriteriumebs, rogoricaa
mosaxleoba, mTliani Sida produqti da teritoria. istma patara qveynebi
gansazRvra Semdegi kriteriumebis mixedviT: 1) patara saxmeleTo teritoria, 2)
mcire adgilobrivi mosaxleoba, 3) mcire mTliani erovnuli produqti, 4) da
samxedro SesaZleblobebis dabali done. 115 rogorc moserma aRniSna, absolituri gansazRvreba “rogorc wesi, efuZneba
zRurbls,” da rogorc ki qveyana maCveneblis zRurbls gadascdeba igi aRar
iTvleba sust an patara qveyanad. 116 Sesabamisad es kategoriebi zustad ver
gadmoscemen “pataris” bunebas. rogorc biolma aRniSna “belgia SeiZleba pataraa
safrangeTTan mimarTebaSi, magram luqsemburgi patara qveyanaa belgiasTan
mimarTebaSi da safrangeTi patara qveyanaa aSS-sTan mimarTebaSi.” 117
arsebobs fardobiTi kriteriumebic. zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT “sisuste”
113 Peter J. Katzenstein, Corporatism and Change: Austria, Switzerland and The Politics of Industry, (Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1984); Peter J. Katzenstein, Small States in World Markets: Industrial Policy in Europe, (Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1985); Risto Alapuro et al., eds., Small States in Comparative Perspective: essays for Erik Allardt, (Oslo, Norwegian University Press, 1985) 114 Laurent Goetschel, “Small States and the Common Foreign and Security Policy of the EU: A Comparative Analysis”; Working Paper No. 14, Nationales Forschungsprogramm, Berne, May 2000: 42, available from http://www.snf.ch/NFP/nfp42/working/WP14GoetschelPDF.pdf; Internet. accessed June 01, 2003 115 East, “Size and Foreign Policy”, 558 116 Michael W. Mosser, “Engineering Influence: the Subtle Power of Small States in the CSCE?OSCE”, paper presented at the workshop on “Small States and Alliances”, Austrian Defense Academy, Vienna, 25-27 November 1999, p. 3 117 Erling Bjol, “Small States in International Politics”, in Schou et al., Small States, 9.
67
leqcia XII
patara qveynebi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi
gasuli saukune unikaluri iyo warmoqmnili axali saxelmwifoebis simravlis
mxriv. dekolonizaciam da sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam gamoiwvia saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebSi axali warmonaqmnebis Seqmna, romelTaganac umravlesoba iyo
patara da susti. patara qveynebis mniSvneloba SemCneuli da aRiarebuli iyo jer
kidev meore msoflio omamde radganac erTa liga Sedgeboda patara da susti
saxelmwifoebisgan. 105
miuxedavad amisa, patara qveynis mcnebam rogorc anali-
tikurma koncefciam mniSvneloba SeiZina mxolod omis Semdeg. 106
a. b. foqsis,
david vitalis, Su da brudtlandis, rotsteinis, matisenis da istis nawerebma
Seqmnes patara qveynebis Seswavlis mecnieruili fundamenti. 107
axladwarmoqmnil disciplinas Tavisi winaRobebic gaaCnda radgan zogierTi
avtorebi, magaliTad piter baeri 108
da nils 109
amstrumi ambobobdnen, rom
koncefciis Seswavla unda Sewyvetiliyo misi gamousadegarobis da sirTulis
gamo. 110
miuxedavad am koncefciasTan dakavSirebuli uTanxmoebebisa, misma mniSvne-
lobam win wamoiwia 80 da 90-ian wlebSi, civi omis dasasrulis da axali msoflio
wesrigis warmoqmnis Semdgom. ukanaskneli mcdeloba imisa, rom patara qveynebis
Seswavlas SeeZina sistemuri xasiaTi gaxldaT olav knudsenis mier gamo-
qveynebuli statia. knudsenma gamoyo sami ZiriTadi mimarTuleba patara qveynebis
Seswavlis Tanamedrove praqtikaSi. man aseve rCeva misca mkvlevarebs waremarTaT
TavianTi saqmianoba ise, rom Camoyalibebuliyo ufro mWidro subdisciplina
ufro Sesaferisi TeoriebiT patara qveynebis Sesaxeb. 111
debatebi patara qveynis mniSvnelobaze kidev ufro mZafri xdeba, rodesac
jeri midgeba “sustis” da “pataris” gansazRvraze. zogierTi avtori am terminebs
erTgvarovnad iyenebs xolo zogi patara qveynebad moiazrebs mTels “mesame
samyaros.” 112
es ukanaskneli gansazRvreba warmatebuli ar iyo, radganac igi ugele-
105 William E. Rappard, “Small States in the League of Nations”, Political Science Quarterly, 49:4 (Dec. 1934). 106 Werner Bauwens, Armand Clesse & Olav Knudsen, eds., Small States and the Security Challenge in the New Europe, (London, Washington, Brasey’s, 1996), p. 4 107 ixileT, Anette Fox, The Power of the Small States, Diplomacy in World War II, (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1959). David Vital, The Inequality of States, (New Work, Oxford University Press, 1967); David Vital, The Survival of Small States; Studies of Small Power/Great Power Conflict, (New York, Oxford University Press, 1971). August Schou, and Arne Brundtland, eds., Small States in International Relations, (Nobel Symposium No 17, Stockholm, 1971). Robert L. Rothstein, Alliances and Small Powers, (New York, Columbia University Press, 1968); Robert L. Rothstein. “Alignment, Non-Alignment and Small Powers: 1945-1965”, International Organization, 20:3 (Summer 1966). Trygve Mathisen, The Functions of Small States in the Strategies of the Great Powers, (Oslo, Bergen Tromso, 1971). Maurice A. East, “Size and Foreign Policy Behavior: A Test of Two Models”, World Politics, 25:4 (1973). 108 Peter R. Baehr, “Small States: A Tool for Analysis?”, World Politics, No. 27:3, (1975). 109 Niels Amstrup, “The Perennial Problem of Small States: A Survey of Research Efforts”, Cooperation and Conflict, 11:3, (1976). 110 Bauwers et al, Small States and Security Challenge, 4. 111 Olav F. Knudsen. “Small States, Latent and Extant: Towards a General Perspective”, Journal of International Relations and Development, 5:2 (June 2002): 182 112 Mohammed Ayoob, “The Security Problematique of the Third World”, World Politics, 43:2 (Jan. 1991); Bahgat Korany, “The Take-off of Third World Studies? The Case of Foreign Policy”, World Politics, 35:3 (April 1983); Tony Smith, “Requiem or New Agenda for Third World Studies”, World Politics, 37:4 (July 1985); Keyusuke Iida, “Third World Solidarity; Group of 77 in the UN General Assembly”, International Organization, 42:2 (Spring 1988).
66
instituciuri liberalizmi. imisaTvis, rom ukeT gavigoT liberaluri skolis
arsi da am skolis mier realuri movlenebis Sefasebis da axsnis SesaZleblobebi,
saWiroa es Teoriebi ganvixiloT calcalke. amavdroeulad, isic unda aRiniSnos,
rom liberaluri skolis yvela mimdinareoba erTnairi warmatebiT ar
sargeblobs. zogierTma Teoriam ver gauZlo movlenaTa ganviTarebas da bevri
kritika daimsaxura, zogi ki jer kidev winaaRmdegobas uwevs realizmis
gabatonebul skolas da gvTavazobs msoflio politikis axsnis angariSgasawev
gzebs.
sociologiuri liberalizmi
sociologiuri liberalizmis amosavali wertili aris is, rom saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebi ar aris mxolod saxelmwifoTa Soris urTierTobebi, aramed igi
moicavs transnacionalur urTierTobebs, anu, urTierTobebs adamianebs,
jgufebs, organizaciebs Soris, romlebic sxvadasxva qveynebs ganekuTvnebian. es,
ra Tqma unda, ewinaaRmdegeba realizmis skolas, romelic saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebs ganixilavs rogorc mkacrad saxelmwifoTa Soris urTierTobebs
da sxva danarCeni meorexarisxovnad miaCnia. imis gamo, rom liberalizmi
yuradRebas amaxvilebs ara marto saxelmwifoze da erovnul mTavrobaze, aramed
sxvadasxva saxis aqtorebze, mas xSirad moixsenieben terminiT “pluralizmi.”
transnacionaluri urTierTobebi jeims ruzenaus ganmartebiT aris
“procesi, romelSic mTavrobaTaSorisi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi gajerda
kerZo pirebis, jgufebis, da sazogadoebaTaSorisi urTierTobebiT, romlebsac
SeuZliaT da aqvT kidevac mniSvnelovani zegavlena movlenaTa msvlelobaze.” 42
bevri fiqrobs, rom transnacionaluri urTierTobebi sxvadasxva qveynis
moqalaqeebs Soris qmnis sruliad axlebur sazogadoebriv formirebebs,
romlebic Tanacxovroben da zogjer konkurenciasac ki uweven saxelmwifos.
am mravalmimarTulebiani urTierTobebis asaRwerad jon bartonma gamoiyena
egreT wodebuli “obobas qselis” transnacionaluri urTierTobebis modeli. es
modeli demonstrirebas ukeTebs im faqts, rom nebismieri saxelmwifo Sedgeba
bevri sxvadasxva jgufebisagan, romelTac aqvT sxvadasxva tipis sagareo
kavSirebi da sxvadasxva interesebi. magaliTad, religiuri jgufebi, biznes
wreebi, profesiuli kavSirebi da ase Semdeg. es modeli mkveTrad ewinaaRmdegeba
realizmis skolis mier damkvidrebul “biliardis burTis” models, romelic
saxelmwifoTa sistemas xatavs rogorc biliardis burTebis nakrebs. biliardis
burTi gamoxatavs erTian da Sekrul saxelmwifos. bartonis mizania gvaCvenos,
rom msoflios axasiaTebs urTierTsasargeblo TanamSromleba vidre anta-
gonizmi da konfliqtebi.
Tavis erT-erT bolo naSromSi jeims ruzenaum kidev ufro gaaRrmava Tavisi
transnacionaluri urTierTobebis Teoria imiT, rom amjerad yuradReba
gaamaxvila adamianebis urTierTobaze makro doneze. misi TqmiT individualur
operaciebs didi gavlena aqvT msoflio saqmeebze. dRevandelobis ukeT
informirebuli, ukeT ganaTlebuli da ufro mobiluri adamianebi naklebad
arian damokidebuli TavianT saxelmwifoze. aqdan gamomdinare, ruzenau
gvamcnobs, rom saxelmwifo-centruli da anarqiuli sistema marTalia ar
42 James Rosenau, The Study of Global Interdependence: Essays on the Transnationalism of World Affairs. New York: Nichols. Qouted in Jackson and Sorensen, p. 109
35
gadagvarebula, magram masTan erTad Tanaarsebobs multi-centruli msoflio,
romelic Sedgeba sxvadasxva “suverenitetisgan Tavisufali” (sovereignity free) koleqtivebisgan, romlebic arseboben saxelmwifosgan damoukideblad da
konkurenciaSi arian saxelmwifo centruli samyaros “suverenitetiT SezRu-
dul” (sovereignity bound) aqtorebTan. 43 ruzenau fiqrobs, rom pluralistuli
msoflio, romelsac axasiaTebs individebisa da jgufebis transnacionaluri
qselebi ufro mSvidobiani iqneba, magram aseve dasZens, rom aseTi msoflio aseve
ufro arastabiluri iqneba, radgan Zveli wyoba romelic saxelmwifoebs efuZneba
ngrevis procesSia. miuxedavad amisa, konfliqtebi iSviaTad migviyvanen omamde,
radgan bevri kosmopolitani pirovnebebi, romlebic gawevrianebuli iqnebian
bevr sxvadasxva organizaciaSi advilad ar gaxdebian antagonistur banakebad
dayofili mtrebi.
mokled rom SevajamoT, sociologiuri liberalizmi ganixilavs saerTa-
Soriso urTierTobebs ara marto rogorc urTierTobebs qveynebs Soris, aramed
rogorc urTierTobebs individebs, jgufebs da sazogadoebebs Soris. dedaazri
ki is aris, rom urTierTgadamfaravi urTierTobebi xalxebs Soris aris ufro
TanamSromluri vidre saxelmwifoebs Soris vinaidan da radganac saxelmwifoebi
arian eqskluziurebi da maTi interesebi erTmaneTs iSviaTad gadakveTen da
faraven. maSasadame, sociologiuri liberalizmis azriT, rac ufro xSiria
transnacionaluri urTierTobebi miT ufro mSvidobiani iqneba msoflio.
urTierTdamokidebulebis liberaluri Teoria
urTierTdamokidebuleba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi niSnavs, rom mTav-
robebi da xalxebi ganicdian sxva qveyanaSi momxdari movlenebis zegavlenas. erT-
erTi gavrcelebuli xatovani gamonaTqvamiT “peplis afrena erT qveyanaSi iwvevs
qariSxals meore qveyanaSi.” am gamonaTqvamis dedaazri aris swored is, rom cvli-
lebebi erT qveyanaSi ama Tu im doneze, iqneba es ekonomikis Tu samxedro
politikuri sfero, axdens zegavlenas sxva qveynebzec. magaliTad, aziis finan-
suri krizisis negatiuri zegavlena igrZnoboda Soreul braziliaSic ki, rom
araferi vTqvaT ruseTze.
jozef naim da robert kiohanma Camoayalibes kompleqsuri urTierT-
damokidebulebis Teoria (complex interdependence) TavianT gaxmaurebul naSromSi
Zala da urTierTdamokidebuleba (1977). isini amboben, rom saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebi meore msoflio omis Semdeg aris gacilebiT ufro rTuli, vidre
iyo omamde. adre urTierTobebi warmoebda saxelmwifos liderebs Soris da
Zalis gamoyeneba yovelTvis moiazreboda rogorc erT-erTi saSualeba qveynis
liderebs Soris wamoWrili konfliqtebis gadasaWrelad. usafrTxoebis da
TviTgadarCenis “maRal politikas” hqonda upiratesoba ekonomikis da socia-
luri sakiTxebis “mcire politikasTan” SedarebiT. 44 kompleqsuri urTierT-
damokidebulebis xanaSi es ukve ase aRar aris ori mizezis gamo: pirveli,
dResdReobiT qveynebs Soris urTierTobebi ar aris mxolod urTierTobebi
qveynis liderebs Soris, aramed arsebobs urTierTobebi bevr sxvadasxva doneze
43 James Rosenau, “Citizenship in a Changing Global Order,” in J. N. Rosenau and E. O. Czempiel (eds) Governance Without Government: Order and Change in World Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 272-94. Qouted in Jackson and Sorensen. gv. 115. 44 Jackson and Sorensen, gv. 114.
36
ratifikaciis prcedurebi TvalnaTlad axdenen zegavlenas vinsetebze.
magaliTad, Tu ori mesamedia saWiro ratifikaciisaTvis vinseti iqneba ufro
mcire vidre iseT SemTxvevaSi rodesac mxolod martivi umravlesobaa saWiro.
magaliTad, aSS-Si 100 dan 33 senators SeuZlia nebismieri xelSekrulebis Cagdeba.
arsebobs iseTi institutebic, romlebic moiTxoven ratifikacias ramdenime
doneze. es kidev ufro arTulebs molaparakebas da amcirebs vinsets. magaliTad,
molaparakebebi aSS-sa da evrokavSirs Soris agrovaWrobis sakiTxebze. SeTanxmeba
unda iqnes ratificirebuli komisiis mier da erovnuli mTavrobebis mierac.
amerikaSi ki ratifikacia unda moxdes mTavari agro organizaciebis da am
organizaciebs Soris mTavar interesTa jgufebis mier.
3. vinsetebis zoma damokidebulia pirveli donis momlaparakeblebis
strategiaze
TiToeul momlaparakebels pirvel doneze surs, rom gazardos misi
oponentis vinseti, magram sakuTari vinsetisadmi mas Sereuli grZnobebi aqvs.
erTis mxriv, rac ufro didia misi vinseti ufro advilad SeuZlia mas SeTanxmebis
dadeba, magram amavdroulad ufro sustia misi diplomatiuri pozicia sxva
momlaparakeblis fonze. momlaparakebels SeuZlia sxvadasxva strategiebs
mimarTos. magaliTad, imisTvis rom daamtkicos mxardaWera Tavisi poziciisadmi
pirvel doneze mas SeuZlia Sin moawyos gamosvlebi am poziciis mxardasaWerad da
ase Semdeg, magram amavdroulad aseT taqtikas SeiZleba qondes Seuqcevadi
uaryofiTi Sedegebi amomrCevelTa damokidebulebebze, anu Seaferxos SesaZ-
lebloba imisa, rom xeli moeweros alternatiul, kompromisul xelSekrule-
bas/SeTanxmebas. igivenairad, Tu molaparakebamde lideri/momlaparakebeli
ecdeba Searbilos amomrCevelTa simkacre sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ratifikaciis
periodSi sirTuleebis molodinSi igi ver SeZlebs SeinarCunos mtkice pozicia
sazRvargareT.
miuxedavad amisa, Tu liders surs gazardos Tavisi vinseti mas SeuZlia
gamoiyenos sxvadasxva saSualebebi, rogoricaa “piris moqonva” da an gulrwfeli
“keTili survilebi.” garda amisa, Tu momlaparakebels Sin aqvs maRali
politikuri reitingi igi ufro advilad moipovebs mxardaWeras da Sesabamisad
ratifikacias Tavis sagareo wamowyebebze.
65
1. meore doneze upiratesobebi da koaliciebi;
2. meore donis institutebi;
3. pirveli donis molaparakebaSi monawile pirebis
strategiebi.
1. vinsetebis sidide damokidebulia ZalTa gadanawilebaze, upiratesobebze
(vis/ras aniWebs uporatesobas) da SesaZlo koaliciebze meore donis amomr-
Cevlebs Soris.
eWvgareSea, rom nebismier Teorias, romelsac aqvs pretenzia axsnas or
doneze TamaSi fesvebi unda hqondes saSinao politikaSi. magram am etapze saWiro
ar aris gadavvardeT saSinao politikis Teoriul morevSi (marqsizmi, interesTa
jgufebis pluralizmi, biurokratiuli politika da neo korporatizmi). Cven
SegviZlia movaxdinoT abstragireba Teoriisgan da movxazoT zogadi principebi,
romlebic gansazRvraven vinsetebis zomas. magaliTad, rac ufro dabalia
“SeuTanxmeblobis” Rirebuleba miT ufro pataraa vinseti. aseve, zog
dajgufebebs SeiZleba ufro meti interesi aqvT pirvel doneze mimdinare
molaparakebebisadmi vidre sxva dajgufebebs, rac aris winapiroba maTi
sxvadasxvagvari damokidebulebisa am SeTanxmebisadmi. aqedan meore principi:
vinsetis zoma damokidebulia izolacionistebis zomaze (romlebic rogorc wesi
gamodian saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebis winaaRmdeg) da internacionalistebis
(mxars uWeren aseT SeTanxmebebs) zomaze. internacionalistebi ufro meti arian
patara da damokidebul qveynebSi, romlebasc Ria ekonomika aqvT vidre did
TviTuzrunvelyofad qveynebSi, rogoric aris magaliTad, aSS.
zogierT SemTxvevebSi erTaderTi mniSvnelovani ganxeTqilebis sagani
amomrCevlebs Soris meore doneze SeiZleba iyos “SeuTanxmeblobis saSiSroeba”
vinaidan da radganac aseT situaciebSi maTi interesebi aris erTgvarovani, anu
homogenuri ( magaliTad qarTuli mxaris mier warmoebul molaparakebebs bazebis
gayvanis Taobaze hqonda TiTqmis homogenuri mxardaWera amomrCevlebisagan. sxva
magaliTebia, panamis arxis xelSekruleba, saltis molaparakebebi, arab-izraelis
konfliqti da ase Semdeg.)
amis sapirispiro SemTxvevaa arahomogenuri amomrCeveli. aseT situaciaSi
SeTanxmebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios sxvadasxva vnebaTaRelvani qveynis SigniT imisda
mixedviT, Tu ra preferenciebi aqvT sxvadasxva jgufebs.
am or SemTxvevaSi molaparakebaSi monawile pirebis problemebic sxvadasxvaa.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi rac ufro mets miaRwevs molaparakebebis dros pirvel
doneze miT ufro meti Sansi aqvs mas, rom mis SeTanxmebas Sin xels moaweren. am
SemTxvevebSi momlaparakebels pirdapir SeuZlia gamoiyenos misi Sinauri
“Zerebi” (Hawk), rom maqsimalurad gazardos misi mogeba an minimumamde daiyvanos
misi danakargi pirvel doneze.
momlaparakeblis saqme ufro rTulad aris roca mas saqme aqvs heterogenul
amomrCevelTan, magram am dros situacia potenciurad ufro sainteresocaa. aseT
SemTxvevebSi saSinao ganxeTqilebebma SeiZleba gaaumjobeson saerTaSoriso
TanamSromlobis perspeqtivebi.
2. vinsetebis zoma damokidebulia meore doneze arsebul politikur
institutebze.
64
bevri sxvadasxva aqtorebis da samTavrobo ganStoebis gavliT. meore, warmoebs
xSiri urTierTobebi adamianebs da jgufebs Soris saxelmwifos Caurevlad.
kompleqsuri urTierTdamokidebulebis pirobebSi samxedro Zala politikis
warmoebis naklebad gamoyenebadi instrumentia.
am damokidebulebis Sedegia is, rom xdeba sxvadasxva jgufebis formireba
ama Tu im sakiTxis irgvliv, rogorc qveynis SigniT, aseve qveynis gareT da am
sakiTxebs axasiaTebT sxvadasxva xarisxis konfliqturoba. am konfliqtebis
umravlesobisTvis samxedro Zala Seuferebeli instrumentia, rac imaze miuTi-
Tebs, rom am epoqaSi Zalas ufro naklebi mniSvneloba eniWeba da sxva resursebi
ufro fasobs, magaliTad, rogoricaa molaparakebis warmoebis unarCvevebi
(negotiating skills). da bolos, martivi urTierTdamokidebulebis xanisgan gansxva-
vebiT kompleqsuri urTierTdamokidebulebis xanaSi saxelmwifoebi ufro did
yuradRebas aqceven socialur sferos vidre erovnul usafrTxoebas. mokled
rom iTqvas, realizmis sapirispirod, kompleqsuri urTierTdamokidebulebis
Teoria moiazrebs gacilebiT ufro mSvidobian da usafrTxo msoflios.
kompleqsur urTierTdamokidebulebas aqvs Semdegi Sedegebi:
1. saxelmwifoebi sinqronulad ganaxorcieleben sxvadasxva interesebs da
transnacionaluri aqtorebi, rogorebicaa arasamTavrobo organizaciebi
da transnacionaluri korporaciebi Seecdebian sakuTari interesebis
ganxorcielebas saxelmwifosgan damoukideblad;
2. Zala da Zliereba ganisazRvreba calkeuli sferoebis mixedviT. magali-
Tad, nais da kioheins mohyavT daniis da norvegiis magaliTi, rom maT aqvT
SesamCnevi Zliereba saerTaSoriso naosnobaSi, radgan hyavT didi savaWro
da tvirTmzidi flotiliebi, magram es gavlena sxva sferoebze ar
vrceldeba;
3. saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mniSvneloba gaizrdeba, radgan mxolod
isini arian patara qveynebis politikuri qmedebebis asparezi da amav-
droulad isini meTvalyureoben dRis wesrigis dagegmvas saerTaSoriso
doneze.
aRsaniSnavia, rom kompleqsuri urTierTdamokidebuleba homogenuri ar aris
da is mxolod msoflios zogierT regionebze vrceldeba, rogoricaa dasavleT
evropa, CrdiloeT amerika, iaponia, avstralia da axali zelandia. anu, aseTi
urTierTobebi aReniSnebaT pluralistul, industriul saxelmwifoebs. kom-
pleqsuri urTierTdamokidebulebis mniSvneloba kidev ufro izrdeba
modernizaciasTan erTad da kidev ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba.
swored am modernizaciis gavlenis gamoZaxilia nais da kioheinis uaxlesi
naSromi am Temaze, “Zala da urTierTdamokidebuleba sainformacio saukuneSi,”
romelic avtorebma 1998 wels statiis saxiT dabeWdes cnobil Jurnal sagareo
urTierTobebSi (Foreign Affairs). am statiis siaxle isaa, rom nai da kiohenma
yuradReba miapyres saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi informaciis mniSvnelobas da
gvamcnes, rom “savaraudoa rom axal saukuneSi sinformacio teqnologia iqnes
yvelaze mniSvnelovani resursi (power resource).”45 maTi TqmiT, ukve daiwyo axali
45 Robert O. Keohane, Joseph Nye Jr. “Power and interdependence in the information age,” Foreign Affairs, Sept/Oct 1998, pp. 77 -75.
37
xana, e.w. “sainformacio revolucia” romelic jer kidev sawyis etapzea, magram
ukve iqonia didi zegavlena kompleqsuri urTierTdamokidebulebis sam ZiriTad
komponentebze:
1. sazogadoebaTaSorisi kontaqtebi;
2. samxedro Zlierebis rolis Sesusteba;
3. usafrTxoeba, rogorc nakleb mniSvnelovani sakiTxi.
sainformacio revoluciam sagrZnoblad Secvala kompleqsuri urTierT-
damokidebulebis pirveli komponenti, radganac internetma da informaciis
gacvlis sxvadasxva saSualebebma mniSvnelovnad gaaxSires da gaaRrmaves
kontaqtebi qveynebs Soris. samxedro Zala da usafrTxoeba ki jer kidev
inarCuneben mniSvnelobas saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi. avtorebi asaxeleben
or mizezs, Tu ratom ver gardaqmna sainformacio revoluciam msoflio
politika:
1. informacia gaedineba ara vakuumSi, aramed politikur sivrceSi, romelic
ukve dakavebulia. politika Zerwavs sainformacio revolucias da piriqiT
(revolucia politikas);
2. mSvidobis demokratiuli zonis gareT saxelmwifoebis msoflio ar aris
kompleqsuri urTierTdamokdiebulebis msoflio.
nai da kioheini gamoyofen ori tipis Zalas: qceviTi Zala (behavioral power) da
saresurso Zala (resource power). - qceviTi Zala gaZlevs saSualebas miiRo is Sedegi, romelic Sen gsurs.
arsebobs ori tipis qceviTi Zala:
- rbili Zala (soft power) — SesaZlebloba miaRwio sasurvel Sedegebs radgan
sxvebs undaT is, rac ginda Sen; anu SesaZlebloba miaRwio Sens mizans mozidvis da
ara Zaldatanebis saSualebiT;
- xisti Zala (hard power) - SesaZlebloba gaakeTebino sxvebs is, rasac isini
sxvagvarad ar gaakeTebdnen jildoebis an sasjelis gamoyenebiT;
- saresurso Zala niSnavs im resursebis qonas, romlebic rogorc wesi
gamoiyenebian Sedegebis misaRwevad. rogorc zemoT iTqva, nai da kioheni Tvlian,
rom sainformacio teqnologia iqneba axali saukunis yvelaze mniSvnelovani
resursi.
nai da kioheni aseve aRniSnaven, rom axal saukeneSi informaciis siWarbes
mivyavarT yuradRebis modunebasTan. yuradReba xdeba iSviaTi resursi da Zalas
ixveWen isini visac SeuZliaT ganasxvaon mniSvnelovani signalebi fuWi
xmaurisgan. am movlenas nai da kioheni siWarbis paradoqss (paradox of plenty) uwodeben. isini aseve aRniSnaven, rom aseT garemoSi e.w. sandoobis reputacia
(reputation for credibility) rac gamoixateba sando informaciis miwodebaSi, Tundac es
Seni qveynisaTvis arasaxarbielo informacia iyos, xdeba Zalian mniSvnelovani.
amitom aris, rom BBC msoflioSi aRiarebul informaciis mimwodeblad iTvleba.
38
kompleqti) aris yvela is SesaZlo SeTanxmemebi pirvel doneze, romlebsac
SeuZliaT moipovon saWiro mxardaWera amomrCevelTa Soris, rodesac jeri
midgeba arCevaze an ar arCevaze. meore donis vinsetebis konturebi Zalian
mniSvnelovania pirvel doneze miRweuli SeTanxmebebis TaviseburebebSi
gasarkvevad ori mizezis gamo:
pirveli: didi vinseti pirvel doneze SeTanxmebebis miRwevis albaTobas
zrdis, roca yvelaferi danarCeni Tanasworia: ceteris paribus. realurad, nebismieri
warmatebuli SeTanxmeba unda eqceodes orive mxaris meore donis vinsetebs
Soris. Sesabamisad, SeTanxmeba miiRweva mxolod maSin, Tu sxvadasxva mxaris
vinsetebi erTmaneTs gadafaraven. da Sesabamisad, rac ufro didia vinseti miT
ufro savaraudoa, rom isini erTmaneTs gadakveTen. amavenairad, Tu pataraa
TiToeuli mxaris vinsetebi maSin saTuoa, rom molaparakeba CaiSleba.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom CaSlili molaparakebis albaTobis gaTvalis-
winebisas unda ganvasxvaoT ori tipis mizezi: nebayoflobiTi Cavardna da
aranebayoflobiTi Cavardna. nebayoflobiTi Cavardna exeba SeTanxmebis
Cavardnas racionaluri egoistis mier, romelic pirobebs ar asrulebs roca ar
aris ZaldatanebiTi kontraqti. (es problema xSirad iCens Tavs da kargad aris
gadmocemuli koleqtiuri moqmedebebis dilemaSi, an patimris dilemaSi).
aranebayoflobiTi Cavardna ki exeba situacias, rodesac agents ar aqvs
saSualeba piroba Seasrulos warumatebeli ratifikaciis procesis gamo.
meore: vinsetebis fardobiTi zoma gansazRvravs molaparakebebis Sedegad
miRebul sargebels. magaliTad, rac ufro didia ama Tu im mxaris vinseti, miT
ufro advilad SeiZleba misiT manipulireba molaparakebebis dros. amavenairad,
patara saSinao vinseti SeiZleba gaxdes molaparakebis dros upiratesoba: “me
didi siamovnebiT miviRebdi Tqvens SemoTavazebas, magram am gadawyvetilebas Sin
mxars ar dauWeren.” xSir SemTxvevaSi, am situaciis Tavidan acilebis mizniT
oponentebi winaswar moiTxoven meore mxarisgan, rom gaafarTovon asparezi
manevrirebisaTvis pirvel doneze, sanam daiwyeben molaparakebas meore doneze.
vinsetebis dedaazrs putnami gadmoscems figuralurad. warmovidginoT
martivi nulovani urTierToba X da Y Soris. X max da Y max warmoadgenen maqsimum
Sedegs X da Y Tvis. maSin, rodesac X1 da Y1 warmoadgenen im Sedegebis minimums,
romelzec orive mxare moaxdens ratificirebas. an, Sesabamisad, nebismieri
SeTanxmeba, romelic eqceva X1 da Y1 Soris, xelmoweril iqneba orive mxaris mier.
magram Tu Y vinseti Semcirdeba Y2-mde maSin urTierTgadamfaravi vinsetebi
Semcirdeba sasargeblod. Tu warmatebiT Tavbrudaxveulma Y gadawyvita kidev
ufro Seamciros Tavisi vinsetebi Y3-mde, maSin aRmoCndeba, rom ucabedad
molaparakebebi CixSi eqceva, radganac ukve vinsetebi saerTod ar gadakveTaven
erTmaneTs.
vinsetebis determinantebi
aucilebelia gavarkvioT, Tu ra garemoebebi axdenen zegavlenas vinsetebis
zomaze. putnami gamoyofs sam faqtors:
63
leqcia XI
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi da saSinao politika
saSinao politika da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi xSirad erTmaneTSia
gadajaWvuli. bunebrivia, isini erTmaneTs gansazRvraven da erTmaneTze zegav-
lenas axdenen. magram, ufro sainteresoa gavarkvioT “rodis” da “rogor”
gansazRvraven saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi da saerTaSoriso politika
erTmaneTs. amaze pasuxi mogvca robert putnamma Tavis sayovelTaod cnobil
statiaSi “diplomatia da saSinao politika, or doneze TamaSis logika,” romelic
1988 wels daibeWda Jurnal saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi. 103
saerTaSoriso da saSinao urTierTqmedebis asaRwerad putnamma pirvelad
SemoiRo metafora - TamaSi or doneze, romelic zustad asaxavs mocemul
situacias. putnamis TqmiT, “saerTaSoriso molaparakebebis politika SeiZleba
miviCnioT rogorc TamaSi or doneze. erovnul doneze Sida jgufebi cdiloben
TavianTi interesebis ganxorcielebas mTavrobaze zewoliT, rom maT gaataron
maTTvis sasargeblo politika da politikosebi moixveWen Zalas am jgufebs
Soris koaliciebis CamoyalibebiT. saerTaSoriso doneze erovnuli mTavrobebi
cdiloben, rom maqsimalurad gazardon sakuTari SesaZlebloba daakmayofilon
Sida zewola da amave dros minimumade daiyvanon sagareo movlenebis savalalo
Sedegebi. arc erTi donis TamaSis ignorireba ar SeuZliaT centralur figurebs
manmade, sanam maTi qveynebi arian urTierTdamokidebulni da amavdroulad
suverenulebi.”104 TiToeuli erovnuli politikuri lideri or dafaze
moqmedebs: saerTaSorisoze, sadac mis irgvliv dganan diplomatebi da saer-
TaSoriso mrCevelebi da saSinao dafaze, sadac gverdSi hyavT partia,
parlamenti, mrCevelebi, spikerebi da interesTa jgufebis warmomadgenlebi.
putnami ambobs, rom or dafaze TamaSi Zalian rTulia da did politikur
riskebTan aris dakavSirebuli. magram, zogjer Wkviani moTamaSeebi SeniSnaven
xolme moZraobas erT dafaze, romelsac SeuZlia gamoiwvios gadaadgilebebi
meore dafaze, rac saSualebas aZlevs mas miaRwios sxvagvarad miuRwevel
Sedegebs.
analizisaTvis putnami akeTebs or doneze TamaSis danawevrebas raTa ufro
advilad iqnas aRqmuli maT Soris urTierTqmedeba da kavSiri:
1. dialogi molaparakebis mwarmoeblebs Soris, romelsac mivyavarT winaswar
SeTanxmebamde. done I.
2. calkeuli ganxilvebi amomrCevlebs Soris moaweron Tu ar moaweron xeli
SeTanxmebas. done II.
anu, gvaqvs ori faza, molaparakebis da ratifikaciis. is garemoeba, rom
nebismieri SeTanxmeba pirvel doneze ratificirebuli unda iqnas meore doneze
awesebs mniSvnelovan Teoriul kavSirs am or dones Soris.
amis gaTvaliswinebiT, meore donis amomrCevlebis vinseti (mogebebis
103 Robert D. Putnam, “Diplomacy and Domestic Politics, the logic of two level games,” International Organizations, Vol. 3, Issue 42, Summer 1988: 427-460 104 Robert D. Putnam “Diplomacy and Domestic Politics, the logic of two level games,” in Peter B. Evans, Harold K. Jacobson and Robert D. Putnam ed. International Bargaining and Domestic Politics: Double-Edged Diplomacy, University of California Press, 1993: 436
62
aqedan gamomdinare, politikuri bataliebi imarTeba ara informaciis gadacemis
saSualebebisaTvis, aramed imisaTvis, rom Seqmna an gaanadguro ndoba. avtorebi
aseve aRniSnaven faqts, rom informaciis saukuneSi demokratiul qveynebs aqvT
upiratesoba.
Tu SevajamebT zemoT Tqmuls gamodis, rom kompleqsuri urTierTdamo-
kidebuleba sainformacio xanaSi niSnavs komunikaciis ufro met arxebs
msoflios sxvadasxva sazogadoebebs Soris. miuxedavad amisa, sainformacio
revolucia jer kidev adreul fazaSia da Zalismieri politika (power politics) jer
kidev dominirebs saerTaSoriso urTierTobebs. amavdroulad, kompleqsuri
urTierTdamokidebuleba ar aris globaluri movlena da mxolod industriul-
demokratiul saxelmwifoebze vrceldeba, romlebic aSkara upiratesobiT
sargebloben.
39
leqcia VII
reJimebi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi
saerTaSoriso reJimebis yvelaze farTo gansazRvrebas gvaZlevs stiven
krazneri, romelic reJimebs Semdegnairad aRwers “im principebis, normebis,
wesebisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis procedurebis erToblioba, romelTa
Taobazec Tanxvdeba moqmed pirTa molodinebi ama Tu im sferoSi.” igi aseve
iZleva TiToeuli terminis ganmartebas, rac Zalzed mniSvnelovania. principebi —
esaa warmodgenebi faqtze, mizezobriobasa da sisworeze. normebi — uflebebisa
da movaleobebis safuZvelze gansazRvruli qcevis standartebi, wesebi — qcevis
garkveuli direqtivebi an akrZalvebi, gadawyvetilebis miRebis procedurebi ki —
koleqtiuri arCevnis gakeTebisa da ganxorcielebis gabatonebuli meTodebia.
ganasxvaveben reJimebsa da SeTanxmebebs. reJimebi ufro metia vidre droebiTi
SeTanxmebebi. SeTanxmebebi sagangebo da xSirad erTjeradi xasiaTisaa, xolo
reJimebis mizania SeTanxmebebis xelSewyoba. krazneris mier zemoT mocemuli
reJimebis ganmarteba yvelaze gavrcelebuli da parsimoniulia da sxva bevr
danarCen gansazRvrebasTan modis SesabamisobaSi. reJimebze saubrisas
aucilebelia ganvsazRvroT erTis mxriv principebi da normebi da meores mxriv,
wesebi da procedurebi. principebi da normebi reJimis ZiriTadi ganmsazRvreli
maxasiaTeblebia. mravali wesi da procedura SeiZleba Seesabamebodes erTsa da
imave principebsa da normebs. wesebsa da procedurebSi momxdari cvlilebebi
reJimebis Sida cvlilebebia im pirobiT, rom principebi da normebi ucvlelia.
principebsa da normebSi momxdari cvlilebebi Tavad reJimis cvlilebas niSnavs.
rodesac arsebul principebs da normebs ugulebelyofen an axali reJimi iqmneba,
an arsebuli reJimi mocemuli sferodan qreba. aqve unda aRiniSnos is
mniSvnelovani faqti, rom fundamenturi politikuri davebi ufro normebsa da
principebs Seexeba, vidre wesebsa da procedurebs.
rodesac reJimis principebi, normebi, wesebi da gadawyvetilebis miRebis
procedurebi naklebad SeTanxmebuli xdeba an Tu arsebuli praqtika sul ufro
metad aRar Seesabameba principebs, normebsa da procedurebs, maSin reJimi
dasustebulia. magaliTad, ganviTarebuli qveynebisadmi gansakuTrebuli da
diferencirebuli damokidebuleba imis mauwyebelia, rom liberaluri reJimi
dasustda, miuxedavad imisa, rom misi Canacvleba ar momxdara.
amrigad, krazneri askvnis, rom reJimis Sida cvlileba gulisxmobs wesebisa da
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procedurebis, da ara normebisa da principebis
Secvlas; sakuTriv reJimebis cvlileba ki normebisa da principebis Secvlas
niSnavs, xolo reJimis dasusteba — reJimis komponentebs Soris SeTanxmebulobis
darRvevas an reJimisa da Sesabamisi qcevis SeuTavseblobas.
arsebobs didi debatebi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra rols asruleben
reJimebi saerTaSoriso politikaSi da aqvT Tu ara maT damoukidebeli zegavlena
saxelmwifoTa saqcielze. krazneri Tavis statiaSi gamoyofs sam midgomas
reJimebisadmi.
pirveli midgomis warmomadgenelia suzan stranJi. mas reJimebis cnebis
Rirebulebis Taobaze seriozuli eWvebi gaaCnia. misi azriT, aRniSnuli
koncefcia damRupvelia, vinaidan is bundovans da gaurkvevels xdis interesebisa
da Zalis urTierTmimarTebas, romelic saerTaSoriso sistemaSi qcevis uSualo
da upirveles mizezad gvevlineba. stranJis azriT reJimebs, Tu saerTod
SesaZlebelia maT arsebobaze saubari, mxolod umniSvnelo gavlena aqvs an
40
multilateruli normebi.
zemoT naxsenebi “socializaciis” da “swavlebis” mcnebebze dayrdnobiT erT-
erTi konstruqtivisti, frank Simelfeningi askvnis, rom saxelmwifo xdeba
saerTaSoriso organizaciis wevri, Tuki igi realurad gaiTavisebs am
sazogadoebis faseulobebs da normebs. rac ufro swrafad iswavlis esa Tu is
saxelmwifo, ufro adre gaxdeba is am organizaciis wevri. 102 Sesabamisad,
konstruqtivistebi Tvlian, rom is saxelmwifoebi, romlebic natos wevri
gaxdnen civi omis dasrulebis Semdeg miRebul iqnen organizaciaSi imisda gamo,
rom maT aramarto gaiTavises natos faseulobebi, aramed TviTon dasavlurma
sazogadoebam dainaxa da aRiara, rom isini arian erTi da igive faseulobebis da
normebis matareblebi.
102 Frank Shimmelfenning, “NATO Enlargement: A Constructivist Explanation,” Security Studies, Vol. 8, Issue 2/3, (1999): 211.
61
saqciels. Sesabamisad, konstruqtivistebs sjeraT, rom realoba aris socia-
lurad Seqmnili/konstruirebuli. socialuri da politikuri samyaro ar aris
bunebis nawili, arc istoria, sazogadoebis, ekonomikis da politikis kanonebi
arian TviTmyofadi. isini arian maT SeqmnaSi CarTuli adamianebis fiqrebis da
ideebis nayofi, da es ideebi warmoadgenen istoriis mamoZravebel Zalas. 98
konstruqtivistebi amboben, rom vinaidan da radganac realizmi didi xnis
manZilze iyo dominaturi Teoria saerTaSoriso politikaSi, man iqonia SesamCnevi
gavlena saxelmwifoTa saqcielze. maSasadame, konstruqtivistebis mizania
moaxdinon realizmis mier mowodebuli depresiuli da bneli ideebis da fiqrebis
dekonstruqcia. 99 amis mcdelobisas konstruqtivistebi uaryofen saxelmwifos
im mcnebas romelsac orive, realistebic da liberalistebic ase upirobod
iziareben da amboben, rom saxelmwifoebic socialuri qmnilebebi arian, amitomac
maTi saqcieli eqvemedbareba socialur cvlilebas. Sesabamisad, konstruqti-
vistebi Tavs uflebas aZleven amtkicon, rom ar arsebobs iseTi mudmivi mcnebebi,
rogoricaa “saxelmwifoebis racionaluri egoizmi” an “anarqiuli sistema.”
konstruqtivistebi uaryofen egoizmis mcnebas da amtkiceben, rom saerTaSoriso
aqtorebi arian faseulobebis da normebis erTgulebi da isini irCeven Sesaferis
(appropriate) da ara qmediT/momgebian (efficient) qcevis formebs.
rac Seexeba institutebs, konstruqtivistebis mixedviT isini arian “saerTa-
Sorisod gaziarebuli normebis da faseulobebis instituciuri gamoxatulebani,
romelTa ganmartebebi, wesebi da principebi Cadebulia qcevis im receptebSi,
romlebsac isini ayalibeben saxelmwifoTaTvis. 100 Sesabamisad, institutebis
gafarToeba miiCneva rogorc ‘socializaciis” procesi, romlis drosac saerTa-
Soriso sazogadoeba da misi organizaciebi “aswavlian” sakuTar normebs da
faseulobebs saxelmwifoebsa da sazogadoebebs.” 101 organizacia daintere-
sebulia normebis da faseulobebis gavrcelebiT da Sesabamisad “swavlebis”
danaxarjebs naklebi mniSvneloba aqvs. magram, swavlebis danaxarjebi ar unda
aRematebodes wevri saxelmwifoebis SesaZleblobebs imisaTvis, rom safrTxe ar
Seeqmnas TviT am organizaciis arsebobas.
maSasadame, konstruqtivistebisaTvis nato mxolod samxedro organizacia ki
ar aris, rogorc amas realistebi miiCneven. arc mxolod funqciuri datvirTvis
mqone saerTaSoriso institutia, rogorc amas liberaluri instituciona-
listebi amboben. maTTvis nato aris saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba, romelsac
gaaCnia saerTo normebi da faseulobebi. es organizacia Tavismxriv Caqsovilia
meore, kidev ufro did evro-atlantikur anu, dasavlur sazogadoebaSi da
warmoadgens mis samxedro mklavs. maSasadame, natos gafarToebis procesi iwyeba
maSin, rodesac saxelmwifo iTxovs masSi gawevrianebas, rac igiva, rom am
saxelmwifos aqvs survili gaiziaros am organizaciis normebi da faseulobebi.
realuri wevroba gaicema mxolod maSin, rodesac sazogadoeba dainaxavs, rom am
saxelmwifom gaiziara dasavluri sazogadoebis liberaluri faseulobebi da
98 Alexander Wendt, “Anarchy is What States Make of It,” International Organization, 46, (1992). 99 Richard K. Ashley, “The Poverty of Neorealism,” International Organization, Vol. 12, No. 4 (October 1987): 286. Quoted in Mearsheimer’s “False Promise of International Institutions,” 38. 100 Connie L. McNeely, Constructing the Nation-state. International Organization and Prescriptive Action (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1995), 27, quoted in Frank Shimmelfenning, “NATO Enlargement: A Constructivist Explanation,” Security Studies, Vol. 8, Issue 2/3, (1999): 211. 101 Martha Finnemore, National Interests in International Society (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996), 11-12.
60
saerTod araviTari. isini Tanamdevi movlena ufroa. stranJis pozicia emTxveva
struqturul midgomebs, romlebic pirad sargebelzea orientirebuli da
yuradRebas amaxvilebs racionaluri moqmedi pirebisagan Semdgar msoflioze.
reJimebisadmi meore, modificirebuli struqturuli midgoma yvelaze
naTlad kioheinisa da stainis naSromebSia mocemuli. es orive avtori
tradiciuli struqturuli realizmis xedvidan gamodis (msoflio Sedgeba
suverenuli saxelmwifoebisgan, romlebic sakuTari interesebisa da Zalis
maqsimizacias eswrafian). suverenuli saxelmwifoebisgan Semdgar msoflioSi
reJimebis ZiriTadi funqciaa saxelmwifoTa qcevis koordinacia, garkveul
sferoSi sasurveli Sedegebis misaRwevad. staini da kioheinis azriT, reJimebs
SeuZliaT zegavlenis moxdena maSin, rodesac piradi interesis individualuri,
arakoordinirebuli gaTvlebiT pareto-optimaluri Sedegebi ver miiRweva.
patimris dilema aris amis klasikuri magaliTi.
reJimebisadmi mesame midgoma grociusiseul tradicias efuZneba, romelic
reJimebs yvela politikuri sistemisaTvis damaxasiaTebel fenomenad miiCnevs. am
midgomis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebi arian reimond hopkinsi, donald puCala
da oran iangi. maTi azriT, saxelmwifo moRvaweebi TiTqmis yovelTvis
SezRudulad grZnoben Tavs im principebiT, normebiTa da wesebiT, romlebic
gansazRvravs an krZalavs sxvadasxvagvar qcevas. maTi mosazreba scdeba
realistur TvalTaxedvas. puCala da hopkinsi TavianT arguments ara mxolod im
sferoebs ukavSireben sadac xdeba interesTa Tanxvedra (sursaTi) aramed im
sferosac, romelic, zogadad, bevrad ufro konfliqturad iTvleba
(kolonializmi). iangi aseve amtkicebs, rom ganmeorebadi qceva gardauvlad
iwvevs Sesabamis molodins. interesis gaTvlebis amsaxveli ganmeorebadi qceva ki
reJimebis Seqmnas uwyobs xels, romlebic ganmeorebad qcevas aZliereben.
hopkini da puCala fiqroben, rom saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis realuri
moqmedi pirebi elitebi arian. saxlemwifoebi mxolod iSviaTi abstraqciaa. eli-
tebs rogorc nacionaluri, ise transnacionaluri kavSirebi aqvT. suvereniteti
qceviTi cvladia da ara analitikuri varaudi. saxelmwifoTa unari, gaakon-
trolon sazRvarTamkveTi gadaadgilebani da SeinarCunon gavlena saerTaSoriso
sistemis yvela aspeqtze, SezRudulia. usafrTxoeba da saxelmwifos gadarCena
erTaderT mizans ar warmoadgens. saerTaSoriso politikaSi ara marto Zalas
ukavia mniSvnelovani adgili. elitebi moqmedeben komunikaciaTa qselis far-
glebSi, romlebic wesebs, normebsa da principebs moicavs da erovnul sazRvrebs
scdeba.
grociusiseuli xedvis mimdevrebi reJimebs saerTaSoriso sistemis farTod
gavrcelebul da mniSvnelovan movlenad aRiareben. struqturuli realizmis
mimdevrebi, ki reJimebs ganixilaven fenomenad, romlis Sesaxebac varaudebis
gamoTqma SeuZlebelia da romlis arsebobac safuZvlian axsnas moiTxovs.
sabolood, krazneri mokled da Sinaarsianad ajamebs reJimebisadmi am sami
midgomis dedaazrs. tradiciuli struqturuli midgoma reJimebs seriozulad
ar aRiqvams: Tu ZiriTadi mizezobrivi cvladebi Seicvleba, reJimebic cvlilebas
ganicdis. reJimebi damoukideblad ver axdenen gavlenas qcevaze. modifi-
cirebuli struqturuli midgomis Tanaxmad, romelsac realistebi gvTavazoben,
reJimebi mniSvnelovania maSin, rodesac gadawyvetilebis damoukideblad miRebam
arasasurveli Sedegebi SeiZleba gamoiRos. da bolos, grociusiseuli midgoma
reJimebs adamianTa ganmeorebadi urTierTqmedebis, maT Soris saerTaSoriso
sistemaSi, qcevis ganuyofel nawilad miiCnevs.
41
reJimebis ganviTarebas krazneri xsnis Semdegi ZiriTadi mizezobrivi
cvladebis meSveobiT: egoisturi piradi interesi, politikuri Zala, normebi da
principebi, praqtika da Cveuleba, da codna.
aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom reJimebi ufro farTo mcnebaa, vidre institutebi.
anu, arsebobos iseTi reJimebi, romlebic formaluri organizaciuli xasiaTiT
ar aris gamoxatuli, magaliTad, konferenciebs sazRvao kanonebis Sesaxeb, (the law of the sea conferences), romlebic gaeros egidiT moewyo, ar aqvT formaluri
saerTaSoriso organizaca, magram am konferenciis farglebSi arsebobs gar-
kveuli molodinebi masSi gaerTianebuli wevri saxlemwifoebisa, romlebic
efuZneba normebs, wesebs da principebs da gadawyvetilebis miRebis
gansakuTrebul procedurebs.
instituciuri liberalebi amboben, rom saerTaSoriso institutebs SeswevT
Zala xeli Seuwyon TanamSromlobas da ufro saTuo gaxadon igi, Tumca isini Sors
arian im azrisgan, rom institutebs SeuZliaT gardaqmnan saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebi, anu Caanacvlon anarqia sxva tipis wesrigiT (gadaaqcion junglebi
zooparkad). 46 es imaze miuTiTebs, rom instituciuri liberalebi iziareben da
srulad iTaviseben realizmis postulatebs saerTaSoriso politikis Sesaxeb,
magram saboloo jamSi cota ufro optimisturad uyureben momavals, imis
safuZvelze, rom institutebi da reJimebi xels uwyoben TanamSromlobas.
logikurad ismeba kiTxva, Tu ra aris institutebi. institutebi igive
reJimebia, romlis ganmarteba zemoT iyo moxsenebuli, magram institutebs aqvT
ufro formaluri xasiaTi. magaliTad institutebia iseTi saerTaSoriso
organizaciebi rogoricaa gaero, euTo, nato, evro kavSiri da ase Semdeg.
insititutia aseve im wesebis erToblioba, romlebic marTaven saxelmwifoTa
saqciels garkveul sferoSi, rogoricaa aviacia, an naosnoba. es wesebi, rogorc
zemoT ukve iTqva, aseve moixseniebian rogorc reJimebi. xSirad insititutebi da
reJimebi Tanaarseboben. magaliTad, gvaqvs savaWro reJimi, magram igi
amavdroulad formaluri institutiT aris gamoxatuli, romlic aris msoflio
savaWro organizacia.
instituciuri liberalebi amtkiceben, rom saerTaSoriso institutebi xels
uwyoben TanamSromlobas. am sakiTxs isini biheivioristulad, anu mecnierulad
udgebian. pirvel rigSi Seiswavlian TanamSromlobis donis institucionali-
zacias qveynebs Soris da Tu ramdenad Seuwyves xeli institutebma am Tu im
sferoSi TanamSromlobas. institucionalizaciis done SeiZleba ganisazRvros
or ganzomilebad: siRrmiseulad da fokusis mixedviT. fokusi Seexeba im
sakiTxebs, romlebsac inistituti exeba. siRrme izomeba sami komponentis
meSveobiT: erTgvarovneba, konkretuloba da avtonomia. aris konkretuli fo-
kusis mqone institutebi, rogoricaa nato an farTo fokusis mqone, rogoricaa
gaero da nawilobriv evrokavSiri. aseve, aris regionuli da saerTaSoriso
organizaciebi. Tvisobrivad isini SeiZleba iyos samTavroboTaSoriso (gaero)
zesaxelmwifoebrivi (evro kavSiri) an transnacionaluri (saerTaSoriso
aministia).
instituciuri liberalebis mtkicebiT institutebi noyier niadags qmnian
TanamSromlobisaTvis, radgan isini xels uwyoben saxelmwifoTa Soris ndobas
informaciis miwodebis da molaparakebis forumis Seqmnis gziT. institutebi
aseve amcireben transaqciis danaxarjebs qveynebisaTvis.
46 Jackson and Sorensen, gv. 117.
42
volanderi uwodebs zogad saSualebebs (general assets). kidev erTi mkvlevari, robert makkala, aseve iyenebs institucionalur
liberalizms natos gafarToebis asaxsnelad. jer kidev 1996 wels, rodesac
natos transformacia ar iyo iseTi maStaburi rogoric dRes aris, makkalas
sjeroda rom “banakebis akecvis, gamarjvebis gamocxadebis da axali institutis
mSeneblobis magivrad, wevri qveynebi alianss axal mimarTulebas miscemen,
arsebuli meqanizmebis da procedurebis gamoyenebiT zeddaaSeneben warsul
warmatebebs raTa gaumklavdnen axal problemebs.”95 maSasadame, Tavis naSromSi
makkala aseve aCvenebs Tu rogor gainTavisufla Tavi natom civi omis droindeli
institutebisgan da Caanacvla isini axali meqanizmebiT, romlebic saWiro iyo
axali safrTxeebis gasamklaveblad.
miuxedavad imisa, rom makklas sjera, rom institutcionalisturi
(institutionalist) Teoriebi ufro gvexmarebian natos transformaciis procesSi
garkvevaSi, igi aseve dasZens, rom saerTaSoriso institucionalistebis axsna-
ganmarteba ar aris srulyofili axsna am procesisa. makkalas sjera, rom
instituciur mdgradobasTan erTad aseve angariSi unda gavuwioT wevr
saxelmwifoebs Soris mimdinare procesebs, radganac saboloo jamSi instituts
mainc misi donori saxelmwifoebi marTaven. anu, is ambobs, rom saSinao faqtorebi
aweseben limitebs aliansebis monawileobaze, radganac wevri saxelmwifoebi
ixdian aliansis Senaxvis da marTvis Tanxebs da Sesabamisad maT mudmivad aqvT
survili, rom es danaxarjebi sxva mimarTulebiT iqnas mimarTuli. anu, makkala
varaudobs, rom advilad amosacnobi mtris ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi saSinao
opozicia ufro da ufro momZlavrdeba da “Sida mxardaWerasa da opozicias
Soris interaqcia Seqmnis sazRvrebs, romlis SigniTac mouwevT moqmedeba
erovnul liderebs.”96 ufro martivad rom vTqvaT, natos arseboba ararseboba
didad aris damokidebuli erovnuli sakanonmdeblo organoebis da Tundac
saxalxo azris keTilganwyobaze, vinaidan da radganac isini gamohyofen am
organizaciis Sesanax fuls. aseve unda iTqvas, rom am SemTxvevaSi yvelaze didi
roli natos bedis gadawyvetaSi aSS-s mTavrobas da iq arsebul saxalxo azrs aqvs,
radganac aSS aris natos yvelaze Zlieri saxelmwifo samxedro TvalsazrisiT da
Sesabamisad gamohyofs yvelaze met Tanxas am organizaciis saarsebod.
konstruqtivizmi
rogorc ukve iTqva, konstruqtivizmis fundamenturi mosazreba isaa, rom
adamianebi arian socialuri arsebebi da maT axasiaTebT socialuri urTi-
erTobebi. es urTierTobebi konstruirebas ukeTeben imas, Tu rogor aRviqvamT
Cven sakuTar Tavebs da Cvens samyaros. Sesabamisad, adamianebi qmnian samyaros
iseTs, rogoradac igi dResdReobiT gvevlineba imisda meSveobiT Tu rogor
iqcevian isini, ras eubnebian erTmaneTs da ras akeTeben. 97 sxva sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, rasac vambobT da rasac vfiqrobT samyaros Sesaxeb didad gansazRvravs
95 Robert McCalla, “NATO’s persistence after the Cold War,” International Organization, Vol. 50, No. 3 (Summer, 1996): 464. 96 iqve, . . ., gv. 468. 97 V. Kubalkova, Nicholas G. Onuf and Paul Kowert, International Relations in a Constructed World (M.E. Sharpe, April, 1998), 59.
59
institutebs axasiaTebT sicocxlisunarionibis SenarCuneba, radgan ufro
advilia institutebis modificireba, vidre axlis Seqmna. Sesabamisad, rodesac
institutebis winaSe dgeba axali problemebi vidre isini, romelTa dasaZlevadac
isini Tavidan Seiqmnen, saxelmwifoebi iltvian am institutebis ara daSlis,
aramed maTi modifikaciisaken raTa maT upasuxon axal gamowvevebs. insti-
tuciuri liberalistebi aseve amtkiceben, rom institutebi mas Semdegac ki
ganagrZoben arsebobas roca hegemonis Zliereba, romlis meSveobiTac es insti-
tuti Seiqmna, sustdeba. 93
celeste volanderi gvTavazobs natos gafarToebis sakmaod yovlismomcvel
axsnas. igi eTanxmeba kiohens imaSi, rom institutebi inarCuneben arsebobas
imitom, rom maTi Seqmna Zviri jdeba da maTi Senaxva ki ufro iafi da rom amis gamo
isini inarCuneben mniSvnelobas cvalebad priobebSic ki, magram volanderi aseve
aRniSnavs, rom es argumenti arasrulia, radganac igi ar gveubneba Tu rodis da
ra pirobebSi inarCuneben arsebobas institutebi.
volanderis TqmiT, “instituti aRar iarsebebs, Tuki igi aRar emsaxureba
masSi Semavali saxelmwifoebis interesebs... instituts aqvs Tu ara adaptirebis
unari damokidebulia imaze, Tu misi saSualebebi — misi normebi, wesebi da
procedurebi — aris konkretuli Tu zogadi, da Tu am saSualebebis jami
Seesabameba wevri saxelmwifoebis interesebs.
volanderis TqmiT, nato SemorCa radgan man ganaviTara iseTi zogadi
saSualebebi civi omis periodSi, rogoricaa:
– gamWvirvaloba wevrebs Soris;
– samxedro Zalebis samoqalaqo kontroli;
– konsultaciebis procedurebi da praqtika;
– integrirebuli sardlobis struqtura;
– wevr-saxelmwifoTa Sesabamisoba;
– saerTo logistika;
– sahaero Tavdacva;
– saerTo ekonomikuri infrastruqtura. 94
civi omis dasrulebis Semdeg natos wevrma qveynebma isev natos mimarTes
axali usafrTxoebis problemebis dasaZlevad natos mier ukve kargad
Camoyalibebuli zogad saSualebebze dayrdnobis da maTi axali miznebisTvis
gamoyenebis gziT. meores mxriv, natos konkretulma saSualebebma didi tran-
sformacia ganicada. Seiqmna iseTi axali instrumentebi rogoricaa partionroba
mSvidobisaTvis, partionrobis koordinaciis ganyofileba da Crdilo atlan-
tikuri sabWo SemdgomSi evroatlantikuri partniorobis sabWod gardaqmnili.
volanderi ambobs, rom es instrumentebi Seiqmna axali safrTxeebis sapasuxod.
2000 wlis Semdeg, volanderis mosazrebebi kidev ufro aqtualuri da marTalia,
radganac natom ganaxorciela Tavisi konkretuli saSualebebis reforma da
Seqmna bevri axali institutebi axali safrTxeebis dasaZlevad. magram,
rasakvirvelia, aseTi adaptacia SeuZlebeli iqneboda, rom ara natos kargad
Camoyalibebuli, Tavdacvis warmoebis saxelmwifoTaSorisi sistema, romelsac
93 Robert Keohane, After Hegemony: Discord and Cooperation in International Political Economy, 1984 94 Celeste Wallander, “Institutional Assets and Adaptability: NATO after the cold war,” International Organization, Vol. 54, No 4 (Autumn 2000): 705-706.
58
institutebis es pozitiuri zegavlena saerTaSoriso urTierTobebze mud-
mivi kritikis sagani xdeba realistebis mxridan, romlebic sastikad ewina-
aRmdegebian ideas, rom institutebi arian damoukidebeli aqtorebi, romlebTac
SeswevT unari gavlena iqonion saerTaSoriso urTierTobebze da warmoqmnan
TanamSromloba.
yvelaze cnobili kritika instituciuri liberalizmisa mocemulia jon
mirSaimeris statiaSi “institutebis cru dapireba,” romelic gamoica 1994 wels
akademiur Jurnal saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebaSi. am statiam gamoiwvia didi
vnebaTaRelva saerTaSoriso urTierToebebis Toeriis specialistebs Soris.
masze erToblivi sapasuxo statia gamosces institucionalistebma — robert
kioheinma da liza martinma imave Jurnalis Semdgom nomerSi, xolo am kontr
statias mohyva sapasuxo statia mirSaimerisgan. es Teoriuli kamaTi erT-erTi
TvalsaCino magaliTia imisa, rom meore debatebi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi
jer kidev mimdinareobs da Tu vis mxares gadaixreba saswori damokidebulia
Tanamedrove movlenebis mimdinare da Semdgom ganviTarebaze. 47
47 ixileT John J. Mearsheimer, “The False Promise of International Institutions,” International Security, (Winter 1994/5 Vol. 19, No. 3): 5-49. sapasuxo statia Robert O. Keohane and Lisa L. Martin, “The Promise of Institutionalist Theory,” International Security, (Summer 1995, Vol. 20, No.1): 39-51.
43
leqcia VIII
TanamSromloba anarqiis pirobebSi
istoriuli gamocdilebidan gamomdinare naTelia, rom msoflioSi kon-
fliqtebi sWarbobs TanamSromlobas. es garemoeba Tavis mxriv xdeba dominaturi
Teoriis, realizmis arsebobis wyaro. realizmis Tanaxmad saxelmwifoTa Tana-
arseboba anarqiis pirobebSi aris mudmivi konfliqtis situacia, romelSic
saxelmwifoebi mxolod sakuTari Zalis imedze arian. aseT garemoSi Tanam-
Sromloba rTuli da warmoudgeneli xdeba. TanamSromlobis arsebuli faqtebi ki
ganixileba rogorc Zalauflebis mosapoveblad warmarTuli brZolis nawili.
xolo arsebul TanamSromlobis SemTxvevebs msoflio praqtikaSi realistebi
miaweren hegemonis mier Seqmnil wesrigs. es niSnavs imas, rom hegemoni anu
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi qmnis institutebs, romlebic xels uwyoben
TanamSromlobas. agram, es institutebi arian hegemonis interesebis matareblebi
da maTi arseboba efuZneba isevdaisev hegemonis arsebobas.
liberaluri skolis warmomadgenelbi uaryofen zemoT mocemul mosazrebebs.
isini sruliad samarTlianad mianiSneben dResdReobiT arsebul uamrav
TanamSromlobis qselebze finansebis, ekonomikis, vaWrobis, janmrTelobis,
telekomunikaciebis da garemos dacvis sferoebSi. TanamSromlobis faqtebi maT
mier ganixileba rogorc dadebiTi muxti msoflio politikaSi romelic
safuZvels uqmnis jer kidev sust, magram mainc aRiarebul mosazrebas, rom
konfliqti ar aris gardauvali garemoeba msoflio politikaSi.
anarqiis pirobebSi TanamSromlobaze arsebobs uamravi naSromi liberaluri
skolis sxvadasxva warmomadgenlebis mier, romlebic sxvadasxva kuTxidan
Seiswavlian sakiTxs da sxvadasxva TeoriebiT xsnian maT. ZiriTadad am Teoriis
xerxemali aris mosazreba, rom saerTaSoriso organizaciebi/reJimebi xels
uwyoben TanamSromlobas.
liberaluri skolis erT-erTi yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli robert
kioheinia. misi wigni “hegemoniis Semdeg: TanamSromloba da uTanxmoeba msoflio
politikur ekonomiaSi” romelic pirvelad 1984 wels gamovida, dRemde
warmoadgens erT-erT TvalsaCino saxelmZRvanelos anarqiisa da TanamSromlobis
Sesaxeb. am wignis mecnieruli kvlevis sagani gaxlavT TanamSromloba msoflio
politikur ekonomikaSi. kioheini gamoTqvams imeds, rom mis mier mocemuli
daskvnebi SeiZleba ganzogaddes usafrTxoebaze, CrdiloeTis da samxreTis
urTierTobebze Tu sxva ekonomikur urTierTobebze.
48 kioheinis mTavari
hipotezaa - “SesaZlebelia hegemonuri reJimebis dacemis Semdeg warmoiSvas ufro
simetriuli TanamSromlobis magaliTebi, uTanxmoebis gardamavali periodis
gasvlis Semdeg.” igi magaliTad iRebs 1970-ian wlebs, rodesac amerikis
hegemonoba mcirdeba, magram TanamSromloba ar wydeba. misi wigni svams kiTxvebs:
ra pirobebSi SeiZleba damoukidebelma saxelmwifoebma iTanamSromlon msoflio
politekonomiis sferoSi da kerZod SeiZleba Tu ara TanamSromloba Sedges
hegemonis gareSe, da Tu ki, rogor? 49
kioheini gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs TanamSromlobis ganmartebas.
igi Tavidanve aRiarebs, rom saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobaze wera gansakuTrebiT
rTuli saqmea erTi imitom, rom konfliqti da uTanxmoeba ufro sWarbobs
48 Keohane, Robert, O. “After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discowrd in the World Political Economy.” Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1984, p. 6 49 iqve, .., gv. 9.
44
moklebul organizaciad. 91
maSasadame, zemoTganxilulis safuZvelze Cven SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom
realizmi natos gafarToebas da mis transformacias ganixilavs rogorc
movlenas, romelic xels aZlevs did saxelmwifoebs da ara rogorc natos
instituciuri siZlieris maniSneblad. meorenairad rom iTqvas, realizmi Tavisi
Sexedulebebidan gamomdinare miiCnevs, rom yvela instituti Tu organizacia,
samxedro aliansebis CaTvliT, emsaxurebian didi saxelmwifoebis miznebs da
arseboben manmade, sanam aseT saxelmwifoebs xels aZlevs maTi arseboba.
liberalizmi
instituciuri liberalebis msoflxedveloba efuZneba msoflios libe-
ralur xedvas, romlis mixedviTac konfliqtebi da omebi ar aris gardauvali.
miuxedavad imisa, rom instituciuri liberalistebi iziareben realizmis
ZiriTad debulebebs imis Sesaxeb, rom saxelmwifoebi arian mTavari aqtorebi
saerTaSoriso sistemaSi da isini arian racionaluri egoistebi, maT aseve swamT,
realistebisgan gansxvavebiT, rom aris sakmarisi sivrce TanamSromlobisaTvis da
sjeraT, rom institutebi da organizaciebi xels uwyoben TanamSromlobas.
instituciur liberalistebs sjeraT, rom institutebi da organizaciebi
SesamCnevad arbileben/amcireben anarqiis destrqciul gavlenas wevr saxel-
mwifoebs Soris informaciis gavrcelebis da mimdinareobis gziT, rac imas
ganapirobebs, rom saxelmwifoebi nakleb nerviuloben sxvaTa qcevebis moulod-
nelobis Sesaxeb. institutebi aseve qmnian molaparakebaTa forums saxelm-
wifoebisaTvis, zrdian SesaZleblobas, rom saxelmwifoebma monitoringi gauwion
erTmaneTis saqciels da maT mier aRebuli movaleobebis Sesrulebis xarisxs. 92
instituciuri liberalistebi aRniSnaven, rom institutebi gvaZleven wesebs
da normebs, “romelTa irgvlivac xdeba aqtorebis interesTa Tanxvedra.” wesebi
exmarebian saxelmwifoebs dasZlion Ralatis da informaciis naklebobis
problema. isini exmarebian saxelmwifoebs, raTa gaiRon mokle vadiani msxverpli
anu gadalaxon patimris dilema, samagierod, miiRon grZelvadiani mogeba.
mokled, institutebs SeuZliaT warmoSvan TanamSromloba.
instituciur liberalistebs, realistebisgan gansxvavebiT sjeraT, rom
institutebi emsaxurebian ufro maRal interesebs vidre es did saxelmwifoTa
viwro interesebia. saerTaSoriso institutebi, samxedro aliansebis CaTvliT,
uadvileben saxelmwifoebs gzebs datkbnen TanamSromlobis Sedegad miRebuli
saerTo sargebliT, amcireben momsaxureobis danaxarjebs da aweseben wesebs da
normebs, romliTac isjeba cudi saqcieli. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom insti-
tutebi aferxeben Ralatis SesaZleblobas, isini xels uwyoben TanamSromlobas.
isini amcireben molaparakebebTan dakavSirebul danaxarjebs, uzrunvelyofen
gamWvirvalobas, riTac amcireben undoblobas saxelmwifoebs Soris, rac xels
uwyobs urTierTmomgebiani xelSekrulebebis dadebas.
institucionalistebis centraluri argumentia, rom Camoyalibebis Semdeg
91 ixileT: M. McGwire “NATO Expansion: A Policy Error of Historic Importance,” Review of International Studies, 24 (January, 1998), aseve Robert J. Art, “Creating a Disaster: NATO’s Open Door Policy,” Political Science Quarterly, 113, No. 3 (Fall 1998). 92 Robert O. Keohane, International Institutions and State Power: Essays in International Relations Theory (Boulder: Westview Press, 1989), 2.
57
rom hegemonma es procesi SeaCeros, rogorc es evropaSi moxda.
uolci asaxelebs sam mizezs, romelmac gamoiwvia natos gafarToebis
gadawyvetilebis miReba. irveli - organizaciebs, gansakuTrebiT ki did
organizaciebs xangrZlivi sicocxlisunarianoba axasiaTebT. meore da ufro
mniSvnelovani faqtori misi TqmiT aris is, rom natos gafarToeba aris erT-erTi
saSualeba imisaTvis, rom amerikam Tavisi roli da arseboba SeinarCunos evropis
samxedro da sagareo saqmeebSi. mesame mizezi aris amerikis Sida politikis
zegavlena aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis mier miRebul gadawyvetilebebze. sxva
sityvebiT rom iTqvas, uolcis mizania gvaCvenos, rom institutebi emsaxurebian
erovnul da ara saerTaSoriso interesebs, gansxvavebiT qvemoT ganxiluli ori
Teoriisgan. ufro metic, uolci amtkicebs, rom “nato arsebobda rogorc
samxedro kavSiri imdeni xani ramdeni xanic sabWoTa kavSiri warmoadgenda
pirdapir safrTxes misi wevri saxelmwifoebisadmi. is arsebobs da farTovdeba
axla ara misi instituciebis wyalobiT aramed imitom, rom ase surs amerikis
SeerTebul Statebs.” 88
miuxedavad imisa, rom realistebi natos gafarToebas xsnian realizmze
dayrdnobiT, isini ar miiCneven, rom gadawyvetileba natos gafarToebis Sesaxeb
racionaluri gadawyvetileba iyo amerikis mxridan. maSasadame, arseobs ori
gansxvavebuli midgoma natos gafarToebis Sesaxeb. erTi mxaris argumenti aris,
rom gafarToeba aris racionaluri gadawyvetileba, meore ki Tvlis, rom es aris
Secdoma. pirveli mxaris argumenti aris is, rom natos gafarToeba xels uwyobs
regionalur usafrTxoebas da amkvidrebs im demokratiul da sabazro ekonomikis
reformebs, romlebic amJamad mimdinareoben yofil komunistur qveynebSi. rac
ufro aRsaniSnavia, natos gafarToeba winaswar gvicavs ruseTis savaraudo
eqspansionisturi qmedebebisagan momavalSi. 89
realistebis meore jgufi ambobs, rom natos gafarToeba iyo “fataluri
Secdoma.” 90 isini amboben, rom natos gafarToebis xarjebi bevrad aRemateba misi
gafarToebidan gamomdinare dadebiT mxareebs orive, materialuri da
usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT. am jgufSi Semavali politikosebi, mkvlevarebi da
oficialuri pirebi Tvlian, rom natos gafarToeba iwvevs axali gamyofi kedlis
aRmarTvas evropaSi, maSin rodesac TviTon am procesis, anu gafarToebis
ritorika da principi aris swored rom sapirispiro. meore, nebiT Tu uneblieT,
natos gafarToeba aris mimarTuli ruseTis winaaRmdeg. pirveli imitom, rom
natos axal wevr saxlemwifoebs aqvT negatiuri damokidebuleba ruseTisadmi da
Sesabamisad SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom isini Secvlian aliansis ruseTisadmi
damokidebulebas da meore, Tuki nato darCeba Tavdacvis organizaciad, ruseTi
misi wevri verasodes ver gaxdeba, rac yovelTvis ganapirobebs uxerxulobas
natosa da ruseTs Soris. mesame mizezi aris is, rom gafarToeba safrxes uqmnis
natos erTianobas da erTpirovnulobas saerTo mtris ararsebobis pirobebSi da
meoTxe is, rom axali wevrebis damateba alianss aqcevs ufro zogad da simtkices
88 Jackson and Sorensen, p. 95. 89 ixileT: Ball, “Nattering NATO Negativism? Reasons Why Expansion May be a Good Thing,” Review of international Studies, 24 (January, 1998): 43-68. aseve ixileT fundamenturi naSromi natos
gafarToebis dadebiT mxareebze: Ronald D. Asmus, Richard L. Kugler and Stephen F. Larabee, “Building a New NATO,” Foreign Affairs, vol. 72 (September/October 1993): 28-40. amerikis poziciis
da gafarToebis pirveli talRis mxardasaWeri argumentebisTvis ixileT: Madeline Albright, “Why Bigger is Better,” The Economist, February 15, 1997, 21-23. 90 George F. Kennan, “A Fateful Error,” New York Times, 5 February, 1997
56
msoflio politikur arenaze da meore imitom, rom rTulia misi mecnieruli
Seswavla, vinaidan da radganac TanamSromloba sakmaod efemeruli koncefciaa,
romelsac mravalmxrivi da mravalgvari waxnagebi gaaCnia. misi TqmiT,
politikosebi xSirad TanamSromlobas ganixilaven ara rogorc saSualebad Tavis
TavSi, aramed rogorc instruments sxva miznebis misaRwevad. magaliTad, didi da
Zlieri qveynebis TanamSromloba raTa daCagron an gamoiyenon sustni. aseT
TanamSromlobas kioheini mxars ar uWers. igi aseve aRiarebs, rom Tana-
mSromlobam SeiZleba yovelTvis ar migviyvanos saukeTeso Sedegebamde, magram
TanamSromlobis gareSe msoflio marTlac momakvdinebeli iqneboda. 50
kioheini ganasxvavebs TanamSromlobas, harmonias da uTanxmoebas. harmonia
aris situacia, rodesac aqtorebis qmedebebi (romlebic ganxorcielda sakuTari
interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT sxvisis gauTvaliswineblad) avtomaturad xels
uwyobs sxvisi miznebis miRwevas. amis klasikuri magaliTi aris warmosaxviTi
msoflio ekonomika sadac uxilavi xelis meSveobiT sakuTari interesebis
ganxorcieleba saboloo jamSi xels uwyobs yvelas keTildReobas. harmonia
msoflio politikaSi Zalian iSviaTi movlenaa. harmoniisgan gansxvavebiT
TanamSromloba moiTxovs, rom calkeuli individebis an organizaciebis
qmedebebi — romlebic ar imyobebian harmoniul situaciaSi — moyvanil iqnas
SesabamisobaSi molaparakebis procesis saSualebiT. anu, TanamSromlobas adgili
aqvs rodesac aqtorebi TavianT qmedebebs uxameben sxvebis interesebs qmedebebis
koordinaciis procesis meSveobiT. Tu ar moxda qmedebebis Sejereba, maSin
adgili aqvs diskords/konfliqts. es aris situacia, rodesac mTavrobebi
ganixilaven erTmaneTis politikas rogorc maTi interesebis SemzRudvels da
erTmaneTs akisreben pasuxismgeblobas am SezRudvebis gamo. harmonia aris
sruliad apolitikuri movlena, xolo TanamSromloba Zlier politikuri.
amasTanave, TanamSromloba ar niSnavs konfliqtis ararsebobas, aramed igi
SeiZleba moicavdes konfliqtebs, magram amasTanave moicavdes konfliqtebis
gadaWris nawilobriv warmatebul Zalisxmevebs. 51
liberaluri institucionalistebi TanamSromlobas xsnian TamaSis Teoriis
meSveobiT. isini Tvlian, rom TanamSromlobas yvelaze metad xels uSlis
Ralatis saSiSroeba. Tu Ralatis saSiSroeba nawilobriv mainc gadalaxul iqna,
maSin SeiZleba adgili eqnes TanamSromlobas.
TanamSromlobis sirTuleebi kargad aris ilustrirebuli e.w. “patimris
dilemis” TeoriiT. istoria Seexeba or damnaSaves, romlebic daiWires da
calcalke hyavT dakiTxvaze. patimprebma ician, rom Tu isini ar gamotydebian
maSin prokurors sakmarisi samxili ar eqneba da SeeZleba TiToeuli maTgani
cixeSi Casvas mxolod wesrigis darRvevisaTvis, rac gamoixateba 30 dRiani
patimrobiT. magram, Tuki orive gamotydeba, TiToeuls miusjian 1 wels. es
perspeqtiva TiTqos orives aZlevs sababs, rom ar gamotydnen. magram cbieri
prokurori orives calcalke sTavazobs rom Tu gamotydeba cixeSi saerTod ar
Casvams, xolo mis partniors miusjian 5 wels. am situaciaSi TiToeulisTvis
marTebuli iqneboda gamotydoma imisda miuxedavad Tu meore partniori ras
moimoqmedebs. anu, Tu gamotydeba, movlenebi ase ganviTardeba: Tu TviTon
gamotyda da amave dros meore patimaric gamotyda isini oriveni 1 wliT
daisjebian, magram amiT Tavs daizRvevs 5 wliani patimrobisgan. Tu TviTon
gamotyda da meore patimari ar gamotyda, mas gaaTavisufleben meore patimris
50 iqve, .., gv. 11. 51 iqve, .., gv. 51-53.
45
xarjze. anu, ori racionaluri pirovneba arCevs Ralats imisaTvis, rom Tavidan
aicilos uaresi sasjeli, maSin rodesac TanamSromlobiT orive aicilebda
sasjels mTlianobaSi. am TamaSSi gamotydoma, anu Ralati partniorisaTvis
gamodis rom aris dominanturi strategia orive moTamaSisaTvis. es TamaSis
Teoria kargad aris gamoxatuli cifruli matriciT:
patimris dilema
kevinis arCevani
TanamSromloba Ralati
jeimsis arCevani TanamSromloba j,j (3,3) s, g (1,4)
Ralati g, s (4, 1) c,c (2,2)
j — jildo
s — sasjeli
g — gaTavisufleba
c — cixe
patimris dilema ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba imis saCveneblad, Tu ratom aris
konfliqti da uTanxmoeba xSiri da TanamSromloba iSviaTi. magram, kioheini
iyenebs am magaliTs sapirispiros dasamtkiceblad. ganmeorebadi patimris
dilemis magaliTis mixedviT partniorebi ufro TanamSromlobas arCeven,
radganac momavalSi maT kidev mouwevT erTmaneTTan saqmis daWera da Sesabamisad
imijis gafuWeba ar uRirT moklevadian mogebad. aqidan gamomdinare kioheini
askvnis, rom TanamSromloba aqtorebs Soris SeiZleba ganviTardes hegemonis
ararsebobis pirobebSic ki.
kioheini ambobs, rom reJimebis CamoyalibebaSi hegemonis arseboba ar aris
gadamwyveti. saerTaSoriso reJimebis arseboba imazea damokidebuli arsebobs Tu
ara saerTo, an SeTavsebadi interesebi, romlebic aRqmulia an SeiZleba iqnes
aRqmuli politikuri aqtorebis mier. amis Sedegad, saerTo interesebis
misaRwevad warmarTuli saerTo qmedebebi racionaluri xdeba. marTalia,
hegemons SeuZlia Seqmnas saxarbielo garemoeba TanamSromlobisaTvis,
jildoebis da sasjelebis dawesebis gziT, magram igive SeiZleba moxdes hegemonis
ararsebobisasac Tuki amisaTvis saWiro pirobebi arsebobs. es SeiZleba miRweul
iqnes qveynebis patara jgufis mierac ki, romlebic erTmaneTs gauweven
monitorings raTa pativi scen dawesebul normebs da qcevis wesebs da maTi
samTavrobo strategia iqneba sxva mTavrobebis keTildReoba damokidebuli
gaxadon maT mier gangrZobad TanamSromlobaze reJimis SigniT. Sesabamisad,
intensiuri interaqcia ramodenime moTamaSes Soris iZleva saSualebas
Caanacvlos hegemonis ararseboba. rogorc ki hegemonis Zalaufleba dakninebas
ganicdis, TandaTanobiT TanamSromloba gadava post hegemonur fazaSi. am fazaSi
TanamSromloba ganpirobebuli iqneba ara marto hegemonis waxalisebebze, aramed
sxva mniSvnelovani Zalauflebis mqone saxelmwifoebze. aseTi gardamavali
46
leqcia X
natos gafarToeba da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoriebi
neorealizmi
samxedro aliansebi, romlis erT-erTi TvalsaCino magaliTia nato, mxolod
aireklaven saxelmwifoTa interesebs. isini Seqmnili arian safrTxis winaaRmdeg
da rodesac safrTxe, romlis winaaRmdegac isini Seiqmna aRar arsebobs isini
iSlebian. 83 aliansebs aqvT simtkicis sxvadasxva doneebi, rac ufro didia
safrTxe, miT ufro mtkicea aliansi. magram, aseT SemTxvevaSic ki realistebi
nakleb mniSvnelobas aniWeben guliTadi TanamSromlobis SesaZleblobas,
radganac miaCniaT rom saxelmwifoebi yovelTvis yuradRebas aqceven fardobiT
mogebas da arasdros ar arian darwmunebulebi Tu ra ganzraxvebi amoZravebT sxva
saxelmwifoebs.”84 Sesabamisad, Ralatze da fardobiT mogebaze gamudmebiT fiqri
arTulebs TanamSromlobas aliansis farglebSic ki.
institutebis Sesaxeb am warmodgenaSi iyo fesvgadgmuli realistebis
winaswarmetyveleba, rom nato daiSleboda sabWoTa kavSiris daSlasTan erTad an
moxdeboda misi rekonstruqcia evropaSi ZalTa axali gadanawilebis safuZvelze. 85 Sesabamisad, realistebma mkacri kritika daimsaxures imis gamo, rom ver
ganWvrites natos bedi, romelic araTu ar daiSala civi omis dasrulebis Semdeg,
aramed gaxda msoflioSi erTerTi, Tu ara erTaderTi yvelaze dinamiuri
samxedro organizacia. miuxedavad TavianTi kraxisa, realistebi amboben, rom
maTi mosazrebebi arc Tu ise mcdari iyo. magaliTad, kenet uolci, Tavis statiaSi
“ZalTa balansi da natos gafarToeba” amtkicebs, rom misi winaswarmetyveleba
ukve axda, radgan dResdReobiT kaci ver ityvis vis winaaRmdeg icavs Tavs nato. 86
uolci natos gafarToebas xsnis ZalTa balansis Teoriis mixedvT. igi ambobs,
rom sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg msoflio politikuri sistema gaxda
unipolaruli, da aSS gaxda erTaderTi yvelaze Zlieri saxelmwifo msoflioSi.
uolcis mixedviT “iseve rogorc buneba ver itans vakuums, aseve saerTaSoriso
politika ver itans daubalansebel Zalas.” 87 magram jerjerobiT amerikis
Zliereba aravis daubalansebia da sanam es moxdebodes amerika miiltvis Zalisa
da Zlierebis maqsimizaciisaken. uolci asaxelebs or mizezs Tu jerjerobiT
ratom aris, rom danarCen msoflios ar hqonia amerikis Zlierebis dabalansebis
mcdeloba: pirveli, zogierTi samxelmwifo amerikas aRiqvams rogorc keTil
liders da ar grZnobs Tavs im donemde SeSinebulad, rom raime qmediTi
ganaxorcielos da meore, sxvebs ar aqvT survili Caeban ZviradRirebul ZalTa
gadanawilebis TamaSebSi. magram, uolci Rrmad aris darwmunebuli, rom
sabolood ZalTa balansi aRdgeba. igi asaxelebs evrokavSirs, CineTs da iaponias
momaval did saxelmwifoTa ampluaSi. igi aseve dasZens, rom Teorias ar ZaluZs
imis ganWvreta Tu rodis moxdeba ZalTa balansis aRdgena da asve ambobs, rom
dabalanseba saxelmwifoTa Soris ar aris aucilebeli movlena. SesaZlebelia,
83 Kenneth N. Waltz’s Theory of International Politics and Stephen Walt’s The Origins of Alliances propose the argument that once victory is secured, the war-winning coalition typically dissolves. 84 Mearsheimer, 1994, 10 85 See, Gunther Hellmann and Reinhard Wolf, “Neorealism, Neoliberal Institutionalism, and the Future of NATO,” Security Studies, Vol. 3, No. 1 (Autumn 1993): 3-43 86 Kenneth Waltz, “NATO Expansion: a Realist’s View,” in Explaining NATO enlargement, ed. Robert W. Rauchhaus, (London: Frank Cass Publishers, 2001), 22. 87 iqve, . . ., gv. 25
55
uSiSroebis ritorika iyo omisadmi negatiuri damokidebuleba da am damo-
kidebulebis institucionalurad gamyareba, istoriulma movlenebma aCvena, rom
koleqtiuri uSiSroebis koncefcia gamoyenebul iqna rogorc iaraRi raTa
uzrunveleyoT jgufis uSiSroeba sxva potenciuri Tu pirdapiri safrTxisagan.
mokled rom iTqvas, Znelia daaskvna, rom saxelmwifoebs aqvT altruistuli
gadaxrebi da miznebi. maSinac ki, Tu identurobas aqvs mniSvneloba saxelmwifoTa
moqedebebis CamoyalibebaSi, es ar niSnavs imas, rom saxelmwifoebi SeiZleba
aRmoCdnen sxva TviTdaxmarebisagan gansxvavebul sistemaSi.
vendtis Teoriis yvelaze gavrcelebuli kritika ki is aris, rom mas ar aqvs
empiriuli mtkicebulebebi da aseve misi Teoria imdenad yovlismomcvelia, rom
igi ar baTildeba. 82
82 Tu Teoria imdenad yovlismomcmelia rom misi gabaTileba SeuZlebelia, igi ar iTvleba
Teoriad (imre lakato).
54
periodi rTuli SeiZleba aRmoCndes, magram kioheinis azriT SeuZlebeli ar aris52
robert jervisi agreTve wers anarqiis pirobebSi TanamSromlobis
sirTuleebis Sesaxeb. robert jervisi iyenebs e.w. iremze nadirobis TamaSis
Teorias. es TamaSi aris monadireebze. Tu isini iTanamSromleben da iremze
inadireben, maSin yvela kargad danayrdeba. magram, Tu erTi gamoakldeba da
kurdRels dauwyebs devnas, romelic mas sinamdvileSi irmis xorcze naklebad
moswons, maSin danarCenebi mSivrebi darCebian. anu, es TamaSi patimris dilemisgan
imiT gansxvavdeba, rom yvela moTamaSes gaaCnia erTi da igive interesTa sfero —
yvelas uyvars irmis xorci. aris ramodenime varianti: 1) TanamSromloba da irmis
daWera (saerTaSoriso analogi iqneboda TanamSromloba da ganiaraReba); 2)
kurdRlis monadireba maSin, rodesac sxvebi TavianT postebze rCebian
(SeinarCuno SeiaraRebis maRali done rodesac sxvebi ganiaraRebuli arian); 3)
yvelas mier kurdRelze nadiroba (gamalebuli SeiaraReba da omis maRali riski);
da 4) Tavdapirvel poziciaze darCena, rodesac sxvebi misdeven kurdRels
(ganiaraRebuli yofna, rodesac sxvebi SeiaraRebulni arian). 53 aqidan logikuri
dasvna aris is, rom moqmedma pirebma SeiZleba icodnen, rom maT saerTo mizani
aqvT, magram ver moaxdinon maTi erToblivad miRweva, radgan maT erTmaneTis ar
sjeraT da arian mudmivi SiSis qveS, rom sxvebi gandgebian saerTo saqmisgan da
amiT isini ormagad dazaraldebian vidre Tavidanve TanamSromlobaze uaris
TqmiT. anu, vidre TiToeuli pirovneba ar darwmundeba, rom sxvebi
iTanamSromleben, igi ar daTanxmdeba TanamSromlobaze.
garda im garemoebebisa, romlebic “iremze nadirobis” TamaSiT aris
gadmocemuli, jervisi gamoyofs 3 dabrkolebas, romelic ar aris
gaTvaliswinebuli iremze nadirobis magaliTSi. pirveli is, rom gandgomis SiSis
gamomwvev mizezebs unda davumatoT is faqtori, rom Tu dRes meore saxelmwifo
mxars uWers status-kvos, mogvianebiT SeiZleba ar dakmayofildes am garemoebiT
da gadawyvitos arCeuli gzidan gadaxveva.
meore problema exeba qveynebis mudmiv survils gazardon sakuTari
teritoriebi, raTa hqondeT saWiro resursebi. mesame problema aris
usafrTxoebis dilema, rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom erTi saxelmwifos mier
gazrdili usafrTxoeba warmoadgens safrTxes meore saxlemwifosaTvis.
52 iqve, .., gv. 75-76. 53 Robert Jervis, “Cooperation under the Security Dilemma,” World Politics, 30, no. 2 (January 1978): 167
47
leqcia IX
konstruqtivizmi da misi kirtika
konstruqtivizmi fokuss axdens adamianis Semecnebaze da mis adgilze
msoflio politikaSi. konstruqtivistebi amboben, rom rogorc aseTi, ar
arsebobs garegani, obieqturi socialuri realoba. socialuri da politikuri
samyaro ar aris fizikuri arseba an materialuri sagani, romelic arsebobs
adamianuri Semecnebis gareT. isini amboben, rom saerTaSoriso sistema ar aris
raRac sivrceSi arsebuli, rogorc magaliTad mzis sistema. is ar arsebobs
TavisTavad. is arsebobs mxolod xalxTa interdisciplinaruli gagebis/Semec-
nebis safuZvelze. konstruqtivistebi amboben, rom saerTaSoriso politika aris
adamianuri qmnileba, magram ara fizikuri da materialuri, aramed wminda
inteleqtualuri da ideuri. saerTaSoriso sistema maTi TqmiT aris ideaTa kona,
garkveuli naazrevebi, normaTa sistemebi, romlebic mowesrigebul iqna
garkveuli xalxis mier garkveul droSi da garkveul adgilas. aqidan logikuri
daskvna aris is, rom Tu fiqrebi da ideebi, romlebic Seadgenen saerTaSoriso
sistemas Seicvlebian, maSin Seicvleba TviTon sistemac. es xdeba imitom, rom
sistema arsebobs naazrevSi da ideebSi.
konstruqtivizms zogjer uwodeben axal midgomasac, (approach) magram
sinamdvileSi aseTi meTodologia jer kidev XVIII saukunidan aris Semonaxuli.
italieli filosofosi jambatista viko amtkicebda, rom bunebrivi samyaro
RmerTis Seqmnilia, magram istoriuli samyaro kacis qmnilebaa. istoria ar aris
TviTqmnadi procesi, igi Seqmnilia kacebis da qalebis mier. isini aseve qmnian
saxelmwifoebs, romlebic realurad warmoadgenen istoriul konstruqciebs.
saxelmwifoebi arian xelovnuri qmnilebebi da aqedan gamomdinare saxelmwifoTa
sistemac xelovnuria.
konstruqtivizmis ZiriTadi midgoma saerTaSoriso urTierTobebisadmi
SeiZleba CamovayaliboT Semdegnairad:
1. admianuri urTierTobebi, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis CaTvliT, Sed-
geba ZiriTadad ideebisa da azrebisagan da ara materialuri mdgo-
mareobis an Zalisagan;
2. ZiriTadi ideuri elementebi, romlebsac konstruqtivistebi eyrdnobian
aris is rwmenebi (ideebi, koncefciebi, mosazrebebi), romlebic farTod
aris gaziarebuli xalxis mier;
3. es saerTo rwmenebi (beliefes) gamoxataven xalxis interesebs da iden-
turobas;
4. konstruqtivistebi Seiswavlian im gzebs, romlis meSveobiTac yalib-
debian da gamoixatebian urTierTobebi. magaliTad iseTi koleqtiuri
socialuri institutis saSualebiT, rogoric aris saxelmwifos suve-
renteti, romelsac ar gaaCnia aranairi materialuri realoba, magram
arsebobs imdenad ramdenadac adamainebs koleqtiurad swamT misi
arsebobisa da moqmedeben am rwmenis Sesabamisad.
,
54
konstruqtivistebi msoflios warmoidgenen rogorc socialur konstruq-
54 Jackson and Sorensen, p. 254.
48
sistemebi vendtis TeoriaSi da Tqva, rom vendtis mTeli Teoria logikuria
mxolod maSin Tuki sxva-daxmarebis sistema egoistur miswrafebebze maRalia da
mxolod maSin, Tuki am sxva-daxmarebis sistemaSi, rogorc es vendtma aRniSna,
“erovnuli interesebi aris saerTaSoriso interesebi”77 da uSiSroebisadmi
mimarTuli qmedebebi aris “altruistuli da prosocialuri.” 78
vendtis merseriseuli kritika raRac momentSi aris vendtis argumentis
ukuqceva vendtisave sityvebis gamoyenebiT. merseri aCvenebs, rom sakuTari Tavis
sxvasTan identifikacia da koleqtiuri prosocialuri sistemis warmoqmna ar
aris aucilebeli simarTles Seesabamebodes. merseri Tvlis, rom sawyis
mdgomareobaSi adamianebi sakuTari Tavis win wamowevas ewevian eqskluziurad
Zalismieri saSualebebiT. mokled, buneba jabnis process. 79
uolcisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic Tvlis, rom konkurencia gamowveulia
struqturiT da vendtisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic Tvlis, rom konkurencia
gamowveulia procesiT, merseri ambobs, rom konkurencias warmoSobs “Cveni
cnobiereba da survili, davimkvidroT pozitiuri socialuri identuroba.” 80
maSasadame, alteric da egoc winaswarmidrekili arian konkurenciisaken
Sexvedramde. amis saCveneblad merseri iyenebs henri tajfelis da jon terneris
Zalzed gavlenian socialuri identurobis Teorias (siT). 81 merseri pirdapir
welsqveviT urtyams vendtis arguments imis Sesaxeb, rom saxelmwifoebma
SeiZleba warmoSvan sxva-daxmarebis sistema garda TviT-daxmarebisa. igi akeTebs
evrokavSiris analizs siT Teoriis gamoyenebiT da aCvenebs, rom is evropuli
saxelmwifoebic ki, romlebic TanamSromloben erTmaneTTan diskriminacias
uweven sxva arawevr saxelmwifoebs. mokled rom iTqvas, rodesac saxelwifoebi
akeTeben TavianTi jgufis sxva jgufis winaaRmdeg identifikacias isini aseve
qmnian TviTdaxmarebis sistemas, romelic Sors dgas altruistuli sxva-
daxmarebis sistemisagan. jgufis SigniT SeiZleba xdebodes identurobis Serwyma,
magram maT mainc aqvT negatiuri damokidebuleba sxva jgufebis mimarT. amis
magaliTia evrokavSiris imigraciis da TavSesafris politika, aseve iseTi
koncefciebis ganviTareba, rogoricaa usafrTxo mesame qveynebi da xelmeored
daSvebis SeTanxmebebis momravleba, rac imas adasturebs, rom evrokavSirs aqvs
diskriminaciuli damokidebuleba Tavis wevr da arawevr saxelmwifoebTan.
merseris mier siT Teoriis gamoyeneba da vendtis kritika imisken ar aris
mimarTuli, rom vendtis Teoria uvargisad gamoacxados. merseri miiCnevs, rom
yuradRebis gamaxvileba identurobaze mniSvnelovania, Tumca is ar xsnis Tu
rogor Seicvleba sistema, da arc imas xsnis, Tu rogor SeiZleba rom procesma
Secvalos identuroba da Semdeg sistema. koleqtiuri uSiSroebis idea, romelic
vendtma wamoayena rogorc TviTdaxmarebis sistemis alternativa istoriulad
ganxorcielda mxolod jgufis farglebSi. maSasadame, koleqtiuri uSiSroeba
SeiZleba CaiTvalos mxolod rogorc jgufuri egoizmis forma. rogorc mauris
burkinma Tqva “saxelmwifoebi yovelTvis cdilobdnen uSiSroebis mopovebas, da
misi mopovebis gzebi moicavs rogorc individualur uSiSroebis strategias,
aseve koleqtiuri uSiSroebis strategias.” miuxedavad imisa, rom koleqtiuri
77 iqve, .., gv. 400 78 iqve, .., gv. 401 79 Mercer, “Anarchy and Identity,” p. 236 80 iqve,…, p. 242. 81 Tajfel, Henry and John C. Turner, “The Social identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior” in Worchel, Stephen and William G. Austin, eds. Psychology of Intergroup Relations, 2nd ed. (Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1986), pp. 7-24.
53
dakargva” SeiZleba sazianoc ki iyos identurobisaTvis/meobisaTvis da SeiZleba
warmoSvas mowinaaRmdegis ‘rekonstruqciis’ saWiroeba imisaTvis, rom gadaar-
Cinos sakuTari identuroba. samuel hanTingtoni amtkicebs, rom sabWoTa
kavSiris daSlam gamoiwvia amerikis identurobis gadaxaliseba (redefinition). 72 giorgi arbatovis gamonaTqvamis konteqstSi, rom sabWoTa kavSiris daSliT isini
akeTebdnen yvelaze ufro did saSinelebas radgan isini sakuTar Tavs mters
aclidnen, hanTingtoni Seecada eCvenebina identurobis krizisi, romelSic
amerikam amohyo Tavi oTxmocdaaTian wlebSi. harvardis profesorma isic ki
iwinaswarmetyvela, rom amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi uaxloes momavalSi
ecdeboda misi erovnuli interesebis redefinicias da axali mtris
konstruirebas. marTlac, dResdReobiT amerika mogvevlina rogorc lideri
saerTaSoriso terorizmis da e.w. “borotebis RerZis” winaaRmdeg brZolaSi.
zemoTmoyvanili damatkicebelia imisa, rom saWiroa mtris arseboba raTa
moaxdino sakuTari identurobis konstruireba (construct). meore argumenti vendtis sawinaaRmdegod mimarTulia misi mtkicebule-
bisadmi, rom saxelmwifoebi ar arian mtrulad ganwyobilni. vendti warmoidgens
sawyis mdgomareobas Semdegnairad: “warmovidginoT ori moqmedi piri — ego da
alteri — romlebic pirvelad xvdebian erTmaneTs. TiToeul maTgans gadarCena
surs da mowinaaRmdegis msgavsi materialuri SesaZleblobebi gaaCnia, magram arc
erT maTgans ar axasiaTebs gandidebis an dapyrobis biologiuri Tu Sinagani
imperativi; maT arc usafrTxoebis an safrTxis saerTo istoria aqvT. rogor unda
moiqcnen isini?” 73
vendti askvnis, rom radganac arc alters da arc egos aqvs identuroba,
usafrTxoebis interesebi da molodinebi, isini ar Caebmebian Zalismier urTier-
TobebSi dasawyisidanve. aseT siatuaciaSi ar arsebobs mizezi, rom es garemoeba
moviazroT rogorc TviTdaxmarebis msoflio.” sxvagvarad mosazreba vendtis
azriT niSnavs imas, rom saxelmwifoebs, romlebic arian sawyis mgomareobaSi
vaniWebT mniSvnelobas, romelic maT SeiZleba hqondeT mxolod sazogadoebaSi.
“TviTdaxmareba institutia, da ara anarqiis Semadgeneli nawili.” 74 vendti
ambobs, rom “Tu saxelmwifoebi aRmoCndebian TviTdaxmarebad samyaroSi es
ganpirobebulia maTi sakuTari qmedebebiT. moqmedebebis Secvla Secvlis
intersubieqtur codnas, romlic Seadgens sistemas.”75 amis Semdeg vendti akeTebs
imis demonstrirebas, rom radganac ar aris aucilebeli da gardauvali, rom
saxelmwifoebi Caeban iseT urTierTobebSi sadac TviTdaxmarebis principi
sufevs, savaraudoa, rom isni Caeban iseT urTierTobebSi, romelic SegviZlia
davaxasiaToT rogorc prosocialuri an TanamSromluri. 76
zemoTmocemuli gancxadeba, rom saxelmwifoebi ar arian belikozurebi
bunebrivad da rom isini aseTebi xdebian erTmaneTTan da sxva saxelmwifoebTan
urTierTobis Semdeg Zalian didi davis sagani xdeba. sainteresoa, rom jonaTan
merserma es argumenti uaryo, romelmac aCvena rom sawyis mdgomareobaSi alteri
da ego savaraudod ufro TviTdaxmarebis stilSi daiwyeben urTierTobas vidre
prosocialuris. merserma ganasxvava TviTdaxmareba da sxva-daxmarebis
72 Huntington, Samuel, “The Erosion of American National Interests” Foreign Affairs, Volume 76, No 5, Sept/Oct 1997 73 Wendt, “Anarchy is …..”. p. 404. 74 iqve, .., gv.. 401-402 75 iqve, .., gv. 407 76 iqve, .., gv. 405
52
cias, romelic Seqmnilia adamianebis mier, maTi azrebis da ideebis meSveobiT.
nebismier konstruqcias aqvs materialuri mxare magram igi mxolod meore-
xarisxovania. anu, fizikuri elementi arsebobs magram igi arafers warmoadgens
inteleqtualuri elementis gareSe, romelic mas aZlevs mniSvnelobas, gegmavs,
organizebas ukeTebs da warmarTavs. azrs ufro didi mniSvneloba aqvs saer-
TaSoriso usafrTxoebaSi vidre fizikur sagnebs, isini arafers warmoadgenen
inteleqtualuri komponentis gareSe. vendtis mixedviT, socialur konstruq-
ciebs aqvT sami elementi: saerTo codna, materialuri resursebi, da
praqtika. 55
konstruqtivistebi aseve amboben, rom eri da erovnebac socialuri kons-
truqciaa, romlebic Seiqmna droSi da sivrceSi. maT argumentad mohyavT is, rom
erovnuloba gavrcelda XIX saukuneSi ganaTlebis da beWdviTi kulturis gavr-
celebasTan erTad da gaxda sayovelTaod aRiarebuli faseuloba. Sesabamisad,
kidev erTi Tavisebureba konstruqtivizmisa isaa, rom konstruqtivizmi
yuradRebas aqcevs ara marto ideebis da rwmenebis gaziarebis faqts, aramed imas,
Tu ramdenadaa isini gaziarebuli.
vendti da `anarqia~
aleqandre vendtma daiwyo axali era saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis TeoriaSi.
Tumca ki, termini “konstruqtivizmi” misi mogonili ar aris, dResdReobiT es
termini aucileblad asocirdeba vendtis saxelTan. jeqsonis da sorensenis
mixedviT “gasuli dekadis ganmavlobaSi vendti gaxda disciplinis erT-erTi
totema, erT-erTi im mweralTagani visi ideebic aRebeWdebaT saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebis studentebs aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi, visi ideebic SeiZleba
zogs moswondes, zogi ki ver itandes, magram veravin ugulebelyofs.” 56
aleqsandre vendtis mier saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi 1992 wels
gamoqveynebuli statia “anarqia aris iseTi rogoradac mas saxelmwifoebi
aRiqvamen” gaxda saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi erT- erTi yvelaze popularuli
statia, xolo misi saTauri erT-erTi yvelaze xSirad moxseniebadi fraza
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoriis konteqstSi. statiis popularobis
utyuari mizezi aris is, rom igi Riad upirispirdeba ukve fesvebgadgmul da
mZlavr struqturuli realizmis Teorias da mis mamamTavars, kenet uolcs.
vendtis argumentebi eyrdnoba e.w. konstruqtivizms, kerZod ki sociologiur
konstruqtivizm, romlis mizania axsnas identurobis da interesebis Camo-
yalibeba, rogorc procesi (an maTi Camoyalibebis procesi). miuxedavad am
statiis mzardi popularobisa, kritikosebi mravlad hyavs statiasac da Tavad
sociologiur konstruqtivizmsac. maSasadame, saWiroa ganvixiloT statiac da
misi kritikac imisaTvis rom srulad CavwvdeT saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis
yvelaze gacxarebul, Tanamedrove debatebs.
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, vendti Tavis statiaSi akritikebs uolcis fesvgam-
dgar Teorias sistemis anarqiulobis da Sesabamisad aqidan gamomdinare
TviTdaxmarebis msoflios arsebobis gardauvalobis Teorias. maSasadame, jer
mokled davaxasiaToT uolcis ZiriTadi argumenti da Semdeg ganvixiloT
vendtis kritika.
55 iqve, .., gv. 255. 56 Martin Shaw. “Waltzing Alexander: Constructing the new American Ideology”.
49
wignSi “adamiani saxelmwifo da omi,” uolci ambobs, rom sawyis mdgomareobaSi
(State of nature) saxelmwifoebma sakuTari Tavdacva unda uzrunvelyon.
saerTaSoriso sistema aris anarqiuli, rac imas gulisxmobs, rom ar arsebobs
zemdgomi xelisufleba, romelic saxelmwifoze maRla dgas. “anaqiis pirobebSi ar
arsebobs avtomaturi harmonia” 57 rasac mivyavarT daskvnamde, rom “saxlemwifo
gamoiyenebs Zalas raTa miaRwios Tavis mizans.” 58 uolci axasiaTebs sistemas
sadac aseTi damokidebuleba dominaturia da Camoyalibebulia rogorc TviT-
daxmarebis sistema da amtkicebs, rom “TviTdaxmarebis sistemaSi elementebi
fiqroben TviTgadarCenaze da es wuxili ganapirobebs maT moqmedebas . . . yvelas
aqvs survili, rom gazardos sakuTari mogeba.” 59 saxelmwifoTa qcevas Zerwavs is
garemoeba, rom msoflioSi moqmedebs TviTdaxmarebis principi, xolo es principi
warmoSobilia saerTaSoriso sistemis anarqiulobisgan.
vendtis strategia imaSi mdgomareobs, rom mas unda gaabaTilos neorea-
listebis mtkicebuleba imis Sesaxeb, rom “TviTdaxmareba” anarqiuli sistemis
pirdapiri, maSasadame procesisagan egzogenurad miRebuli Sedegia. anu, misi
argumentis dedaazri is aris, rom TviTdaxmareba da Zalismieri politika ar aris
arc logikuri da arc mizezobrivi Sedegi anarqiisa da Tuki dRes Cven vcxovrobT
TviTdaxmarebis samyaroSi es aris procesis Sedegi da ara struqturis. 60
maSasadame, vendti akritikebs uolcis warmodgenebs. igi marTalia aRiarebs
mTavar ontologiur daskvnebs imis Sesaxeb, rom Tanamedrove saxelmwifoTa
sistema efuZneba TviTdaxmarebas, 61 magram igi uaryofs uolcis tradiciul
gagebas anarqiis Sesaxeb, eWvis qveS ayenebs mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirs anarqiasa da
TviTdaxmarebas Soris da cdilobs aCvenos, rom ar aris aucilebeli anarqiam
warmoSvas TviT-daxmarebiToba. statiaSi igi akeTebs arguments imis Taobaze,
rom TviTdaxmareba da Zalismieri politika aris socialuri konstruqcia
anarqiis pirobebSi. 62
vendti amtkicebs, rom TviTdaxmareba mxolod institutia da ara anarqiis
bunebrivi danamati. 63 igi saxelmwifoebma Seqmnes da saxelmwifoebsve SeuZliaT
Secvalon. vendtis mtkicebiT neorealistebi apriori daskvnebs akeTeben
saxelmwifos identurobis Sesaxeb da es misTvis yovlad miuRebelia. anu,
neorealistebis TvalsazrisiT saxelmwifos identuroba aris upirvelesad
msoflios warmodgena rogorc TviTdaxmarebis samyaro, romelSic saxelm-
wifoebi avtomaturad ganwyobilni arian Zalis gamoyenebisaken. 64 vendtis
mixedviT ar arsebobs aranairi mizezi imisaTvis rom TviTdaxmarebiTobas aseTi
“egzaltirebuli pozicia”65 mivaniWoT, miTumetes, Tu neorealistebi ver
axerxeben axsnan rogor mivyavarT anarqias TviTdaxmarebis sistemasTan.
Tavismxriv vendti ambobs, rom saxelmwifoebis identuroba (meoba) yalibdeba
ara struqturis, aramed procesis da saxelmwifoebis urTierTSoris
57 Waltz, Kenneth N. Man, State and War: A Theoretical Analysis, New York: Columbia University Press. 1954 p. 160 58 iqve, 59 iqve, 60 Wendt, Alexander, “Anarchy is What States Make of It: The social construction of Power Politics”, International Organization, 46/2, Spring 1992 : 394 61 iqve, .., gv. 396 62 iqve, .., gv. 395 63 iqve, .., gv. 399 64 iqve, .., gv. 407 65 Mercer, Jonathan, “Anarchy and Identity”, International Organization, 49:2, Spring 1995, p. 232
50
interaqciis Sedegad. uolcis mier ganmartebuli saerTaSoriso sistemebis
struqtura mowyobis principis, ZalTa gadanawilebis da elementebis xasiaTis
mixedviT ver xsnis, Tu ratom cxovroben saxelmwifoebi samyaroSi, sadac
TviTdaxmarebiTobis principi sufevs. vendits mixedviT, elementebis iden-
turoba/meoba (iqneba es TviTdaxmarebiToba, Tu sxva ram) SeiZleba aixsnas
elementebis urTierTqmedebis procesiT. 66
fundamentaluri argumenti, romelic vendts mohyavs isaa, rom adamianebi
iqcevian sagnebis mimarT imisda mixedviT Tu ra mniSvneloba aqvT am sagnebs
maTTvis. alteri egos mimarT gamoiyenebs Zalas da Seecdeba mis dakninebas
mxolod maSin, Tu isini arian mtrebi da ara megobrebi, mowinaaRmdegeni da ara
mokavSireebi. es koleqtiuri mniSvnelobebi warmoadgenen struqturebs,
romlebic Semdeg ganapirobeben saxelmwifoTa qmedebebs. 67
vendti ar uaryofs iseTi saxelmwifoTa sistemis arsebobas, romelSic
saxelmwifoebs SeuZliaT mxolod TviTdaxmarebis imedze iyvnen. vendti ambobs,
rom mxolod am tipis sistemaze fokusireba ar iZleva saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebis srul suraTs. isi TqmiT saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis sistemebi
SeiZleba iyos konkurentuli, individualisturi an TanamSromluri, 68 rom-
lebsac man cota mogvianebiT Tavis wignSi uwoda hobsiseuli, lokiseuli da
kantiseuli sistemebi. 69 am sami sistemidan mxolod pirvel or sistemas
axasiaTebs TviTdaxmarebiToba, xolo mesame aris TanamSromlobis sistema, sadac
wina planze koleqtiuri, prosocialuri interesebi dgas. 70
maSasadame, uolcis TviTdaxmarebis sistemisadmi unilateruli midgomis
gasakritikeblad vendtma win wamoswia egreT wodebuli prosocialuri sistema,
sadac saxelmwifoebs ar amoZravebT egoisturi motivaciebi da isini koleqtiur
interesebze ufro metad zrunaven vidre individualurze. es Zalze saintereso
argumentia, radganac aq vendti sargeblobs kantiseuli midgomiT, rom
adamianebis buneba (am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifoebis) ar aris belikozuri.
miuxedavad amisa, vendts rCeba mxedvelobidan ori mniSvnelovani garemoeba.
pirveli is, rom identuroba xSirad, Tu ara yovelTvis, yalibdeba sxvisi aRqmis
da am sxvis sapirispirod da ara masTan TviT-identifikaciis safuZvelze. meore,
rogorc zogierTma fsiqologma aCvena, pirvelyofil mdgomareobaSi adamianebi
ufro ixrebian ego-centruli saqcielis da Zalis gamoyenebisaken, vidre
TanamSromlobisaken.
sxva-oba, anu TviTidentifikacia sxvanairis sapirispirod, sxvagvari jgufis,
an obieqtis sapirispirod, aris identurobis Camoyalibebis mniSvnelovani
nawili. vendti amis sapirispirod askvnis, rom Tu alteri da ego pirvelad
xvdebian erTmaneTs, isini erTurTis mier gaakeTeben identifikacias da Tu maT
Soris gaugebrobas ar eqneba adgili isini TanamSromlobisaken ufro gadaix-
rebian vidre mowinaaRmdegobisaken. es Zalzed sadavo daskvnaa, radgan bevri
amtkicebs, rom imisaTvis rom Seiqmnas vinmes identuroba saWiroa mtris, an
yvelaze cota, mowinaaRmdegis arseboba mainc. 71 faqtiurad, “meoris/sxvisi
66 Wendt, “Anarchy is ……”, p. 395. 67 iqve, .., gv. 397 68 am sistemebis daxasiaTeba ixileT qrestomaTiaSi gv. 444-445. 69 Wendt, Alexander, “Three Cultures of Anarchy” (Chapter 6) in Social Theory of International Politics, Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. 246-307 70 iqve, .., 71 Volkan, Vamik D. The Need To Have Enemies and Allies :From Clinical Practice to International Relationships, Northvale, NJ: Aronson, 1994.
51
wignSi “adamiani saxelmwifo da omi,” uolci ambobs, rom sawyis mdgomareobaSi
(State of nature) saxelmwifoebma sakuTari Tavdacva unda uzrunvelyon.
saerTaSoriso sistema aris anarqiuli, rac imas gulisxmobs, rom ar arsebobs
zemdgomi xelisufleba, romelic saxelmwifoze maRla dgas. “anaqiis pirobebSi ar
arsebobs avtomaturi harmonia” 57 rasac mivyavarT daskvnamde, rom “saxlemwifo
gamoiyenebs Zalas raTa miaRwios Tavis mizans.” 58 uolci axasiaTebs sistemas
sadac aseTi damokidebuleba dominaturia da Camoyalibebulia rogorc TviT-
daxmarebis sistema da amtkicebs, rom “TviTdaxmarebis sistemaSi elementebi
fiqroben TviTgadarCenaze da es wuxili ganapirobebs maT moqmedebas . . . yvelas
aqvs survili, rom gazardos sakuTari mogeba.” 59 saxelmwifoTa qcevas Zerwavs is
garemoeba, rom msoflioSi moqmedebs TviTdaxmarebis principi, xolo es principi
warmoSobilia saerTaSoriso sistemis anarqiulobisgan.
vendtis strategia imaSi mdgomareobs, rom mas unda gaabaTilos neorea-
listebis mtkicebuleba imis Sesaxeb, rom “TviTdaxmareba” anarqiuli sistemis
pirdapiri, maSasadame procesisagan egzogenurad miRebuli Sedegia. anu, misi
argumentis dedaazri is aris, rom TviTdaxmareba da Zalismieri politika ar aris
arc logikuri da arc mizezobrivi Sedegi anarqiisa da Tuki dRes Cven vcxovrobT
TviTdaxmarebis samyaroSi es aris procesis Sedegi da ara struqturis. 60
maSasadame, vendti akritikebs uolcis warmodgenebs. igi marTalia aRiarebs
mTavar ontologiur daskvnebs imis Sesaxeb, rom Tanamedrove saxelmwifoTa
sistema efuZneba TviTdaxmarebas, 61 magram igi uaryofs uolcis tradiciul
gagebas anarqiis Sesaxeb, eWvis qveS ayenebs mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirs anarqiasa da
TviTdaxmarebas Soris da cdilobs aCvenos, rom ar aris aucilebeli anarqiam
warmoSvas TviT-daxmarebiToba. statiaSi igi akeTebs arguments imis Taobaze,
rom TviTdaxmareba da Zalismieri politika aris socialuri konstruqcia
anarqiis pirobebSi. 62
vendti amtkicebs, rom TviTdaxmareba mxolod institutia da ara anarqiis
bunebrivi danamati. 63 igi saxelmwifoebma Seqmnes da saxelmwifoebsve SeuZliaT
Secvalon. vendtis mtkicebiT neorealistebi apriori daskvnebs akeTeben
saxelmwifos identurobis Sesaxeb da es misTvis yovlad miuRebelia. anu,
neorealistebis TvalsazrisiT saxelmwifos identuroba aris upirvelesad
msoflios warmodgena rogorc TviTdaxmarebis samyaro, romelSic saxelm-
wifoebi avtomaturad ganwyobilni arian Zalis gamoyenebisaken. 64 vendtis
mixedviT ar arsebobs aranairi mizezi imisaTvis rom TviTdaxmarebiTobas aseTi
“egzaltirebuli pozicia”65 mivaniWoT, miTumetes, Tu neorealistebi ver
axerxeben axsnan rogor mivyavarT anarqias TviTdaxmarebis sistemasTan.
Tavismxriv vendti ambobs, rom saxelmwifoebis identuroba (meoba) yalibdeba
ara struqturis, aramed procesis da saxelmwifoebis urTierTSoris
57 Waltz, Kenneth N. Man, State and War: A Theoretical Analysis, New York: Columbia University Press. 1954 p. 160 58 iqve, 59 iqve, 60 Wendt, Alexander, “Anarchy is What States Make of It: The social construction of Power Politics”, International Organization, 46/2, Spring 1992 : 394 61 iqve, .., gv. 396 62 iqve, .., gv. 395 63 iqve, .., gv. 399 64 iqve, .., gv. 407 65 Mercer, Jonathan, “Anarchy and Identity”, International Organization, 49:2, Spring 1995, p. 232
50
interaqciis Sedegad. uolcis mier ganmartebuli saerTaSoriso sistemebis
struqtura mowyobis principis, ZalTa gadanawilebis da elementebis xasiaTis
mixedviT ver xsnis, Tu ratom cxovroben saxelmwifoebi samyaroSi, sadac
TviTdaxmarebiTobis principi sufevs. vendits mixedviT, elementebis iden-
turoba/meoba (iqneba es TviTdaxmarebiToba, Tu sxva ram) SeiZleba aixsnas
elementebis urTierTqmedebis procesiT. 66
fundamentaluri argumenti, romelic vendts mohyavs isaa, rom adamianebi
iqcevian sagnebis mimarT imisda mixedviT Tu ra mniSvneloba aqvT am sagnebs
maTTvis. alteri egos mimarT gamoiyenebs Zalas da Seecdeba mis dakninebas
mxolod maSin, Tu isini arian mtrebi da ara megobrebi, mowinaaRmdegeni da ara
mokavSireebi. es koleqtiuri mniSvnelobebi warmoadgenen struqturebs,
romlebic Semdeg ganapirobeben saxelmwifoTa qmedebebs. 67
vendti ar uaryofs iseTi saxelmwifoTa sistemis arsebobas, romelSic
saxelmwifoebs SeuZliaT mxolod TviTdaxmarebis imedze iyvnen. vendti ambobs,
rom mxolod am tipis sistemaze fokusireba ar iZleva saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebis srul suraTs. isi TqmiT saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis sistemebi
SeiZleba iyos konkurentuli, individualisturi an TanamSromluri, 68 rom-
lebsac man cota mogvianebiT Tavis wignSi uwoda hobsiseuli, lokiseuli da
kantiseuli sistemebi. 69 am sami sistemidan mxolod pirvel or sistemas
axasiaTebs TviTdaxmarebiToba, xolo mesame aris TanamSromlobis sistema, sadac
wina planze koleqtiuri, prosocialuri interesebi dgas. 70
maSasadame, uolcis TviTdaxmarebis sistemisadmi unilateruli midgomis
gasakritikeblad vendtma win wamoswia egreT wodebuli prosocialuri sistema,
sadac saxelmwifoebs ar amoZravebT egoisturi motivaciebi da isini koleqtiur
interesebze ufro metad zrunaven vidre individualurze. es Zalze saintereso
argumentia, radganac aq vendti sargeblobs kantiseuli midgomiT, rom
adamianebis buneba (am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifoebis) ar aris belikozuri.
miuxedavad amisa, vendts rCeba mxedvelobidan ori mniSvnelovani garemoeba.
pirveli is, rom identuroba xSirad, Tu ara yovelTvis, yalibdeba sxvisi aRqmis
da am sxvis sapirispirod da ara masTan TviT-identifikaciis safuZvelze. meore,
rogorc zogierTma fsiqologma aCvena, pirvelyofil mdgomareobaSi adamianebi
ufro ixrebian ego-centruli saqcielis da Zalis gamoyenebisaken, vidre
TanamSromlobisaken.
sxva-oba, anu TviTidentifikacia sxvanairis sapirispirod, sxvagvari jgufis,
an obieqtis sapirispirod, aris identurobis Camoyalibebis mniSvnelovani
nawili. vendti amis sapirispirod askvnis, rom Tu alteri da ego pirvelad
xvdebian erTmaneTs, isini erTurTis mier gaakeTeben identifikacias da Tu maT
Soris gaugebrobas ar eqneba adgili isini TanamSromlobisaken ufro gadaix-
rebian vidre mowinaaRmdegobisaken. es Zalzed sadavo daskvnaa, radgan bevri
amtkicebs, rom imisaTvis rom Seiqmnas vinmes identuroba saWiroa mtris, an
yvelaze cota, mowinaaRmdegis arseboba mainc. 71 faqtiurad, “meoris/sxvisi
66 Wendt, “Anarchy is ……”, p. 395. 67 iqve, .., gv. 397 68 am sistemebis daxasiaTeba ixileT qrestomaTiaSi gv. 444-445. 69 Wendt, Alexander, “Three Cultures of Anarchy” (Chapter 6) in Social Theory of International Politics, Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. 246-307 70 iqve, .., 71 Volkan, Vamik D. The Need To Have Enemies and Allies :From Clinical Practice to International Relationships, Northvale, NJ: Aronson, 1994.
51
dakargva” SeiZleba sazianoc ki iyos identurobisaTvis/meobisaTvis da SeiZleba
warmoSvas mowinaaRmdegis ‘rekonstruqciis’ saWiroeba imisaTvis, rom gadaar-
Cinos sakuTari identuroba. samuel hanTingtoni amtkicebs, rom sabWoTa
kavSiris daSlam gamoiwvia amerikis identurobis gadaxaliseba (redefinition). 72 giorgi arbatovis gamonaTqvamis konteqstSi, rom sabWoTa kavSiris daSliT isini
akeTebdnen yvelaze ufro did saSinelebas radgan isini sakuTar Tavs mters
aclidnen, hanTingtoni Seecada eCvenebina identurobis krizisi, romelSic
amerikam amohyo Tavi oTxmocdaaTian wlebSi. harvardis profesorma isic ki
iwinaswarmetyvela, rom amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi uaxloes momavalSi
ecdeboda misi erovnuli interesebis redefinicias da axali mtris
konstruirebas. marTlac, dResdReobiT amerika mogvevlina rogorc lideri
saerTaSoriso terorizmis da e.w. “borotebis RerZis” winaaRmdeg brZolaSi.
zemoTmoyvanili damatkicebelia imisa, rom saWiroa mtris arseboba raTa
moaxdino sakuTari identurobis konstruireba (construct). meore argumenti vendtis sawinaaRmdegod mimarTulia misi mtkicebule-
bisadmi, rom saxelmwifoebi ar arian mtrulad ganwyobilni. vendti warmoidgens
sawyis mdgomareobas Semdegnairad: “warmovidginoT ori moqmedi piri — ego da
alteri — romlebic pirvelad xvdebian erTmaneTs. TiToeul maTgans gadarCena
surs da mowinaaRmdegis msgavsi materialuri SesaZleblobebi gaaCnia, magram arc
erT maTgans ar axasiaTebs gandidebis an dapyrobis biologiuri Tu Sinagani
imperativi; maT arc usafrTxoebis an safrTxis saerTo istoria aqvT. rogor unda
moiqcnen isini?” 73
vendti askvnis, rom radganac arc alters da arc egos aqvs identuroba,
usafrTxoebis interesebi da molodinebi, isini ar Caebmebian Zalismier urTier-
TobebSi dasawyisidanve. aseT siatuaciaSi ar arsebobs mizezi, rom es garemoeba
moviazroT rogorc TviTdaxmarebis msoflio.” sxvagvarad mosazreba vendtis
azriT niSnavs imas, rom saxelmwifoebs, romlebic arian sawyis mgomareobaSi
vaniWebT mniSvnelobas, romelic maT SeiZleba hqondeT mxolod sazogadoebaSi.
“TviTdaxmareba institutia, da ara anarqiis Semadgeneli nawili.” 74 vendti
ambobs, rom “Tu saxelmwifoebi aRmoCndebian TviTdaxmarebad samyaroSi es
ganpirobebulia maTi sakuTari qmedebebiT. moqmedebebis Secvla Secvlis
intersubieqtur codnas, romlic Seadgens sistemas.”75 amis Semdeg vendti akeTebs
imis demonstrirebas, rom radganac ar aris aucilebeli da gardauvali, rom
saxelmwifoebi Caeban iseT urTierTobebSi sadac TviTdaxmarebis principi
sufevs, savaraudoa, rom isni Caeban iseT urTierTobebSi, romelic SegviZlia
davaxasiaToT rogorc prosocialuri an TanamSromluri. 76
zemoTmocemuli gancxadeba, rom saxelmwifoebi ar arian belikozurebi
bunebrivad da rom isini aseTebi xdebian erTmaneTTan da sxva saxelmwifoebTan
urTierTobis Semdeg Zalian didi davis sagani xdeba. sainteresoa, rom jonaTan
merserma es argumenti uaryo, romelmac aCvena rom sawyis mdgomareobaSi alteri
da ego savaraudod ufro TviTdaxmarebis stilSi daiwyeben urTierTobas vidre
prosocialuris. merserma ganasxvava TviTdaxmareba da sxva-daxmarebis
72 Huntington, Samuel, “The Erosion of American National Interests” Foreign Affairs, Volume 76, No 5, Sept/Oct 1997 73 Wendt, “Anarchy is …..”. p. 404. 74 iqve, .., gv.. 401-402 75 iqve, .., gv. 407 76 iqve, .., gv. 405
52
cias, romelic Seqmnilia adamianebis mier, maTi azrebis da ideebis meSveobiT.
nebismier konstruqcias aqvs materialuri mxare magram igi mxolod meore-
xarisxovania. anu, fizikuri elementi arsebobs magram igi arafers warmoadgens
inteleqtualuri elementis gareSe, romelic mas aZlevs mniSvnelobas, gegmavs,
organizebas ukeTebs da warmarTavs. azrs ufro didi mniSvneloba aqvs saer-
TaSoriso usafrTxoebaSi vidre fizikur sagnebs, isini arafers warmoadgenen
inteleqtualuri komponentis gareSe. vendtis mixedviT, socialur konstruq-
ciebs aqvT sami elementi: saerTo codna, materialuri resursebi, da
praqtika. 55
konstruqtivistebi aseve amboben, rom eri da erovnebac socialuri kons-
truqciaa, romlebic Seiqmna droSi da sivrceSi. maT argumentad mohyavT is, rom
erovnuloba gavrcelda XIX saukuneSi ganaTlebis da beWdviTi kulturis gavr-
celebasTan erTad da gaxda sayovelTaod aRiarebuli faseuloba. Sesabamisad,
kidev erTi Tavisebureba konstruqtivizmisa isaa, rom konstruqtivizmi
yuradRebas aqcevs ara marto ideebis da rwmenebis gaziarebis faqts, aramed imas,
Tu ramdenadaa isini gaziarebuli.
vendti da `anarqia~
aleqandre vendtma daiwyo axali era saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis TeoriaSi.
Tumca ki, termini “konstruqtivizmi” misi mogonili ar aris, dResdReobiT es
termini aucileblad asocirdeba vendtis saxelTan. jeqsonis da sorensenis
mixedviT “gasuli dekadis ganmavlobaSi vendti gaxda disciplinis erT-erTi
totema, erT-erTi im mweralTagani visi ideebic aRebeWdebaT saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebis studentebs aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi, visi ideebic SeiZleba
zogs moswondes, zogi ki ver itandes, magram veravin ugulebelyofs.” 56
aleqsandre vendtis mier saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi 1992 wels
gamoqveynebuli statia “anarqia aris iseTi rogoradac mas saxelmwifoebi
aRiqvamen” gaxda saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi erT- erTi yvelaze popularuli
statia, xolo misi saTauri erT-erTi yvelaze xSirad moxseniebadi fraza
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoriis konteqstSi. statiis popularobis
utyuari mizezi aris is, rom igi Riad upirispirdeba ukve fesvebgadgmul da
mZlavr struqturuli realizmis Teorias da mis mamamTavars, kenet uolcs.
vendtis argumentebi eyrdnoba e.w. konstruqtivizms, kerZod ki sociologiur
konstruqtivizm, romlis mizania axsnas identurobis da interesebis Camo-
yalibeba, rogorc procesi (an maTi Camoyalibebis procesi). miuxedavad am
statiis mzardi popularobisa, kritikosebi mravlad hyavs statiasac da Tavad
sociologiur konstruqtivizmsac. maSasadame, saWiroa ganvixiloT statiac da
misi kritikac imisaTvis rom srulad CavwvdeT saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis
yvelaze gacxarebul, Tanamedrove debatebs.
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, vendti Tavis statiaSi akritikebs uolcis fesvgam-
dgar Teorias sistemis anarqiulobis da Sesabamisad aqidan gamomdinare
TviTdaxmarebis msoflios arsebobis gardauvalobis Teorias. maSasadame, jer
mokled davaxasiaToT uolcis ZiriTadi argumenti da Semdeg ganvixiloT
vendtis kritika.
55 iqve, .., gv. 255. 56 Martin Shaw. “Waltzing Alexander: Constructing the new American Ideology”.
49
leqcia IX
konstruqtivizmi da misi kirtika
konstruqtivizmi fokuss axdens adamianis Semecnebaze da mis adgilze
msoflio politikaSi. konstruqtivistebi amboben, rom rogorc aseTi, ar
arsebobs garegani, obieqturi socialuri realoba. socialuri da politikuri
samyaro ar aris fizikuri arseba an materialuri sagani, romelic arsebobs
adamianuri Semecnebis gareT. isini amboben, rom saerTaSoriso sistema ar aris
raRac sivrceSi arsebuli, rogorc magaliTad mzis sistema. is ar arsebobs
TavisTavad. is arsebobs mxolod xalxTa interdisciplinaruli gagebis/Semec-
nebis safuZvelze. konstruqtivistebi amboben, rom saerTaSoriso politika aris
adamianuri qmnileba, magram ara fizikuri da materialuri, aramed wminda
inteleqtualuri da ideuri. saerTaSoriso sistema maTi TqmiT aris ideaTa kona,
garkveuli naazrevebi, normaTa sistemebi, romlebic mowesrigebul iqna
garkveuli xalxis mier garkveul droSi da garkveul adgilas. aqidan logikuri
daskvna aris is, rom Tu fiqrebi da ideebi, romlebic Seadgenen saerTaSoriso
sistemas Seicvlebian, maSin Seicvleba TviTon sistemac. es xdeba imitom, rom
sistema arsebobs naazrevSi da ideebSi.
konstruqtivizms zogjer uwodeben axal midgomasac, (approach) magram
sinamdvileSi aseTi meTodologia jer kidev XVIII saukunidan aris Semonaxuli.
italieli filosofosi jambatista viko amtkicebda, rom bunebrivi samyaro
RmerTis Seqmnilia, magram istoriuli samyaro kacis qmnilebaa. istoria ar aris
TviTqmnadi procesi, igi Seqmnilia kacebis da qalebis mier. isini aseve qmnian
saxelmwifoebs, romlebic realurad warmoadgenen istoriul konstruqciebs.
saxelmwifoebi arian xelovnuri qmnilebebi da aqedan gamomdinare saxelmwifoTa
sistemac xelovnuria.
konstruqtivizmis ZiriTadi midgoma saerTaSoriso urTierTobebisadmi
SeiZleba CamovayaliboT Semdegnairad:
1. admianuri urTierTobebi, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis CaTvliT, Sed-
geba ZiriTadad ideebisa da azrebisagan da ara materialuri mdgo-
mareobis an Zalisagan;
2. ZiriTadi ideuri elementebi, romlebsac konstruqtivistebi eyrdnobian
aris is rwmenebi (ideebi, koncefciebi, mosazrebebi), romlebic farTod
aris gaziarebuli xalxis mier;
3. es saerTo rwmenebi (beliefes) gamoxataven xalxis interesebs da iden-
turobas;
4. konstruqtivistebi Seiswavlian im gzebs, romlis meSveobiTac yalib-
debian da gamoixatebian urTierTobebi. magaliTad iseTi koleqtiuri
socialuri institutis saSualebiT, rogoric aris saxelmwifos suve-
renteti, romelsac ar gaaCnia aranairi materialuri realoba, magram
arsebobs imdenad ramdenadac adamainebs koleqtiurad swamT misi
arsebobisa da moqmedeben am rwmenis Sesabamisad.
,
54
konstruqtivistebi msoflios warmoidgenen rogorc socialur konstruq-
54 Jackson and Sorensen, p. 254.
48
sistemebi vendtis TeoriaSi da Tqva, rom vendtis mTeli Teoria logikuria
mxolod maSin Tuki sxva-daxmarebis sistema egoistur miswrafebebze maRalia da
mxolod maSin, Tuki am sxva-daxmarebis sistemaSi, rogorc es vendtma aRniSna,
“erovnuli interesebi aris saerTaSoriso interesebi”77 da uSiSroebisadmi
mimarTuli qmedebebi aris “altruistuli da prosocialuri.” 78
vendtis merseriseuli kritika raRac momentSi aris vendtis argumentis
ukuqceva vendtisave sityvebis gamoyenebiT. merseri aCvenebs, rom sakuTari Tavis
sxvasTan identifikacia da koleqtiuri prosocialuri sistemis warmoqmna ar
aris aucilebeli simarTles Seesabamebodes. merseri Tvlis, rom sawyis
mdgomareobaSi adamianebi sakuTari Tavis win wamowevas ewevian eqskluziurad
Zalismieri saSualebebiT. mokled, buneba jabnis process. 79
uolcisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic Tvlis, rom konkurencia gamowveulia
struqturiT da vendtisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic Tvlis, rom konkurencia
gamowveulia procesiT, merseri ambobs, rom konkurencias warmoSobs “Cveni
cnobiereba da survili, davimkvidroT pozitiuri socialuri identuroba.” 80
maSasadame, alteric da egoc winaswarmidrekili arian konkurenciisaken
Sexvedramde. amis saCveneblad merseri iyenebs henri tajfelis da jon terneris
Zalzed gavlenian socialuri identurobis Teorias (siT). 81 merseri pirdapir
welsqveviT urtyams vendtis arguments imis Sesaxeb, rom saxelmwifoebma
SeiZleba warmoSvan sxva-daxmarebis sistema garda TviT-daxmarebisa. igi akeTebs
evrokavSiris analizs siT Teoriis gamoyenebiT da aCvenebs, rom is evropuli
saxelmwifoebic ki, romlebic TanamSromloben erTmaneTTan diskriminacias
uweven sxva arawevr saxelmwifoebs. mokled rom iTqvas, rodesac saxelwifoebi
akeTeben TavianTi jgufis sxva jgufis winaaRmdeg identifikacias isini aseve
qmnian TviTdaxmarebis sistemas, romelic Sors dgas altruistuli sxva-
daxmarebis sistemisagan. jgufis SigniT SeiZleba xdebodes identurobis Serwyma,
magram maT mainc aqvT negatiuri damokidebuleba sxva jgufebis mimarT. amis
magaliTia evrokavSiris imigraciis da TavSesafris politika, aseve iseTi
koncefciebis ganviTareba, rogoricaa usafrTxo mesame qveynebi da xelmeored
daSvebis SeTanxmebebis momravleba, rac imas adasturebs, rom evrokavSirs aqvs
diskriminaciuli damokidebuleba Tavis wevr da arawevr saxelmwifoebTan.
merseris mier siT Teoriis gamoyeneba da vendtis kritika imisken ar aris
mimarTuli, rom vendtis Teoria uvargisad gamoacxados. merseri miiCnevs, rom
yuradRebis gamaxvileba identurobaze mniSvnelovania, Tumca is ar xsnis Tu
rogor Seicvleba sistema, da arc imas xsnis, Tu rogor SeiZleba rom procesma
Secvalos identuroba da Semdeg sistema. koleqtiuri uSiSroebis idea, romelic
vendtma wamoayena rogorc TviTdaxmarebis sistemis alternativa istoriulad
ganxorcielda mxolod jgufis farglebSi. maSasadame, koleqtiuri uSiSroeba
SeiZleba CaiTvalos mxolod rogorc jgufuri egoizmis forma. rogorc mauris
burkinma Tqva “saxelmwifoebi yovelTvis cdilobdnen uSiSroebis mopovebas, da
misi mopovebis gzebi moicavs rogorc individualur uSiSroebis strategias,
aseve koleqtiuri uSiSroebis strategias.” miuxedavad imisa, rom koleqtiuri
77 iqve, .., gv. 400 78 iqve, .., gv. 401 79 Mercer, “Anarchy and Identity,” p. 236 80 iqve,…, p. 242. 81 Tajfel, Henry and John C. Turner, “The Social identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior” in Worchel, Stephen and William G. Austin, eds. Psychology of Intergroup Relations, 2nd ed. (Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1986), pp. 7-24.
53
uSiSroebis ritorika iyo omisadmi negatiuri damokidebuleba da am damo-
kidebulebis institucionalurad gamyareba, istoriulma movlenebma aCvena, rom
koleqtiuri uSiSroebis koncefcia gamoyenebul iqna rogorc iaraRi raTa
uzrunveleyoT jgufis uSiSroeba sxva potenciuri Tu pirdapiri safrTxisagan.
mokled rom iTqvas, Znelia daaskvna, rom saxelmwifoebs aqvT altruistuli
gadaxrebi da miznebi. maSinac ki, Tu identurobas aqvs mniSvneloba saxelmwifoTa
moqedebebis CamoyalibebaSi, es ar niSnavs imas, rom saxelmwifoebi SeiZleba
aRmoCdnen sxva TviTdaxmarebisagan gansxvavebul sistemaSi.
vendtis Teoriis yvelaze gavrcelebuli kritika ki is aris, rom mas ar aqvs
empiriuli mtkicebulebebi da aseve misi Teoria imdenad yovlismomcvelia, rom
igi ar baTildeba. 82
82 Tu Teoria imdenad yovlismomcmelia rom misi gabaTileba SeuZlebelia, igi ar iTvleba
Teoriad (imre lakato).
54
periodi rTuli SeiZleba aRmoCndes, magram kioheinis azriT SeuZlebeli ar aris52
robert jervisi agreTve wers anarqiis pirobebSi TanamSromlobis
sirTuleebis Sesaxeb. robert jervisi iyenebs e.w. iremze nadirobis TamaSis
Teorias. es TamaSi aris monadireebze. Tu isini iTanamSromleben da iremze
inadireben, maSin yvela kargad danayrdeba. magram, Tu erTi gamoakldeba da
kurdRels dauwyebs devnas, romelic mas sinamdvileSi irmis xorcze naklebad
moswons, maSin danarCenebi mSivrebi darCebian. anu, es TamaSi patimris dilemisgan
imiT gansxvavdeba, rom yvela moTamaSes gaaCnia erTi da igive interesTa sfero —
yvelas uyvars irmis xorci. aris ramodenime varianti: 1) TanamSromloba da irmis
daWera (saerTaSoriso analogi iqneboda TanamSromloba da ganiaraReba); 2)
kurdRlis monadireba maSin, rodesac sxvebi TavianT postebze rCebian
(SeinarCuno SeiaraRebis maRali done rodesac sxvebi ganiaraRebuli arian); 3)
yvelas mier kurdRelze nadiroba (gamalebuli SeiaraReba da omis maRali riski);
da 4) Tavdapirvel poziciaze darCena, rodesac sxvebi misdeven kurdRels
(ganiaraRebuli yofna, rodesac sxvebi SeiaraRebulni arian). 53 aqidan logikuri
dasvna aris is, rom moqmedma pirebma SeiZleba icodnen, rom maT saerTo mizani
aqvT, magram ver moaxdinon maTi erToblivad miRweva, radgan maT erTmaneTis ar
sjeraT da arian mudmivi SiSis qveS, rom sxvebi gandgebian saerTo saqmisgan da
amiT isini ormagad dazaraldebian vidre Tavidanve TanamSromlobaze uaris
TqmiT. anu, vidre TiToeuli pirovneba ar darwmundeba, rom sxvebi
iTanamSromleben, igi ar daTanxmdeba TanamSromlobaze.
garda im garemoebebisa, romlebic “iremze nadirobis” TamaSiT aris
gadmocemuli, jervisi gamoyofs 3 dabrkolebas, romelic ar aris
gaTvaliswinebuli iremze nadirobis magaliTSi. pirveli is, rom gandgomis SiSis
gamomwvev mizezebs unda davumatoT is faqtori, rom Tu dRes meore saxelmwifo
mxars uWers status-kvos, mogvianebiT SeiZleba ar dakmayofildes am garemoebiT
da gadawyvitos arCeuli gzidan gadaxveva.
meore problema exeba qveynebis mudmiv survils gazardon sakuTari
teritoriebi, raTa hqondeT saWiro resursebi. mesame problema aris
usafrTxoebis dilema, rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom erTi saxelmwifos mier
gazrdili usafrTxoeba warmoadgens safrTxes meore saxlemwifosaTvis.
52 iqve, .., gv. 75-76. 53 Robert Jervis, “Cooperation under the Security Dilemma,” World Politics, 30, no. 2 (January 1978): 167
47
xarjze. anu, ori racionaluri pirovneba arCevs Ralats imisaTvis, rom Tavidan
aicilos uaresi sasjeli, maSin rodesac TanamSromlobiT orive aicilebda
sasjels mTlianobaSi. am TamaSSi gamotydoma, anu Ralati partniorisaTvis
gamodis rom aris dominanturi strategia orive moTamaSisaTvis. es TamaSis
Teoria kargad aris gamoxatuli cifruli matriciT:
patimris dilema
kevinis arCevani
TanamSromloba Ralati
jeimsis arCevani TanamSromloba j,j (3,3) s, g (1,4)
Ralati g, s (4, 1) c,c (2,2)
j — jildo
s — sasjeli
g — gaTavisufleba
c — cixe
patimris dilema ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba imis saCveneblad, Tu ratom aris
konfliqti da uTanxmoeba xSiri da TanamSromloba iSviaTi. magram, kioheini
iyenebs am magaliTs sapirispiros dasamtkiceblad. ganmeorebadi patimris
dilemis magaliTis mixedviT partniorebi ufro TanamSromlobas arCeven,
radganac momavalSi maT kidev mouwevT erTmaneTTan saqmis daWera da Sesabamisad
imijis gafuWeba ar uRirT moklevadian mogebad. aqidan gamomdinare kioheini
askvnis, rom TanamSromloba aqtorebs Soris SeiZleba ganviTardes hegemonis
ararsebobis pirobebSic ki.
kioheini ambobs, rom reJimebis CamoyalibebaSi hegemonis arseboba ar aris
gadamwyveti. saerTaSoriso reJimebis arseboba imazea damokidebuli arsebobs Tu
ara saerTo, an SeTavsebadi interesebi, romlebic aRqmulia an SeiZleba iqnes
aRqmuli politikuri aqtorebis mier. amis Sedegad, saerTo interesebis
misaRwevad warmarTuli saerTo qmedebebi racionaluri xdeba. marTalia,
hegemons SeuZlia Seqmnas saxarbielo garemoeba TanamSromlobisaTvis,
jildoebis da sasjelebis dawesebis gziT, magram igive SeiZleba moxdes hegemonis
ararsebobisasac Tuki amisaTvis saWiro pirobebi arsebobs. es SeiZleba miRweul
iqnes qveynebis patara jgufis mierac ki, romlebic erTmaneTs gauweven
monitorings raTa pativi scen dawesebul normebs da qcevis wesebs da maTi
samTavrobo strategia iqneba sxva mTavrobebis keTildReoba damokidebuli
gaxadon maT mier gangrZobad TanamSromlobaze reJimis SigniT. Sesabamisad,
intensiuri interaqcia ramodenime moTamaSes Soris iZleva saSualebas
Caanacvlos hegemonis ararseboba. rogorc ki hegemonis Zalaufleba dakninebas
ganicdis, TandaTanobiT TanamSromloba gadava post hegemonur fazaSi. am fazaSi
TanamSromloba ganpirobebuli iqneba ara marto hegemonis waxalisebebze, aramed
sxva mniSvnelovani Zalauflebis mqone saxelmwifoebze. aseTi gardamavali
46
leqcia X
natos gafarToeba da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoriebi
neorealizmi
samxedro aliansebi, romlis erT-erTi TvalsaCino magaliTia nato, mxolod
aireklaven saxelmwifoTa interesebs. isini Seqmnili arian safrTxis winaaRmdeg
da rodesac safrTxe, romlis winaaRmdegac isini Seiqmna aRar arsebobs isini
iSlebian. 83 aliansebs aqvT simtkicis sxvadasxva doneebi, rac ufro didia
safrTxe, miT ufro mtkicea aliansi. magram, aseT SemTxvevaSic ki realistebi
nakleb mniSvnelobas aniWeben guliTadi TanamSromlobis SesaZleblobas,
radganac miaCniaT rom saxelmwifoebi yovelTvis yuradRebas aqceven fardobiT
mogebas da arasdros ar arian darwmunebulebi Tu ra ganzraxvebi amoZravebT sxva
saxelmwifoebs.”84 Sesabamisad, Ralatze da fardobiT mogebaze gamudmebiT fiqri
arTulebs TanamSromlobas aliansis farglebSic ki.
institutebis Sesaxeb am warmodgenaSi iyo fesvgadgmuli realistebis
winaswarmetyveleba, rom nato daiSleboda sabWoTa kavSiris daSlasTan erTad an
moxdeboda misi rekonstruqcia evropaSi ZalTa axali gadanawilebis safuZvelze. 85 Sesabamisad, realistebma mkacri kritika daimsaxures imis gamo, rom ver
ganWvrites natos bedi, romelic araTu ar daiSala civi omis dasrulebis Semdeg,
aramed gaxda msoflioSi erTerTi, Tu ara erTaderTi yvelaze dinamiuri
samxedro organizacia. miuxedavad TavianTi kraxisa, realistebi amboben, rom
maTi mosazrebebi arc Tu ise mcdari iyo. magaliTad, kenet uolci, Tavis statiaSi
“ZalTa balansi da natos gafarToeba” amtkicebs, rom misi winaswarmetyveleba
ukve axda, radgan dResdReobiT kaci ver ityvis vis winaaRmdeg icavs Tavs nato. 86
uolci natos gafarToebas xsnis ZalTa balansis Teoriis mixedvT. igi ambobs,
rom sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg msoflio politikuri sistema gaxda
unipolaruli, da aSS gaxda erTaderTi yvelaze Zlieri saxelmwifo msoflioSi.
uolcis mixedviT “iseve rogorc buneba ver itans vakuums, aseve saerTaSoriso
politika ver itans daubalansebel Zalas.” 87 magram jerjerobiT amerikis
Zliereba aravis daubalansebia da sanam es moxdebodes amerika miiltvis Zalisa
da Zlierebis maqsimizaciisaken. uolci asaxelebs or mizezs Tu jerjerobiT
ratom aris, rom danarCen msoflios ar hqonia amerikis Zlierebis dabalansebis
mcdeloba: pirveli, zogierTi samxelmwifo amerikas aRiqvams rogorc keTil
liders da ar grZnobs Tavs im donemde SeSinebulad, rom raime qmediTi
ganaxorcielos da meore, sxvebs ar aqvT survili Caeban ZviradRirebul ZalTa
gadanawilebis TamaSebSi. magram, uolci Rrmad aris darwmunebuli, rom
sabolood ZalTa balansi aRdgeba. igi asaxelebs evrokavSirs, CineTs da iaponias
momaval did saxelmwifoTa ampluaSi. igi aseve dasZens, rom Teorias ar ZaluZs
imis ganWvreta Tu rodis moxdeba ZalTa balansis aRdgena da asve ambobs, rom
dabalanseba saxelmwifoTa Soris ar aris aucilebeli movlena. SesaZlebelia,
83 Kenneth N. Waltz’s Theory of International Politics and Stephen Walt’s The Origins of Alliances propose the argument that once victory is secured, the war-winning coalition typically dissolves. 84 Mearsheimer, 1994, 10 85 See, Gunther Hellmann and Reinhard Wolf, “Neorealism, Neoliberal Institutionalism, and the Future of NATO,” Security Studies, Vol. 3, No. 1 (Autumn 1993): 3-43 86 Kenneth Waltz, “NATO Expansion: a Realist’s View,” in Explaining NATO enlargement, ed. Robert W. Rauchhaus, (London: Frank Cass Publishers, 2001), 22. 87 iqve, . . ., gv. 25
55
rom hegemonma es procesi SeaCeros, rogorc es evropaSi moxda.
uolci asaxelebs sam mizezs, romelmac gamoiwvia natos gafarToebis
gadawyvetilebis miReba. irveli - organizaciebs, gansakuTrebiT ki did
organizaciebs xangrZlivi sicocxlisunarianoba axasiaTebT. meore da ufro
mniSvnelovani faqtori misi TqmiT aris is, rom natos gafarToeba aris erT-erTi
saSualeba imisaTvis, rom amerikam Tavisi roli da arseboba SeinarCunos evropis
samxedro da sagareo saqmeebSi. mesame mizezi aris amerikis Sida politikis
zegavlena aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis mier miRebul gadawyvetilebebze. sxva
sityvebiT rom iTqvas, uolcis mizania gvaCvenos, rom institutebi emsaxurebian
erovnul da ara saerTaSoriso interesebs, gansxvavebiT qvemoT ganxiluli ori
Teoriisgan. ufro metic, uolci amtkicebs, rom “nato arsebobda rogorc
samxedro kavSiri imdeni xani ramdeni xanic sabWoTa kavSiri warmoadgenda
pirdapir safrTxes misi wevri saxelmwifoebisadmi. is arsebobs da farTovdeba
axla ara misi instituciebis wyalobiT aramed imitom, rom ase surs amerikis
SeerTebul Statebs.” 88
miuxedavad imisa, rom realistebi natos gafarToebas xsnian realizmze
dayrdnobiT, isini ar miiCneven, rom gadawyvetileba natos gafarToebis Sesaxeb
racionaluri gadawyvetileba iyo amerikis mxridan. maSasadame, arseobs ori
gansxvavebuli midgoma natos gafarToebis Sesaxeb. erTi mxaris argumenti aris,
rom gafarToeba aris racionaluri gadawyvetileba, meore ki Tvlis, rom es aris
Secdoma. pirveli mxaris argumenti aris is, rom natos gafarToeba xels uwyobs
regionalur usafrTxoebas da amkvidrebs im demokratiul da sabazro ekonomikis
reformebs, romlebic amJamad mimdinareoben yofil komunistur qveynebSi. rac
ufro aRsaniSnavia, natos gafarToeba winaswar gvicavs ruseTis savaraudo
eqspansionisturi qmedebebisagan momavalSi. 89
realistebis meore jgufi ambobs, rom natos gafarToeba iyo “fataluri
Secdoma.” 90 isini amboben, rom natos gafarToebis xarjebi bevrad aRemateba misi
gafarToebidan gamomdinare dadebiT mxareebs orive, materialuri da
usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT. am jgufSi Semavali politikosebi, mkvlevarebi da
oficialuri pirebi Tvlian, rom natos gafarToeba iwvevs axali gamyofi kedlis
aRmarTvas evropaSi, maSin rodesac TviTon am procesis, anu gafarToebis
ritorika da principi aris swored rom sapirispiro. meore, nebiT Tu uneblieT,
natos gafarToeba aris mimarTuli ruseTis winaaRmdeg. pirveli imitom, rom
natos axal wevr saxlemwifoebs aqvT negatiuri damokidebuleba ruseTisadmi da
Sesabamisad SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom isini Secvlian aliansis ruseTisadmi
damokidebulebas da meore, Tuki nato darCeba Tavdacvis organizaciad, ruseTi
misi wevri verasodes ver gaxdeba, rac yovelTvis ganapirobebs uxerxulobas
natosa da ruseTs Soris. mesame mizezi aris is, rom gafarToeba safrxes uqmnis
natos erTianobas da erTpirovnulobas saerTo mtris ararsebobis pirobebSi da
meoTxe is, rom axali wevrebis damateba alianss aqcevs ufro zogad da simtkices
88 Jackson and Sorensen, p. 95. 89 ixileT: Ball, “Nattering NATO Negativism? Reasons Why Expansion May be a Good Thing,” Review of international Studies, 24 (January, 1998): 43-68. aseve ixileT fundamenturi naSromi natos
gafarToebis dadebiT mxareebze: Ronald D. Asmus, Richard L. Kugler and Stephen F. Larabee, “Building a New NATO,” Foreign Affairs, vol. 72 (September/October 1993): 28-40. amerikis poziciis
da gafarToebis pirveli talRis mxardasaWeri argumentebisTvis ixileT: Madeline Albright, “Why Bigger is Better,” The Economist, February 15, 1997, 21-23. 90 George F. Kennan, “A Fateful Error,” New York Times, 5 February, 1997
56
msoflio politikur arenaze da meore imitom, rom rTulia misi mecnieruli
Seswavla, vinaidan da radganac TanamSromloba sakmaod efemeruli koncefciaa,
romelsac mravalmxrivi da mravalgvari waxnagebi gaaCnia. misi TqmiT,
politikosebi xSirad TanamSromlobas ganixilaven ara rogorc saSualebad Tavis
TavSi, aramed rogorc instruments sxva miznebis misaRwevad. magaliTad, didi da
Zlieri qveynebis TanamSromloba raTa daCagron an gamoiyenon sustni. aseT
TanamSromlobas kioheini mxars ar uWers. igi aseve aRiarebs, rom Tana-
mSromlobam SeiZleba yovelTvis ar migviyvanos saukeTeso Sedegebamde, magram
TanamSromlobis gareSe msoflio marTlac momakvdinebeli iqneboda. 50
kioheini ganasxvavebs TanamSromlobas, harmonias da uTanxmoebas. harmonia
aris situacia, rodesac aqtorebis qmedebebi (romlebic ganxorcielda sakuTari
interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT sxvisis gauTvaliswineblad) avtomaturad xels
uwyobs sxvisi miznebis miRwevas. amis klasikuri magaliTi aris warmosaxviTi
msoflio ekonomika sadac uxilavi xelis meSveobiT sakuTari interesebis
ganxorcieleba saboloo jamSi xels uwyobs yvelas keTildReobas. harmonia
msoflio politikaSi Zalian iSviaTi movlenaa. harmoniisgan gansxvavebiT
TanamSromloba moiTxovs, rom calkeuli individebis an organizaciebis
qmedebebi — romlebic ar imyobebian harmoniul situaciaSi — moyvanil iqnas
SesabamisobaSi molaparakebis procesis saSualebiT. anu, TanamSromlobas adgili
aqvs rodesac aqtorebi TavianT qmedebebs uxameben sxvebis interesebs qmedebebis
koordinaciis procesis meSveobiT. Tu ar moxda qmedebebis Sejereba, maSin
adgili aqvs diskords/konfliqts. es aris situacia, rodesac mTavrobebi
ganixilaven erTmaneTis politikas rogorc maTi interesebis SemzRudvels da
erTmaneTs akisreben pasuxismgeblobas am SezRudvebis gamo. harmonia aris
sruliad apolitikuri movlena, xolo TanamSromloba Zlier politikuri.
amasTanave, TanamSromloba ar niSnavs konfliqtis ararsebobas, aramed igi
SeiZleba moicavdes konfliqtebs, magram amasTanave moicavdes konfliqtebis
gadaWris nawilobriv warmatebul Zalisxmevebs. 51
liberaluri institucionalistebi TanamSromlobas xsnian TamaSis Teoriis
meSveobiT. isini Tvlian, rom TanamSromlobas yvelaze metad xels uSlis
Ralatis saSiSroeba. Tu Ralatis saSiSroeba nawilobriv mainc gadalaxul iqna,
maSin SeiZleba adgili eqnes TanamSromlobas.
TanamSromlobis sirTuleebi kargad aris ilustrirebuli e.w. “patimris
dilemis” TeoriiT. istoria Seexeba or damnaSaves, romlebic daiWires da
calcalke hyavT dakiTxvaze. patimprebma ician, rom Tu isini ar gamotydebian
maSin prokurors sakmarisi samxili ar eqneba da SeeZleba TiToeuli maTgani
cixeSi Casvas mxolod wesrigis darRvevisaTvis, rac gamoixateba 30 dRiani
patimrobiT. magram, Tuki orive gamotydeba, TiToeuls miusjian 1 wels. es
perspeqtiva TiTqos orives aZlevs sababs, rom ar gamotydnen. magram cbieri
prokurori orives calcalke sTavazobs rom Tu gamotydeba cixeSi saerTod ar
Casvams, xolo mis partniors miusjian 5 wels. am situaciaSi TiToeulisTvis
marTebuli iqneboda gamotydoma imisda miuxedavad Tu meore partniori ras
moimoqmedebs. anu, Tu gamotydeba, movlenebi ase ganviTardeba: Tu TviTon
gamotyda da amave dros meore patimaric gamotyda isini oriveni 1 wliT
daisjebian, magram amiT Tavs daizRvevs 5 wliani patimrobisgan. Tu TviTon
gamotyda da meore patimari ar gamotyda, mas gaaTavisufleben meore patimris
50 iqve, .., gv. 11. 51 iqve, .., gv. 51-53.
45
leqcia VIII
TanamSromloba anarqiis pirobebSi
istoriuli gamocdilebidan gamomdinare naTelia, rom msoflioSi kon-
fliqtebi sWarbobs TanamSromlobas. es garemoeba Tavis mxriv xdeba dominaturi
Teoriis, realizmis arsebobis wyaro. realizmis Tanaxmad saxelmwifoTa Tana-
arseboba anarqiis pirobebSi aris mudmivi konfliqtis situacia, romelSic
saxelmwifoebi mxolod sakuTari Zalis imedze arian. aseT garemoSi Tanam-
Sromloba rTuli da warmoudgeneli xdeba. TanamSromlobis arsebuli faqtebi ki
ganixileba rogorc Zalauflebis mosapoveblad warmarTuli brZolis nawili.
xolo arsebul TanamSromlobis SemTxvevebs msoflio praqtikaSi realistebi
miaweren hegemonis mier Seqmnil wesrigs. es niSnavs imas, rom hegemoni anu
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi qmnis institutebs, romlebic xels uwyoben
TanamSromlobas. agram, es institutebi arian hegemonis interesebis matareblebi
da maTi arseboba efuZneba isevdaisev hegemonis arsebobas.
liberaluri skolis warmomadgenelbi uaryofen zemoT mocemul mosazrebebs.
isini sruliad samarTlianad mianiSneben dResdReobiT arsebul uamrav
TanamSromlobis qselebze finansebis, ekonomikis, vaWrobis, janmrTelobis,
telekomunikaciebis da garemos dacvis sferoebSi. TanamSromlobis faqtebi maT
mier ganixileba rogorc dadebiTi muxti msoflio politikaSi romelic
safuZvels uqmnis jer kidev sust, magram mainc aRiarebul mosazrebas, rom
konfliqti ar aris gardauvali garemoeba msoflio politikaSi.
anarqiis pirobebSi TanamSromlobaze arsebobs uamravi naSromi liberaluri
skolis sxvadasxva warmomadgenlebis mier, romlebic sxvadasxva kuTxidan
Seiswavlian sakiTxs da sxvadasxva TeoriebiT xsnian maT. ZiriTadad am Teoriis
xerxemali aris mosazreba, rom saerTaSoriso organizaciebi/reJimebi xels
uwyoben TanamSromlobas.
liberaluri skolis erT-erTi yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli robert
kioheinia. misi wigni “hegemoniis Semdeg: TanamSromloba da uTanxmoeba msoflio
politikur ekonomiaSi” romelic pirvelad 1984 wels gamovida, dRemde
warmoadgens erT-erT TvalsaCino saxelmZRvanelos anarqiisa da TanamSromlobis
Sesaxeb. am wignis mecnieruli kvlevis sagani gaxlavT TanamSromloba msoflio
politikur ekonomikaSi. kioheini gamoTqvams imeds, rom mis mier mocemuli
daskvnebi SeiZleba ganzogaddes usafrTxoebaze, CrdiloeTis da samxreTis
urTierTobebze Tu sxva ekonomikur urTierTobebze.
48 kioheinis mTavari
hipotezaa - “SesaZlebelia hegemonuri reJimebis dacemis Semdeg warmoiSvas ufro
simetriuli TanamSromlobis magaliTebi, uTanxmoebis gardamavali periodis
gasvlis Semdeg.” igi magaliTad iRebs 1970-ian wlebs, rodesac amerikis
hegemonoba mcirdeba, magram TanamSromloba ar wydeba. misi wigni svams kiTxvebs:
ra pirobebSi SeiZleba damoukidebelma saxelmwifoebma iTanamSromlon msoflio
politekonomiis sferoSi da kerZod SeiZleba Tu ara TanamSromloba Sedges
hegemonis gareSe, da Tu ki, rogor? 49
kioheini gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs TanamSromlobis ganmartebas.
igi Tavidanve aRiarebs, rom saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobaze wera gansakuTrebiT
rTuli saqmea erTi imitom, rom konfliqti da uTanxmoeba ufro sWarbobs
48 Keohane, Robert, O. “After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discowrd in the World Political Economy.” Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1984, p. 6 49 iqve, .., gv. 9.
44
moklebul organizaciad. 91
maSasadame, zemoTganxilulis safuZvelze Cven SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom
realizmi natos gafarToebas da mis transformacias ganixilavs rogorc
movlenas, romelic xels aZlevs did saxelmwifoebs da ara rogorc natos
instituciuri siZlieris maniSneblad. meorenairad rom iTqvas, realizmi Tavisi
Sexedulebebidan gamomdinare miiCnevs, rom yvela instituti Tu organizacia,
samxedro aliansebis CaTvliT, emsaxurebian didi saxelmwifoebis miznebs da
arseboben manmade, sanam aseT saxelmwifoebs xels aZlevs maTi arseboba.
liberalizmi
instituciuri liberalebis msoflxedveloba efuZneba msoflios libe-
ralur xedvas, romlis mixedviTac konfliqtebi da omebi ar aris gardauvali.
miuxedavad imisa, rom instituciuri liberalistebi iziareben realizmis
ZiriTad debulebebs imis Sesaxeb, rom saxelmwifoebi arian mTavari aqtorebi
saerTaSoriso sistemaSi da isini arian racionaluri egoistebi, maT aseve swamT,
realistebisgan gansxvavebiT, rom aris sakmarisi sivrce TanamSromlobisaTvis da
sjeraT, rom institutebi da organizaciebi xels uwyoben TanamSromlobas.
instituciur liberalistebs sjeraT, rom institutebi da organizaciebi
SesamCnevad arbileben/amcireben anarqiis destrqciul gavlenas wevr saxel-
mwifoebs Soris informaciis gavrcelebis da mimdinareobis gziT, rac imas
ganapirobebs, rom saxelmwifoebi nakleb nerviuloben sxvaTa qcevebis moulod-
nelobis Sesaxeb. institutebi aseve qmnian molaparakebaTa forums saxelm-
wifoebisaTvis, zrdian SesaZleblobas, rom saxelmwifoebma monitoringi gauwion
erTmaneTis saqciels da maT mier aRebuli movaleobebis Sesrulebis xarisxs. 92
instituciuri liberalistebi aRniSnaven, rom institutebi gvaZleven wesebs
da normebs, “romelTa irgvlivac xdeba aqtorebis interesTa Tanxvedra.” wesebi
exmarebian saxelmwifoebs dasZlion Ralatis da informaciis naklebobis
problema. isini exmarebian saxelmwifoebs, raTa gaiRon mokle vadiani msxverpli
anu gadalaxon patimris dilema, samagierod, miiRon grZelvadiani mogeba.
mokled, institutebs SeuZliaT warmoSvan TanamSromloba.
instituciur liberalistebs, realistebisgan gansxvavebiT sjeraT, rom
institutebi emsaxurebian ufro maRal interesebs vidre es did saxelmwifoTa
viwro interesebia. saerTaSoriso institutebi, samxedro aliansebis CaTvliT,
uadvileben saxelmwifoebs gzebs datkbnen TanamSromlobis Sedegad miRebuli
saerTo sargebliT, amcireben momsaxureobis danaxarjebs da aweseben wesebs da
normebs, romliTac isjeba cudi saqcieli. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom insti-
tutebi aferxeben Ralatis SesaZleblobas, isini xels uwyoben TanamSromlobas.
isini amcireben molaparakebebTan dakavSirebul danaxarjebs, uzrunvelyofen
gamWvirvalobas, riTac amcireben undoblobas saxelmwifoebs Soris, rac xels
uwyobs urTierTmomgebiani xelSekrulebebis dadebas.
institucionalistebis centraluri argumentia, rom Camoyalibebis Semdeg
91 ixileT: M. McGwire “NATO Expansion: A Policy Error of Historic Importance,” Review of International Studies, 24 (January, 1998), aseve Robert J. Art, “Creating a Disaster: NATO’s Open Door Policy,” Political Science Quarterly, 113, No. 3 (Fall 1998). 92 Robert O. Keohane, International Institutions and State Power: Essays in International Relations Theory (Boulder: Westview Press, 1989), 2.
57
institutebs axasiaTebT sicocxlisunarionibis SenarCuneba, radgan ufro
advilia institutebis modificireba, vidre axlis Seqmna. Sesabamisad, rodesac
institutebis winaSe dgeba axali problemebi vidre isini, romelTa dasaZlevadac
isini Tavidan Seiqmnen, saxelmwifoebi iltvian am institutebis ara daSlis,
aramed maTi modifikaciisaken raTa maT upasuxon axal gamowvevebs. insti-
tuciuri liberalistebi aseve amtkiceben, rom institutebi mas Semdegac ki
ganagrZoben arsebobas roca hegemonis Zliereba, romlis meSveobiTac es insti-
tuti Seiqmna, sustdeba. 93
celeste volanderi gvTavazobs natos gafarToebis sakmaod yovlismomcvel
axsnas. igi eTanxmeba kiohens imaSi, rom institutebi inarCuneben arsebobas
imitom, rom maTi Seqmna Zviri jdeba da maTi Senaxva ki ufro iafi da rom amis gamo
isini inarCuneben mniSvnelobas cvalebad priobebSic ki, magram volanderi aseve
aRniSnavs, rom es argumenti arasrulia, radganac igi ar gveubneba Tu rodis da
ra pirobebSi inarCuneben arsebobas institutebi.
volanderis TqmiT, “instituti aRar iarsebebs, Tuki igi aRar emsaxureba
masSi Semavali saxelmwifoebis interesebs... instituts aqvs Tu ara adaptirebis
unari damokidebulia imaze, Tu misi saSualebebi — misi normebi, wesebi da
procedurebi — aris konkretuli Tu zogadi, da Tu am saSualebebis jami
Seesabameba wevri saxelmwifoebis interesebs.
volanderis TqmiT, nato SemorCa radgan man ganaviTara iseTi zogadi
saSualebebi civi omis periodSi, rogoricaa:
– gamWvirvaloba wevrebs Soris;
– samxedro Zalebis samoqalaqo kontroli;
– konsultaciebis procedurebi da praqtika;
– integrirebuli sardlobis struqtura;
– wevr-saxelmwifoTa Sesabamisoba;
– saerTo logistika;
– sahaero Tavdacva;
– saerTo ekonomikuri infrastruqtura. 94
civi omis dasrulebis Semdeg natos wevrma qveynebma isev natos mimarTes
axali usafrTxoebis problemebis dasaZlevad natos mier ukve kargad
Camoyalibebuli zogad saSualebebze dayrdnobis da maTi axali miznebisTvis
gamoyenebis gziT. meores mxriv, natos konkretulma saSualebebma didi tran-
sformacia ganicada. Seiqmna iseTi axali instrumentebi rogoricaa partionroba
mSvidobisaTvis, partionrobis koordinaciis ganyofileba da Crdilo atlan-
tikuri sabWo SemdgomSi evroatlantikuri partniorobis sabWod gardaqmnili.
volanderi ambobs, rom es instrumentebi Seiqmna axali safrTxeebis sapasuxod.
2000 wlis Semdeg, volanderis mosazrebebi kidev ufro aqtualuri da marTalia,
radganac natom ganaxorciela Tavisi konkretuli saSualebebis reforma da
Seqmna bevri axali institutebi axali safrTxeebis dasaZlevad. magram,
rasakvirvelia, aseTi adaptacia SeuZlebeli iqneboda, rom ara natos kargad
Camoyalibebuli, Tavdacvis warmoebis saxelmwifoTaSorisi sistema, romelsac
93 Robert Keohane, After Hegemony: Discord and Cooperation in International Political Economy, 1984 94 Celeste Wallander, “Institutional Assets and Adaptability: NATO after the cold war,” International Organization, Vol. 54, No 4 (Autumn 2000): 705-706.
58
institutebis es pozitiuri zegavlena saerTaSoriso urTierTobebze mud-
mivi kritikis sagani xdeba realistebis mxridan, romlebic sastikad ewina-
aRmdegebian ideas, rom institutebi arian damoukidebeli aqtorebi, romlebTac
SeswevT unari gavlena iqonion saerTaSoriso urTierTobebze da warmoqmnan
TanamSromloba.
yvelaze cnobili kritika instituciuri liberalizmisa mocemulia jon
mirSaimeris statiaSi “institutebis cru dapireba,” romelic gamoica 1994 wels
akademiur Jurnal saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebaSi. am statiam gamoiwvia didi
vnebaTaRelva saerTaSoriso urTierToebebis Toeriis specialistebs Soris.
masze erToblivi sapasuxo statia gamosces institucionalistebma — robert
kioheinma da liza martinma imave Jurnalis Semdgom nomerSi, xolo am kontr
statias mohyva sapasuxo statia mirSaimerisgan. es Teoriuli kamaTi erT-erTi
TvalsaCino magaliTia imisa, rom meore debatebi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi
jer kidev mimdinareobs da Tu vis mxares gadaixreba saswori damokidebulia
Tanamedrove movlenebis mimdinare da Semdgom ganviTarebaze. 47
47 ixileT John J. Mearsheimer, “The False Promise of International Institutions,” International Security, (Winter 1994/5 Vol. 19, No. 3): 5-49. sapasuxo statia Robert O. Keohane and Lisa L. Martin, “The Promise of Institutionalist Theory,” International Security, (Summer 1995, Vol. 20, No.1): 39-51.
43
reJimebis ganviTarebas krazneri xsnis Semdegi ZiriTadi mizezobrivi
cvladebis meSveobiT: egoisturi piradi interesi, politikuri Zala, normebi da
principebi, praqtika da Cveuleba, da codna.
aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom reJimebi ufro farTo mcnebaa, vidre institutebi.
anu, arsebobos iseTi reJimebi, romlebic formaluri organizaciuli xasiaTiT
ar aris gamoxatuli, magaliTad, konferenciebs sazRvao kanonebis Sesaxeb, (the law of the sea conferences), romlebic gaeros egidiT moewyo, ar aqvT formaluri
saerTaSoriso organizaca, magram am konferenciis farglebSi arsebobs gar-
kveuli molodinebi masSi gaerTianebuli wevri saxlemwifoebisa, romlebic
efuZneba normebs, wesebs da principebs da gadawyvetilebis miRebis
gansakuTrebul procedurebs.
instituciuri liberalebi amboben, rom saerTaSoriso institutebs SeswevT
Zala xeli Seuwyon TanamSromlobas da ufro saTuo gaxadon igi, Tumca isini Sors
arian im azrisgan, rom institutebs SeuZliaT gardaqmnan saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebi, anu Caanacvlon anarqia sxva tipis wesrigiT (gadaaqcion junglebi
zooparkad). 46 es imaze miuTiTebs, rom instituciuri liberalebi iziareben da
srulad iTaviseben realizmis postulatebs saerTaSoriso politikis Sesaxeb,
magram saboloo jamSi cota ufro optimisturad uyureben momavals, imis
safuZvelze, rom institutebi da reJimebi xels uwyoben TanamSromlobas.
logikurad ismeba kiTxva, Tu ra aris institutebi. institutebi igive
reJimebia, romlis ganmarteba zemoT iyo moxsenebuli, magram institutebs aqvT
ufro formaluri xasiaTi. magaliTad institutebia iseTi saerTaSoriso
organizaciebi rogoricaa gaero, euTo, nato, evro kavSiri da ase Semdeg.
insititutia aseve im wesebis erToblioba, romlebic marTaven saxelmwifoTa
saqciels garkveul sferoSi, rogoricaa aviacia, an naosnoba. es wesebi, rogorc
zemoT ukve iTqva, aseve moixseniebian rogorc reJimebi. xSirad insititutebi da
reJimebi Tanaarseboben. magaliTad, gvaqvs savaWro reJimi, magram igi
amavdroulad formaluri institutiT aris gamoxatuli, romlic aris msoflio
savaWro organizacia.
instituciuri liberalebi amtkiceben, rom saerTaSoriso institutebi xels
uwyoben TanamSromlobas. am sakiTxs isini biheivioristulad, anu mecnierulad
udgebian. pirvel rigSi Seiswavlian TanamSromlobis donis institucionali-
zacias qveynebs Soris da Tu ramdenad Seuwyves xeli institutebma am Tu im
sferoSi TanamSromlobas. institucionalizaciis done SeiZleba ganisazRvros
or ganzomilebad: siRrmiseulad da fokusis mixedviT. fokusi Seexeba im
sakiTxebs, romlebsac inistituti exeba. siRrme izomeba sami komponentis
meSveobiT: erTgvarovneba, konkretuloba da avtonomia. aris konkretuli fo-
kusis mqone institutebi, rogoricaa nato an farTo fokusis mqone, rogoricaa
gaero da nawilobriv evrokavSiri. aseve, aris regionuli da saerTaSoriso
organizaciebi. Tvisobrivad isini SeiZleba iyos samTavroboTaSoriso (gaero)
zesaxelmwifoebrivi (evro kavSiri) an transnacionaluri (saerTaSoriso
aministia).
instituciuri liberalebis mtkicebiT institutebi noyier niadags qmnian
TanamSromlobisaTvis, radgan isini xels uwyoben saxelmwifoTa Soris ndobas
informaciis miwodebis da molaparakebis forumis Seqmnis gziT. institutebi
aseve amcireben transaqciis danaxarjebs qveynebisaTvis.
46 Jackson and Sorensen, gv. 117.
42
volanderi uwodebs zogad saSualebebs (general assets). kidev erTi mkvlevari, robert makkala, aseve iyenebs institucionalur
liberalizms natos gafarToebis asaxsnelad. jer kidev 1996 wels, rodesac
natos transformacia ar iyo iseTi maStaburi rogoric dRes aris, makkalas
sjeroda rom “banakebis akecvis, gamarjvebis gamocxadebis da axali institutis
mSeneblobis magivrad, wevri qveynebi alianss axal mimarTulebas miscemen,
arsebuli meqanizmebis da procedurebis gamoyenebiT zeddaaSeneben warsul
warmatebebs raTa gaumklavdnen axal problemebs.”95 maSasadame, Tavis naSromSi
makkala aseve aCvenebs Tu rogor gainTavisufla Tavi natom civi omis droindeli
institutebisgan da Caanacvla isini axali meqanizmebiT, romlebic saWiro iyo
axali safrTxeebis gasamklaveblad.
miuxedavad imisa, rom makklas sjera, rom institutcionalisturi
(institutionalist) Teoriebi ufro gvexmarebian natos transformaciis procesSi
garkvevaSi, igi aseve dasZens, rom saerTaSoriso institucionalistebis axsna-
ganmarteba ar aris srulyofili axsna am procesisa. makkalas sjera, rom
instituciur mdgradobasTan erTad aseve angariSi unda gavuwioT wevr
saxelmwifoebs Soris mimdinare procesebs, radganac saboloo jamSi instituts
mainc misi donori saxelmwifoebi marTaven. anu, is ambobs, rom saSinao faqtorebi
aweseben limitebs aliansebis monawileobaze, radganac wevri saxelmwifoebi
ixdian aliansis Senaxvis da marTvis Tanxebs da Sesabamisad maT mudmivad aqvT
survili, rom es danaxarjebi sxva mimarTulebiT iqnas mimarTuli. anu, makkala
varaudobs, rom advilad amosacnobi mtris ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi saSinao
opozicia ufro da ufro momZlavrdeba da “Sida mxardaWerasa da opozicias
Soris interaqcia Seqmnis sazRvrebs, romlis SigniTac mouwevT moqmedeba
erovnul liderebs.”96 ufro martivad rom vTqvaT, natos arseboba ararseboba
didad aris damokidebuli erovnuli sakanonmdeblo organoebis da Tundac
saxalxo azris keTilganwyobaze, vinaidan da radganac isini gamohyofen am
organizaciis Sesanax fuls. aseve unda iTqvas, rom am SemTxvevaSi yvelaze didi
roli natos bedis gadawyvetaSi aSS-s mTavrobas da iq arsebul saxalxo azrs aqvs,
radganac aSS aris natos yvelaze Zlieri saxelmwifo samxedro TvalsazrisiT da
Sesabamisad gamohyofs yvelaze met Tanxas am organizaciis saarsebod.
konstruqtivizmi
rogorc ukve iTqva, konstruqtivizmis fundamenturi mosazreba isaa, rom
adamianebi arian socialuri arsebebi da maT axasiaTebT socialuri urTi-
erTobebi. es urTierTobebi konstruirebas ukeTeben imas, Tu rogor aRviqvamT
Cven sakuTar Tavebs da Cvens samyaros. Sesabamisad, adamianebi qmnian samyaros
iseTs, rogoradac igi dResdReobiT gvevlineba imisda meSveobiT Tu rogor
iqcevian isini, ras eubnebian erTmaneTs da ras akeTeben. 97 sxva sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, rasac vambobT da rasac vfiqrobT samyaros Sesaxeb didad gansazRvravs
95 Robert McCalla, “NATO’s persistence after the Cold War,” International Organization, Vol. 50, No. 3 (Summer, 1996): 464. 96 iqve, . . ., gv. 468. 97 V. Kubalkova, Nicholas G. Onuf and Paul Kowert, International Relations in a Constructed World (M.E. Sharpe, April, 1998), 59.
59
saqciels. Sesabamisad, konstruqtivistebs sjeraT, rom realoba aris socia-
lurad Seqmnili/konstruirebuli. socialuri da politikuri samyaro ar aris
bunebis nawili, arc istoria, sazogadoebis, ekonomikis da politikis kanonebi
arian TviTmyofadi. isini arian maT SeqmnaSi CarTuli adamianebis fiqrebis da
ideebis nayofi, da es ideebi warmoadgenen istoriis mamoZravebel Zalas. 98
konstruqtivistebi amboben, rom vinaidan da radganac realizmi didi xnis
manZilze iyo dominaturi Teoria saerTaSoriso politikaSi, man iqonia SesamCnevi
gavlena saxelmwifoTa saqcielze. maSasadame, konstruqtivistebis mizania
moaxdinon realizmis mier mowodebuli depresiuli da bneli ideebis da fiqrebis
dekonstruqcia. 99 amis mcdelobisas konstruqtivistebi uaryofen saxelmwifos
im mcnebas romelsac orive, realistebic da liberalistebic ase upirobod
iziareben da amboben, rom saxelmwifoebic socialuri qmnilebebi arian, amitomac
maTi saqcieli eqvemedbareba socialur cvlilebas. Sesabamisad, konstruqti-
vistebi Tavs uflebas aZleven amtkicon, rom ar arsebobs iseTi mudmivi mcnebebi,
rogoricaa “saxelmwifoebis racionaluri egoizmi” an “anarqiuli sistema.”
konstruqtivistebi uaryofen egoizmis mcnebas da amtkiceben, rom saerTaSoriso
aqtorebi arian faseulobebis da normebis erTgulebi da isini irCeven Sesaferis
(appropriate) da ara qmediT/momgebian (efficient) qcevis formebs.
rac Seexeba institutebs, konstruqtivistebis mixedviT isini arian “saerTa-
Sorisod gaziarebuli normebis da faseulobebis instituciuri gamoxatulebani,
romelTa ganmartebebi, wesebi da principebi Cadebulia qcevis im receptebSi,
romlebsac isini ayalibeben saxelmwifoTaTvis. 100 Sesabamisad, institutebis
gafarToeba miiCneva rogorc ‘socializaciis” procesi, romlis drosac saerTa-
Soriso sazogadoeba da misi organizaciebi “aswavlian” sakuTar normebs da
faseulobebs saxelmwifoebsa da sazogadoebebs.” 101 organizacia daintere-
sebulia normebis da faseulobebis gavrcelebiT da Sesabamisad “swavlebis”
danaxarjebs naklebi mniSvneloba aqvs. magram, swavlebis danaxarjebi ar unda
aRematebodes wevri saxelmwifoebis SesaZleblobebs imisaTvis, rom safrTxe ar
Seeqmnas TviT am organizaciis arsebobas.
maSasadame, konstruqtivistebisaTvis nato mxolod samxedro organizacia ki
ar aris, rogorc amas realistebi miiCneven. arc mxolod funqciuri datvirTvis
mqone saerTaSoriso institutia, rogorc amas liberaluri instituciona-
listebi amboben. maTTvis nato aris saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba, romelsac
gaaCnia saerTo normebi da faseulobebi. es organizacia Tavismxriv Caqsovilia
meore, kidev ufro did evro-atlantikur anu, dasavlur sazogadoebaSi da
warmoadgens mis samxedro mklavs. maSasadame, natos gafarToebis procesi iwyeba
maSin, rodesac saxelmwifo iTxovs masSi gawevrianebas, rac igiva, rom am
saxelmwifos aqvs survili gaiziaros am organizaciis normebi da faseulobebi.
realuri wevroba gaicema mxolod maSin, rodesac sazogadoeba dainaxavs, rom am
saxelmwifom gaiziara dasavluri sazogadoebis liberaluri faseulobebi da
98 Alexander Wendt, “Anarchy is What States Make of It,” International Organization, 46, (1992). 99 Richard K. Ashley, “The Poverty of Neorealism,” International Organization, Vol. 12, No. 4 (October 1987): 286. Quoted in Mearsheimer’s “False Promise of International Institutions,” 38. 100 Connie L. McNeely, Constructing the Nation-state. International Organization and Prescriptive Action (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1995), 27, quoted in Frank Shimmelfenning, “NATO Enlargement: A Constructivist Explanation,” Security Studies, Vol. 8, Issue 2/3, (1999): 211. 101 Martha Finnemore, National Interests in International Society (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996), 11-12.
60
saerTod araviTari. isini Tanamdevi movlena ufroa. stranJis pozicia emTxveva
struqturul midgomebs, romlebic pirad sargebelzea orientirebuli da
yuradRebas amaxvilebs racionaluri moqmedi pirebisagan Semdgar msoflioze.
reJimebisadmi meore, modificirebuli struqturuli midgoma yvelaze
naTlad kioheinisa da stainis naSromebSia mocemuli. es orive avtori
tradiciuli struqturuli realizmis xedvidan gamodis (msoflio Sedgeba
suverenuli saxelmwifoebisgan, romlebic sakuTari interesebisa da Zalis
maqsimizacias eswrafian). suverenuli saxelmwifoebisgan Semdgar msoflioSi
reJimebis ZiriTadi funqciaa saxelmwifoTa qcevis koordinacia, garkveul
sferoSi sasurveli Sedegebis misaRwevad. staini da kioheinis azriT, reJimebs
SeuZliaT zegavlenis moxdena maSin, rodesac piradi interesis individualuri,
arakoordinirebuli gaTvlebiT pareto-optimaluri Sedegebi ver miiRweva.
patimris dilema aris amis klasikuri magaliTi.
reJimebisadmi mesame midgoma grociusiseul tradicias efuZneba, romelic
reJimebs yvela politikuri sistemisaTvis damaxasiaTebel fenomenad miiCnevs. am
midgomis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebi arian reimond hopkinsi, donald puCala
da oran iangi. maTi azriT, saxelmwifo moRvaweebi TiTqmis yovelTvis
SezRudulad grZnoben Tavs im principebiT, normebiTa da wesebiT, romlebic
gansazRvravs an krZalavs sxvadasxvagvar qcevas. maTi mosazreba scdeba
realistur TvalTaxedvas. puCala da hopkinsi TavianT arguments ara mxolod im
sferoebs ukavSireben sadac xdeba interesTa Tanxvedra (sursaTi) aramed im
sferosac, romelic, zogadad, bevrad ufro konfliqturad iTvleba
(kolonializmi). iangi aseve amtkicebs, rom ganmeorebadi qceva gardauvlad
iwvevs Sesabamis molodins. interesis gaTvlebis amsaxveli ganmeorebadi qceva ki
reJimebis Seqmnas uwyobs xels, romlebic ganmeorebad qcevas aZliereben.
hopkini da puCala fiqroben, rom saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis realuri
moqmedi pirebi elitebi arian. saxlemwifoebi mxolod iSviaTi abstraqciaa. eli-
tebs rogorc nacionaluri, ise transnacionaluri kavSirebi aqvT. suvereniteti
qceviTi cvladia da ara analitikuri varaudi. saxelmwifoTa unari, gaakon-
trolon sazRvarTamkveTi gadaadgilebani da SeinarCunon gavlena saerTaSoriso
sistemis yvela aspeqtze, SezRudulia. usafrTxoeba da saxelmwifos gadarCena
erTaderT mizans ar warmoadgens. saerTaSoriso politikaSi ara marto Zalas
ukavia mniSvnelovani adgili. elitebi moqmedeben komunikaciaTa qselis far-
glebSi, romlebic wesebs, normebsa da principebs moicavs da erovnul sazRvrebs
scdeba.
grociusiseuli xedvis mimdevrebi reJimebs saerTaSoriso sistemis farTod
gavrcelebul da mniSvnelovan movlenad aRiareben. struqturuli realizmis
mimdevrebi, ki reJimebs ganixilaven fenomenad, romlis Sesaxebac varaudebis
gamoTqma SeuZlebelia da romlis arsebobac safuZvlian axsnas moiTxovs.
sabolood, krazneri mokled da Sinaarsianad ajamebs reJimebisadmi am sami
midgomis dedaazrs. tradiciuli struqturuli midgoma reJimebs seriozulad
ar aRiqvams: Tu ZiriTadi mizezobrivi cvladebi Seicvleba, reJimebic cvlilebas
ganicdis. reJimebi damoukideblad ver axdenen gavlenas qcevaze. modifi-
cirebuli struqturuli midgomis Tanaxmad, romelsac realistebi gvTavazoben,
reJimebi mniSvnelovania maSin, rodesac gadawyvetilebis damoukideblad miRebam
arasasurveli Sedegebi SeiZleba gamoiRos. da bolos, grociusiseuli midgoma
reJimebs adamianTa ganmeorebadi urTierTqmedebis, maT Soris saerTaSoriso
sistemaSi, qcevis ganuyofel nawilad miiCnevs.
41
leqcia VII
reJimebi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi
saerTaSoriso reJimebis yvelaze farTo gansazRvrebas gvaZlevs stiven
krazneri, romelic reJimebs Semdegnairad aRwers “im principebis, normebis,
wesebisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis procedurebis erToblioba, romelTa
Taobazec Tanxvdeba moqmed pirTa molodinebi ama Tu im sferoSi.” igi aseve
iZleva TiToeuli terminis ganmartebas, rac Zalzed mniSvnelovania. principebi —
esaa warmodgenebi faqtze, mizezobriobasa da sisworeze. normebi — uflebebisa
da movaleobebis safuZvelze gansazRvruli qcevis standartebi, wesebi — qcevis
garkveuli direqtivebi an akrZalvebi, gadawyvetilebis miRebis procedurebi ki —
koleqtiuri arCevnis gakeTebisa da ganxorcielebis gabatonebuli meTodebia.
ganasxvaveben reJimebsa da SeTanxmebebs. reJimebi ufro metia vidre droebiTi
SeTanxmebebi. SeTanxmebebi sagangebo da xSirad erTjeradi xasiaTisaa, xolo
reJimebis mizania SeTanxmebebis xelSewyoba. krazneris mier zemoT mocemuli
reJimebis ganmarteba yvelaze gavrcelebuli da parsimoniulia da sxva bevr
danarCen gansazRvrebasTan modis SesabamisobaSi. reJimebze saubrisas
aucilebelia ganvsazRvroT erTis mxriv principebi da normebi da meores mxriv,
wesebi da procedurebi. principebi da normebi reJimis ZiriTadi ganmsazRvreli
maxasiaTeblebia. mravali wesi da procedura SeiZleba Seesabamebodes erTsa da
imave principebsa da normebs. wesebsa da procedurebSi momxdari cvlilebebi
reJimebis Sida cvlilebebia im pirobiT, rom principebi da normebi ucvlelia.
principebsa da normebSi momxdari cvlilebebi Tavad reJimis cvlilebas niSnavs.
rodesac arsebul principebs da normebs ugulebelyofen an axali reJimi iqmneba,
an arsebuli reJimi mocemuli sferodan qreba. aqve unda aRiniSnos is
mniSvnelovani faqti, rom fundamenturi politikuri davebi ufro normebsa da
principebs Seexeba, vidre wesebsa da procedurebs.
rodesac reJimis principebi, normebi, wesebi da gadawyvetilebis miRebis
procedurebi naklebad SeTanxmebuli xdeba an Tu arsebuli praqtika sul ufro
metad aRar Seesabameba principebs, normebsa da procedurebs, maSin reJimi
dasustebulia. magaliTad, ganviTarebuli qveynebisadmi gansakuTrebuli da
diferencirebuli damokidebuleba imis mauwyebelia, rom liberaluri reJimi
dasustda, miuxedavad imisa, rom misi Canacvleba ar momxdara.
amrigad, krazneri askvnis, rom reJimis Sida cvlileba gulisxmobs wesebisa da
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procedurebis, da ara normebisa da principebis
Secvlas; sakuTriv reJimebis cvlileba ki normebisa da principebis Secvlas
niSnavs, xolo reJimis dasusteba — reJimis komponentebs Soris SeTanxmebulobis
darRvevas an reJimisa da Sesabamisi qcevis SeuTavseblobas.
arsebobs didi debatebi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra rols asruleben
reJimebi saerTaSoriso politikaSi da aqvT Tu ara maT damoukidebeli zegavlena
saxelmwifoTa saqcielze. krazneri Tavis statiaSi gamoyofs sam midgomas
reJimebisadmi.
pirveli midgomis warmomadgenelia suzan stranJi. mas reJimebis cnebis
Rirebulebis Taobaze seriozuli eWvebi gaaCnia. misi azriT, aRniSnuli
koncefcia damRupvelia, vinaidan is bundovans da gaurkvevels xdis interesebisa
da Zalis urTierTmimarTebas, romelic saerTaSoriso sistemaSi qcevis uSualo
da upirveles mizezad gvevlineba. stranJis azriT reJimebs, Tu saerTod
SesaZlebelia maT arsebobaze saubari, mxolod umniSvnelo gavlena aqvs an
40
multilateruli normebi.
zemoT naxsenebi “socializaciis” da “swavlebis” mcnebebze dayrdnobiT erT-
erTi konstruqtivisti, frank Simelfeningi askvnis, rom saxelmwifo xdeba
saerTaSoriso organizaciis wevri, Tuki igi realurad gaiTavisebs am
sazogadoebis faseulobebs da normebs. rac ufro swrafad iswavlis esa Tu is
saxelmwifo, ufro adre gaxdeba is am organizaciis wevri. 102 Sesabamisad,
konstruqtivistebi Tvlian, rom is saxelmwifoebi, romlebic natos wevri
gaxdnen civi omis dasrulebis Semdeg miRebul iqnen organizaciaSi imisda gamo,
rom maT aramarto gaiTavises natos faseulobebi, aramed TviTon dasavlurma
sazogadoebam dainaxa da aRiara, rom isini arian erTi da igive faseulobebis da
normebis matareblebi.
102 Frank Shimmelfenning, “NATO Enlargement: A Constructivist Explanation,” Security Studies, Vol. 8, Issue 2/3, (1999): 211.
61
leqcia XI
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi da saSinao politika
saSinao politika da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi xSirad erTmaneTSia
gadajaWvuli. bunebrivia, isini erTmaneTs gansazRvraven da erTmaneTze zegav-
lenas axdenen. magram, ufro sainteresoa gavarkvioT “rodis” da “rogor”
gansazRvraven saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi da saerTaSoriso politika
erTmaneTs. amaze pasuxi mogvca robert putnamma Tavis sayovelTaod cnobil
statiaSi “diplomatia da saSinao politika, or doneze TamaSis logika,” romelic
1988 wels daibeWda Jurnal saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi. 103
saerTaSoriso da saSinao urTierTqmedebis asaRwerad putnamma pirvelad
SemoiRo metafora - TamaSi or doneze, romelic zustad asaxavs mocemul
situacias. putnamis TqmiT, “saerTaSoriso molaparakebebis politika SeiZleba
miviCnioT rogorc TamaSi or doneze. erovnul doneze Sida jgufebi cdiloben
TavianTi interesebis ganxorcielebas mTavrobaze zewoliT, rom maT gaataron
maTTvis sasargeblo politika da politikosebi moixveWen Zalas am jgufebs
Soris koaliciebis CamoyalibebiT. saerTaSoriso doneze erovnuli mTavrobebi
cdiloben, rom maqsimalurad gazardon sakuTari SesaZlebloba daakmayofilon
Sida zewola da amave dros minimumade daiyvanon sagareo movlenebis savalalo
Sedegebi. arc erTi donis TamaSis ignorireba ar SeuZliaT centralur figurebs
manmade, sanam maTi qveynebi arian urTierTdamokidebulni da amavdroulad
suverenulebi.”104 TiToeuli erovnuli politikuri lideri or dafaze
moqmedebs: saerTaSorisoze, sadac mis irgvliv dganan diplomatebi da saer-
TaSoriso mrCevelebi da saSinao dafaze, sadac gverdSi hyavT partia,
parlamenti, mrCevelebi, spikerebi da interesTa jgufebis warmomadgenlebi.
putnami ambobs, rom or dafaze TamaSi Zalian rTulia da did politikur
riskebTan aris dakavSirebuli. magram, zogjer Wkviani moTamaSeebi SeniSnaven
xolme moZraobas erT dafaze, romelsac SeuZlia gamoiwvios gadaadgilebebi
meore dafaze, rac saSualebas aZlevs mas miaRwios sxvagvarad miuRwevel
Sedegebs.
analizisaTvis putnami akeTebs or doneze TamaSis danawevrebas raTa ufro
advilad iqnas aRqmuli maT Soris urTierTqmedeba da kavSiri:
1. dialogi molaparakebis mwarmoeblebs Soris, romelsac mivyavarT winaswar
SeTanxmebamde. done I.
2. calkeuli ganxilvebi amomrCevlebs Soris moaweron Tu ar moaweron xeli
SeTanxmebas. done II.
anu, gvaqvs ori faza, molaparakebis da ratifikaciis. is garemoeba, rom
nebismieri SeTanxmeba pirvel doneze ratificirebuli unda iqnas meore doneze
awesebs mniSvnelovan Teoriul kavSirs am or dones Soris.
amis gaTvaliswinebiT, meore donis amomrCevlebis vinseti (mogebebis
103 Robert D. Putnam, “Diplomacy and Domestic Politics, the logic of two level games,” International Organizations, Vol. 3, Issue 42, Summer 1988: 427-460 104 Robert D. Putnam “Diplomacy and Domestic Politics, the logic of two level games,” in Peter B. Evans, Harold K. Jacobson and Robert D. Putnam ed. International Bargaining and Domestic Politics: Double-Edged Diplomacy, University of California Press, 1993: 436
62
aqedan gamomdinare, politikuri bataliebi imarTeba ara informaciis gadacemis
saSualebebisaTvis, aramed imisaTvis, rom Seqmna an gaanadguro ndoba. avtorebi
aseve aRniSnaven faqts, rom informaciis saukuneSi demokratiul qveynebs aqvT
upiratesoba.
Tu SevajamebT zemoT Tqmuls gamodis, rom kompleqsuri urTierTdamo-
kidebuleba sainformacio xanaSi niSnavs komunikaciis ufro met arxebs
msoflios sxvadasxva sazogadoebebs Soris. miuxedavad amisa, sainformacio
revolucia jer kidev adreul fazaSia da Zalismieri politika (power politics) jer
kidev dominirebs saerTaSoriso urTierTobebs. amavdroulad, kompleqsuri
urTierTdamokidebuleba ar aris globaluri movlena da mxolod industriul-
demokratiul saxelmwifoebze vrceldeba, romlebic aSkara upiratesobiT
sargebloben.
39
xana, e.w. “sainformacio revolucia” romelic jer kidev sawyis etapzea, magram
ukve iqonia didi zegavlena kompleqsuri urTierTdamokidebulebis sam ZiriTad
komponentebze:
1. sazogadoebaTaSorisi kontaqtebi;
2. samxedro Zlierebis rolis Sesusteba;
3. usafrTxoeba, rogorc nakleb mniSvnelovani sakiTxi.
sainformacio revoluciam sagrZnoblad Secvala kompleqsuri urTierT-
damokidebulebis pirveli komponenti, radganac internetma da informaciis
gacvlis sxvadasxva saSualebebma mniSvnelovnad gaaxSires da gaaRrmaves
kontaqtebi qveynebs Soris. samxedro Zala da usafrTxoeba ki jer kidev
inarCuneben mniSvnelobas saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi. avtorebi asaxeleben
or mizezs, Tu ratom ver gardaqmna sainformacio revoluciam msoflio
politika:
1. informacia gaedineba ara vakuumSi, aramed politikur sivrceSi, romelic
ukve dakavebulia. politika Zerwavs sainformacio revolucias da piriqiT
(revolucia politikas);
2. mSvidobis demokratiuli zonis gareT saxelmwifoebis msoflio ar aris
kompleqsuri urTierTdamokdiebulebis msoflio.
nai da kioheini gamoyofen ori tipis Zalas: qceviTi Zala (behavioral power) da
saresurso Zala (resource power). - qceviTi Zala gaZlevs saSualebas miiRo is Sedegi, romelic Sen gsurs.
arsebobs ori tipis qceviTi Zala:
- rbili Zala (soft power) — SesaZlebloba miaRwio sasurvel Sedegebs radgan
sxvebs undaT is, rac ginda Sen; anu SesaZlebloba miaRwio Sens mizans mozidvis da
ara Zaldatanebis saSualebiT;
- xisti Zala (hard power) - SesaZlebloba gaakeTebino sxvebs is, rasac isini
sxvagvarad ar gaakeTebdnen jildoebis an sasjelis gamoyenebiT;
- saresurso Zala niSnavs im resursebis qonas, romlebic rogorc wesi
gamoiyenebian Sedegebis misaRwevad. rogorc zemoT iTqva, nai da kioheni Tvlian,
rom sainformacio teqnologia iqneba axali saukunis yvelaze mniSvnelovani
resursi.
nai da kioheni aseve aRniSnaven, rom axal saukeneSi informaciis siWarbes
mivyavarT yuradRebis modunebasTan. yuradReba xdeba iSviaTi resursi da Zalas
ixveWen isini visac SeuZliaT ganasxvaon mniSvnelovani signalebi fuWi
xmaurisgan. am movlenas nai da kioheni siWarbis paradoqss (paradox of plenty) uwodeben. isini aseve aRniSnaven, rom aseT garemoSi e.w. sandoobis reputacia
(reputation for credibility) rac gamoixateba sando informaciis miwodebaSi, Tundac es
Seni qveynisaTvis arasaxarbielo informacia iyos, xdeba Zalian mniSvnelovani.
amitom aris, rom BBC msoflioSi aRiarebul informaciis mimwodeblad iTvleba.
38
kompleqti) aris yvela is SesaZlo SeTanxmemebi pirvel doneze, romlebsac
SeuZliaT moipovon saWiro mxardaWera amomrCevelTa Soris, rodesac jeri
midgeba arCevaze an ar arCevaze. meore donis vinsetebis konturebi Zalian
mniSvnelovania pirvel doneze miRweuli SeTanxmebebis TaviseburebebSi
gasarkvevad ori mizezis gamo:
pirveli: didi vinseti pirvel doneze SeTanxmebebis miRwevis albaTobas
zrdis, roca yvelaferi danarCeni Tanasworia: ceteris paribus. realurad, nebismieri
warmatebuli SeTanxmeba unda eqceodes orive mxaris meore donis vinsetebs
Soris. Sesabamisad, SeTanxmeba miiRweva mxolod maSin, Tu sxvadasxva mxaris
vinsetebi erTmaneTs gadafaraven. da Sesabamisad, rac ufro didia vinseti miT
ufro savaraudoa, rom isini erTmaneTs gadakveTen. amavenairad, Tu pataraa
TiToeuli mxaris vinsetebi maSin saTuoa, rom molaparakeba CaiSleba.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom CaSlili molaparakebis albaTobis gaTvalis-
winebisas unda ganvasxvaoT ori tipis mizezi: nebayoflobiTi Cavardna da
aranebayoflobiTi Cavardna. nebayoflobiTi Cavardna exeba SeTanxmebis
Cavardnas racionaluri egoistis mier, romelic pirobebs ar asrulebs roca ar
aris ZaldatanebiTi kontraqti. (es problema xSirad iCens Tavs da kargad aris
gadmocemuli koleqtiuri moqmedebebis dilemaSi, an patimris dilemaSi).
aranebayoflobiTi Cavardna ki exeba situacias, rodesac agents ar aqvs
saSualeba piroba Seasrulos warumatebeli ratifikaciis procesis gamo.
meore: vinsetebis fardobiTi zoma gansazRvravs molaparakebebis Sedegad
miRebul sargebels. magaliTad, rac ufro didia ama Tu im mxaris vinseti, miT
ufro advilad SeiZleba misiT manipulireba molaparakebebis dros. amavenairad,
patara saSinao vinseti SeiZleba gaxdes molaparakebis dros upiratesoba: “me
didi siamovnebiT miviRebdi Tqvens SemoTavazebas, magram am gadawyvetilebas Sin
mxars ar dauWeren.” xSir SemTxvevaSi, am situaciis Tavidan acilebis mizniT
oponentebi winaswar moiTxoven meore mxarisgan, rom gaafarTovon asparezi
manevrirebisaTvis pirvel doneze, sanam daiwyeben molaparakebas meore doneze.
vinsetebis dedaazrs putnami gadmoscems figuralurad. warmovidginoT
martivi nulovani urTierToba X da Y Soris. X max da Y max warmoadgenen maqsimum
Sedegs X da Y Tvis. maSin, rodesac X1 da Y1 warmoadgenen im Sedegebis minimums,
romelzec orive mxare moaxdens ratificirebas. an, Sesabamisad, nebismieri
SeTanxmeba, romelic eqceva X1 da Y1 Soris, xelmoweril iqneba orive mxaris mier.
magram Tu Y vinseti Semcirdeba Y2-mde maSin urTierTgadamfaravi vinsetebi
Semcirdeba sasargeblod. Tu warmatebiT Tavbrudaxveulma Y gadawyvita kidev
ufro Seamciros Tavisi vinsetebi Y3-mde, maSin aRmoCndeba, rom ucabedad
molaparakebebi CixSi eqceva, radganac ukve vinsetebi saerTod ar gadakveTaven
erTmaneTs.
vinsetebis determinantebi
aucilebelia gavarkvioT, Tu ra garemoebebi axdenen zegavlenas vinsetebis
zomaze. putnami gamoyofs sam faqtors:
63
1. meore doneze upiratesobebi da koaliciebi;
2. meore donis institutebi;
3. pirveli donis molaparakebaSi monawile pirebis
strategiebi.
1. vinsetebis sidide damokidebulia ZalTa gadanawilebaze, upiratesobebze
(vis/ras aniWebs uporatesobas) da SesaZlo koaliciebze meore donis amomr-
Cevlebs Soris.
eWvgareSea, rom nebismier Teorias, romelsac aqvs pretenzia axsnas or
doneze TamaSi fesvebi unda hqondes saSinao politikaSi. magram am etapze saWiro
ar aris gadavvardeT saSinao politikis Teoriul morevSi (marqsizmi, interesTa
jgufebis pluralizmi, biurokratiuli politika da neo korporatizmi). Cven
SegviZlia movaxdinoT abstragireba Teoriisgan da movxazoT zogadi principebi,
romlebic gansazRvraven vinsetebis zomas. magaliTad, rac ufro dabalia
“SeuTanxmeblobis” Rirebuleba miT ufro pataraa vinseti. aseve, zog
dajgufebebs SeiZleba ufro meti interesi aqvT pirvel doneze mimdinare
molaparakebebisadmi vidre sxva dajgufebebs, rac aris winapiroba maTi
sxvadasxvagvari damokidebulebisa am SeTanxmebisadmi. aqedan meore principi:
vinsetis zoma damokidebulia izolacionistebis zomaze (romlebic rogorc wesi
gamodian saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebis winaaRmdeg) da internacionalistebis
(mxars uWeren aseT SeTanxmebebs) zomaze. internacionalistebi ufro meti arian
patara da damokidebul qveynebSi, romlebasc Ria ekonomika aqvT vidre did
TviTuzrunvelyofad qveynebSi, rogoric aris magaliTad, aSS.
zogierT SemTxvevebSi erTaderTi mniSvnelovani ganxeTqilebis sagani
amomrCevlebs Soris meore doneze SeiZleba iyos “SeuTanxmeblobis saSiSroeba”
vinaidan da radganac aseT situaciebSi maTi interesebi aris erTgvarovani, anu
homogenuri ( magaliTad qarTuli mxaris mier warmoebul molaparakebebs bazebis
gayvanis Taobaze hqonda TiTqmis homogenuri mxardaWera amomrCevlebisagan. sxva
magaliTebia, panamis arxis xelSekruleba, saltis molaparakebebi, arab-izraelis
konfliqti da ase Semdeg.)
amis sapirispiro SemTxvevaa arahomogenuri amomrCeveli. aseT situaciaSi
SeTanxmebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios sxvadasxva vnebaTaRelvani qveynis SigniT imisda
mixedviT, Tu ra preferenciebi aqvT sxvadasxva jgufebs.
am or SemTxvevaSi molaparakebaSi monawile pirebis problemebic sxvadasxvaa.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi rac ufro mets miaRwevs molaparakebebis dros pirvel
doneze miT ufro meti Sansi aqvs mas, rom mis SeTanxmebas Sin xels moaweren. am
SemTxvevebSi momlaparakebels pirdapir SeuZlia gamoiyenos misi Sinauri
“Zerebi” (Hawk), rom maqsimalurad gazardos misi mogeba an minimumamde daiyvanos
misi danakargi pirvel doneze.
momlaparakeblis saqme ufro rTulad aris roca mas saqme aqvs heterogenul
amomrCevelTan, magram am dros situacia potenciurad ufro sainteresocaa. aseT
SemTxvevebSi saSinao ganxeTqilebebma SeiZleba gaaumjobeson saerTaSoriso
TanamSromlobis perspeqtivebi.
2. vinsetebis zoma damokidebulia meore doneze arsebul politikur
institutebze.
64
bevri sxvadasxva aqtorebis da samTavrobo ganStoebis gavliT. meore, warmoebs
xSiri urTierTobebi adamianebs da jgufebs Soris saxelmwifos Caurevlad.
kompleqsuri urTierTdamokidebulebis pirobebSi samxedro Zala politikis
warmoebis naklebad gamoyenebadi instrumentia.
am damokidebulebis Sedegia is, rom xdeba sxvadasxva jgufebis formireba
ama Tu im sakiTxis irgvliv, rogorc qveynis SigniT, aseve qveynis gareT da am
sakiTxebs axasiaTebT sxvadasxva xarisxis konfliqturoba. am konfliqtebis
umravlesobisTvis samxedro Zala Seuferebeli instrumentia, rac imaze miuTi-
Tebs, rom am epoqaSi Zalas ufro naklebi mniSvneloba eniWeba da sxva resursebi
ufro fasobs, magaliTad, rogoricaa molaparakebis warmoebis unarCvevebi
(negotiating skills). da bolos, martivi urTierTdamokidebulebis xanisgan gansxva-
vebiT kompleqsuri urTierTdamokidebulebis xanaSi saxelmwifoebi ufro did
yuradRebas aqceven socialur sferos vidre erovnul usafrTxoebas. mokled
rom iTqvas, realizmis sapirispirod, kompleqsuri urTierTdamokidebulebis
Teoria moiazrebs gacilebiT ufro mSvidobian da usafrTxo msoflios.
kompleqsur urTierTdamokidebulebas aqvs Semdegi Sedegebi:
1. saxelmwifoebi sinqronulad ganaxorcieleben sxvadasxva interesebs da
transnacionaluri aqtorebi, rogorebicaa arasamTavrobo organizaciebi
da transnacionaluri korporaciebi Seecdebian sakuTari interesebis
ganxorcielebas saxelmwifosgan damoukideblad;
2. Zala da Zliereba ganisazRvreba calkeuli sferoebis mixedviT. magali-
Tad, nais da kioheins mohyavT daniis da norvegiis magaliTi, rom maT aqvT
SesamCnevi Zliereba saerTaSoriso naosnobaSi, radgan hyavT didi savaWro
da tvirTmzidi flotiliebi, magram es gavlena sxva sferoebze ar
vrceldeba;
3. saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mniSvneloba gaizrdeba, radgan mxolod
isini arian patara qveynebis politikuri qmedebebis asparezi da amav-
droulad isini meTvalyureoben dRis wesrigis dagegmvas saerTaSoriso
doneze.
aRsaniSnavia, rom kompleqsuri urTierTdamokidebuleba homogenuri ar aris
da is mxolod msoflios zogierT regionebze vrceldeba, rogoricaa dasavleT
evropa, CrdiloeT amerika, iaponia, avstralia da axali zelandia. anu, aseTi
urTierTobebi aReniSnebaT pluralistul, industriul saxelmwifoebs. kom-
pleqsuri urTierTdamokidebulebis mniSvneloba kidev ufro izrdeba
modernizaciasTan erTad da kidev ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba.
swored am modernizaciis gavlenis gamoZaxilia nais da kioheinis uaxlesi
naSromi am Temaze, “Zala da urTierTdamokidebuleba sainformacio saukuneSi,”
romelic avtorebma 1998 wels statiis saxiT dabeWdes cnobil Jurnal sagareo
urTierTobebSi (Foreign Affairs). am statiis siaxle isaa, rom nai da kiohenma
yuradReba miapyres saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi informaciis mniSvnelobas da
gvamcnes, rom “savaraudoa rom axal saukuneSi sinformacio teqnologia iqnes
yvelaze mniSvnelovani resursi (power resource).”45 maTi TqmiT, ukve daiwyo axali
45 Robert O. Keohane, Joseph Nye Jr. “Power and interdependence in the information age,” Foreign Affairs, Sept/Oct 1998, pp. 77 -75.
37
gadagvarebula, magram masTan erTad Tanaarsebobs multi-centruli msoflio,
romelic Sedgeba sxvadasxva “suverenitetisgan Tavisufali” (sovereignity free) koleqtivebisgan, romlebic arseboben saxelmwifosgan damoukideblad da
konkurenciaSi arian saxelmwifo centruli samyaros “suverenitetiT SezRu-
dul” (sovereignity bound) aqtorebTan. 43 ruzenau fiqrobs, rom pluralistuli
msoflio, romelsac axasiaTebs individebisa da jgufebis transnacionaluri
qselebi ufro mSvidobiani iqneba, magram aseve dasZens, rom aseTi msoflio aseve
ufro arastabiluri iqneba, radgan Zveli wyoba romelic saxelmwifoebs efuZneba
ngrevis procesSia. miuxedavad amisa, konfliqtebi iSviaTad migviyvanen omamde,
radgan bevri kosmopolitani pirovnebebi, romlebic gawevrianebuli iqnebian
bevr sxvadasxva organizaciaSi advilad ar gaxdebian antagonistur banakebad
dayofili mtrebi.
mokled rom SevajamoT, sociologiuri liberalizmi ganixilavs saerTa-
Soriso urTierTobebs ara marto rogorc urTierTobebs qveynebs Soris, aramed
rogorc urTierTobebs individebs, jgufebs da sazogadoebebs Soris. dedaazri
ki is aris, rom urTierTgadamfaravi urTierTobebi xalxebs Soris aris ufro
TanamSromluri vidre saxelmwifoebs Soris vinaidan da radganac saxelmwifoebi
arian eqskluziurebi da maTi interesebi erTmaneTs iSviaTad gadakveTen da
faraven. maSasadame, sociologiuri liberalizmis azriT, rac ufro xSiria
transnacionaluri urTierTobebi miT ufro mSvidobiani iqneba msoflio.
urTierTdamokidebulebis liberaluri Teoria
urTierTdamokidebuleba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi niSnavs, rom mTav-
robebi da xalxebi ganicdian sxva qveyanaSi momxdari movlenebis zegavlenas. erT-
erTi gavrcelebuli xatovani gamonaTqvamiT “peplis afrena erT qveyanaSi iwvevs
qariSxals meore qveyanaSi.” am gamonaTqvamis dedaazri aris swored is, rom cvli-
lebebi erT qveyanaSi ama Tu im doneze, iqneba es ekonomikis Tu samxedro
politikuri sfero, axdens zegavlenas sxva qveynebzec. magaliTad, aziis finan-
suri krizisis negatiuri zegavlena igrZnoboda Soreul braziliaSic ki, rom
araferi vTqvaT ruseTze.
jozef naim da robert kiohanma Camoayalibes kompleqsuri urTierT-
damokidebulebis Teoria (complex interdependence) TavianT gaxmaurebul naSromSi
Zala da urTierTdamokidebuleba (1977). isini amboben, rom saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebi meore msoflio omis Semdeg aris gacilebiT ufro rTuli, vidre
iyo omamde. adre urTierTobebi warmoebda saxelmwifos liderebs Soris da
Zalis gamoyeneba yovelTvis moiazreboda rogorc erT-erTi saSualeba qveynis
liderebs Soris wamoWrili konfliqtebis gadasaWrelad. usafrTxoebis da
TviTgadarCenis “maRal politikas” hqonda upiratesoba ekonomikis da socia-
luri sakiTxebis “mcire politikasTan” SedarebiT. 44 kompleqsuri urTierT-
damokidebulebis xanaSi es ukve ase aRar aris ori mizezis gamo: pirveli,
dResdReobiT qveynebs Soris urTierTobebi ar aris mxolod urTierTobebi
qveynis liderebs Soris, aramed arsebobs urTierTobebi bevr sxvadasxva doneze
43 James Rosenau, “Citizenship in a Changing Global Order,” in J. N. Rosenau and E. O. Czempiel (eds) Governance Without Government: Order and Change in World Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 272-94. Qouted in Jackson and Sorensen. gv. 115. 44 Jackson and Sorensen, gv. 114.
36
ratifikaciis prcedurebi TvalnaTlad axdenen zegavlenas vinsetebze.
magaliTad, Tu ori mesamedia saWiro ratifikaciisaTvis vinseti iqneba ufro
mcire vidre iseT SemTxvevaSi rodesac mxolod martivi umravlesobaa saWiro.
magaliTad, aSS-Si 100 dan 33 senators SeuZlia nebismieri xelSekrulebis Cagdeba.
arsebobs iseTi institutebic, romlebic moiTxoven ratifikacias ramdenime
doneze. es kidev ufro arTulebs molaparakebas da amcirebs vinsets. magaliTad,
molaparakebebi aSS-sa da evrokavSirs Soris agrovaWrobis sakiTxebze. SeTanxmeba
unda iqnes ratificirebuli komisiis mier da erovnuli mTavrobebis mierac.
amerikaSi ki ratifikacia unda moxdes mTavari agro organizaciebis da am
organizaciebs Soris mTavar interesTa jgufebis mier.
3. vinsetebis zoma damokidebulia pirveli donis momlaparakeblebis
strategiaze
TiToeul momlaparakebels pirvel doneze surs, rom gazardos misi
oponentis vinseti, magram sakuTari vinsetisadmi mas Sereuli grZnobebi aqvs.
erTis mxriv, rac ufro didia misi vinseti ufro advilad SeuZlia mas SeTanxmebis
dadeba, magram amavdroulad ufro sustia misi diplomatiuri pozicia sxva
momlaparakeblis fonze. momlaparakebels SeuZlia sxvadasxva strategiebs
mimarTos. magaliTad, imisTvis rom daamtkicos mxardaWera Tavisi poziciisadmi
pirvel doneze mas SeuZlia Sin moawyos gamosvlebi am poziciis mxardasaWerad da
ase Semdeg, magram amavdroulad aseT taqtikas SeiZleba qondes Seuqcevadi
uaryofiTi Sedegebi amomrCevelTa damokidebulebebze, anu Seaferxos SesaZ-
lebloba imisa, rom xeli moeweros alternatiul, kompromisul xelSekrule-
bas/SeTanxmebas. igivenairad, Tu molaparakebamde lideri/momlaparakebeli
ecdeba Searbilos amomrCevelTa simkacre sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ratifikaciis
periodSi sirTuleebis molodinSi igi ver SeZlebs SeinarCunos mtkice pozicia
sazRvargareT.
miuxedavad amisa, Tu liders surs gazardos Tavisi vinseti mas SeuZlia
gamoiyenos sxvadasxva saSualebebi, rogoricaa “piris moqonva” da an gulrwfeli
“keTili survilebi.” garda amisa, Tu momlaparakebels Sin aqvs maRali
politikuri reitingi igi ufro advilad moipovebs mxardaWeras da Sesabamisad
ratifikacias Tavis sagareo wamowyebebze.
65
leqcia XII
patara qveynebi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi
gasuli saukune unikaluri iyo warmoqmnili axali saxelmwifoebis simravlis
mxriv. dekolonizaciam da sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam gamoiwvia saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebSi axali warmonaqmnebis Seqmna, romelTaganac umravlesoba iyo
patara da susti. patara qveynebis mniSvneloba SemCneuli da aRiarebuli iyo jer
kidev meore msoflio omamde radganac erTa liga Sedgeboda patara da susti
saxelmwifoebisgan. 105
miuxedavad amisa, patara qveynis mcnebam rogorc anali-
tikurma koncefciam mniSvneloba SeiZina mxolod omis Semdeg. 106
a. b. foqsis,
david vitalis, Su da brudtlandis, rotsteinis, matisenis da istis nawerebma
Seqmnes patara qveynebis Seswavlis mecnieruili fundamenti. 107
axladwarmoqmnil disciplinas Tavisi winaRobebic gaaCnda radgan zogierTi
avtorebi, magaliTad piter baeri 108
da nils 109
amstrumi ambobobdnen, rom
koncefciis Seswavla unda Sewyvetiliyo misi gamousadegarobis da sirTulis
gamo. 110
miuxedavad am koncefciasTan dakavSirebuli uTanxmoebebisa, misma mniSvne-
lobam win wamoiwia 80 da 90-ian wlebSi, civi omis dasasrulis da axali msoflio
wesrigis warmoqmnis Semdgom. ukanaskneli mcdeloba imisa, rom patara qveynebis
Seswavlas SeeZina sistemuri xasiaTi gaxldaT olav knudsenis mier gamo-
qveynebuli statia. knudsenma gamoyo sami ZiriTadi mimarTuleba patara qveynebis
Seswavlis Tanamedrove praqtikaSi. man aseve rCeva misca mkvlevarebs waremarTaT
TavianTi saqmianoba ise, rom Camoyalibebuliyo ufro mWidro subdisciplina
ufro Sesaferisi TeoriebiT patara qveynebis Sesaxeb. 111
debatebi patara qveynis mniSvnelobaze kidev ufro mZafri xdeba, rodesac
jeri midgeba “sustis” da “pataris” gansazRvraze. zogierTi avtori am terminebs
erTgvarovnad iyenebs xolo zogi patara qveynebad moiazrebs mTels “mesame
samyaros.” 112
es ukanaskneli gansazRvreba warmatebuli ar iyo, radganac igi ugele-
105 William E. Rappard, “Small States in the League of Nations”, Political Science Quarterly, 49:4 (Dec. 1934). 106 Werner Bauwens, Armand Clesse & Olav Knudsen, eds., Small States and the Security Challenge in the New Europe, (London, Washington, Brasey’s, 1996), p. 4 107 ixileT, Anette Fox, The Power of the Small States, Diplomacy in World War II, (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1959). David Vital, The Inequality of States, (New Work, Oxford University Press, 1967); David Vital, The Survival of Small States; Studies of Small Power/Great Power Conflict, (New York, Oxford University Press, 1971). August Schou, and Arne Brundtland, eds., Small States in International Relations, (Nobel Symposium No 17, Stockholm, 1971). Robert L. Rothstein, Alliances and Small Powers, (New York, Columbia University Press, 1968); Robert L. Rothstein. “Alignment, Non-Alignment and Small Powers: 1945-1965”, International Organization, 20:3 (Summer 1966). Trygve Mathisen, The Functions of Small States in the Strategies of the Great Powers, (Oslo, Bergen Tromso, 1971). Maurice A. East, “Size and Foreign Policy Behavior: A Test of Two Models”, World Politics, 25:4 (1973). 108 Peter R. Baehr, “Small States: A Tool for Analysis?”, World Politics, No. 27:3, (1975). 109 Niels Amstrup, “The Perennial Problem of Small States: A Survey of Research Efforts”, Cooperation and Conflict, 11:3, (1976). 110 Bauwers et al, Small States and Security Challenge, 4. 111 Olav F. Knudsen. “Small States, Latent and Extant: Towards a General Perspective”, Journal of International Relations and Development, 5:2 (June 2002): 182 112 Mohammed Ayoob, “The Security Problematique of the Third World”, World Politics, 43:2 (Jan. 1991); Bahgat Korany, “The Take-off of Third World Studies? The Case of Foreign Policy”, World Politics, 35:3 (April 1983); Tony Smith, “Requiem or New Agenda for Third World Studies”, World Politics, 37:4 (July 1985); Keyusuke Iida, “Third World Solidarity; Group of 77 in the UN General Assembly”, International Organization, 42:2 (Spring 1988).
66
instituciuri liberalizmi. imisaTvis, rom ukeT gavigoT liberaluri skolis
arsi da am skolis mier realuri movlenebis Sefasebis da axsnis SesaZleblobebi,
saWiroa es Teoriebi ganvixiloT calcalke. amavdroeulad, isic unda aRiniSnos,
rom liberaluri skolis yvela mimdinareoba erTnairi warmatebiT ar
sargeblobs. zogierTma Teoriam ver gauZlo movlenaTa ganviTarebas da bevri
kritika daimsaxura, zogi ki jer kidev winaaRmdegobas uwevs realizmis
gabatonebul skolas da gvTavazobs msoflio politikis axsnis angariSgasawev
gzebs.
sociologiuri liberalizmi
sociologiuri liberalizmis amosavali wertili aris is, rom saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebi ar aris mxolod saxelmwifoTa Soris urTierTobebi, aramed igi
moicavs transnacionalur urTierTobebs, anu, urTierTobebs adamianebs,
jgufebs, organizaciebs Soris, romlebic sxvadasxva qveynebs ganekuTvnebian. es,
ra Tqma unda, ewinaaRmdegeba realizmis skolas, romelic saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebs ganixilavs rogorc mkacrad saxelmwifoTa Soris urTierTobebs
da sxva danarCeni meorexarisxovnad miaCnia. imis gamo, rom liberalizmi
yuradRebas amaxvilebs ara marto saxelmwifoze da erovnul mTavrobaze, aramed
sxvadasxva saxis aqtorebze, mas xSirad moixsenieben terminiT “pluralizmi.”
transnacionaluri urTierTobebi jeims ruzenaus ganmartebiT aris
“procesi, romelSic mTavrobaTaSorisi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi gajerda
kerZo pirebis, jgufebis, da sazogadoebaTaSorisi urTierTobebiT, romlebsac
SeuZliaT da aqvT kidevac mniSvnelovani zegavlena movlenaTa msvlelobaze.” 42
bevri fiqrobs, rom transnacionaluri urTierTobebi sxvadasxva qveynis
moqalaqeebs Soris qmnis sruliad axlebur sazogadoebriv formirebebs,
romlebic Tanacxovroben da zogjer konkurenciasac ki uweven saxelmwifos.
am mravalmimarTulebiani urTierTobebis asaRwerad jon bartonma gamoiyena
egreT wodebuli “obobas qselis” transnacionaluri urTierTobebis modeli. es
modeli demonstrirebas ukeTebs im faqts, rom nebismieri saxelmwifo Sedgeba
bevri sxvadasxva jgufebisagan, romelTac aqvT sxvadasxva tipis sagareo
kavSirebi da sxvadasxva interesebi. magaliTad, religiuri jgufebi, biznes
wreebi, profesiuli kavSirebi da ase Semdeg. es modeli mkveTrad ewinaaRmdegeba
realizmis skolis mier damkvidrebul “biliardis burTis” models, romelic
saxelmwifoTa sistemas xatavs rogorc biliardis burTebis nakrebs. biliardis
burTi gamoxatavs erTian da Sekrul saxelmwifos. bartonis mizania gvaCvenos,
rom msoflios axasiaTebs urTierTsasargeblo TanamSromleba vidre anta-
gonizmi da konfliqtebi.
Tavis erT-erT bolo naSromSi jeims ruzenaum kidev ufro gaaRrmava Tavisi
transnacionaluri urTierTobebis Teoria imiT, rom amjerad yuradReba
gaamaxvila adamianebis urTierTobaze makro doneze. misi TqmiT individualur
operaciebs didi gavlena aqvT msoflio saqmeebze. dRevandelobis ukeT
informirebuli, ukeT ganaTlebuli da ufro mobiluri adamianebi naklebad
arian damokidebuli TavianT saxelmwifoze. aqdan gamomdinare, ruzenau
gvamcnobs, rom saxelmwifo-centruli da anarqiuli sistema marTalia ar
42 James Rosenau, The Study of Global Interdependence: Essays on the Transnationalism of World Affairs. New York: Nichols. Qouted in Jackson and Sorensen, p. 109
35
leqcia VI
liberalizmi
liberalizmis skolis ganviTareba saerTaSoriso urierTobebSi mWidrod
aris dakavSirebuli Tanamedrove liberaluri saxelmwifoebis aRmocenebasTan
da iseT liberalur moazrovneebTan rogorebic arian jon loki, jeremi benTami
da emanuel kanti.
realizmisgan gansxvavebiT liberalizmi fokuss axdens adamianis dadebiT
mxareebze, Tumca ki, ar uaryofs maT av Tvisebebsac. liberalizmi zogadad
aRiarebs, rom adamianis bunebas aqvs bneli mxare, magram amave dros maTi Teoriis
safuZvels qmnis mosazreba, rom adamianebi arian racionalurebi da rom
racionalurobis principi SeiZleba aseve gamoyenebul iqnas saerTaSoriso
saqmianobaSic. racionaluroba liberalizmis gagebiT ki imaSi gamoixateba, rom
adamainebs aqvT saerTo interesebi da maT misaRwevad isini TanamSromlobaze da
dialogze wavlen rogorc urTierTSoris, aseve saerTaSoriso da saxel-
mwifoTaSoriso doneze. liberalebis rwmeniT, TanamSromlobas moaqvs sargebeli
yvelasaTvis. es principebi, ra Tqma unda didad ewinaaRmdegeba realizmis Zireul
principebs, romlis Tanaxmadac saxelmwifoebi arian racionalurebi da
egoistebi da rom isini did yuradRebas aqceven fardobiT mogebas rac Zalian
zRudavs TanamSromlobas.
liberalizmis amosavali wertili isaa, rom adamianuri goniereba dasZlevs
SiSs da miT gamowveul ltolvas Zalisa da Zlierebisadmi. am process isini
kacobriobis progresad aRiqvamen. mxolod, liberaluri Teoriis mimdevrebi ver
Tanxmdebian im siZneleebis sirTulisa da xangrZlivobis xarisxze, romelic
kacobriobam unda gadalaxos.
kidev erTi mTavari gansxvaveba realizmsa da liberalizms Soris aris am ori
Teoriis mosazrebebi saxelmwifos Sesaxeb. realizmi saxelmwifos ganixilavs
rogorc Zalis da Zlierebis koncentracias, xolo liberalebi rogorc
konstituciur warmonaqmns, romelic awesebs da meTvalyureobs kanonis
uzenaesobas. aseTi saxelmwifoebi pativs scemen urTmaneTs da emorCilebian
saerTaSoriso samarTals, romelic emyareba urTierTgebis (reciprocity) princips.
swored es ideaa gadmocemuli jeremi benTamis naSromSi, romelic iTvleba
liberaluri Teoriis erT-erT fuZemdeblad da romelmac, rogorc cnobilia
pirvelma gamoiyena cneba saerTaSoriso samarTali. igive argumenti ufro
farTod aris gadmocemuli emanuel kantis mier, romelic Tvlida, rom
konstituciuri da urTierTpativismcemeli respublikebi sabolood daamya-
rebdnen “samudamo mSvidobas” (perpetual peace). marTalia, dRevandeli msoflio rogorc yovelTvis Sorsaa samudamo
mSvidobis epoqidan, gansakuTrebiT 9/11 Semdeg gaxSirebuli teroristuli
Semotevebis da mas moyolili reaqciebis Semdeg, magram liberaluri Teoriis
principi igive rCeba: modernizacia ganapirobebs progress adamianuri cxovrebis
yvela sferoSi da afarToebs asparezs TanamSromlobisaTvis. pasuxgasacemi
mxolod is rCeba ra xarisxis modernizacia da progresia saWiro imisaTvis, rom
msoflio mSvidobiani gaxdes.
liberaluri Teoriac, iseve rogorc ukve ganxiluli realizmi, iyofa
ramodenime mTavar mimdinareobad. maT Soris yvelaze gamokveTili Teoriebi aris
demokratiuli mSvidobis Teoria, saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis Teoria
sociologiuri liberalizmi, urTierTdamokidebulebis Teoria da
,
34
belyofda im saxelmwifoebs, romlebic iyvnen susti, magram ar ekuTvnodnen
mesame samyaros. amas garda dgResdReobiT ufro da ufro meti mecnieri uTmobs
yuradRebas iseTi patara qveynebis Seswavlas romlebic ekonomikurad uaResad
ganviTarebulni arian, arian saerTaSoriso da regionaluri organizaciebis
wevrebi, magram amavdroulad iTvlebian “patara” qveynebad. 113
koncefciis ganmartebiTi sirTuleebi naTeli gaxdeba Tuki SevxedavT
ramodenime magaliTs. saqarTvelo bunebrivia patara qveyanaa amerikis Seer-
Tebul StatebTan SedarebiT, magram Tuki gvinda misi Sedareba tuvalus an
vanuatusTan mimarTebaSi mainc patarad CaiTvleba igi? meore mxriv, saqarTvelos
hyavs TiTqmis imdenive mosaxleoba da aqvs TiTqmis igive teritoriuli sidide
rogorc niderlandebs, an belgias, magram SeiZleba vivaraudoT rom igi iseve
Zlieria rogorc es qveynebi? igivenairad, sqarTvelosTan SedarebiT ruseTi
aris Zlieri qveyana yvela monacemebiT, magram Tuki mas SevadarebT amerikis
SeerTebul Statebs, an CineTs maSin igives Tqmas SevZlebT? es yovelive imaze
miuTiTebs, rom pataris da sustis gansazRvrebebi fardobiTi mcnebebia da ara
absolituri.
am mcnebis ganmartebasTan dakavSirebuli sirTuleebi gaxdad mizezi imisa,
rom bevri mkvlevari skeptikurad uyurebs patara qveynebis gamoyenebas rogorc
kvlevis sagans saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi. amave mizeziT bevri ar cdilobs
pata da sustis mcnebebis Sesabamisi definiciis mofiqrebas. gotCeli ambobs, rom
“ am qveynebis analizis kategoriad gamoyenebis mizanSewoniloba kiTxvis niSnis
qveS dadga” da maTi ganmartebebi didad aris damokidebuli avtorebis Teoriul
safuZvelze, meTodologiur midgomaze da msofxedvelobaze. 114 magram miuxe-
davad am skepticizmisa im avtorebis ricxvi, romlebic patara qveynebis
problematikas Seiswavlian TandaTan izrdeba.
Tavdapirvelad ganmarteba efuZneboda iseT kriteriumebs, rogoricaa
mosaxleoba, mTliani Sida produqti da teritoria. istma patara qveynebi
gansazRvra Semdegi kriteriumebis mixedviT: 1) patara saxmeleTo teritoria, 2)
mcire adgilobrivi mosaxleoba, 3) mcire mTliani erovnuli produqti, 4) da
samxedro SesaZleblobebis dabali done. 115 rogorc moserma aRniSna, absolituri gansazRvreba “rogorc wesi, efuZneba
zRurbls,” da rogorc ki qveyana maCveneblis zRurbls gadascdeba igi aRar
iTvleba sust an patara qveyanad. 116 Sesabamisad es kategoriebi zustad ver
gadmoscemen “pataris” bunebas. rogorc biolma aRniSna “belgia SeiZleba pataraa
safrangeTTan mimarTebaSi, magram luqsemburgi patara qveyanaa belgiasTan
mimarTebaSi da safrangeTi patara qveyanaa aSS-sTan mimarTebaSi.” 117
arsebobs fardobiTi kriteriumebic. zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT “sisuste”
113 Peter J. Katzenstein, Corporatism and Change: Austria, Switzerland and The Politics of Industry, (Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1984); Peter J. Katzenstein, Small States in World Markets: Industrial Policy in Europe, (Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1985); Risto Alapuro et al., eds., Small States in Comparative Perspective: essays for Erik Allardt, (Oslo, Norwegian University Press, 1985) 114 Laurent Goetschel, “Small States and the Common Foreign and Security Policy of the EU: A Comparative Analysis”; Working Paper No. 14, Nationales Forschungsprogramm, Berne, May 2000: 42, available from http://www.snf.ch/NFP/nfp42/working/WP14GoetschelPDF.pdf; Internet. accessed June 01, 2003 115 East, “Size and Foreign Policy”, 558 116 Michael W. Mosser, “Engineering Influence: the Subtle Power of Small States in the CSCE?OSCE”, paper presented at the workshop on “Small States and Alliances”, Austrian Defense Academy, Vienna, 25-27 November 1999, p. 3 117 Erling Bjol, “Small States in International Politics”, in Schou et al., Small States, 9.
67
da “Zliereba” unda ganisazRvros samxedro SesaZleblobebis mixedviT.
vandenboxisaTvis “pataraa qveyana, romelsac ar ZaluZs Seejibros omSi Zlier
qveynebs Tanabari ZalebiT.” 118 gotCeli ki ambobs, rom civi omis Semdgomi
periodis saerTaSoriso garemos cvlilebasTan erTad “ricxobrivma Zalismierma
atributebma” dakarges TavianTi mniSvneloba. samxedro Zala rCeba mxolod
rogorc erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawili Zalisa, magram amisda miuxedavad,
avtomaturad ar aris siZlieris maCvenebeuli. 119
iseTi elementebi, rogoricaa
saerTaSoriso institutebis roli, 120
institucionalizebuli ideebi, 121 an
diplomatiuri korpusis siZliere, 122 SeiZleba CaiTvalos gadamwyvetad amaTu im
qveynisaTvis sustis, an Zlieris statusis miniWebisas.
saqarTvelos magaliTSic mxolod absolituri ganamrtebebiT sargebloba
SecdomaSi Segviyvanda. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im ambiciebs, romlebic
saqarTvelos gaaCnia regionSi da mis mezobel somxeTTan da azerbaijanTan
urTierTobebs, maSin mxolod ricxobrivi midgoma araswori iqneboda. zogierTi mkvlevari ambobs, rom ‘sisute’ damokidebulia imaze, Tu vis adareb.
es gansazRvrebebi ganixilaven ‘pataraobas’ SesaZleblobebis, da aseve imis
gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu rogor gamoiyeneba es SesaZleblobebi, vis winaaRmdeg,
rodis da ra miznebis misaRwevad. 123 knudseni Tvlis, rom saxelmwifo sustia
maSin, rodesac misi sagareo politikuri efeqturoba da Zliereba sagrZnoblad
mcirea mis Tundac erT mezobelTan SedarebiT. 124
ufro mogvianebiT knudsenma patara saxelmwifos aseTi ganmarteba misca
“nebismieri saxelmwifo, romelic aris SesamCnevad susti sxva saxelmwifosTan
mimarTebaSi.” 125 zogierTi mkvlevarebi ki iziriaben azrs, rom ‘pataraoba’ niSnavs
qveynis SeuZleblobas ganaxorcielos sakuTari erovnuli interesebi saerTa-
Soriso arenaze. magaliTad, godhameri xazs usvams, rom patarani arian is
saxlemwifoebi, romlebic ar erevian msoflio mniSvnelobis saerTaSoriso
saqmianobebSi. 126
arsebobs agreTve subieqturi gansazRvrebebi, romlebic eyrdnobian qveynis
sakuTar mosazrebas sakuTari Zlierebis Sesaxeb. rotSteini ambobos, rom
“pataraa is saxelmwifo, romelic aRiarebs rom mas ar SeuZlia moipovos
usafrTxoeba sakuTar Zalebze dayrdnobiT, da rom is unda daeyrdnos ZiriTadad
118 Amry Vandenbosch, “The Small States in International Politics and Organization”, The Journal of Politics, 26:2, (May 1964): 294. 119 Goetschell, “Small States and the CFSP”, 4. 120 Karoliina Honkanen, “The Influence of Small States on NATO Decision-Making: The Membership Experiences of Denmark, Norway, Hungary and Czech Republic”, (Totalförsvarets Orskningsinstitut, Stockholm, November 2002); Michael W. Mosser, “Engineering Influence”; Keyusuke Iida, “Third World Solidarity”. 121 Judith Goldstein, and Robert O. Keohane, Ideas and foreign policy: Beliefs, Institutions, and Political Change,” (Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1993). 122 Alexander Rondeli, “patara qveynis diplomatiuri saqmianoba” (Diplomatic Activity of a Small Country), "Georgian Diplomacy," Annual, No 7. (Tbilisi University Press, Tbilisi, 2000): 5-20; Bengt Sundelius, "Independence and Foreign Policy”, Cooperation and Conflict, 15 (1980): 202 123 Miriam Fendius Elman, “The Foreign Policies of Small States: Challenging Neorealism in its own Backyard”, British Journal of Political Science, No 25 (1995): 172 124 Olaf Knutsen “Patara Sakhelmtsifo: Usafrtxoebis Problema” (Small State, the Problem of Security), Politics, No. 7, (Tbilisi, 1991): 27; quoted in - Alexander Rondeli, Saertashoriso Urtiertobebi, (International Relations), (Independent University of Tbilisi, 1996), 216. 125 Olaf Knudsen, “Small States: Latent and Extant,” 184 126 H. Goldhammer, The Foreign Powers in Latin America, (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1972): 237
68
socialuri da politikuri wyoba
dResdReobiT, demokratiulad arCeuli reJimebis dapyroba ufro rTulia,
vidre arademokratiulis, magram warsulSi sapirispiro ufro Seesabameboda
simarTles. dResdReobiT arapopularuli mTavrobis mqone qveynis dapyroba
Tundac sazRvargareTidan marTuli revoluciis gziT aris SesaZlebeli.
subvercia igive Tavdasxmis formaa, radgan es movlenebi iseTive zegavlenas
axdenen saerTaSoriso urTierTobebze, rogorsac TavdasxmiTi omebi. 1792 wels
safrangeTis revoluciur reJims da avstriis oligarqiul reJims urTierT SiSi
hqondaT, rom romelimes meoris subvercia ar moexdina, ramac gamoiwvia orive
mxaris agresiuloba. ruseTis revoluciis Semdeg igive SiSi warmoiSva ruseTsa da
dasavleTs Soris, ramac dasabami misca konfliqts sabWoTa kavSirsa da
dasavleTs Soris, radgan TiToeul mxares eSinoda ar gamxdariyo meoris mier
ideologiuri subverciis sagani.
daaxloebiT 1800 wlamde reJimebis popularuloba Tavdasxmis wisqvilze
asxamda wyals, 1800 wlis Semdeg ki ufro Tavdacvis samsaxurSia. es cvalebadoba
gamowveulia iafi da masobrivad warmoebadi iaraRebis arsebobiT, romlebic
aqtiurad gamoiyeneba partizanul brZolebSi, ris Sedagadac moxda demok-
ratiulad arCeuli reJimebis Tavdacvis gaZliereba.
zemoT mocemul Tavdacvisa da Tavdasxmis Teoriaze dayrdnobiT van evera
gvTavazobs sam ZiriTad prognozs:
1. omi aris ufro gavrcelebuli maSin, rodesac dapyroba advilia, an
roca saxelmwifoebs hgoniaT rom es asea. nakleb gavrcelebuli maSin,
rodesac dapyroba Znelia, an hgoniaT rom Znelia;
2. saxelmwifoebi, romlebsac hgoniaT, rom maT SeuZliaT Tavdasxmis
ganxorcieleba an saxelmwifoebi, romelTa Tavdacvac aris susti,
wamoiwyeben ufro met omebs vidre nebismieri sxva saxelmwifoebi;
3. nebismieri saxelmwifo wamoiwyebs omebs da ibrZolebs ufro meti
sixSiriT im periodebSi, rodesac mas aqvs an fiqrobs, rom aqvs
Tavdasxmis didi SesaZleblobebi da TavdacviTi saSualebebi. 41
41 Van Evera, gv. 22
33
8. saxelmwifoebi ufro gasaidumloebis politikas misdeven;
9. saxelmwifoebi ufro aqtiur da swraf SeiaraRebas ewevian;
10. Tavdasxma ufro da ufro advildeba.
van evera fiqrobs, rom Tavdasxmisa da Tavdacvis balansis cvalebadobaze
zegavlenas axdens Semdegi faqtorebi: samxedro teqnologia da doqtrina,
geografia, erovnul-socialuri struqtura da diplomatiuri garemoebebi
(kerZod, TavdacviTi aliansebi da damabalansebeli aqtebi xmeleTsgaRma Zlieri
saxelmwifoebis mier). Tavdasxmisa da Tavdacvis jamuri balansi am faqtorebis
saerTo jamzea damokidebuli.
samxedro faqtorebi
samxedro teqnologiebi, doqtrina, ZalTa struqtura da ganlageba, es
yvelaferi gavlenas axdens Tavdasxmisa da Tavdacvis balansze. magaliTisTvis
van evera ambobs, rom pirvel msoflio omamde Tavdacvas qonda upiratesoba,
radgan am dros gamoigones mcire zomis iaraRebi, rkinigza da mavTulxlarTi,
romlebic Tavdacvis saSualebebad gamoiyeneboda. 1919-1945 wlebSi Tavdasxmis
potenciali aRsdga motomsroleli brigadebis da Tavdasxmis doqtrinis —
blickrigis SemoRebis Sedegad. am yovelivem daZlia zemoT mocemuli Tavdacvis
saSualebebi. 1945 wlis Semdeg Termoatmouri iaraRebis gamogonebis Sedegad
Tavdacvis potenciali aRsdga, amjerad, didi upiratesobiT.
van evera aseve aRniSnavs, rom teqnologia da doqtrina kombinirebulad
sazRvraven Tavdasxmis da Tavdacvis moqcevebs, magram zogjer doqtrina da
teqnologia erTmaneTs ar Seesabameba. magaliTad, 1945-1991 wlebSi, super
saxelmwifoebs hqondaT TavdasxmiTi doqtrinebi, magram ver moZebnes efeqturi
kontr-iaraRi atomuri iaraRis winaaRmdeg. Sesabamisad, maTi moqmedebebi ar iyo
TavdasxmiTi.
geografia
geografiulad Znelad misadgomi sazRvrebi aris ufro Znelad dasapyrobi.
Tu saxelmwifo sazRvrebi emTxveva okeanes, tbebs, mTebs, farTo mdinareebs,
junglebs, udabnoebs da sxva bunebriv barierebs es aferxebs Tavdamsxmelebs da
zurgs umagrebs Tavdamcvelebs. aseTive efeqti aqvs adamianis mier Seqmnil
sazRvrebs da buferul zonebs (mesame saxelmwifoebi an demilitarizebuli
zonebi) sadac verc erTi mxare ver Seva mSvidobis pirobebSi. aseve, dapyroba
ferxdeba, roca saxelmwifo aris vrceli. miT umetes, Tu misi ekonomika aris
TviTmyofadi da ar reagirebs izolaciaze.
magaliTad, dasavleT evropa ufro daculia am mxriv vidre aRmosavleTi. aris
qveynebi, magaliTad rogorc israeli, romelsac gaaCnia patara teritoria da
bunebrivad gaSlili sazRvrebi ris gamoc mTeli misi ekonomikuri mniSvnelobis
obieqtebi da mosaxleobis umetesoba ganlagebulia Ria teritoriaze. amis
sapirispirod, TavdacviTi geografiis TvalsaCino qveyanaa aSS, uzarmazari
teritoriiT, romelsac gars artyia okeaneebi da gaaCnia damoukidebeli,
TviTmyofadi ekonomika.
32
sxva saxelmwifoTa daxmarebas, institutebs, procesebs, an garemoebebs rom
uzrunvelyos usafrTxoeba. aseve, patara qveynis rwmena sakuTar uZlurebaSi
aRiarebuli unda iyos saerTaSoriso politikaSi Cabmuli sxva saxelmwifoebis
mier”. 127
neorealizmis skola iyenebs patara qveynebis fardobiT definiciebs. maTTvis
Zala, Zliereba aris umniSvnelovanesi determinanti da faqtori saerTaSoriso
politikisa. 128 Zlierni arian qveynebi, romelTac SeuZliaT zegavlena iqonion
saerTaSoriso arenaze. Sesabamisad, patarani arian qveynebi, romlebsac ar
ZaluZT raime mniSvnelovani zegavlenis moxdena saerTaSoriso arenaze. kenet
uolcisaTvis zustad es kriteriumi, anu qveynis SeuZlebloba Secvalos raime
saerTaSoriso sistemaSi, warmoadgens qveynis sisustis ganmsazRvrel faqtors. 129
neorealistebisaTvis patara qveynebi ufro fsonebi arian vidre moTamaSeebi.130
amvdroulad, isini arian usafrTxoebis momxmareblebi da ara mwarmoeblebi. 131
zogierTi avtori ufro Sors midis da patara qveynebs saerTaSoriso sistemis
‘anaqronizmebad’ aRiqvams. “patara saxelmwifo aris vakuumi maRali wnevis
arealSi. is cocxlobs ara imitom, rom is Zlieria, aramed imitom, rom aravis surs
misi teritoria, an imitom rom misi SenarCuneba rogorc buferul saxelmwifod,
an zewolis iaraRad ZalTa balansSi Sedis Zlieri saxelmwifos interesebSi.
rodesac balansi qreba, rogorc wesi patara saxelmwifo masTan erTad
qreba.” 132
erT-erTi yvelaze miRebuli definicia patara qveynisa ekuTvnis kioheins,
romelic aerTianebs rotsteinis subieqtur elements da neorealistur
sistemur elements. Sedegad igi askvnis, rom sisuste, an siZliere,
damokidebulia am qveynis lideris aRqmaze, Tu ra rols asrulebs misi qveyana
sistemur TamaSSi. 133 fsiqologiuri da sistemuri kriteriumebis SejerebiT
kioheini askvnis, rom “pataraa saxelmwifo, romlis liderebi Tvlian, rom mas
arasodes ar SeeZleba marto, an sxva patara jgufTan erTad, mniSvnelovani
zegavlenis moxdena sistemaze.” 134
Sveleri saxelmwifoebs yofs lomebad, cxvrebad, qurcikebad da mglebad.
pirveli ori arian status-kvo qveynebi, xolo bolo ori revizionisti qveynebi. 135
lomebi arian didi saxlemwifoebi, romlebic marTaven sistemas da axorcieleben
sakuTar erovnul interesebs, xSirad Zalismieri saSualebebiTac ki. qurcikebi
airan is qveynebi, romlebic ufro afaseben imas rac gaaCniaT, vidre imas rac
SeiZleba miiRon sistemisgan, magram romlebic yovel mizez gareSe Caebmebodnen
konfliqtSi Tuki raimes mopovebis Sansi aris sagrZnoblad maRali. mglebi
afaseben imas, rac maT SeuZliaT moipovon ufro metad, vidre rac maT gaaCniaT.
rogorc wesi, es qveynebi mudmivi agresorebi arian. cxvrebi ki arian susti
127 Rothstein, Alliances and Small Powers, 29. 128 Hans Morgenthau, Politics among Nations. (New York, Knopf. 1967), 5. 129 Kenneth Waltz, Theory of International Politics, (Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley, 1979): 184-185, 195. 130 Vandenbosch, “The Small States”, 294. 131 Ibid., 301. 132 Nicholas John Spykman, America’s Strategy in World Politics, (New York, Harcourt, Brace and Co, 1942): 20; quoted in Vandenbosch, “The Small States,” 294-5 133 Robert O. Keohane, “Lilliputians’ Dilemmas: Small States in International Relations”, International Organization, 23:.2 (1969), 295 134 iqve, . . ., gv. 296. 135 Randall Schweller, “Bandwagonning for Profit, Bringing the Revisionist State back in”, International Security, 19:1 (Summer, 1994): p. 100.
69
saxelmwifoebi, romlebic cdiloben Tavi Sors daiWiron msoflio politikisgan
da SeinarCunon TavianTi usafrTxoeba yvela SesaZlo saSualebiT. 136
Sveleris ganmartebiT, sustia saxelmwifo Tu “maT gaaCniaT SedarebiT susti
SesaZleblobebi an aqvT cudi sazogadoebriv-saxelmwifoebrivi urTierTobebi
ama Tu im mizezebis gamo. maTi elitebi da institutebi ganicdian legitimurobis
simcires masebTan mimarTebaSi; isini SeiZleba dayofili iyvnen Signidan
eTnikuri, politikuri, klasobrivi, religiuri Tu tomobrivi maCvenebelbis
mixedviT; saxelmwifo ideologia SesaZloa konfliqtSi iyos da ZaliT iyos Tavs
moxveuli popularul kulturaze; an SesaZlebelia isini iyvnen, rasac
hanTigtoni uwodebs, gaxleCili saxelmwifoebi: saxelmwifoebi, romlebsac
gaaCniaT sakmao donis kulturuli homogenuroba, magram ganxeTqilebaa imasTan
dakavSirebiT, Tu romel civilizacias ekuTvnis maTi sazogadoeba.” 137
136 iqve, . . ., gv. 99-100. 137 iqve, . . ., gv. 102.
70
xarjze da gamoiyenon iseTi situaciebi, rodesac wamowyebis Rirebuleba/Sedegi
aRemateba danaxarjebs (cost-benefit calculation). amrigad, TavdasxmiTi realizmis
TvalsazrisiT saxelmwifoTa saboloo da uzenaesi mizania iyos hegemoni
sistemaSi. 39
realizmis am or mimdinareobad dayofas SeiZleba didi mniSvneloba hqondes,
radganac orive - TavdasxmiTi da TavdacviTi Teoria, cdilobs pasuxi gasces
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis iseT fundamentur sakiTxebs, rogoricaa omi da
mSvidoba. magaliTad, bevri ram aris damokidebuli imaze, Tu marTla rogor aris
saerTaSoriso politika mowyobili. ra ufro adardebT saxelmwifoebs: TavianTi
status-kvos da Sesabamisad sistemaSi ZalTa balansis SenarCuneba, Tu TavianTi
Zalauflebis gazrda nebismieri saSualebebiT da imdeni Zlierebis damateba
ramdenic xel ewifebad. am or gansxvavebul Teoriul xedvas CvenTvis ra Tqma
unda aqvs is ZiriTadi mniSvneloba, rom maTi saSualebiT udna avxsnaT
saxelmwifoTa saqcieli warsulSi da rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, momavalSi.
isini sakuTar Teoriul principebze dayrdnobiT xsnian, Tu ratom xdeba omebi,
rodis ufro SesaZlebelia saxelmwifoebi wavidnen omSi da rodis ara. marTla
iyeneben Tu ara saxlemwifoebi yvela moments imisaTvis, rom gazardon TavianTi
Zliereba da ra SeiZleba gakeTdes imisaTvis, rom msoflio ufro stabiluri
gaxdes da ase Semdeg.
zogierTi Teoretikosebi, magaliTad, rogoricaa robert jervisi, jek
snaideri da stiven van evera yuradRebas amaxvileben erTgvar struqturul
koncefciaze, romelsac uwodeben Tavdasxmisa da Tavdacvis balanss (offense-defense balance). am ideis dedaazri is aris, rom samxedro Zliereba nebismier dros
SeiZleba iqnes klasificirebuli an Tavdasxmis sasargeblod, an Tavdacvis
sasargeblod. Tu Tavdacvas aqvs naTeli upiratesoba TavdasxmasTan SedarebiT
dapyrobis warmoeba aris ufro rTuli da Sesabamisad did saxelmwifoebs aqvT
naklebi motivi, rom gamoiyenon Zala. amis nacvlad isini yuradRebas gadaitanen
imis SenarCunebaze, rac maT ukve gaaCniaT. da piriqiT, Tu Tavdasxma aris ufro
ioli, saxelmwifoebi ganicdian cdunebas daipyron erTmaneTi Zlierebis gazrdis
mizniT. es xdeba sistemaSi uamravi omebis gamomwvevi mizezi.
van everas mixedviT, omis saSiSroeba aris ufro maRali rodesac dapyrobis
warmoeba aris advili da Sesabamisad cvlileba Tavdasxmisa da Tavdacvis
balansSi did zegavlenas axdens omis albaTobaze.40 igi gamohyofs omis gamomwvev
10 mizezs, rodesac Tavdasxma aris dominanturi:
1. oportunisturi eqspansia;
2. TavdacviTi eqspansia;
3. Tavdasxmisagan aqtiuri Tavisdacva;
4. pirveli dartyma ufro momgebiania — preventiuli omebis saSiSroeba;
5. meti Sansebi — meti sirTuleebi;
6. diplomatiuri taqtikebi romlebic omis gamomwvev mizezebad
gvevlinebian;
7. saxelmwifoebi naklebad Sedian molaparakebebSi da aRweven ufro nakleb
SeTanxmebebs;
39 John j. Mearsheimer , Tragedy of Great Power Politics, p. 21 40 Stephen Van Evera, “Offense, Defense, and the Causes of War,” International Security, Vol 22, No. 4 (Spring 1998), 5.
31
leqcia V
TavdacviTi da TavdasxmiTi realizmi
wina leqciebSi ganvixileT realizmi rogorc erT-erTi dominanturi Teoria
saeraSoriso urTierTobebSi, romelic saerTaSoriso politikaSi bevr
saWirboroto sakiTxebs gascems pasuxs. Cven gansxvaveba movaxdineT, rogorc es
sayovelTaod miRebulia, klasikur da struqturul realizms Soris da
ganvixileT struqturuli realizmi, rogorc dominanturi Teoria saeraSoriso
urTierTobebSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom struqturuli realizmi ase Tu ise
ganixileba rogorc Sekruli Teoria, masSi mainc gamoyofen or mimdinareobas,
TavdacviT da TavdasxmiT realizms. TavdacviTi realizmis apologetebad
iTvlebian upirveles yovlisa kenet uolci, Tavisi saerTaSoriso politikis
TeoriiT, aseve robert jervisi, jek snaideri da stiven van evera. TavdasxmiT
realizms arc ise bevri momxreebi hyavs. misi yvelaze TvalsaCino da erTguli
warmomadgeneli aris jeims mirSaimeri, romlis wigni, “Zlieri saxelmwifoebis
politikis tragedia,” TavdasxmiTi realizmis gaRrmavebas da Seswavlas eZRvneba.
rogorc ukve iqna ganxiluli, realizmi eyrdnoba sam ZiriTad mosazrebas.
pirveli is aris, rom saxelmwifoebi arian ZiriTadi aqtorebi, da maTgan
realistebi fokuss axdenen Zlier saxelmwifoebze, radganac isini dominireben
saerTaSoriso politikas da xSirad udidesi movlenebis iniciatorebi arian.
meore principi - saxelmwifoebis qmedebebi ganpirobebulia sistemis struq-
turiT da ar aris damokidebuli saxelmwifos Sinagan xasiaTze. sxva sityvebiT
rom iTqvas, ar arsebobs cudi da kargi saxelmwifo, radgan saboloo jamSi yvela
saxelmwifo, miuxedavad imisa Tu ra tipis reJimi marTavs mas da ra kultura da
politikuri sistema gaaCnia, erTi da igive logikiT xelmZRvanelobs, romelic
aris TviTgadarCena. mesame, realistebs miiCniaT, rom saxelmwifoebisTvis
yvelaze mniSnelvania Zala da Zliereba da saxelmwifoebi erTmaneTs ejibrebian
ZalauflebisaTvis. am konkurencias xSirad omamde mivyavarT, rac realiste-
bisaTvis Tumc arasasiamovno, magram mainc bunebrivi movlenaa. karl fon
klauzevicis kargad cnobil sityvebs Tu gavimeorebT, omi aris politikis
gagrZeleba sxva saSualebebiT. struqturuli realizmis mixedviT saxelmwifoebi
iltvian Zalauflebisaken radgan igi aris gadarCenis erTaderTi sando
saSualeba anarqiis pirobebSi. Zalaufleba udris usafrTxoebas.
TavdacviTi da TavdasxmiTi realizmi, ra Tqma unda aris saerTaSoriso
politikis struqturuli Teoria. isini iziareben zemoT CamoTvlil funda-
mentur ideebs saerTaSoriso politikis Sesaxeb. mxolod, maTi gzebi iyreba,
rodesac jeri midgeba Zalaze da Zalauflebaze. TavdasxmiTi realizmi gamo-
eyofa TavdacviT realizms imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ramdeni Zala esaWiroeba, an
yofnis saxelmwifoebs. TavdacviTi realizmis apologetebi Tvlian, rom
saerTaSoriso struqtura ise aris mowyobili, rom saxelmwifoebs aqvT cota
sababi (incentive) imisaTvis, rom maT ufro meti Zalaufleba moixveWon. nacvlad
amisa, TavdacviTi realizmi amtkicebs, rom saxelmwifoebi ibrZvian status-kvos
SesanarCuneblad da did yuradRebas aqceven ZalTa balanss sistemaSi. aqedan
gamomdinare, TavdacviTi realizmis mixedviT saxelmwifoTa mTavari mizania
Zalis SenarCuneba da ara gazrda. TavdasxmiTi realizmi ki amis sapirispirod
amtkicebs, rom ar arsebobs status-kvo saxelmwifoebi. saerTaSorsio sistema
qveynebs sTavazobs sakmaris mizezebs/SesaZleblobebs imisaTvis, rom isini
yovelTvis iltvodnen TavianTi Zlierebis gazrdisaken sxva saxelmwifoebis
30
leqcia XIII
globalizacia
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis da globalizaciis urTierTmimarTebaze
saintereso Tezisebi aqvs wamoyenebuli harvardel profesors ernst hofmans.
hofmanis azriT, 90-iani wlebSi dominirebda Setakeba saxelmwifoebis da
saxelmwifoTa sistemis fragmentacias da mzard globalizacias anu ekonomikur,
kulturul da politikur integracias Soris. swored amis gamo wina aTwleulSi
mravlad warmoiSva Teoriebi, romlebic saubrobdnen saerTaSoriso urTi-
erTobebze globalizaciis gavlenaze.
1990-ian wlebSi warmoiSva ramdenime Teoria, romelic saubrobda globa-
lizaciis Sedegebze msoflio politikasa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebze.
pirvel rigSi, aRsaniSnavia, frensis fukuiama da misi Tezisi istoriis
dasasrulis Sesaxeb, sadac avtorma iwinaswarmetyvela ideologiuri
konfliqtebis aRmofxvra da politikuri da ekonomikuri liberalizmis mTels
msoflioSi gavrceleba, rac msolfioSi konfliqtebis gauCinarebis sawindarad
miiCnia.
meore mxriv, fukuiamas statiis sapasuxod semuel hanTingtonma Tavis
naSromSi “civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba” xazi gausva civilizaciebs Soris momavali
dapirispirebis gardauvalobas da momavali konfliqtebis kerebad
civilizaciebs Soris gamyofi xazebi miiCnia. hanTingtoni varaudobda, rom
msgavsi kulturis, enis da civilizaciuri kuTvnilebis saxelmwifoebi
gaerTiandebodnen civilizaciis niSnis qveS da daupirispirdebodnen sxva
civilizaciebs, rasac msoflioSi axali tipis konfliqtebi mohyveboda.
miuxedavad amisa, hanTingtonma ver moaxerxa civilizaciis zusti gansazRvra da
gadametebiT didi roli mianiWa religias, ar gaiTvaliswina ra, rom
aradasavluri elitebi xSirad iviwyeben religias da vesternizebuli da saero
meTodebiT marTaven saxelmwifos. seve, ver gasca hantingtonma pasuxi kiTxvas,
Tu ratom mimdinareobda dapirispirebi Tavad civilizaciebs SigniT.
hofmani aseve aRniSnavs sxva modelebs. realistebs isev sjeraT, rom
msoflioSi araferi Secvlila Tukidides droidan, da rom saxelmwifo isev
akontrolebs msoflioSi mimdinare procesebs. am modelis udavo sisuste isaa,
rom igi ver axerxebs cvlilebebis, ufro zustad ki globalizaciis integrirebas
Tavis realobaSi. am Teoriis mixedviT aseve ugulebelyofilia is, rasac raimon
aroni “samyaros cnobierebis nawils” uwodebs. es, misi azriT, dReisaTvis
saxelmwifoebis umetesi nawilisaTvis Rirebulebas warmoadgens.
seve, arian mecnierebi, romelTac dRevandeli msoflio globalizaciis
triumfis asparezad miaCniaT. am mecnierebs Soris aRsaniSnavia “niu iork
taimsis” Jurnalisti tomas fridmani, romlis azriT globalizacia aris
dRevandeli epoqis gadamrCeneli, radgan mas aucileblad moaqvs mSvidoba da
demokratia. omi globalizaciis upirvelesi xelisSemSlelia da Sesabamisad xels
uSlis progressac, xolo axali teqnologiebi xels uwyobs individualur
avtonomias da iniciativebs, rac demokratiis upirvelesi mamoZravebelia.
hofmanis azriT globalizacia mTlad iseTi vardisferi ar aris, rogorc es
fridmans warmoudgenia. misi azriT globalizacias aqvs sami forma, romelTagan
TiToeuls Tavisi problemebi gaaCnia. pirvel rigSi esaa ekonomikuri
globalizacia, rac dakavSirebulia teqnologiur, sainformacio, savaWro da
sxva saxis ukanaskneli drois aqtivobasTan. kapitalizmis aseTi zrda warmoSobs
71
mniSvnelovan dilemas efeqturobas da samarTlianobas Soris. Sesabamisad,
ekonomikuri globalizacia, garda sikeTis motanisa, qveynebs Soris mzardi
uTanasworobis gamomwvevicaa.
kulturuli globalizacia, hofmanis azriT, teqnlogiuri progresis da
ekonomikuri globalizaciis Sedegia. aq dilema dgas uniformizacias da
mravalgvarobas Soris. Sedegad xdeba msoflios danawevrebac (disenchantment of the world – Webber) da erTgvarovnebis winaaRmdegi reaqciis warmoSobac. ukanasknelis
dasturia adgilobrivi kulturebis renesansi da adgilobrivi enebis aRorZineba,
aseve dasavleTis kulturis winaaRmdeg momravlebuli galaSqrebebi.
mesame forma, hofmanis azriT, aris politikuri globalizacia, romelic wina
ori globalizaciis produqtia. aq gamoirCeva amerikis politikuri insti-
tutebis da politikis dominireba, aseve, arasaxelmwifo institutebis
momravleba da gaaqtiureba msoflio asparezze.
hofmanis azriT globalizaciasTan dakavSirebiT mniSvnelovania ramdenime
momenti:
1) globalizacia aris amerikuli nawarmi, romelic meore msoflio omis
Semdeg gaxda popularuli;
2) globalizacia ar aris yovlismomcveli, radgan masSi ar monawileobs
uamravi patara Raribi qveyana. bazrebi ar aris integrirebuli;
3) saerTaSoriso samoqalaqo sazogadoebis idea mxolod embrionul for-
maSia. arasamTavroboebi xSirad mTavrobebis wanazardebs warmoadgenen;
4) individualuri emansipacia ar aris aucilebeli TansarTi demokrati-
zaciis gzaze myof reJimebSi. aseve saerTaSoriso institutebi xSirad
mikerZoebulni arian rac xels uSlis emansipacias da demokratizacias;
5) adamianebis sacxovrebeli pirobebis gaumjobeseba barierebis moSlis
Sedegad sakmaod saeWvo ideaa. hofmanis azriT, globalziacia mxolod
sxvadasxva teqnikebis (audio da videokasetebi, interneti, komunikaciebi)
jamia, romlebic saxelmwifoebis da kerZo seqtoris xelSia. es aqtorebi ki
moZraoben sakuTari interesebis da ideologiis ZaxiliT da ara
humanitaruli mosazrebebiT. maTi qmedebebi arsebiTad gansxvavdeba
globalizaciis im xedvisgan, romelic globalizacias aRiqvams rogorc
ganmanaTleblur fenomens, romelic erTdroulad mecnieruli, racio-
naluri da universaluria.
qvemoT mocemulia cxrili, romelic aRwers did debatebs globalistebs da
skeptikosebs Soris maT mier wamoyenebul ZiriTad Tezisebze dayrdnobiT.
72
farTod ganxilul statiaSi, “momavalSi dabruneba: arastabiluroba evropaSi
civi omis Semdeg,”37 gaagrZela uolcis neorealisturi argumenti da gamoTqva
pretenzia, rom neorelizmi aris Teoria, romelic SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes
momavali movlenebis gansaWvretad.
mirSaimerma ganamtkica mosazreba, rom bipolaruli sistema aris ufro
stabiluri, vidre multipolaruli. mirSaimeris azriT, rodesac sistema
icvleba bipolarulidan multipolaruliT, unda movelodeT gaxSirebul
Zaladobas da omebs. igi ambobs, rom super saxelmwifos ararseboba evropaSi
gamoiwvevs Zaladobisadmi gazrdil midrekilebas vidre gasuli 45 wlis
ganmavlobaSi, Tumca ara iseT mwvaves, rogorc es saukunis pirveli 45 wlis
ganmavlobaSi iyo. 38 Zlieri saxelmwifoebis gamosvla evropis Suagulidan gzas
gauxsnis axali multipolaruli sistemis Camoyalibebas, romelic Sedgeba xuTi
Zlieri saxelmwifos da ramodenime patara saxelmwifosgan. am sistemas
midrekileba eqneba arastabilurobisaken. aseve, atomuri arsenalis Semcireba
gamoiwvevs atomuri iaraRis Semakavebeli efeqtis Semcirebas, rac gamoiwvevs
arastabilurobas. mirSaimeri akeTebs cota ar iyos sensaciur gancxadebas, rom
radgan dasavleTi dainteresebulia mSvidobis da stabilurobis SenarCunebiT
evropaSi, igi dainteresebulia civi omis droindeli konfrontaciis
SenarCunebiT.
rogorc jeksoni da sorenseni askvnian, mirSaimeris winaswarmetyvelebebidan
zogierTi gamrTlda, magaliTad evropaSi adgili hqonda gazrdil Zaladobas
(balkaneTi, ruseTi, kavkasiis qveynebi), magram isic unda aRiniSnos, rom arc erTi
es konfliqti ar momxda centralur evropaSi rogorc es mirSaimerma moiazra.
37 John J. Mearsheimer, “Back to the Future: Instability in Europe After the Cold War,” International Security, Vol. 15, No. 4 (Summer 1990), pp. 5-56. 38 iqve, .., gv. 5-56.
29
neorealizmi civi omis Semdeg
civi omis damTavrebis Semdeg neorealizmi kritikis qarcecxlSi moeqca.
yvelaze Zlieri dartyma neorealizms miayena im faqtma, rom miuxedavad
neorealistebis mtkicebisa Crdilo atlantikur alianss arseboba araTu ar
Seuwyvetia, aramed transformacia ganicada da axali wevrebic miierTa. mwvave
kritikis sagani gaxda aseve is faqti, rom sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg did
saxelmwifoebs Soris omi ar yofila miuxedavad uolcis da sxva neorealistebis
mtkicebisa. Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso urTerTobebis ganviTarebam warmoSva
sxva, aranakleb mwvave kritikis safuZvlebi. magaliTad, bevri amtkicebs, rom
xdeba saerTaSoriso politikis gardaqmna da realizmis mniSvneloba afsurduli
xdeba demokratiis gavrcelebis fonze (democratic peace theory). asve, kompleqsuri
urTierTdamokidebuleba did saxelmwifoTa Soris oms warmoudgenels xdis
(complex interdependence) da rom institutebi aadvileben TanamSromlobas rac
problemebis Zaladobis gareSe mogvarebis saSualebas iZleva (liberal institutionalism).
yvela es Teoria realizmis winaaRmdeg aris mimarTuli da mwvave debatebi am
Teoriuli skolis warmomadgenlebs Soris ar wydeba.
am kritikis sapasuxod da Tavisi struqturuli realizmis dasacavad uolcma
gamoaqveyna sapasuxo statia erT-erT cnobil akademiur JurnalSi: saerTaSoriso
usafrTxoeba, saxelwodebiT “struqturuli realizmi civi omis Semdeg.”32
uolcis amosavali wertili aris is, rom struqturuli realizmi jer kidev
aqtualuria, vinaidan da radganac saerTaSoriso politikuri sistema ar
Secvlila. igi ambobs, rom cvlilebebi moxda sistemis SigniT, magram TviTon
sitema ar Secvlila. struqturuli realizmi gaqarwyldeba maSin, rodesac
Seicvleba saerTaSoriso politika. es ki manam ar moxdeba, sanam saerTaSoriso
sistema Sedgeba saxelmwifoebisgan, romlebsac mxolod TviTdaxmarebis imedi
aqvT. 33 “yovelTvis, rodesac mSvidoba myardeba, xalxi Tavs wamoyofs da
amtkicebs, rom realizmi mkvdaria. es igivea, rom Tqva, saerTaSoriso politikam
transformacia ganicada, magram msoflios transformacia ar ganucdia.
saerTaSoriso politikis struqtura mxolod gadakeTda sabWoTa kavSiris
gaqrobiT, da cotaxniT mogviwevs unipolarulSi cxovreba.”34
uolci amtkicebs, rom struqturuli Teoriis mixedviT unipolaruli
sistema yvelaze xanmoklea ori mizezis gamo: pirveli, dominanturi Zalebi
TavisTavze Zalian bevrs iReben da sabolood TavianT Tavs asusteben da meore,
rac ar unda rbilad da mozomilad moiqces dominaturi Zala susti
saxelmwifoebi mainc ecdebian misi Zlierebis dabalansebas. 35 adre Tu gvian
ZalTa balansi aRsdgeba. neorealizmis erTaderTi minusi aris is, rom ver ambobs
zustad rodis. uolci amtkicebs, rom damabalansebeli tendenciebi ukve
SeimCneva. uolcis TqmiT momavali Zlieri saxelmwifoebi, romlebic aRadgenen
ZalTa balanss arian evrokavSiri an germania, romelic koalicias Caudgeba
saTaveSi; aseve CineTi, iaponia da ufro Soreul momavalSi ruseTi. 36
neorealizmis kidev erTi damcveli aris jon mirSaimeri, romelmac Tavis
32 Kenneth Waltz. “Structural Realism After the End of the Cold War,” International Security, 25(1), 2000, pp. 5-41. 33 iqve, .., gv. 39 34 iqve, .., gv. 39 35 iqve, .., gv. 28 36 iqve, .., gv. 30
28
didi debatebi globalizaciaze
skeptikosebi globalistebi
1 koncefciebi internacionalizacia
da ara globalizacia
msoflio iZerweba Zlieri
eqstensiuri, intensiuri da
swrafi dinebebiT, romlebic
kveTen regionebs da
kontinentebs
2 Zala saxelmwifo aris
mTavari aqtori
intergavernmentalizmi
saxelmwifos suverenulobis
erozia, avtonomia da
legitimuroba
saxelmwifos gavlenis Semcireba
multilateralizmis aRzeveba
3 kultura nacionalizmis da
nacionaluri
identurobis aRzeveba
globaluri popularuli
kulturis aRzeveba
mudmivi politikuri
identurobis erozia
hibridizacia
4 ekonomika regionaluri blokebis
ganviTareba
triadizacia
axali imperializmi
globaluri sainformacio
kapitalizmi
transnacionaluri ekonomia
samuSaos axali, globaluri
dayofa
5 uTanasworoba mzardi CrdieloeT
samxreT ganxeTqileba
interesTa
konfliqtebis
SeuTavsebloba
mzardi uTanasworoba
sazogadoebebs Soris da SigniT
Zveli ierarqiebis erozia
6 wesrigi sax. saerTaSoriso
sazogadoeba
politikuri
konfliqtebis
gardauvaloba
saerT. mmarTveloba da
geopolitika
komunitarianizmi
multi Sreebiani globaluri
mmarTveloba
globaluri samoqalaqo
sazogadoeba
globaluri sazogadoeba
kosmopolitanizmi
73
leqcia XII
saerTaSoriso politikuri ekonomia
yvelaze mniSvnelovani aris davinaxoT, Tu rogor urTierTqmedebaSi arian
erTmaneTTan saerTaSoriso da saSinao ekonomikebi. gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa
is garemoebebi, rodesac saerTaSoriso garemo zRudavs da mimarTulebas aZlevs
erovnul gadawyvetilebebs. mTavrobebi miiltvian imisaken, rom SeinarCunon
kontroli erovnul ekonomikaze da amave dros cdiloben miiRon saerTaSoriso
vaWrobis Sedegad SesaZlo sargebeli. mzardi globaluri urTierTdamoki-
debuleba am Zalisxmevas kidev ufro arTulebs da saTuos xdis. imisaTvis, rom
gavigoT Tu rogor urTierTqmedeben es ekonomikuri sferoebi, saWiroa vicodeT
elementaruli ekonomikuri koncefciebi.
upirveles yovlisa, kargad unda gaviazroT Tu saerTod ratom vaWroben
qveynebi urTierTSoris. amis gasagebad saWiroa gadavxedoT Tavisufali
vaWrobis Teorias da am Teoriis ZiriTad elementebs. meore, unda viswavloT Tu
rogor gavzomoT sazRvrebs gareT saqonlis, momsaxureobis da fulis
moZraoba/brunva. mesame, unda verkveodeT Tu ra instrumentebi gaaCnia
mTavrobas saSinao politikuri ekonomikis samarTavad. am instrumentebidan
yvelaze mniSvnelovani aris fiskaluri da monetaruli politika. meoTxe,
valutis konvertaciis saWiroeba qmnis garkveul problemebs. magaliTad,
savaluto kursis cvalebadoba ara marto gavlenas axdens eqspor-importze,
aramed qmnis politikuri Carevis saSualebas da saWiroebasac ki. maSasadame, sanam
politikuri ekonomikis Teoriebs ganvixilavdeT, saWiroa zemoT CamoTvlili
mcnebebis codna.
Tavisufali vaWroba
Tavisufali vaWroba eyrdnoba im faqts, rom yvela qveyanas aqvs saqonlis da
momsaxureobis warmoebis sxvadasxva SesaZleblobebi. Zalian xSirad erT
romelime saxelmwifos aqvs xolme raRac produqtis warmoebaSi absolituri
upiratesoba. anu, am qveyanas SeuZlia es produqcia awarmoos ufro iafad, vidre
sxva danarCen saxlemwifoebs.
absolituri upiratesoba SeiZleba warmovidginoT Semdegi gamartivebuli
magaliTiT. warmovidginoT ori qveyana, aSS da didi britaneTi da ori saxis
produqti: rkina da xorbali. TiToeuli qveyana erT-erTi tipis produqts ufro
efeqturad awarmoebs.
xorbali rkina
buSeli tona
britaneTi 100 250
aSS 200 150
naTelia, rom britaneTs aqvs absolituri upiratesoba rkinis warmoebaSi
da aSS-s xorblis warmoebaSi. warmovidginoT, rom TiToeul qveyanas yavs 200
muSaxeli. Tu orive qveyana awarmoebs orive tipis produqcias da Tavidan
aicilebs vaWrobas, isini miiReben Semdegi saxis Sedegs:
74
3. SesaZleblobaTa ganawileba
saerTaSoriso politikuri sistemis damaxasiaTebeli mesame elementi aris
ZalTa gadanawileba. funqciurad monawileebi ar gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan.
maTi ganmasxvaveebeli niSania maTi gansxvavebuli SesaZleblobebi Seasrulon
erTi da igive amocana. sistemis es mesame elementi umniSvnelovanesia, radgan igi
Zalaze da Zlierebazea dafuZnebuli. uolcis TqmiT, “struqturebs
gansazRvravs ara maTSi warmodgenili yvela monawile, aramed monawileTa Soris
yvelaze ufro Zlierebi.” politikuri sistemebi erTmaneTisgan gasnxvavdebian
imis da mixedviT, Tu ramdeni Zlieri saxelmwifoa masSi. politikuri sistema
icleba, rodesac icvleba ZalTa ganawileba elementebs Soris. struqturis
cvlileba aseve cvlis TamaSis wesebs da misi Semadgeneli elementebis saqciels,
romelTa urTierTqmedebac ukve sxvagvar Sedegebs iZleva.
maSasadame, neorealizmis Teoriidan gamodinare arsebobs kanonzomi-
erebebi/meTodebi saerTaSoriso politikaSi, romlebic meoredeba miuxedavad
imisa, rom maT sxvadasxva adamianebi da saxelmwifoebi iyeneben. es gamowveulia
imiT, rom saxelmwifoebi moqmedeben erovnuli interesebis Sesabamisad, anu
“TiToeuli saxelmwifo awesebs moqmedebis kurss, romelic misi azriT
saukeTesod moemsaxureba mis erovnul interesebes.”
uzenaesi erovnuli interesi ki aris usafrTxoeba da TviTgadarCena rac
mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli ZalasTan da ZlierebasTan. “saerTaSoriso politi-
kaSi Zala da Zliereba igive rols asrulebs, rasac sabazro ekonomikaSi fuli.”30
politikis warmatebuloba uolcis TvalsazrisiT, ganisazRvreba saxel-
mwifos SenarCunebiT da gaZlierebiT da vinaidan da radganac saerTaSoriso
politikuri sistema aris anarqiuli, romelic aris misi Semadgeneli erTeulebis
moqmedebis ganmsazRvreli, amitom aris, rom saxelmwifoebi droisa da
pirovnebebis cvlis miuxedavad qcevis erTgvarovan meTodebs iyeneben.
anarqiis pirobebSi saxelmwifoebma TviTon unda mixedon sakuTar Tavs. amis
gamoa, rom saxelmwifoebi, gansakuTrebiT Zlieri saxelmwifoebi iRwvian
sistemaSi arsebuli ZalTa balansis SesanarCuneblad.31 Tu ZalTa balansi
Seicvla, maSin Seicvleba sistemac. sistemis cvlilebis tipiuri gamomwvevi
mizezi aris did saxelmwifoebs Soris omi. ZalTa balansis miRweva SesaZlebelia,
magram anarqiul sistemaSi yovelTvis aris omis saSiSroeba.
uolci gamoyofs ori saxis sitemas, bipolaruls, romelic arsebobda civi
omis dros da multipolaruls, romelic arseboboda civ omamde da civi omis
Semdeg. uolcis azriT, bipolaruli sistema aris ufro stabiluri, mSvidobiani
da usafrTxo, vidre multipolaruli, radgan “mxolod ori Zlieri saxelmwifos
arsebobisas mosalodnelia, rom orive imoqmedebs sistemis SesanarCuneblad,”
vinaidan da radganac sistemis SenarCunebiT isini aseve inarCuneben sakuTar
statuss.
30 A. Wolfers, Discord and Collaboration: Essays on International Politics. Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988. citata amoRebulia aleqsandre rondelis, saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebidan, gv. 71. 31 ZalTa balansisaTvis ixileT aleqsandre rondeli “saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi” gv.
109-119.
27
wamyvani politikuri monawileebi: qalq-saxelmwifo iqneba es, imperia, Tu
Tanamedrove saxelmwifo. struqtura warmoiSoba saxelmwifoTa Tanaarsebobi-
dan. saerTaSoriso politikuri sistema, rogorc bazrebi arian individualuri,
spontanurad Seqmnili da ucabedi. orive sistemaSi struqtura iqmneba maTi
Semadgeneli elementebis Tanamoqmedebis gamo. 29
uolci Tvlis, rom yvela saxelmwifos mizania gadarCena. igi aRiarebs, rom
saxelmwifoebs aqvT uamravi sxva mizani, magram aRniSnavs, rom TviTgadarCena
aris yvela sxva miznis ganxorcielebisaTvis saWiro prerekviziti.
2. elementebis xasiaTi
uolcis mTavari amosavali wertili aris is, rom struqtura ganisazRvreba
ara yvela moqmedi elementis mier, aramed mTavari moqmedi elementebis mier,
romlebic arian saxelmwifoebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom neorealizmi aRiarebs sxva
ara-saxelmwifo aqtorebis arsebobas, rogorebicaa saerTaSoriso organi-
zaciebi, transnacionaluri korporaciebi da sxva monawileebi, misi midgoma
saerTasoriso politikisadmi aris saxelmwifo-centruli. uolci amtkicebs, rom
saxelmwifoebi qmnian TamaSis wesebs yvelasaTvis. SeiZleba isini umniSvnelod
Caerion arasaxelmwifo monawileTa saqmianobaSi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, magram,
miuxedavad amisa saxelmwifoebi aweseben urTierTqmedebis wesebs, an pasiurobiT,
romelic uflebas iZleva araformaruli wesebis ganviTarebisa, an aqtiuri
CareviT da im wesebis SecvliT, romlebic maT, saxelmwifoebs, aRar awyobT.
rodesac amis saWiroeba iqmneba saxelmwifoebi cvlian wesebs, romlebic
aregulirebs monawileTa urTierTobebs.
aqidan gamomgdinare, uolci askvnis, rom saxelmwifoebi arian is elementebi,
romelTa urTierTqmedeba qmnis saerTaSoriso politikis struqturas da rom es
ase iqneba didi xnis ganmavlobaSi.
uolci aseve amtkicebs, rom saxlemwifoebi arian msgavsni, imdenad
ramdenadac TiToeuli saxlemwifo aris suverenuli. misi TqmiT, suvereniteti
ar niSnavs imas, rom saxelmwifoebi ar ganicdian sxva saxelmwifoebis an
aqtorebis zegavlenas. suvereniteti da sxvaze damokidebuleba ar aris
SeuTavsebeli da dapirispirebuli mcnebebi. saxelmwifos suverenuloba niSnavs,
rom mas aqvs arCevani gadawyvitos rogor gaumklavdes saSinao, Tu sagareo
problemebs. es arCevani aseve gulisxmobs sxivsTvis daxmarebis Txovnas da amiT
sakuTari Tavisuflebis SezRudvas.
“TiToeuli saxelmwifo, iseve rogorc sxva danarCeni saxelmwifo, aris
suverenuli politikuri erTeuli.” miuxedavad am msgavsebisa, saxelmwifoebi
gansxvavdebian kidevac. magram isini gansxvavdebian ara funqciebis, aramed
SesaZleblobebis mixedviT. TiToeuli saxelmwifo asrulebs msgavs funqciebs,
magram TavianTi SesaZleblobebis farglebSi.
mokled rom iTqvas, saerTaSoriso sistemis mTavari moqemdi elementebi arian
erTi da imave funqciebis mqone suverenuli saxelmwifoebi, romlebic
erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian TavianTi SesaZleblobebiT.
29 iqve, .., gv. 52.
26
xorbali rkina
buSeli tona
britaneTi 10,000 25,000
aSS 20,000 15,000
mTliani warmoeba 30,000 40,000
TvalnaTelia, rom britaneTs aqvs specializacia rkinis warmoebaSi da aSS-s
xorblis warmoebaSi. Tu isini gadaisvrian mTels TavianT samuSao Zalas im
produqciis sawarmoeblad, romlis warmoebis absolituri upiratesobac
gaaCniaT, maSin orives mTliani warmoebuli produqcia gaizrdeba. Sesabamisad,
britaneTs SeeZleba awarmoos 50,000 tona rkina da aSS-s 40,000 buSeli xorbali.
amis Sedegad maT SeeZlebaT erTmaneTSi ivaWron. 4 buSel xorbalSi mova 5 tona
rkina da orive qveyana miiRebs sargebels. ra Tqma unda, vaWrobis moculoba
imazea damokidebuli Tu ramdeni produqcia gWirdeba. magram, miaqcieT
yuradReba im faqts, rom britaneTs SeuZlia 5 tona rkina gacvalos 4 buSel
xorbalSi, maSin rodesac Tu britaneTs mouwevs xorblis sakuTari ZalebiT
warmoeba man unda daTmos 10 tona rkina. anu, iqmneba situacia, sadac Tavisufali
vaWroba ufro momgebiania vidre izolacionizmi.
gadasaxadebis balansi
gadasaxadebis balansi aris erTgvari sabuRaltro meqanizmi, romelic
aRricxavs saqonlis, momsaxureobis da kapitalis moZraobas drois garkveul
periodSi (Tve, meoTxedi, weli). TviTon balansis mcneba am SemTxvevaSi cota ar
iyos arazustia, radganac sinamdvileSi Cven disbalansi ufro gvainteresebs,
romelic sxvadasxva punqtebSi iCens xolme Tavs. ganvixiloT, Tu romeli
punqtebisagan Sedgeba gadasaxadebis balansi:
1. saqonlis eqsport-importi
es punqti aRniSnavs im saqonels, romelic Seiqmna qveynis SigniT da
gaiyida qveynis gareT (eqsporti) da im saqonels, romelic Seiqmna qveynis
gareT da gaiyida qveynis SigniT (importi).
2. momsaxureobis eqsporti da importi
es exeba ufro araxelSesaxeb momsaxureobas, rogoricaa transportaciis
xarjebi, dazRveva, informacia, Tanamgzavruli gadacemebi, sabanko
danaxarjebi.
3. sainvesticio Semosavlebi da gadasaxadebi/gasavlebi
rodesac viRac akeTebs investicias ama Tu im qveyenaSi, igi moelis
mogebis dividendebs an procentebs am investiciidan. es punqti exeba
sainvesticio mogebis gadasaxads gadaxdils investorebis mier am qveynis
moqalaqeTaTvis da piriqiT, am qveynis mier ucxoelebisaTvis micemul
gadasaxadebs.
4. samTavrobo eqsporti/importi da ucxouri daxmareba
is saqoneli, romelsac mTavroba yidis saerTaSoriso bazarze,
magaliTad SeiaraReba. seve, mTavrobebi Rebuloben an gascemen ucxour
75
daxmarebas.
5. mimdinare angariSebis balansi
es punqti aris 1-4 punqtebis jamuri punqti. anu, saqonlis,
momsaxureobis, sainvesticio Semosavlebis da mTavrobis.
6. kapitaluri angariSi
es punqti Seexeba im investiciebs, romlebic dabandebulia sazRvargareT
an am qveyanaSi, ucxoelebis mier. rogorc wesi, ganasxvaveben moklevadian
(romlis simwifis periodia erT weliwadze naklebi) da grZelvadian
investiciebs (welze meti). magaliTad, rodesac iaponiis banki yidulobs
obligaciebs aSS-s mTavrobisgan, romelic mwifdeba 180 dReSi, es iwereba
moklevadian kapitalur angariSSi, magram rodesac mTavroba uxdis
iaponiis banks procents es iwereba sainvesticio Semosavlebis da
gasavlebis punqtSi.
7. oficialuri rezervebi
qveynis centralur banks gaaCnia ucxouri valutis da oqros rezervi,
romelsac igi iyenebs maSin, rodesac is awarmoebs transaqciebs sxva
qveynis centralur bankebTan, an rodesac igi erTveba ucxouri valutis
bazarSi valutis gasayidad an SesaZenad. am operaciebis saboloo efeqti
aris is, rom daabalansos sxva punqtebis jamuri sxvaoba.
8. statistikuri uzustoba
gadasaxadebis balansis gazomva arazusti procesia misi sirTulis gamo
da aseve imis gamo, rom zogierTi transaqciebi damalulia (magaliTad
narkotikebiT aralegaluri vaWroba). es punqti aris statistikuri
xriki, romelic gamoiyeneba uzustobis gasazomad da Semdeg saboloo
kreditebis da debitebis balansSi mosayvanad.
ufro martivad rom warmovidginoT, gadasaxadebis balansi
aRniSnavs or rames: transaqciis Sedegad ucxoels uxdis Tanxas qveyana
(debiti), Tu ucxoeli uxdis Tanxans qeyanas (krediti).
cxrili 1.1
krediti debiti balansi
miliardi dolari
1. saqoneli
a. eqsporti 164.3
b. importi 129.6
2. momsaxureoba
a. eqsporti 21.1
b. importi 19.3
c. savaWro balansi 185.4 148.9 +36.5
3. sainvesticio Semosavlebi
da gasavlebi
a. Semosavali 14.6
b. gasavali 21.4
4. mTavroba
a. eqsporti 13.5
b. importi 2.6
76
mTlianad axdens fokusirebas saerTaSoriso politikis struqturaze da am
struqturis zegavlenaze saerTaSoriso urTierTobebze. igi saerTaSoriso
politikas, masSi arsebul kanonzomierebebs da saxelmwifoTa qcevis wesebs xsnis
struqturis TaviseburebiT.
rogorc ukve iTqva, uolcis Teoriuli fokusi iyo ganecalkevebina
saerTaSoriso politika sxva sferoebisgan. amisaTvis man Camoayaliba
saerTaSoriso politikis (sp) struqturis, sistemis da sistemis elementebis
mcneba. imisaTvis, rom gavigoT uolciseuli neorealizmi, saTiTaod avxsnaT is
ZiriTadi koncefciebi, romlebsac uolci gvTavazobs:
sistema Sedgeba struqturisa da urTierTmomqmedi elementebisagan.
struqtura moicavs mTels sistemas da saSualebas gvaZlevs vifiqroT
sistemaze, rogorc mTlianobaze.
sruqtura gansazRvravs Tu rogor arian mowyobili sistemis Semadgeneli
nawilebi, elementebi.
amavdroulad, uolcis mixedviT am SemTxvevaSi struqtura ar niSnavs poli-
tikuri institutebis erTobliobas, aramed imas Tu rogor arian isini mow-
yobilni. maSasadame, uolci saerTaSoriso politikis struqturas gansazRvravs
sam elementze dayrdnobiT:
1. mowyobis principi;
2. Semadgeneli elementebis xasiaTi;
3. ZalTa ganawileba. 27
1. mowyobis principis mixedviT sp sistema aris decentralizebuli da
anarqiuli. es imiT aris ganpirobebuli, rom ar arsebobs uzenaesi mmar-
Tveloba/mTavroba, romelic daaregulirebda urTierTobebs sistemis Semad-
genel elementebs Soris.
uolci xsnis, Tu rogor SeiZleba wesrigis ararseboba, e.i. anarqiuloba
CaiTvalos wesrigad, pozitivisturi ekonomikis modelis gamoyenebiT.
magaliTad, ekonomikaSi saubroben ekonomikur adamianze, romelic mimarTulia
mogebis maqsimizaciisaken da saubroben bazrebze. magram bazrebi warmoiSoba
spontanurad, winaswari ganzraxvis gareSe. igi warmoiSoba individualuri
elementebis: adamianebis da firmebis urTierTqmedebis Sedegad. SeqmnisTanave
bazrebi gvelinebian rogorc calke Zala, romlis gakontroleba sistemis
elementebs aRar ZaluZT. bazrebi zRudaven da ganapirobeben elementebis qcevis
wesebs, rac ganapirobebs maT beds. zogi kotrdeba, zogi ki mdidrdeba.
sxva sityvebiT rom iTqvas, “individualuri elementebi iqcevian TviT-
neburad. msgavi elementebis erTgvarovani qmedebebisas warmoiqmneba struq-
tura, romelic zRudavs TiToeul maTgans. Camoyalibebis Semdeg bazari xdeba
calke Zala, Zala, romelsac misi Semadgeneli elementebis calkeuli, an Tundac
patara jgufebad moqmedeba ver akontrolebs. amis magivrad, mcire Tu didi
masStabiT imdenad ramdenadac sabazro pirobebi gansxvavdeba, Semqmnelebi,
romelTa saqmianobamac Seqmna bazari xdebian misi qmnilebebi.” 28
igivenairad, saerTaSoriso politika iqmneba misi Semadgeneli, TavisTavze
mzrunavi elementebis Tanaqmedebis Sedegad. es elementebi arian amaTuim epoqis
27 Robert J. Art and Robert Jervis, International Politics, Enduring Concepts and Contemporary Issues, Eddison-Wesley, 2003, p. 49. 28 Art and Jervis. p. 51
25
mogebas, rac zRudavs maT Soris TanamSromlobas. 24
Ralati aseve zRudavs TanamSromlobis perspeqtivebs. saxelmwifoebs
eSiniaT, rom SeiZleba meore partniorma moityus da amiT misi fardobiTi Zala
gaizardos. radganac, relizmis TvalTaxedviT saxelmwifoebi zrunaven ZalTa
balansis SenarCunebaze isini gansakuTrebiT frTxiloben, rom ar motyuvdnen
sxva saxelmwiofoebis mier da aseve zrunaven fardobiT mogebaze. es yovelive
arTulebs TanamSromlobas.
struqturuli realizmi
60-70 wlebSi wamoWrilma meore debatebma saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi
pozitivistebsa da biheivioristebs Soris gardamtexi gavlena iqonia realizmze,
rogorc saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoriaze. am periodSi saTave daedo
neorealizms, romlis midgoma realizmisadmi rogorc Teoriisadmi iyo ufro
meTodologiuri, ufro mecnieruli, da ara normatiuli, rogorc es klasikur
realizms axasiaTebda.
neorealizmis mamaTavrad iTvleba qeneT uolci, romlis sayovelTaod
aRiarebuli naSromi “saerTaSoriso politikis Teoria” (1979) ganaviTarebs
sruliad gansxvavebul realizms. uolcis meTodologia ganmsWvaluli iyo
ambiciebiT, rom saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi gamxdariyo samecniero dis-
cpilina.
maSasadame, uolcis mTavari mcdeloba is iyo, rom Camoeyalibebina kanonis
magvari mcnebebi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi da amiT am disciplinisaTvis
mecnieruli elferi mieca. uolci ambobs rom saerTaSoriso politikis Teoria
iseve SeiZleba Camoyalibdes rogorc sxva nebismieri Teoria. amisaTvis,
upirveles yovlisa, saWiroa:
- saerTaSoriso politika aRviqvaT rogorc gancalkevebuli sfero an areali,
- unda aRmovaCinoT kanonzomierebaTa magvari wesebi masSi (law like statements) da,
- SevimuSavoT dakvirvebis Sedegad gamovlenili kanonzomierebis axsnis gze-
bi. 25
aseT kanonzomierebebad uolcma miiCnia saxelmwifoTa saqcieli, romelic
yvelaze kargad e.w. Realpolitik-iT aris axsnili. kerZod, saxelmwifo interesebis
uzenaesoba, konkurenciis daregulireba (raSic ZalTa balansi moiazreba), Zalis
primati da ase Semdeg. anu, esenia meTodebi, romlebic ar icvlebian miuxedavad
imisa, rom maT gansxvavebuli pirovnebebi da saxelmwifoebi iyeneben. 26 am
meTodebis ganmeorebiTobas uolci xsnis saerTaSoriso sistemis xasiaTiT.
amiT igi avlebs mtkice zRvars klasikur/neoklasikur da neorealizms Soris.
klasikuri realistebis da morgenTausgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic saubroben
saxelmwifos marTvis eTikaze, adamianis bunebaze, sagareo politikis warmo-
ebisas wamoWril moralur dilemaze, uolci ar axsenebs arc erT maTgans da
,
24 Joseph M. Grieco, “Anarcy and the Limits of Cooperation,” International Organization, Volume 42, Issue 3, (Summer 1988): 492-499. 25 zurab daviTaSvili, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoria qrestomaTia. samoqalaqo
iniciativebis instituti, 2004. gv. 71. 26 iqve, .., gv. 71
24
c. daxmareba (jamSi) 0.7
5. mimdinare angariSebis balansi 213.5 173.6
+39.9
6. kapitaluri angariSi
a. eqsporti 58.4
(grZeli da mokle vadiani)
b. importi 31.7
(grZeli da mokle vadiani)
c. kapitaluri angariSis balansi -26.7
7. oficialuri rezervebi 7.0 -7.0
8. statistikuri uzustoba 6.2 -6.2
cxrili 1.2
weli 1 2 3 4
saqoneli/momsaxureoba
eqsporti 102.2 156.7 185.4 191.4
importi 119.9 140.1 148.9 227.5
investiciebi
Semosavali 3.2 3.7 14.6 20.2
gasavali 8.4 11.9 21.4 23.1
mTavroba 1.5 11.8 10.2 8.1
mimdinare angariSebis balansi -21.4 20.2 39.9 -30.9
kapitaluri angariSi
exporti 12.2 32.6 58.4 27.7
importi 26.8 29.1 31.7 50.3
kapitaluri angariSebis balansi 14.6 -3.5 -26.7 22.6
sarezervo angariSi 3.2 -11.0 -7.0 4.1
statistikuri uzustoba 3.6 -5.7 -6.2 4.2 138
davakvirdeT cxrils 1.2, romelSic gamogonili qveynis gadasaxadTa balansia
mocemuli 4 wlis ganmavlobaSi. rogorc Cans, es qveyana ganicdis eqsportis
zrdas, magram amave dros importi ufro swrafad izrdeba. es sxvadasxva sixSiris
zrdis tempebi iwvevs mimdinare angariSis cvalebadobas deficitidan siWarbemde
da Semdeg isev deficitamde. Cven amas vxedavT mimdinare angariSebis balansSi
21. 4 miliardian deficitidan orwlian Semosavalze gadasvliT da Semdeg isev
30. 9 miliardi dolaris deficitis arsebobiT.
kapitaluri angariSi TiTqos sarkiseburad aireklavs am garemoebas, anu,
gvaqvs Tanxebis jamuri Semosvla pirvel wels da Semdegi ori wlis manZilze
jamuri gasvla da Semdeg isev vubrundebiT Semosvlas. anu, es imas niSnavs, rom
qveyanam SeZlo ufro meti investiciebi gaetana sazRvargareT da samagierod naxa
sargebeli Semosavlis saxiT Semdgomi ori wlis manZilze. magram, xelmeore
deficiti sagrZnoblad amcirebs am investicias da samagierod izidavs ucxour
138 cxrili adaptirebulia tomas larsonis da devid skidmoris wignidan “saerTaSoriso
politikuri ekonomika”
77
investicias. es procesi Cans kapitalis eqsportis mkveTri dacemiT da kapitalis
importis mkveTri zrdiT meoTxe weliwadSi. es magaliTi gvaCvenebs, rom qveyanas
aqvs SesaZlebloba daabandos investicia sazRvargareT da miiRos sargebeli ori
Semdgomi wlis ganmavlobaSi. magram, meoTxe wels deficitis gaCena iwvevs
investiciebis Semcirebas da amis sapirispirod moizidavs ucxour investiciebs.
es procesi Cans im faqtiT, rom kapitalis eqsporti mkveTrad ecema meoTxe
weliwadSi da kapitalis importi izrdeba.
es SeiZleba dadebiT faqtad gveCvenos, radgan sxva qveynebs aqvT survili
daabandon investicia Cvens qveyanaSi, magram, miuxedavad amisa, am situacias
SeiZleba eqnes potenciurad savalalo Sedegebi momavalSi. kapitalis importis
zrda niSnavs, rom Cvens qveyanas mouwevs Semosavlis gadaxda ucxoeli
investorebisaTvis momavalSi, maSin rodesac Semosavali sazRvargareTidan
daecema, radgan am droisaTvis am qveynis kapitalis investiciebi sazRvargareT
Semcirda. Tu savaWro deficitis da kapitalis importis zrdis kombinacia
didxans gagrZeldeba, aman SeiZleba qveyana mZime arCevanis winaSe daayenos. erT-
erTi gamosavali, SeiZleba iyos mimdinare angariSis deficitis Semobruneba
importis Semcirebis xarjze, rom SesaZlebeli iyos kapitalis importis
Semosavlis gadaxda ucxoelebisaTvis. amis alternativa aris is, rom xangrZlivi
mimdinare angariSis deficiti aiZulebs qveyanas aiRos ufro meti sagareo vali
imasaTvis, rom gadaixados sargebeli adrindel investiciebze.
magram SesaZlebloba, rom sagareo vali gamoiyeno deficitis dasafaravad
damokidebulia ucxoelebis survilze undaT Tu ara investireba. isini ar arian
valdebuli ase moiqcnen. es imas niSnavs, rom is specifiuroba, rom yvela unda
gaswordes (yvelam Tavisi miiRos) niSnavs, rom saxelmwifom unda gadadgas
nabijebi mimdinare angariSis deficitis gasasworeblad. Sesworebebs SeiZleba
hqondeT sabazro operaciebis, an politikuri qmedebebis saxe.
msgavsi maCvenebeli aris eris roli saerTaSoriso arenaze, anu debitoria igi
Tu kreditori. Cvens SemTxvevaSi, meoTxe wlis monacemebis mixedviT qveyana aris
debitori im gagebiT, rom ucxoelebi floben am qveynis ufro met simdidres
vidre am qveynis moqalaqebi ucxours. es aris Sedegi imisa, rom didi xnis
manZilze deficiti mimdinare angariSSi finansdeboda ucxouri investiciebiT.
aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom debitor qveyanas uwevs interesebis da dividendebis
saxiT ufro meti Tanxis gadaxda vidre is Rebulobs (mag. me-4 weliwadSi Semo-
savali aris 20. 2 miliardi da gasavali 23. 1 miliardi) rac aris kidev erTi
uaryofiTi punqti balansSi). es situacia gagrZeldeba sanam mimdinare balansi ar
gadava plusebSi ramodenime wlis ganmavlobaSi. es rom piriqiT yofiliyo, anu
qveyanas hqonoda ufro meti qoneba sazRvargareT, vidre ucxoelebi floben sim-
didres am qveyanaSi, maSin qveyana iqneboda kreditori qveyana da maSin igi miiReb-
da jamur Semosavals ucxoeTidan, anu dadebiTi punqti gadasaxadebis balansSi.
Tu davukvirdebiT, gadasaxadebis balansi yvelaze ufro metad mniS-
vnelovania imisTvis, Tu ras gvimxels is disbalansebis Sesaxeb, gansakuTrebiT
ganmeorebad disbalansebze mimdinare angariSebis balansSi. magram sakiTxavi is
aris, Tu rogor zegavlenas axdens deficiti an froficiti qveynis keTil-
dReobaze da mis finansur mdgomareobaze? ra saSualebebs flobs saxelmwifo,
rom gamoasworos es problemebi? am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad saWiroa
ganvixiloT urTierTobebi msoflio da saSinao ekonomikebs Soris, rac moiTxovs
makroekonomikis elementaruli mcnebebis ganxilvas, rogoricaa sesxis
ganakveTi, fulis miwodeba, monetaruli da fiskaluri politika.
78
formas:
1. saxelmwifoebs erTmaneTis eSiniaT, radgan mudmivad saSiSroebis molodinSi
arian sxva saxelmwifoebis mxridan;
2. saxelmwifoebi damokidebulni arian mxolod sakuTar Tavze, radgan sxva
saxelmwifoebi potenciur safrTxes warmoadgenen. rogorc kenet uolci
ambobs saxelmwifoebi moqmedeben “TviT daxmarebis” reJimSi. Sesabamisad
aliansebi ganixileba rogorc droebTi movlena da SeiZleba dReis mokavSire
gaxdes xvalis metoqe da dReis mteri xvalis mekavSire. aqedan gamomdinare,
realistebi askvnian rom saxelmwifoebi unda iyvnen egoisturebi da
izrunon sakuTar erovnul interesebze. es mosazreba ucvleli rCeba
rogorc moklevadian aseve grZelvadian pirobebSi;
3. saxelmwifoebi cdiloben gazardon TavianTi fardobiTi Zliereba (relative power) sxva qveynebTan mimarTebaSi. 23 radgan rac meti aqvs samxedro
upiratesoba, miT ufro usafrTxoa qveyana. TiToel saxelmwifos aqvs
survili iyos Zlieri samxedro Zala radgan es aris yvelaze saukeTeso gza
uzrunvelyo sakuTari usafrTxoeba saSiS garemoSi. igive motivi logikurad
ganapirobebs imas, rom saxelmwifoebma wamoiwyon omi rodesac amis
saSualeba arsbobs da rodesac mogeba savaraudoa. idealuri gamosavali
aris iyo hegemoni sistemaSi. maSin TviTgadarCena TiTqmis uzrunvelyofili
iqneboda.
realizmis centraluri mosazreba, razec yuradRebis gamaxvileba
aucilebelia isaa, rom anarqia iwvevs konkurencias da konfliqts saxelmwifoebs
Soris da axSobs maTSi TanamSromlobis survils maSinac ki, rodesac arsebobs
saerTo interesi. es mosazreba mimarTulia neoliberaluri Teoriebis sapi-
rispirod, romelebic amtkiceben, rom saxelmwifoebs SeuZliaT iTanamSromlon.
realizmis azriT, arsebobos ori mizezi rac xels uSlis TanamSromlobas. esenia:
fardobiTi mogeba (relative gains) da Ralatis saSiSroeba.
saxelmwifoebi, romlebic fiqroben TanamSromlobaze unda gansazRvron, Tu
rogor ganawildeba mogeba monawileTa Soris. aris mogebis aRqmis ori gza:
absoluturi, an fardobiTi mogeba. absoluturi mogeba (absolute gains) niSnavs,
rom TiToeuli mxare mxolod dainteresebulia maqsimaluri mogebiT da ar
adardebs sxvisi monapovari. TiToeul mxares adardebs meoris qmedebebi mxolod
imdenad, ramdenadac meoris saqcielma SeiZleba zegavlena moaxdinos mis mier
maqsimaluri mogebis miRebis perspeqtivaze. amis sapirispirod fardobiTi
mogeba (relative gains) niSnavs, rom saxelmwifoebi saTvalavSi iReben ara marto
sakuTar individualur mogebas, aramed imas, Tu ramdenad kargad aqvs mas saqme
sxvasTan SedarebiT. realizmis samyaroSi saxelmwifoebi yuradRebas aqceven
fardobiT mogebas, radgan saxelmwifoebis mTavari mizania TviTgadarCena da
suverenintetis SenarCuneba. amitom, saxlemwifoebs aqvT SiSi, rom dRevandeli
megobari SeiZleba gaxdes xvalindeli mteri. amitom TanamSromloba, romelic
orives xels aZlevs arasasurvelia, radganac es mis potenciur mters aZlierebs.
aqidan gamomdinare, saxelmwifoebi mkacrad akvirdebian maTi partniorebis
23 am mosazrebasTan dakavSirebiT realizmi iyofa or ganStoebad: TavdasxmiT (mirSaimeri)
da TavdacviT realizmad (jervisi, van evera, volti). debatebi da gansxvavebebi am or
ganStoebas Soris ganxiluli iqneba Semdgom leqciebSi.
23
leqcia IV
neorealizmi
politikuri realizmi: zogadi mimoxilva
politikuri realizmi sxva saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoriebisgan gan-
sxvavebiT xatavs saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sevdian suraTs. saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebi danaxulia rogorc mkacri konkurencia qveynebs Soris, rom-
lebsac aranairi mizezi ar aqvT erTmaneTs miendon maSin, rodesac maTi arsebobis
arsi TviTgadarCenaa iseT garemoSi sadac erTis danakargi meoris monapovaria
(zero sum game).
jon mirSaimeri gvTavazobs realizmis yvelaze naTel da amomwurav
daxasiaTebas. igi gamoyofs xuT ZiriTad mosazrebas romelic aRwers realizmis
midgomas saerTaSoriso urTierTobebisadmi. 22
1. pirveli mosazreba isaa, rom saerTaSoriso sistema anarqiulia. anu,
saerTaSoriso sistemis mowyobis principi aris anarqiuli, rac imas niSnavs,
rom sistema Sedgeba damoukidebeli politikuri erTeulebisgan
(saxelmwifoebi), romlebsac ar hyavT zemdgomi xelisufleba. sxva sityvebiT
rom vTqvaT, ar arsebobs umaRlesi mmarTveli organo, zesaxelmwifo, maSin
rodesac suvereniteti saxelmwifoTa Tandayolili Tvisebaa.
2. meore mosazereba isaa, rom saxelmwifoebs bunebrivad TandayvebaT agresiis
iaraRi, romelic SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg.
rogorc wesi, es aris samxedro SeiaraReba. Tumca, rom ar iyos iaraRi,
realizmi ambobs rom indivdebi saomrad xel-fexs gamoiyenebdnen.
3. mesame mosazreba isaa, rom saxelmwifoebi arasdros ar arian darwmunebulni,
Tu ra ganzraxva amoZravebs sxva saxelmwifos. kerZod, arc erT saxelmwifos
ar aqvs garantia imisa, rom mis winaaRmdeg agresiul iaraRs ar gamoiyenebs
meore saxelmwifo. SeiZleba es meore saxelmwifo iyos keTilmosurne da
saimedo, magram am mosazrebaze dayrdnoba SeuZlebelia, radgan
SeuZlebelia ganzraxvis asi procentiT gansazRvra. sxva sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, gaurkvevlobis (uncertainty) Tavidan acileba SeuZlebelia rodesac
xdeba ganzraxvis Sefaseba, es ki martivad ganapirobebs imas, rom
saxelmwifoebi verasdros iqnebian darwmunebulni, rom sxva saxelmwifoebs
agresiul iaraRebTan erTad agresiuli ganzraxvebic ar aqvT.
4. meoTxe mosazreba isaa, rom saxelmwifoTa ZiriTadi mamoZravebeli motivi
aris TviTgadarCena, radgan maT surT suverenitetis SenarCuneba.
5. mexuTe mosazreba ambobs rom saxelmwifoebi fiqroben strategiulad imaze,
Tu rogor gadarCnen saerTaSoriso sistemaSi. saxelmwifoebi arian
umetesad racionalurebi. Tumca, zogjer SeiZleba ver gansazRvron
saqcieli, radgan isini moqmedeben arasruli informaciis samyaroSi, sadac
potenciur mowinaaRmdeges gaaCnia sababi imisa, rom damalos Tavisi
namdvili Zala, an sisuste da damalos Tavisi namdvili ganzraxvebi.
aqedan gamomdinare, mirSaimeri gamoyofs saxelmwifoTa saqcielis sam ZirTad
22 John J. Mearsheimer, “The False Promise of International Institutions,” International Security, Vol. 19, No. 3 (Winter 1994/1995), pp. 5-49.
22
monetaruli da fiskaluri politika
fiskaluri politika exeba mTavrobis politikas danaxarjebis, gadasaxadebis
da sesxebis Sesaxeb. monetaruli politika exeba centraluri bankis politikas
daareguliros fulis miwodeba da sesxis ganakveTi. am ori politikidan
monetaruli politika rogorc wesi ufro institucionalizebuli da efeqturia.
fiskaluri politika ki ufro politizirebulia. Sesabamisad, fiskaluri
politikis gamoyeneba makroekonomikis erT-erT instrumentad cota ufro
nakleb efeqturia.
magaliTad, amerikis centraluri banki Seiqmna 1913 wels. konservatorma
jgufebma federaluri rezervic ki Seqmnes. aSS-mde bevr wamyvan qveyanas ukve
hqonda centraluri bankebi. mag: did britaneTs 1840-ian wlebSi, germanias 1870-
ian wlebSi da iaponias 1880-ian wlebSi. erT-erTi mniSvnelovani ganamsxvavebeli
niSani centraluri bankebisa isaa, Tu ramdenad damoukideblebi arian isini
politikuri diqtatisagan. am gagebiT, germaniis centraluri banki, bundesbanki,
yvelaze damoukidebelia. Semdeg modis inglisis banki da safrangeTis banki.
federaluri rezervi am ori ukiduresobis SuaSi eqceva. anu mas aqvs
damoukideblad moqcevis saSualeba, magram amavdroulad xSirad pasuxobs
politikur zewolas da zrdis fulis miwodebas, an amcirebs ganakveTis
procents.
monetaruli politika
magaliTisTvis, ganvixiloT Tu rogor axorcielebs monetarul politikas
fedi. mas aqvs ori instrumenti, romliTac ekonomikaze axdens zegavlenas: Ria
sabazro operaciebi (open market operations) da procenti (discount rate). orive
instrumentis mizania gavlena moaxdinos kreditis xelmisawvdomobaze anu
bankebis survili gascen sesxi da individebis da korporaciebis survili aiRon
sesxi.
rogorc cnobilia, fulis brunvis didi nawili aris uxilavi fuli, anu Cekebi
da gadaricxvebi da ara naRdi fuli. amerikaSi ufro metad gamoiyeneba sabanko
transferebi angariSsworebisas. ufro metic, fulis nakadis moculoba ufro
metad damokidebulia bankebis mier kreditis gamoyofaze vidre saxelmwifos
mier fulis dabeWdvaze. fedi axdens fulis miwodebis menejments swored am
procesebze zegavleniT. rodesac banki gamouyofs sesxs Tavis klientebs es
zrdis ekonomiur aqtivobas. saqonlis da servisebis warmoebis zrda gazrdili
moTxovnis dasakmayoflileblad iwvevs dasaqmebis zrdas. es damatebiTi
muSaxeli ki Tavis Semosavals xarjavs, an sulac Tavad iRebs sesxs SenaZenis
gasakeTeblad. es procesi Sebrunebadia: rodesac bankebi amcireben sesxis
gacemas, saqonlis da momsaxureobis SeZena mcirdeba, umuSevroba ki izrdeba,
rasac mosdevs danaxarjebis Semcireba, Sesabamisad ekonomikuri aqtivobis
dacema.
am yoveliveze zemoqmedebs da aregulirebs federaluri rezervi. fedi
gansazRvravs im qonebis proporciebs, romelic unda imyofebodes rezervSi. mas
aqvs inspeqciis ufleba winaswari gafrTxilebis gareSe da aseve SeuZlia
daaZalos cvlilebebi sesxis gacemis politikaSi. yvelaze gavrcelebuli teqnika
fulis miwodebis samarTavad aris Ria sabazro operaciebi. fedi an zrdis fulis
79
miwodebas, an gamowovs fuls sabanko sistemidan saxelmwifo fasiani qaRaldebis
yidva-gayidvis gziT. rodesac ramdenime miliardi dolaris fasiani qaRaldebi
iyideba, maSin am qaRaldebis gamyidveli institutebi (rogorc wesi bankebi da
sadazRvevo kompaniebi), iReben didi raodenobiT fuls Cekis saxiT fedisgan, rac
zrdis fulis miwodebas. sabanko sistemaSi fulis CadebiT da Sesabamisad bankebis
sesxis gacemis unarianobis amaRlebiT fedi awarmoebs gafarToebaze orien-
tirebul monetarul/finansur politikas (expansionary monetary policy). amis
sapirispiro aris xelmomWirneobaze orientirebuli monetaruli politika (tight monetary policy), romlis drosac fedi yidis fasian qaRaldebs da miRebuli fulis
Sedegad efeqturad gamoswovs fuls sabanko sistemidan.
sawyisi procenti/diskonti (discount rate) aris aseve Zlieri instrumenti fulis
miwodebis samarTavad. es aris is procenti, romelsac fedi uwesebs wevr bankebs,
rodesac isini fuls sesxuloben fedisgan. sawyisi procenti aseve aris erTgvari
procenti, romelic zemoqmedebas axdens danarCeni procentebis odenobaze da
misi cvalebadoba iwvevs cvlilebebs sxva procentebSic. Sesabamisad, kidev
erTxel, mizani aris fulis miwodebis gafarToeba da Semcireba. sawyisi
procentis gazrda aZvirebs fulis Rirebulebas, sesxis aRebis survils amcirebs
da Sesabamisad unda Seanelos ekonomikuri eqspansiac. misi Semcireba aqezebs
sesxis aRebas da Sesabamisad ekonomikuri aqtivobac unda gaizardos.
fedis roli aSS-Si aris SeunarCunos stabiluroba finansur bazars
krizisebis dros da xeli Seuwyos ekonomikur zrdas da amave dros akontrolos
inflacia, anu ekonomikuri zrda dabali inflaciis TanxlebiT. meoce saukunis
dasawyisSi finasuri panika Zalian gaizarda da amitomac Seiqmna fedi. panika aris
periodi, rodesac SeSinebuli investorebi cdiloben saswrafod gayidon
TavianTi fasiani qaRaldebi, raTa TavianTi fuli ukan daibrunon.
fedi aseve aris fulis saboloo gamsesxebeli raTa uzrunvelyos
likviduroba (saWiro odenobis fuli, raTa ganxorcieldes yvela transaqcia,
romlis ganxorcielebac xalxs surs) rodesac danarCeni gamsesxebeli
institutebi arian panikiT paralizebulebi. fedis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani
roli aris inflaciis kontroli ekonomikuri aqtivobis mxardaWerasTan erTad.
inflacia gansakuTrebiT saSiSia imaTvTvis vin gascems fuls, an imaTTvis visi
Semosavalic ganisazRvreba mudmivi Semosavalis saxiT (fixed income). es
Semdeganairad aixsneba: mudmivi Semosavlis Rirebuleba mcirdeba inflaciis
gamo, radgan mzardi fasebis pirobebSi momavali Semosavali, romlis odenoba
warsulSi daigegma, gamoirCeva dabali msyidvelobiTi unarianobiT. rodesac
fedi cdilobs gaakontrolos inflacia igi icavs gamsesxeblebis da sxvaTa
interesebs, romlebic zaraldebian gazrdili fasebis Sedegad.
Tu monacemebi aCvenebs, rom ekonomika farTovdeba Zalian swrafad da
sainflacio wneva izrdeba, fedi aucileblad moqmedebas iwyebs. Cumi da
moklevadiani qmedeba inflaciis SesaCereblad iqneba operaciebi Ria bazarze rac
Seamcirebs fulis miwodebas da aswevs ganakveTs. ufro sajaro moqmedeba iqneba
ukve sawyisi procentis gazrda. situaciis sirTulidan gamomdinare am politikis
kombinaciebi SeiZleba didxans gagrZeldes. 70-iani da 80-iani wlebis
ganmavlobaSi, rodesac inflaciuri wneva maRali iyo fedi axorcielebda “mkacr
monetarul” politikas da saprocento ganakveTic uprecedentod gazarda. 1994
wels, rodesac inflaciuri wneva iyo mosalodneli, fedma winaswar gazarda
saprocento ganakveTi da Seanela amerikis ekonomika.
80
ganisajos rogorc civilzebul adamianTa urTierTobebi. morgenTau am
yovelives damRupvelad da upasuxismgeblobad miiCnevda. misi azriT, es iyo
udidesi inteleqtualuri Secdoma, radgan aseTi midgoma ver xedavda
gansxvavebas pirad sferosa da saxalxo sferos Soris. rogorc ukve ganvixileT,
politikuri realistebisaTvis am or sferos Soris gansxvaveba fundamenturia.
morgenTau miiCnevs, rom saxelmwifos marTvis fundamenturi safuZvelia imis
naTeli SegrZneba, rom politikuri eTika da piradi eTika erTmaneTisgan
gansxvavdeba. saWiroa am faqtis ara ugulebelyofa, aramed misi naTlad gaazreba
da cda, rom am gamouvali garemoebidan Seecado da saukeTeso Sedegi miiRo.
morgenTau Tavis naSromis SesavalSive ayalibebs politikuri realzmis 6
princips, raTa gaaqarwylos gaugebrobebi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra aris
politikuri realizmi. 20
1. politika fesvgadgmulia adamianis permanentulad ucvlel bunebaSi,
romelic aris egoisturi da egocentruli.
2. politika aris avtonomiuri sfero da ar SeiZleba misi dayvana ekonomikamde
(rogorc amas marqsizmis mimdevrebi akeTeben), an moralamde (rogorc amas
kantis liberaluri Teoriis mimdevrebi akeTeben xolme). saxelmwifo
meTaurebma unda imoqmedon politikuri sibrZnis diqtatis mixedviT.
maTTvis gzis gagnebis mTavari saSualeba erovnuli interesebis koncefciaa.
3. piradi interesebi aris adamianuri arsebis gamomxatveli faqti. yvela
adamianis piradi interesebis minimumi aris TviTgadarCena da usafrTxoeba.
politika aris arena, sadac es interesebi gamoixateba da es interesebi
aucileblad erTmaneTs Seejaxeba rac adre Tu gvian gamoiwvevs konfliqts.
saerTaSorsio politikac aseve aris saxelmwifoTa interesebis Sejaxebis
arena. saxelmwifoTa interesebi ki icvleba droSi da garemoSi. realizmi
aris doqtrina, romelic reagirebas axdens cvalebad politikur
realobaze.
4. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis eTika aris politikuri da situaciuri eTika,
rac Zalzed gansxvavdeba piradi moralisagan. politikur liders ar aqvs
Tavisufleba moiqces moralur principebze dayrdnobiT rigiTi
moqalaqisgan gansxvavebiT, radgan igi pasuxismgebelia xalxis winaSe da mis
xelSia maTi usafrTxoeba da keTildReoba. SesaZlebeli Sedegebidan
yvelaze momgebianis SerCeva politikosis umaRlesi miRwevaa.
5. realizmi miiCnevs, rom arc erTi eris da saxelmwifos zneobrivi miznebi ar
SeiZleba miviCnioT sayovelTao zneobriv kanonebad (TviT iseTi
demokratiuli erisac ki, rogoric aris aSS) da ar SeiZleba isini Zalis
gamoyenebiT dakisrebuli iqnes sxva saxelmwifoze. realistebi gamodian amis
sawinaaRmdegod, radgan es safrTxes uqmnis saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebas.
SesaZlebelia, rom raRac momentSi ZaliT dakisrebulma ideologiam
sapirispiro Sedegi gamoiRos da TviT “jvarosan” qveyanas safrTxe Seeqmnas.
6. politikosis umaRlesi zneoba da morali aris misi qveynis interesebi. 21
20 Hans J. Morgenthau. Politics Among nations: the Struggle for Power and Peace. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1985, p. 4. 21 realizmis eqvsi principis mokle anotacia aseve ixileT aleqsandre rondelis
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi, gverdi 41-42 da Jackson and Sorensen, p. 79-80.
21
bunebrivi mdgomareoba saerTaSoriso doneze ar aris iseTi saSiSi da muqaris
momgvreli rogorc pirovnul doneze. saxelmwifoebs ufro advilad SeuZliaT
erTmaneTi daicvan gareSe safrTxisgan, vidre es calkeul adamianebs SeuZliaT.
bolo suraTi rasac hobsi aRwers aris saerTaSoriso anarqia, romelic
dafuZnebulia suverenul saxelmwifoebze. radganac suverenitets dacva
sWirdeba, avtomaturad anarqiuli sistema gulisxmobs faqtobriv, an
potenciuri omis mdgomareobas. hobsi ambobs, rom omi aris ukanaskneli
saSualeba imisaTvis, rom saxelmwifoebma Seajeron SeuTanxmebeli problemebi.
neoklasikuri realizmi: hans morgenTau
1948 wels gamocemuli germanuli warmoSobis amerikeli politikuri
mecnieris hans morgenTaus naSromi “qveynebis politika: brZola Zalauflebisa
da mSvidobisaTvis” miCneulia politikuri naSromebis mwvervalad. am naSromma
didi xniT ganszaRvra saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoriuli da praqtikuli
interesebi da mTeli am dargis ganviTarebis Semdgomi xasiaTi. 18
morgenTaus qveynebis politika aris Tukidides, makiavelis da hobsis ideebis
gagrZeleba, Tumca ufro Tanamedrove eniT dawerili da gajerebuli dagrovili
istoriuli gamocdilebiT da politikuri sibrZniT. Tavis safuZvelSi es wigni
igive fundamentzea daarsebuli rogorc zemoT ganxiluli naSromebi, kerZod is,
rom adamianis buneba aris mtacebluri, bunebrivad mzakvari da bneli, da rom es
faqti aisaxeba politikur urTierTobebze. politika da eTika erTmaneTisgan
Sors dganan da, rom politikuri Zala da Zliereba aris mSvidobis erTaderTi
garanti. amitom aris, rom morgenTaus realizms uwodeben neoklasikur
realizms, rac imas niSnavs, rom misi realizmi aris meoce saukunis ganaxlebuli
klasikuri tradicia saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis TeoriaSi.
morgenTau, iseve rogorc misi ideuri winamorbedebi, Tvlida, rom qalebi da
kacebi bunebiT arian politikuri cxovelebi, isini dabadebulni arian, raTa
moipovon Zala da datkbnen Zlierebis nayofiT. igi ambobda, rom adamianebs
axasiaTebT Zalisadmi ltolva (lust) da amas uwodebda animus dominandi, romelic
iwvevs gardauval politikur brZolas adamianebs Soris.
adamianebs aqvT survili, rom iyvnen sxvebis politikuri zegavlenisgan
damoukedebeli. es qmnis saWiroebas imisas, rom Seiqmnas iseTi politikuri
sfero, sadac Tavisufuli iqnebian sxvisi politikuri diqtatisgan. saboloo
varianti aseTi sferosi, romlis SigniTac iqneba usafrTxoeba, aris suverenuli
saxelmwifo. mis gareT ki usafrTxoebis miRweva SeuZlebelia. 19
meores mxriv, sistema, romelic efuZneba damoukidebel elementebs,
romlebsac gaaCniaT kerZo interesebi da survili, daicvan es interesebi,
warmoSobs saWiroebas imisas, rom saxelmwifos SigniT moxdes Zalis mobilizeba
da saWiro SemTxvevaSi gamoyeneba. erTi sityviT, saxelmwifoebze dafuZnebul
sistemas mivyavarT anarqiamde da konfliqtamde.
rogorc misi azrobrivi winamorbedebi, aseve morgenTauc avlebs mkveTr xazs
pirad eTikasa da politikas Soris da mkacrad akritikebs meore msoflio omamde
damkvidrebul vilsoniseul liberalur politikas, romelic qadagebda, rom
saxelmwifoTa qmedebebic igive moraluri da eTikuri standartebiT unda
18 iqve, . . ., gv. 41. 19 Jackson and Sorensen, p. 76.
20
fiskaluri politika
ekonomikis menejmentis meore umniSvnelovanesi instrumentia fiskaluri
politika — gadasaxadebis da danaxarjebis warmoeba mTavrobis mier ekonomikaze
zemoqmedebis mizniT. fiskaluri politikis fundamentur mosazrebebs mivyavarT
gavlenian britanel ekonomistamde, jon meinard keinsamde, romelic ambobda,
rom ar aris aucilebeli fiskaluri politika emsaxurebodes dakanonebul da
dabalansebul biujets, aramed SeiZleba igi gamoyenebul iqnas ekonomikuri
ciklebis samarTavad da procesis gasaadvileblad.
1960 wlamde miRebuli iyo e.w. deficituri gadaxarjvebi, anu mTavroba
xarjavda ufro mets, vidre mas Semosavali hqonda gadasaxadebis saxiT. amis
principi iyo is, rom mTavroba fuls debda isev ekonomikaSi da amiT aCqarebda
ekonomikuri aqtivobis tempebs. 1964 wels miRebul iqna kenedi-jonsonis
gadasaxadebis Semcirebis aqti da amiT es principi Seicvala. imis magivrad, rom
dayrdnobodnen gazrdil samTavrobo danaxarjebs, ekonomistebma mxari dauWires
gadasaxadebis Semcirebas da danaxarjebis igive doneze datovebas, raTa
warmoqmniliyo mastimulirebeli deficiti. anu, idea is aris, rom is pirovnebebi,
romlebsac gadasaxadebis Semcirebis Sedegad gauCndaT zedmeti Semosavali am
fuls isev ekonomikaSi daabandeben da igive rezultati iqneboda miRweuli.
fiskalur politikas axasiaTebs sistute, radgan igi aris sxvadasxva
jgufebis da Tavad politikosebis uzurpaciis sagani. magaliTad, 1966 wels
prezidentma jonsonma gadawyvita ar gaezarda gadasaxadebi vietnamis omSi
gaweuli xarjebis asanazRaureblad, radgan es kidev ufro Seasustebda misdami
saxalxo mxardaWeras. aseTi qmedebebi SeiZleba racionaluri iyos mokle vadaSi,
magram hqondes savalalo Sedegebi grZelvadian periodSi. xSirad gadasaxadebis
Semcirebas mivyavarT ekonomikis zedmetad stimulaciisaken, rasac Sedegad
inflacia mosdevs. swored es mohyva jonsonis gadawyvetilebas.
savaluto kursi da savaWro deficitebi
darCenili koncefciebis nakrebi, romelic mniSvnelovania saerTaSoriso
politikuri ekonomikis gasagebad exeba urTierTobebs savaluto kurssa da
saerTaSoriso vaWrobas Soris. imisaTvis, rom vaWroba Sedges, fulma patroni
unda gamoicvalos. saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi erTi qveynis valuta unda gaicvalos
meoreze. Sesabamisad, savaluto kurss aqvs didi zegavlena vaWrobis pirobebze.
savaluto kursi martivad rom vTqvaT aRniSnavs, Tu ramdenad SeiZleba
gavcvaloT erTi valuta meoreze. savaluto kursi ganisazRvreba amaTu im
valutaze moTxovnis doniT da am valutis miwodebis doniT. savaluto kurss aqvs
sasicocxlo mniSvneloba mTavrobebisaTvis. isini gamoiyeneben ramodenime
saSualebas raTa zegavlena iqonion valutis kursze. erT-erTi aris mudmi-
vi/myari savaluto kursis (fixed exchange rate) daweseba. tipiurad, aseTi kursis
SenarCunebas Wirdeba mTavrobis mniSvnelovani Careva valutis bazarze, raTa es
kursi SenarCunebuli iqnas. mudmivi gacviliTi kursis politika tardeboda
msoflios umetes nawilSi 1958 wlidan 1973 wlamde da pirvel msoflio omamdec
ormoci wlis ganmavlobaSi. amis sapirispiro aris motivtive gacvliTi kursi
(floating exchange rate), romlis mixedviTac valutis fasi ganisazRvreba bazris mier
mTavrobis Caurevlad. dRevandeli mdgomareoba Zalian rTulia. 50-mde qveynas
81
aqvs ase Tu ise motivtive gacviliTi kursis politika anu, mTavrobebi
drodadro erevian bazris saqmianobaSi, rom zemoqmedeba moaxdinon garkveul
procesebze. 20-mde qveyanas aqvs politika, romelic uzrunvelyofs mudmiv
gacvliT kurss qveynebis jgufebTan mimarTebaSi. qveynebis umravlesobas ki
(susti da patara saxelmwifoebi) mimagrebuli aqvT TavianTi valutis Rire-
buleba sxva ufro Zlier valutasTan. amasTan, mniSvnelovania ganvasxvaoT myari
(stabiluri da usafrTxo, romelic gamoiyeneba saerTaSoriso transaqciebis
dros) da susti (gamoiyeneba mxolod qveynis SigniT) valutis tipebi.
jerjerobiT ar arsebobs valuta, romelic mxolod bazris mier aris
regulirebadi. centraluri bankebi xSirad erTvebian savaluto bazris
operaciebSi raTa gavlena moaxdinon maTi valutis moTxovna miwodebaze. amas
imitom akeTeben, rom erovnuli fulis faseuloba pirdapir kavSirSia am qveynis
saqonlis RirebulebasTan saerTaSoriso bazarze da saerTaSoriso saqonlis
Rirebulebaze Sida bazarze. sakuTari erovnuli valutis Rirebulebis SecvliT
mTavrobebs, rogorc wesi, surT Secvalon fasebi importze da eqsportze da
Sedegad zegavlena moaxdinon saboloo savaWro balansze.
rogor axdens savaluto kursi zegavlenas vaWrobaze
rogorc mogexsenebaT, rodesac xalxi awarmoebs saerTaSoriso vaWrobas maT
unda Seafason TavianTi saqoneli im bazris valutiT, romelzec saqoneli
iyideba, magram sabolood maT sWirdebaT sakuTari qveynis valuta. es imas
niSnavs, rom gayidvidan miRebuli fuli unda gadaicvalos erovnul valutaze.
amgvarad, savaluto kursi axdens pirdapir zegavlenas fasebze.
ganivixiloT es magaliTis mixedviT. warmovidginoT, rom amerikeli
eqsportiori yidis kompiuteris disk draiverebs did britaneTSi. am periodSi
savaluto kursi am or valutas Soris aris 1 funt sterlingi 2 aSS dolarTan. es
disk draivebi aSS-Si iyideba 500 dolarad. eqsportiori mzad aris
transportaciis xarjebi Tavad gaiRos raTa daimkvidros Tavi inglisis bazarze.
Sesabamisad is Tavis produqts afasebs 250 funt sterlingad da miiRebs 500
amerikul dolars. axla warmovidginoT, rom sterligis kursma aiwia da 1 funt
sterlingi udris 3 amerikul dolars. amis Sedegad, eqsportiors saSualeba aqvs
gaaiafos Tavisi produqti (daimaxsovreT, rom mas mxolod 500 dolaris miReba
ainteresebs) da gaxados 166.67 funt sterlingi, rom miiRos 500 dolari (166.67
gamravlebuli 3-ze). Sesabamisad, Sesustebuli dolaris kursi saSualebas aZlevs
(magram ar aris aucilebeli) rom amerikelma eqsportiorebma gaaiafon fasebi
sazRvargareT. Tu aris sapirispiro situacia, anu Zvirdeba dolari da ecema
funt sterlingis kursi, magaliTad 1 funt sterlingi udris 1 amerikul
dollars, maSin eqsportiorebs didi problema aqvT. imisTvis, rom maT miiRon
saWiro 500 dolari unda gazardon produqtis fasi ucxo bazarze 500 funt
sterlingamde raTa maTi biznesi wamgebiani ar gaxdes.
dolaris kursis dagdebis xerxs xSirad mimarTavs amerikis mTavroba raTa
aRmofxvras uzarmazari savaWro defici. magram, gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqtic,
rom kursis dagdebis zegavlenas savaWro deficitis amovsebaze aqvs Tavisi
limitebi. istoriulad cnobilia, rom dolaris gaiafebam mxolod zRvruli
zegavlena iqonia aSS-s savaWro deficitze. 1971 - 1980 wlebSi miuxedavad imisa,
rom dolaris kursi daeca, amerikis savaWro deficiti gauaresda. 1985 wlis
82
Tomas hobsi
ingliseli filosofosis, Tomas hobsis Sexedulebebi iTvleba realizmis
fundamentad. Tavis “leviaTanSi,” filosofiuri deduqciis saSualebiT hobsi
cdilobs axsnas politkuri sinamdvilis buneba. SesavalSive hobsi ambobs, rom
saxelmwifo aris xelovnuri adamiani, mxolod ufro didi da ufro Zlieri, vidre
bunebrivi adamiani, romlis usafrTxoebisa da dacvisaTvisac aris igi Seqmnili.
am did manqanas hobsi uwodebs leviaTans, romelic misi TqmiT, aris igive
Tanamegobroba, igive saxelmwifo.
misi naSromis mizania axsnas am xelovnuri adaminis, saxelmwifos, buneba.
risgan Sedgeba da ras warmoadgens igi. rogoria suverenis uflebebi, samarTali
da xelisufleba. ra Slis da ra asazrdoebs suverenitets.
imisaTvis, rom gaigos politikuri cxovrebis fundamenturi arsi hobsi
warmoidgens adamianebs, qalebsa da kacebs, sawyis mdgomareobaSi, garemoSi, sadac
jer ar aris gamogonebuli suverenuli saxelmwifo. igi am mdgomareobas uwodebs
“bunebriv mdgomareobas” (state of nature). misi aRwerilobiT, bunebriv pirobebSi
yoveli mamakaci, qali da bavSvi safrTxeSia yvela sxva danarCenis mxridan.
adamianebs aqvT erTmaneTisadmi mudmivi SiSi, radgan maTi sicocxle mudvivad
safrTxis qveSaa da aravis aqvs usafrTxoebis garantia. aseT situaciaSi,
romelsac hobsi aRwers rogorc “euli, Raribi, sazizRari, sastiki da mokle,”
bunebrivi mdgomareobaa “yvelas omi yvelas winaaRmdeg.”
am “euli, Raribi, sazizRari, sastiki da mokle,” situaciidan hobsi xedavs
erTaderT gamosavals, rac aris suverenuli saxelmwifos Seqmna da amoqmedeba.
hobsi ambobs, rom adamianebi instinqturad uerTebian erTmaneTs da ayalibeben
usafrTxoebis paqtebs, romelic uzrunvelyofs TiToeulis usafrTxoebas. es
sayovelTao SiSi da usafrTxoebis SegrZneba aiZulebT maT gamovidnen bunebrivi
mdgomareobidan sadac sufevs yvelas omi yvelas winaaRmdeg. sxvanairad rom
iTqvas hobsi ambobs, rom adamianebi qmnian suverenul saxelmwifoebs ara
gonierebaze, aramed instinqtze dayrdnobiT. isini nebiT deben socialur
kontraqts erTmaneTTan da qmnian suverenul mTavrobas, romelsac gaaCnia
saWiro Zliereba, raTa daicvas isini sagareo Tu saSinao mtrebisa da
xelisSemSleli faqtorebisgan. aseT civilur pirobebSi romelsac hobsi
“mSvidobasa da wesrigs” uwodebs adamainebi Tavisufldebian SiSisgan da aqvT
saSualeba iRvawon bednierebisaTvis.
saxelmwifos Seqmna marTalia adamianebs aZlevs gamosavals bunebrivi
mdgomareobidan, magram warmoSobs axal politikur problemas saxelmwifoTa
doneze. erTi sityviT, bunebrivi mdgomareoba pirovnuli donidan gadadis
saxelmwifoTa doneze da warmoiqneba erovnuli da saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis
problema rac gamowveulia saerTaSoriso sistemis anarqiulobiT. faqtiurad,
saxeze gvaqvs fenomeni, romelic politikaSi cnobilia rogorc “usafrTxoebis
dilema.” hobsi ambobs, rom erTi usafrTxoebis problemis gadaWriT adamianebi
Zalauneburad iwveven meores. 17
am usafrTxoebis dilemidan gamosavali aRar arsebobs, radgan ar aris
saSualeba imisa, rom Seiqmnas msoflio mTavroba. suverenul saxelmwifoebs
aranairi survili ar gaaCniaT rom TavianTi damoukidebloba daTmon sxva,
globaluri mTavrobis sasargeblod. am situacias hobsi imiT xsnis, rom
17 usafrTxoebis dilema mokled aris aRwerili aleqsandre rondelis wignSi
“saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi,” Tbilisis damoukidebeli universiteti, 1996, gv. 95.
19
imas, rasac unda Seurigdnen.”16
nikolo makiaveli
renesansis droindeli italieli moRvawe nikolo makiaveli iTvleba po-
litikuri realizmis erT-erT yvelaze cnobil warmomadgenlad. makiaveli
cxovrobda da moRvaweobda florenciaSi, im dros, rodesac italia daquc-
macebuli iyo ramodenime metoqe qalaq saxelmwifod, romlebsac axasiaTebdaT
arastabiluroba da religiuri konfliqtebi. misi wigni “mTavari,” (The Prince),
romelic misi gardacvalebidan 5 wlis Semdeg, 1532 wels gamoica, warmoadgens
sakuTari gamocdilebis da mis mier uZvelesi istoriis Seswavlis nayofs.
makiaveli am naSromSi gvaZlevs realizmis erT-erT dromouWmel normas,
romlis mixedviTac politikis warmoeba, romelic gulisxmobs xalxisadmi
pasuxismgeblobas, ar SeiZleba efuZnebodes morals, rogorc es kerZo
urTierTobs Seefereba. makiavels sjeroda, rom grZnobebis gareSe, moralze
daufuZneblad moqmedeba aris warmatebis sawindari. es gakveTili man misi
batonis, cezare borgias qmedebebis Sesawvlisas SeiZina.
makiaveli Tavis “mTavarSi” qadagebs, rompasuxismgebeli lideri ar unda
sargeblobdes qristianuli eTikis mixedviT, imdenad ramdenadac aseT
SemTxvevaSi man SeiZleba yvelaferi dakargos: sakuTreba, Tavisufleba da misi
moqalaqeebis sicocxle. moraliT sargeblboba politikaSi upasuxismgeblobis
tolfasia. mmarTvels amis ufleba ar aqvs, radgan mas xalxis bedi abaria. sxva
sityvebiT rom iTqvas, politikuri pasuxismgebloba sul sxva gziT miemarTeba,
vidre kerZo morali. politikaSi fundamenturi, uzenaesi faseuloba aris
usafrTxoeba da saxelmwifos TviTgadarCena. politikaSi zneobrivi normebi da
morali emorCileba saxelmwifo interesebs. es aris is, ramac unda marTos
sagareo politika. mmarTvelebis mTavari pasuxismgebloba ki isaa, rom yovelTvis
iyos upiratesobis ZiebaSi, daicvas Tavisi saxelmwifos interesebi da
uzrunvelyos misi gadarCena.
makiavelis naSromis mTavari ganmasxvavebili niSani isic aris, rom igi
mmarTvels ayenebs xalxis da qveynis samsaxurSi da ara sakuTari Tavis, an reJimis
samsaxurSi. is, rom mmarTvelebi unda iyvnen rogorc lomebi (Zala, Zliereba)
aseve meliebi (cbiereba) aris makiavelis realizmis dedaazri. maT es orive
Tviseba sWirdebaT radgan maTi xalxis bedi maTi simamacisa da sazrianobis
xelSia.
is faqti, rom xalxis bedi mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli mmarTvelis da
Sesabamisad saxelwifos bedTan aris makiavelis, da saerTod, politikuri
realizmis erT-erTi fundamenturi mosazreba.
16 Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, chapter xvii. Sixteenth year of the war - the melian conference - fate of melos. ixileT internet gamocema, misamarTze: http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/melian.htm
18
Semdeg dolari 50 % daeca, magram deficiti mTeli es dro izrdeboda 1987
wlamde. xolo 1988-90-ian wlebSi monacemebi mxolod 1984 wlis monacemebis
donemde gaumjobesda. arsebobs Zalian martivi mizezebi imisaTvis, Tu ratom ver
axdens kursis dacema sasurvel gavlenas deficitze, radgan xSir SemTxvevaSi
miuxedavad dolaris kursis dacemisa importi mainc izrdeboda. arsebobs amis
ramodenime mizezi. pirveli albaT is aris, rom amerikelebi upiratesobas
aniWeben mTel rig importul saqonels; meore, biznesmenebi xSirad ar sweven fass
TavianT produqciaze, aramed Tavad iziareben dolaris dacemis gamo moyenebul
zarals. ase iqcevian radgan surT SeinarCunon bazari da aseve aqvT dolaris
momavalSi gaZlierebis imedi an SesaZlebelia biznesmenebma es fuli ar
gadacvalon da daabandon aSS-Si. marTlac, dResdReobiT multierovnuli
korporaciebis zrda, romelTac permanentuli saqmianobis areali aris
sazRvargareT amis saSualebas iZleva.
politikuri ekonomikis Teoriebi
Cveni arseboba fundamentalurad damokidebulia politikur ekonomikaze da
ara calkeulad politikaze, an ekonomikaze. imisTvis, rom gadarCnen, adamianebs
sWirdebaT sakvebi, Casacmeli da bevri sxva ram, rasac adamianebis umravlesoba
SeiZens fulis saSualebiT, romelsac gamoimuSaveben. Tanamedrove bazari ki
politikur wesebs efuZneba. politikuri wesebi da regulaciebi gansazRvraven im
CarCoebs, romlis SigniTac funqcionirebs bazari. amavdroulad, ekonomikuri
siZliere politikuri Zalauflebis mniSvnelovani komponentia. rogorc
robert gilpini ambobs, ekonomika aris swrafva simdidrisken xolo politika
Zalauflebisken da am or fenomens Soris urTierTqmedeba aris rTuli da
gamaognebeli. swored es rTuli urTierTqmedeba politikas da ekonomikas,
saxelmwifoebs da bazrebs Soris saerTaSoriso konteqstSi aris saerTaSoriso
politikuri ekonomikis Seswavlis sagani.
niSandoblia is faqti, rom politikuri ekonomika aRmocenda saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebis disciplinis farglebSi rogorc sfero, romelsac damou-
kideblad arsebobis safuZveli aqvs. zogierTi imasac ki ambobs, rom politikuri
ekonomika ufro farTo da yovlismomcveli disciplinaa da amitom saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebi unda iyos misi qvesfero. xolo suzan stranJi fiqrobs, rom orive,
saerTaSoriso politikuri ekonomika da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi SeiZleba
CaiTvalos saerTaSoriso sakiTxebis Seswavlebis (international studies) qve- sfe-
roebad. ekonomistebi Tvlian, rom is meTodebi, romlebic ekonomikaSi gamoi-
yeneba SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes politikaSic da saerTaSoriso urTi-
erTobebSic, xolo politkuri mecnierebi sastikad ewinaaRmdegebian politikis
Seswavlis sxva romelime Teoriis donemde dayvanas da mas damoukidebel
disciplinad aRiareben.
ormocdaaTian da samocian wlebSi Seiqmna iseTi situacia, rom politika da
ekonomika absoliturad izolirebuli iyo. xarisxobrivad araerTgvarovani
sakiTxebi iswavleboda aseve araerTgvarovani meTodebiT. magram 1970-ni
wlebidan aseTi mkveTri dapirispirebis arsebobis marTebuloba eWvis qveS dadga.
am yovelives jeqsonis da sorensenis azriT xels uwyobda ramodenime faqtori.
pirveli iyo breton vudsis sistemis krizisi, romelic imaSi gamoixateboda, rom
Warbi dolaris mozRvavebis Sedegad xdeba amerikis oqros rezervebis gadineba
83
rac saswrafod unda Sewyvetiliyo. es gadawyvetileba miiRo prezidentma
niqsonma roca man oqros standardis arseboba Sewyvita da igi mcuravi savaluto
kursiT Caanacvla. anu moxda is, rom politikurma gadawyvetilebam Secvala
bazris da ekonomikis TamaSis wesebi. amave periodSi iyo vietnamis omiT
gamowveuli ekonomikuri problemebi da aseve navTobis krizisiT gamowveuli
Soki. daskvna am situaciebidan ki is iyo, rom krizisebis dros politika da
ekonomika ganuyofeli arian.
meore faqtori, ramac politka da ekonomika erTmans daukavSira, jeqsonis da
sorensenis azriT, iyo dekolonizaciis meore talRa, romlis Sedegad warmoiSva
bevri ekonomikurad Raribi da politikurad susti saxelmwifo, romlebic
ukmayofilebas gamoxatavdnen arsebul ekonomikur sistemaSi subordinirebuli
rolis qonis gamo. amas mohyva mTeli rigi moTxovnebi da Semdeg mcdelobebi da
politikuri SeTanxmemebi Tu gadawyvetilebebi raTa “mesame samyaros” qveynebis
ekonomikuri mdgomareoba gaumjobesebuliyo. am yovelivem kidev erTxel
warmoaCina Tu rogor aris zogierTi qveynis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba
damokidebuli zogierTi qveynis politikur saqcielze. mesame faqtori, ramac
politikuri ekonomika win wamoswia iyo civi omis dasasruli. anu, vinaidan da
radganac axlad gaTavisuflebul saxelmwifoebs surdaT politikuri
integracia (dasavlur organizaciebSi gawevrianeba) da aseve ekonomikuri
integracia (ufro intensiuri ekonomikuri kavSirebi) politika da ekonomika
saerTaSoriso doneze kidev ufro gadaixlarTa erTmaneTSi.
rogorc aqamde ganxiluli bevri saerTaSorsio urTierTobebis Teoriebi,
politikuri ekonomikis Teoriebic iyofian klasikur da Tanamedrove Teoriebad.
klasikuri Teoriebidan ganvixiloT merkantilizmi, ekonomikuri liberalizmi,
marqsizmi da Sesabamisad neo-marqsizmi. xolo ufro Tanamedrove Teoriebidan
ganvixiloT hegemonuri stabilurobis Teoria, damokidebulebis Teoria da
ekonomikuri globalizacia.
merkantilizmi. merkantilizmi iyo politikuri elitebis Sexeduleba,
romlebic Tvlidnen, rom ekonomikuri saqmianoba unda emsaxurebodes upirveles
mizans, rac aris Zlieri saxelmwifos aRmSenebloba. sxva sityvebiT, ekonomika,
merkantilistebis azriT aris politikuri instrumenti, politikuri Zlierebis
safuZveli. merkantilistebis xedviT saerTaSoriso ekonomika aris konfliqtis
arena konkurentul erovnul itneresebs Soris. robert gilpinis azriT qveynebs
Soris ekonomikur konkurencias SeiZleba hqondes orgvari forma. pirveli
SeiZleba iyos TavdacviTi, anu keTili merkantilizmi: saxelmwifoebi iRwvian
TavianTi ekonomikuri interesebis uzrunvelsayofad magram ar aris aucilebeli
rom am RonisZiebebs gansakuTrebulad negatiuri gavlena hqondeT sxva
saxelmwifoebze. meore forma ki ufro agresiulia da boroti merkantilizmis
saxeliT aris cnobili. am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifoebi cdiloben saerTaSoriso
politikuri ekonomikis uzurpacias eqspansiuri qmedebebis saSualebiT.
merkantilizmi ganixilavs ekonomikas rogorc politikaze, kerZod ki
mTavrobaze daqvemdebarebul instruments. ekonomikuri saqmianoba ganixileba
saxelmwifos Zlierebis gazrdis konteqstSi. Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo, romelic
aris erovnuli interesebis gamtarebeli da masze pasuxismgebeli, warmarTavs
kerZo ekonomikur interesebs am miznebis misaRwevad. merkantilistebis
TvalsazrisiT, rodesac ekonomikuri da usafrTxoebis interesebi erTmaneTs
ewinaaRmdegebian, usafrTxoebis interesebs aqvT upiratesoba.
84
leqcia III
klasikuri realizmi
ganasxvaveben klasikur da Tanamedrove anu struqturul realizms, igive
neorealizms. klasikuri (tradiciuli) realizmi batonobda meoce saukunis
biheivioristul revoluciamde. klasikuri realizmi ZiriTadad eyrdnoboda
iseT normatiul faseulobebs rogoricaa erovnuli usafrTxoeba da
saxelmwifos TviTgadarCena. amasTanave, klasikuri realizmis ZiriTadi
ganmasxvavebeli niSani aris is, rom am skolis warmomadgenlebi, romlebic
aRsaniSnavia rom cxovrobdnen sxvadasxva droebSi, Zveli saberZneTiT dawyebuli
meoce saukuniT damTavrebuli, TavianT politikur xedvas afuZnebdnen adamianis
bunebis Tandayolil borotebaze da mzakvrobaze, egreT wodebul bnel mxareze
(dark side of the human nature). klasikuri realizmis TvalsazrisiT, swored adamianis
xasiaTis bneli mxare ganpirobebs politikuri realobis xifaTianobas.
qvemoT ganvixilavT klasikuri realizmis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebs da
maT naSromebs, romlebmac udidesi gavlena iqonies realizmis rogorc
saerTaSoriso politikis Teoriis Camoyalibebaze.
Tukidide
Zveli saberZneTis istorikosma Tukididem Tavis naSromSi “istoria”,
romelic peloponesis oms eZRvneba (431-404) aRwera omi saberZneTis polisebs
Soris. man Tavis naSromSi yuradReba gaamaxvila saxolmwifoTa uTanasworobaze.
zogierTi saxelmwifo iyo didi da Zlieri, rogoricaa aTeni, sparta da sparseTis
imperia, zogi patara da susti. Tukidide am uTanasworobas ganixilavda rogorc
bunebrivs da gardauvals. misi daskvna da gamosavali am situaciidan ki iyo is,
rom yvela saxelmwifom, didma Tu pataram, unda SeZlos adaptaciis moxdena
mocemuli realobisadmi da moiqces mis Sesabamisad. Tu saxelmwifoebi SeZleben
amas isini gadarCebian, Tu ara isini TavianT arsebobas eWvis qveS daayeneben da
SeiZleba ganadgurdnen kidec.
misi filosofia yvelaze kargad Cans epizodidan, romelSic aRwerilia
dialogi aTensa da meloss Soris. meloselebis liderebma mimarTes
samarTlianobis princips, romlis mixedviTac Zlevamosil aTenelebs pativi unda
ecaT maTi damoukideblobisaTvis, SeenarCunebinaT maTi reputacia da uari
eTqvaT maT dapyrobaze. mis pasuxad aTenelebis piriT Tukidide gadmogvcems
Tavis filosofias romelic naTlad asaxavs faqts, rom saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebi aris anarqiuli, sadac calkeul saxelmwifoebs ar aqvT sxva
gamosavali garda imisa, rom moiqcnen Zalismieri politikis principebis
Tanaxmad. amasTanave TviTgardarCna aris upirvelesi faseuloba, romelic
pativsa da reputaziaze maRla dgas da omi aris yovelives saboloo arbitri.
amgvarad, aTenelebis pasuxi susti melosisadmi aris is, rom samarTlianoba
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi gansakuTrebuli mcnebaa. igi ar gulisxmobs
Tanosworuflebianobas aramed imas, Tu ramdenad kargad ici sakuTari kuTvnili
adgili da ramdenad SegiZlia adaptacia moaxdino samyaroSi romlis realoba
aris ZalTa uTanasworoba. “samarTlis standarti damokidebulia Zalis
Tanasworobaze... Zlierni akeTeben imas, risi Zalac SeswevT da sustni urigdebian
17
sisustes, warmoSobs siaxleebs da amavdroulad amJRavnebs xarvezebs ukve
kargad damkvidrebul sibrZneSi.”14
zemoT naxseneb statiaSive volti gvTavazobs Teoriebs da maT mokle aRweras
dalagebuls sqematurad ukeT aRqmisaTvis, rac am sami Tanamedrove da ZiriTadi
Teoriis (realizmi, liberalizmi, konstruqtivizmi) sisusteebis da siZlieris
Sefasebis saSualebas iZleva.
mTavari Teoriebi da maTi ZiriTadi principebi
konkretuli
paradigmebi realizmi liberalizmi konstruqtivizmi
ZiriTadi
Teoriuli
principebi
egoisti
saxelmwifo
mudmivad
ibrZvis Zalisa
da
usafrTxoebisa
Tvis
ekonomikuri da
politikuri
mosazrebebi ufro
maRla dganan vidre
ltolva Zalisa
Zlierebisaken
saxelmwifos qceva
ganisazRvreba
elituri nawilis
rwmenebis, koleqtiuri
normebis da
socialuri
identurobis
safuZvelze.
analizis
mTavari
elementebi
saxelmwifoebi saxelmwifoebi
individebi
(gansakuTrebiT elitis
warmomadgenlebi)
ZiriTadi
instrumente
bi
ekonomikuri da
gansakuTrebiT
samxedro Zala
sxvadasxva (mag., saerT.
institutebi, ek.
TanamSromloba,
demokratiis
xelSewyoba)
ideebi da dialogi
TvalsaCino
warmomadgen
lebi
uolci,
mirSaimeri koheni, fukuiama vendti
post civi
omiseuli
prognozebi
axali/faruli
konkurencia
did
saxelmwifoebs
Soris
gazrdili
TanamSromloba
liberaluri
faseulobebis,
Tavisufali bazrebis
da saerTaSoriso
organizaciebis
moRvaweobis zrdis
gavrcelebis fonze
ar SeuZlia ideebis
winaswar gansazRvra
es Teoria aris
agnostikuri*
mTavari
SezRudvebi
kargad ver
asaxavs
cvlilebebs
saerTaSoriso
doneze
midrekileba aqvs Zalis
da Zlierebis rolis
ugulebelyofisadmi
ufro Zlieria
warsulis
gansazRvra/aRweraSi,
vidre momavlis
ganWvretaSi. 15
*agnostika aris idealisturi moZRvreba, romlis mixedviTac SeuZlebelia
obieqturi samyaros Secnoba. a-uaryofas niSnavs, gnosos-codnas.
14 Walt, “International Relations: One World…” p. 30 15 iqve,…, p. 38
16
ekonomikuri liberalizmi. ekonomikuri liberalizmi iyo kritika
saxelmwifos mier ekonomikuri saqmianobis kontrolis sawinaaRmdegod.
ekonomikuri liberalizmis warmomadgenlebi uaryofen Teoriebs, romlebic
ekonomikas politikas uqvemdebareben. am Teoriis TvalsaCino warmomadgenels,
adam smits swamda, rom bazrebi farTovdebian spontanurad adamianuri
moTxovnebis dasakmayofileblad mxolod im SemTxvevaSi Tu mTavrobebi ar
Caerevian am ekonomikur procesSi. smitis mixedviT ekonomikuri bazari aris
progresis, TanamSromlobis da keTildReobis ZiriTadi wyaro. amis sapiris-
pirod, maT swamT, rom politikuri Careva da saxelmwifoebrivi regulaciebi aris
araekonomikuri, retrograciuli da SeiZleba konfliqtamdec migviyvanos.
gilpini ekonomikur liberalizms uwodebs im principebis erTobliobas,
romlebic emsaxurebian ekonomikuri zrdis da individualuri keTildReobis
organizacias da menejments. es mimdinareoba eyrdnoba mosazrebas, rom Tu
mivuSvebT, sabazro ekonomika Tavisive wesebis mixedviT, spontanurad
ganviTardeba. merkantilistebisgan gansxvavebiT, ekonomikuri liberalizmis
mimdevrebi centralur aqtorebad aRiareben individebs, romlebic arian
momxmareblebi, an mimwodeblebi. Sesabamiad, ekonomikuri gacvlebi bazris
gamoyenebiT aris dadebiT jamovani, nulovan jamovanis sapirispirod, romlis
Sedegad yvela igebs ufro mets vidre gascems, mzardi efeqturobis wyalobiT.
miuxedavad zemoTmoyvanili arguemtnebisa, ekonomikuri liberalizmis
SigniT arsebobs debatebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra xarisxis Careva aris dasaSvebi
mTavrobis mxridan. adreuli ekonomikuri liberalizmis mimdevrebi rogorc
viciT ’laissez-faire’ politikas emxrobodnen. es politika iTvaliswinebda
ekonomikuri saqmianobebis srul siTavisufles yvelanairi politikuri
SezRudvebis da regulaciebisgan. Tumca, igi aseve iTvaliswinebda mTavrobebis
mier minimaluri pirobebis Seqmnas, Tundac iuridiuli CarCoebis Camoyalibebas,
romelSic bazarma unda ifunqcioniros.
ekonomikuri liberalizmis mimdevrebi aseve Tavidanve aRiarebdnen im faqts,
rom bazari yovelTvis ver imoqmedebs efeqturad da yvelasTvis sasargeblod.
aseT SemTxvevebs bazris Cavardna ewodeba da amis Tavidan asacileblad
politikuri regulaciebi, an SezRudvebia saWiro. jon stuart mili Tavisi
mrwamsiT aseve leizez fearis mimdevari iyo, magram amavdroulad akritikebda
mzard qonebriv uTanasworobas da mouwodebda saxelmwifos mier SezRuduli
rolis TamaSs calkeul sferoebSi situaciis gamosaworeblad, magaliTad
ganaTlebasa da siRaribis daZlevis sferoSi. meoce saukunis erT-erTi yvelaze
gamoCenili ekonomisti, jon meinard keinsi ganavrcobs milis mosazrebas da
emxroba ekonomikuri procesebis saxelmwifos mier ”Wkvianurad” marTvas. keinsis
ideebma dasabami daudo reformirebul liberalur Teorias, romelic
Zveleburad sabazro ekonomikas efuZneba, magram aseve iTvaliswinebs
saxelmwifos mier Carevis da ekonomikisTvis mimarTulebis micemis gzebs.
marqsizmi. es Teoria efuzneba mecxramete saukunis germaneli filosofosis
da ekonomistis karl marqsis mosazrebebs. marqsizmi fundamentur
winaaRmdegobaSia ekonomikur liberalizmTan radgan is ekonomikas ganixilavs
ara rogorc dadebiT jamovan TamaSs aramer rogorc adamianebis eqpluataciis da
klasobrivi upiratesobis asparezs. marqsistebi ufro merkantilistebis
Sexedulebas emxrobian, magram saxelmwifoebis magivrad urTierTobebs
ganaogadeben klasebs Soris. merkantilistebisgan gansxvavebiT ekonomikas
pirvel adgilze ayenebn da politikas meoreze. kapitalisturi ekonomika
85
ganixileba klasobriv WrilSi. Sesabamisad, kapitalizmi eyrdnoba or klass:
burJuazia, romelic flobs warmoebis saSualebebs da proletariats, romelsac
gaaCnia mxolod samuSao Zala, romelsac burJuazia misgan yidulobs. miuxedavad
imisa, rom kapitalisturi ekonomika eqspluataciazea dayrdnobili, marqsi mas
mainc progresul movlenad ganixilavda, radgan ganviTarebis saboloo etaps
xedavda socialistur revoluciaSi, romlis Sedegadac warmoebis saSualebebze
damyardeboda socialuri/koleqtiuri kontroli. marqsizmis ideologia
materialisturia, radgan is ekonomikur saqmianobas miiCnevs yvela danarCeni
adamianuri saqmianobis, politikis CaTvliT, safuZvlad.
Sesabamisad, is burJuaziuri klasi, romelic flobs ekonomikur sadaveebs
aseve dominirebs politikas radgan ekonomika aris politikis safuZveli. aqedan
gamomdinareobs marqsistuli politikuri ekonomikis CarCoebic: saxelmwifoebi
arian avtonomiurebi. isini axorcieleben mmarTveli klasis, anu burJuaziis
interesebs. Sesabamisad, konfliqtebi saxelmwifoebs Soris, marqsizmis
TvalsazrisiT aris igive konfliqtebi sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebis mmarTvel
klasebs Soris. meore mosazreba ki is aris, rom rogorc ekonomikuri sistema,
kapitalizmi aris eqspansionisturi, rac gamoixateba gasaRebis bazrebis da
mogebis gauTavebel ZiebaSi. istoriulad am eqspansias qonda imperializmis xolo
Semdeg kolonializmis forma. marqsizmis mixedviT kapitalisturi eqspansia
dekolonizaciis Semdegad grZeldeba, amJamad ukve ekonomikuri globalizaciis
saSualebiT, romelic imarTeba giganturi transnacionaluri korporaciebis
mier.
hegemonuri stabilurobis Teoria. Tanamedrove politikuri ekonomikis
Tanamedrove Teoriebidan erT-erTi yvelaze mZlavria hegemonuri stabilurobis
Teoria, romelic merkantilizmisgan iRebs raRac elementebs magram aseve
liberalizmisganac ar aris Sors. am Teoriis dedaazri imaSi mdgomareobs, rom
hegemonis, anu dominanturi ekonomikuri da samxedro Zalis arseboba aris saWiro
liberaluri sabazro ekonomikuri wesrigis Sesaqmnelad, radgan aseTi Zalis
arsebobis gareSe liberaluri wesebi ver dakanondeba msoflioSi. sxvanairad rom
iTqvas, hegemoni aris Zala, romelsac aqvs unari da survili rom daamyaros da
SeinarCunos wesrigi. amasTanave, hegemoni amas akeTebs ara mxolod sakuTari
interesebis gansaxorcieleblad aramed is qmnis Tavisufal sabazro ekonomikas,
romelic efuZneba Tavisufal vaWrobas, romelic yvela monawile qveynisTvis
aris sasargeblo da ara marto hegemonisTvis. rom ar iyos hegemoni, ekonomikuri
urTierTobebi gaxdeba nacionalisturi miswrafebebis tyve da proteqcionis-
turi, ris Sedegadac qveynebi Seecdebian TavianT mezoblebs yvelaferi waarTvan
TavianTi interesebis sasargeblod. aseTi situacia iyo 1930-ian wlebis
ekonomikuri krizisis dros. am droisTvis amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi ukve iyo
udidesi qveyana ekonomikuri Tu sxva maCveneblebiT, magram mas ar qonda survili,
rom Tavis xelSi aeRo liberaluri ekonomikuri wesrigis Seqmna da SenarCuneba.
es situacia Seicvala meore msoflio omis dros, rodesac amerikam Tavisi
izolacionisturi politika daTmo.
Teoretikosebma yuradReba miapyres im faqts, Tu ra tipis Zala aris saWiro
hegemonobisaTvis. es cota rTuli sakiTxia vinaidan Zala ganixileba misi
Canacvlebadobis (fungibility) xarisxis mixedviT. Zala iTvleba Canacvlebadad
Tuki misi gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia ramodenime sferoSi. magaliTad, samxedro
Zala SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas ara marto sabrZolo operaciebis dros, aramed
sagareo politikis warmoebis sxva aspeqtebSic. magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebuli
86
Teoria faqtebis asaxsnelad, Tu maT Soris gansxvaveba naTelia.”12
Teoriis rolis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso TeoriebSi ori mTavari garemoeba unda
gaviTvaliswinoT. pirveli is, rom ar arsebobos unviersaluri Teoria, romelic
yvela politikur movlenas erTnairi sizustiT axsnis. aris raRac molenebi,
romlebsac esa Tu is Teoria xsnis ufro ukeT vidre sxva romelime Teoria,
magram sxva movlenebis axsnaSi es Teoria ufro moikoWlebs, an saerTodac ver
xsnis. uolcisave TqmiT, “nebismieri Teoria tovebs raRacas auxsnels”. 13
socialur mecnierebebSi da gansakuTrebiT politikur mecnierebebSi is
Teoriebi fasobs, romlebic yvelaze met movlenas xsnis da amave dros aris
martivi Teoria. aseT Teoriebs socialur mecnierebebSi parsimoniuli
ewodebaT. magaliTad, demokratiuli mSvidobis Teoria, anu is, rom
demokratiuli reJimebi erTmaneTs ar ebrZvian umartivesi da mokle Teoriaa,
magram faqtobrivad xsnis Zalian bevr movlenas. sxvadasxva Teoriebi
parsimoniulobis sxvadasxva xarisxiT gamoirCeva.
meore garemoeba, romelzec minda gavamaxvilo Tqveni yuradReba is aris, rom
SeiZleba sxvadasxva Teoriebma erTi da igive movlena axsnan sxvadasxvagvarad da
movlenis sruliad gansxvavebuli analizi SemogvTavazon.
magaliTad, rodesac civi omis dasasrulis Semdeg natos identurobas
safrTxe Seeqmna da politikosebi da gadawyvetilebis mimRebni dadgnen arCevanis
winaSe, aliansi daeSalaT Tu moexdinaT misi modifikacia axali realiebis
mixedviT. rodesac 1990-91 wlebSi naTeli gaxda, rom aliansi transformaciis
gzas daadga, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis disciplines farglebSi es procesi
sxvadasxvagvarad iqna axsnili da momavlis prognozebic Teoriidan Teoriamde
iyo sxvadasxvanairi. magaliTad, realistebis TvalsazrisiT, natos gafarToeba
iyo dasavleTis Zalisxmeva gaezarda Tavisi gavlenis sfero tradiciuli
gavlenis sferoebis miRma maSin, rodesac ruseTi iyo susti. realizmis
mimdevrebi ambobdnen, rom es qmedeba aucileblad gamoiwvevda mwvave reaqcias
moskovis mxridan. liberaluri perspeqtividan natos gafarToeba iyo da aris
stabilurobis sferos gafarToebis instrumenti, romelic gaaZlierebs axlad-
gamoCekil demokratiebs centralur da aRmosavleT evropaSi da amavdroulad
natos konfliqtebis menejmentis meqanizms xelmisawvdoms gaxdis am arastabi-
luri regionisaTvis. mesame mosazreba, romelsac ZiriTadad konstruqti-
vistebi iziareben aris is, rom nato farTovdeba imdenad ramdenadac axlad
gaTavisuflebulma saxelmwifoebma aiTvises da gaiTavises is faseulobebi da
principebi, romelsac iziareben natoSi Semavali wevri saxelmwifoebi da
Sesabamisad, isini erTiandebian erTgvarovnad moazrovne qveynebis klubSi.
amavdroulad, vinc ufro male gaiziarebs evroatlantikur faseulobebs,
romlebsac efuZneba nato, miT ufro male gaxdeba is saxelmwifo natos wevri.
Cven vxedavT, rom erTidaimave movlenas sami sxvadasxva Teoria xsnis
sxvadasxvagvarad. amavdroulad, arc erTi axsnaganmarteba ar aris moklebuli
logikur azrs. daskvna aq mxolod erTia: arc erT Teorias ar SeuZlia
Tanamedrove movlenebis sirTuleebis srulad axsna, magram es ar niSnavs imas,
rom esaTu is Teoria unda uarvyoT. piriqiT, Cven ufro meti ramis axsnis
saSualeba gveZleva roca gvaqvs mravali sxvadasxva Teoria vidre maSin, rodesac
gveqneboda mxolod erTi universaluri Teoria. am garemoebis Sesaxeb volti
aRniSnavs, rom “konkurencia Teoriebs Soris warmoaCens maT Zlierebas da
12 Waltz, “Realist Thought . . .,” p. 24 13 iqve, ..., p. 34
15
leqcia II
Teoriis roli saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi
Teoriis rols da saWiroebas saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi xSirad eWvis qveS
ayeneben, gansakuTrebiT praqtikosebi da saxelmwifo moxeleebi. miuxedavad
amisa, Teorias aqvs Tavisi adgili da datvirTva saerTaSoriso politikuri
movlenebis Seswavlis da ganWvritvis saqmeSi. Teoriis arsebobis aucileblobaze
da mniSvnelobaze bevri naSromebia dawerili. erT-erTi maTgani gansa-
kuTrebulad martivi da amavdroulad damajerebeli eniT gadmoscems Teoriis
saWiroebas da moxmarebas saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi. es aris Cikagos
universitetis sayovelTaod saxelganTqmuli politikuri mecnieris, stiven
voltis statia “saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi: erTi msoflio, bevri Teoria”,5
romelic 1998 wels daibeWda akademiur Jurnal sagareo politikaSi.
volti ambobs, rom “arsebobs gardauvali kavSiri abstraqtul samyarosa da
politikis realur samyaros Soris. Cven gvWirdeba Teoria imisaTvis, rom azri
gamovitanoT im sainformacio qarbuqisagan, romelic yoveldRiurad Tavs
gvatydeba.” 6 anu, idea SemdgomSi mdgomareobs: rom gaverkveT im zRva faqtobriv
masalaSi, romelsac yoveldRe vRebulobT saWiroa gamartivebuli modelebis
qona. anu, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, Teoria aris saSualeba sirTuleebis
gamosarkvevad. 7 uolci ambobs, rom: “adamianis (an saxelmwifoebis) motivaciebis
gansaWvretad samyaro sagrZnoblad unda gavamartivoT, niuansebi uxeSad
gverdze gadavdoT da realoba sagrZnoblad davamaxinjoT. aRweras aqvs mid-
rekileba akuratulobisken/sizustisken, mosazrebebi ki aris mdabiurad yalbi.” 8
mosazrebebi, romlebzec Teoriebia agebuli samyaros radikalurad amartiveben,
magram isini sasargebloa mxolod imitom, rom swored aseTebi arian.9
Cven yvela ase Tu ise raRac TeoriiT vxelmZRvanelobT, Tumc SeiZleba amis
Sesaxeb arc ki vicodeT, an ver vacnobierebdeT amas. volti ambobs, rom is
politikosebic ki, romlebic “ver itanen” Teorias eyrdnobian TavianT sakuTar
Teorias (xSirad gaumxelels) imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor moqmedebs msoflio.” 10
amasTanave, volti iqve aRniSnavs im aucilebel kavSirs, romelic unda
arsebobodes Teoris Semqmnelsa (ra Tqma unda, am SemTxvevaSi saubari gvaqvs
socialur Teoriebze da ara zust sabunebismetyvelo Teoriebze) da realur
samyaros Soris. “Znelia gaataro kargi politika Tu Seni maorganizebeli
principi aris uvargisi, iseve rogorc Znelia konstruireba gaukeTo karg
Teorias Tu kargad ar icnob realur samyaros.”11
Teoriis zust da mravlismTqmel ganmartebas gvaTavazobs kidev erTi titani
saerTaSoriso politikisa, kenet uolci. misi TqmiT, “Teoria aris xriki. Teoria
aris inteleqtualuri konstruqcia, romlis meSveobiTac Cven varCevT faqtebs
da vxsniT maT. mTavari isaa, rom ise davukavSiroT Teoria faqtebs, rom mogveces
axsnis da momavlis ganWvretis saSualeba. es mxolod maSin iqneba SesaZlebeli,
roca ganvasxvavebT Teorias da faqtebs. mxolod maSin SegviZlia gamoviyenoT
5 Stephen M. Walt, “International Relations: One World, Many Theories,” Foreign Policy, Spring 1998, pp. 29-45. 6 iqve, ... p. 29 7 Kenneth N. Waltz, “Realist Thought and Neorealist Theory,” Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 44, Spring 1990, pp. 21-37. 8 iqve, ..., p. 27 9 iqve, ..., p.27 10 Walt. “International Relations: One World…” p. 29 11 iqve, ..., p. 29
14
Statebi gamoiyenebda Tavis samxedro Zalas dasavleT evropis TavdacvisaTvis
sabWoTa kavSiris winaaRmdeg. am garemoebam ki saSualeba misca amerikis
SeerTebul Statebs gavlena hqonoda evropaze sxva sferoebSi, rogoric aris
savaWro politika. Sesabamisad, samxedro usafrTxoebiT uzrunvelyofam
evropisaTvis amerikas mianiWa berketebi ekonomikis sferoSi. josef nais 1990
wlis naSromis mixedviT civi omis Semdeg samxedro Zalis Canacvlebadoba
klebulobs. xolo, robort kioheini ambobs, rom samxedro Zalis garda hegemonur
saxelmwifos unda gaaCndes kidev oTxi ekonomikuri resursi: bunebrivi
nedleuli, kapitali, bazari da hegemonis konkurentunarianoba im saqonlis
warmoebaSi, romelsac gansakuTrebiT maRali safasuri aqvs.
hegemonis arsebobis aucileblobad liberaluri msoflio wesrigis Senar-
CunebisTvis Teoretikosebi xsnian im momsaxureobis TaviseburebebiT, romlebic
saWiroa liberaluri msoflio wesrigis dros. liberaluri msoflio ekonomika
aris saxalxo anu koleqtiuri simdidre, romelic yvelas sargeblobaSia. es aris
saqoneli/momsaxureoba, romelic erTxel Seqmnis Semdeg yvelas sargeblobaSia.
magaliTad, haeri, Suqura, gzebi da trotuarebi warmoadgenen koleqtiuri
simdidris karg magaliTebs. liberaluri ekonomikis elementebi, rogoricaa
msoflio savaluto bazari, an Ria bazrebi, sadac yvelas SeuZlia vaWroba, aseve
warmoadgenen koleqtiuri simdidris magaliTebs. problema ki imaSi mdgomareobs,
rom koleqtiuri simdidre miewodeba arasakmarisad da yovelTvis iwvevs ufasod
sargeblobis faqtebs, anu am simdidris gamoyeneba zogis mier xdeba safasuris
gaRebis gareSe. saboloo jamSi koleqtiur simdidresac aqvs gamoyenebis zRvari
da rom ar iqnes amowuruli misi efeqturoba, saWiroa misi Senaxva. swored
amisTvis aris saWiro hegemoni sistemaSi. igi daaregulirebs “ufasod mgzav-
robis” problemas jarimebis dawesebis gziT imitom, rom mas TviTon aqvs sagr-
Znoblad maRali interesi sistemis SenarCunebasa da normalurad funqci-
onirebaSi.
asaxeleben msoflio hegemonis or klasikur magaliTs: did britaneTs
mecxramete saukunis bolos da meoce saukunis dasawyisSi da amerikis SeerTebul
Statebs meore msoflio omis Semdeg. didi britaneTi iyo globaluri Zala da
amasTanave imperialuri Zala, romlis interesSi Sedioda Ria sabazro ekonomikis
SenarCuneba. britaneTma dakarga Tavisi hegemonia meoce saukunis dasawyisSi
roca mis Zlierebas konkurencia gauwies germaniam da amerikis SeerTebulma
Statebma. am ukanasknelma Tavis xelSi aiRo msoflio wesrigis marTvis sadaveebi
meore msoflio omis Semdeg, Camoayaliba axali institutebi, ris Sedegadac
moxda liberaluri ekonomikis transformacia. msoflio savaluto fondi,
msoflio banki, zogadi SeTanxmeba tarifebisa da vaWrobis Sesaxeb, romelic
Semdeg msoflio savaWro organizaciam Secvala, ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis da
ganviTarebis organiacia da ase Semdeg. es institutebi ki iyo breton vudsis
SeTanxmebis nawili, romelic 1947 wels Sedga. liberaluri ekonomikis aRdgena
raRa Tqma unda amerikis interesebSi iyo. am gziT is ufro advilad Sedioda ucxo
bazrebze ris Sedegadac ekonomikur warmatebebs aRwevda. evropis da iaponiis
aRdgena da aRmSenebloba aseve mis interesebSi iyo, radgan mas Wirdeboda Zlieri
regionuli Zala ruseTis eqspansiis SesaCereblad. magram, bevrs sjera rom
amerikis qmedebebi altruizmis elementebsac Seicavda. magaliTad marSalis
gegma da amerikis mier dasavleT evropis da iaponiisTvis gansakuTrebuli
savaWro prioritetebis miniWeba aseT magaliTebad ganixileba.
1960-50-iani wlebidan evropa da iaponia sagrZnoblad moZlierdnen, xolo
87
amerikis ekonomikuri siZliere TandaTan sustdeba. 1970 wlidan iwyeba krizisi da
amerikuli ekonomikuri politika ufro nacionalisturi xdeba. jon konibearis
TqmiT igi gaxda mtacebeli hegemoni. zogierTi mkvlevari am periodidan
saubrobs amerikis hegemoniis dasavalze, magram bevric am azrs uaryofs.
magaliTad, stranJi da nai amboben, rom amerika kvlavac aris uZlieresi
saxelmwifo Tavisi samxedro, ekonomikuri, teqnologiuri Tu teritorialuri
monacemebis mixedviT. marTalia, rom misi Zala SedarebiT Sesustda, magram es
gardauvali iyo, radgan amerikis lideroba ormocdaaTian wlebSi arabunebrivad
didi iyo. stranJi aseve ambobs, rom Zlierebis gazomva marto teritorialuri
ekonomikuri monacemebis mixedviT arasworia. ufro mniSvnelovania msoflio
warmoebis wili. aq ki amerikas pirveloba uWiravs. garda amisa, amerikas aqvs
wamyvani roli Tanamedrove industriebSi, romlebic samrewvelo industriebze
ufro maRla dganan. seve, amerika aris Zalian mdidari aramaterialuri resur-
sebiT, rogoricaa, magaliTad kultura, romelsac sayovelTao aRiareba da
mowoneba aqvs. xolo amerikul liberalur faseulobebs efuZneba bevri
gavleniani saerTaSoriso organizacia, rogoricaa msoflio savaluto fondi da
msoflio savaWro organizacia. es amerikis SeerTebul Statebs aZlevs sagrZnob
rbil Zalas, (Soft Power) romelic josef nais ganmartebiT aris SesaZlebloba ise
moawyo situacia, rom sxva erebi ganaviTareben prioritetebs, an sazRvraven
TavianT interesebs ise, rom isini am qveynis interesebTan modian SesabamisobaSi.
am kriteriumebis mixedviT amerikis Zliereba kvlavac mniSvnelovania. stranJi
Tvlis, rom arsebuli finansuri da monetaruli krizisebi, romelic dRevandel
liberalur ekonomikas axasiaTebs zogierTi ”saeWvo” gadawyvetilebis mizeziT
aris gamowveuli.
kidev erTi garemoeba hegemonuri stabilurobis TeoriasTan dakavSirebiT
gamoTqmulia robert kioheinis mier, romelic Tavis wignSi ”hegemonobis Semdeg”
akeTebs arguments, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom hegemonurma Zalam daamkvidra
saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba finansebis, vaWrobis Tu navTobis sferoSi,
rodesac amerikis Zliereba Sesustda, TanamSromloba ar CaSlila rogorc amas
hegemonuri stabilurobis Teoria ambobs. kioheini askvnis, rom Tumca hegemonis
arseboba aucilebelia Tavdapirveli TanamSromlobis Sesaqmenlad, rodesac
saWiro saerTaSoriso institutebi iqmneba, isini iZenen sakuTar sicocxles da
aqvT SesaZlebloba, rom sakuTari ZalebiT imuSaon da xeli Seuwyon Tana-
mSromlobas maSinac ki, rodesac im hegemonis Zala, romelmac es institutebi
Seqmna ecema. kioheini akeTebs daskvnas, rom saWiroa aRiareba imisa, rom
saerTaSoriso reJimebs aqvT gangrZobadi zegavlena saerTo interesebis mqone
qveynebs Soris TanamSromlobis zrdaze.
ganviTareba da CamorCeniloba mesame samyaroSi. am sakiTxis irgvliv
debatebi emTxveva marqsizmis mosazrebebs, romelic mimarTulia liberaluri
eknomikis debulebebis winaaRmdeg. am orive Teorias gansxvavebuli Sexeduleba
aqvT imaze, Tu ratom aris samxreTi (azia, afrika da laTinuri amerika)
ganuviTarebeli da CamorCenili.
ganviTarebis Teoriebs pirvelad liberalebma misces safuZveli. rogorc
viciT, liberaluri Teoria efuZneba modernizaciis cnebas. anu, liberaluri
ekonomistebis azriT samxreTsac unda gaevlo ganviTarebis igive gza rac
CrdiloeTma gaira, rac niSnavs progresul gadasvlas tradiciuli, preindus-
triuli da agraruli sazogadoebidan Tanamedrove, industriul da masobrivi
moxmarebis sazogadoebaze. ganviTareba liberalebis azriT niSnavs preindus-
88
romeli Teoriaa misaRebi?
zemoT warmodgenili Teoriebis siWarbe da mravalferovneba saWiroebs
imis garkvevas, Tu romeli Teoriaa ufro misaRebi da sando da romeli ara.
rogorc jeqsoni da sorenseni amboben, Teoria pirvel rigSi unda iyos
Sekruli da Tanmimdevruli. mas ar unda hqondes Sinagani dapirispirebebi.
amasTanave, igi unda iyos naTeli: gadmoscemdes azrs gasagebad. Teoria
unda cdilobdes iyos miukerZoebeli — Tumca mTlianad miukerZoebeli
Teoria ver iqneba. Teorias unda hqondes farTo fokusi. anu, igi unda
exebodes mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis farTo areals da amasTanave unda
igrZnobodes siRrme, rac imas niSnavs, rom Teoria Tavis Seswavlis saganze
unda xsnides, rac SeiZleba bevr rames.
13
saerTaSoriso politikuri ekonomikis liberaluri xedva sruliad
gansxvavdeba zemoT mocemulisgan. am skolis warmomadgenlebi amboben,
rom adamianuri keTildReoba miiRweva globaluri Tavisufali bazris
eqspansiiT suverenuli saxelmwifos sazRvrebis gavliT da am sazRvrebis
mniSvnelobis SesustebiT. liberaluri politikuri ekonomikis xedvis
mimdevrebi iziareben adam smitis Teorias bazris sayovelTao sargeb-
lianobis Sesaxeb da amboboen, rom vaWroba kargia yvelasTvis. anu, es xedva
Tavisufal vaWrobas ganixilavs, rogorc progresis meqanizms da ara
eqspluataciis meqanizms.
realizmis gadasaxedidan es yovelive ufro sxvagvarad aRiqmeba.
realizmis mixedviT, ekonomikuri saqmianoba unda iyos saxelmwifos gaZ-
lierebis meqanizmi da unda emsaxuros qveynis erovnul interesebs.
Sesabamisad, simdidre unda emsaxuros da kontroldebodes saxelmwifos
mier. am doqtrinas merkantilizmi an ekonomikuri nacionalizmi ewodeba.
realizmi dafuZnebuli politikuri ekonomika aseve RaRadebs, rom Tavi-
sufali, liberaluri vaWroba SeuZlebeli iqneboda hegemonis gareSe.
hegemonuri Teoriis erT-erTi apologetia robert gilpini. am xedvis
mixedviT, msoflio liberaluri ekonomikuri sistema iyo mtkice da
stabiluri, radgan pirveli msoflio omis droidan moyolebuli amerika
iyo hegemoni, magram 1970-iani wlebidan misi hegemonuri Zliereba
Sesustda, radgan mas konkurencias uweven iaponia da evropa. am xedvis
mixedviT, amerikis liderobis SesustebasTan erTad msoflio liberaluri
wesrigic Sesustda, radgan sxva arc-erT saxelmwifos ar Seswevs
sakamarisi Zala, rom globaluri hegemonis roli Seasrulos.
politikur-ekonomikurma debatebma gza misca sami mniSvnelovani sa-
kiTxis ganxilvas. pirveli sakiTxi exeba ekonomikur globalizacias, meore
imas, Tu vin igebs da vin agebs am globalizaciis procesSi da mesame, ra
ufro mniSvnelovania: politika, Tu ekonomika.
meoTxe debatebi: post pozitivisturi/alternatiuli midgomebi
aqamde ganxiluli debatebi exeboda ukve damkvidrebul Teoriul
tradiciebs: realizms, liberalizms, saerTaSoriso sazogadoebas, da
saerTaSoriso politikur ekonomikas. amJamad adgili aqvs meoTxe deba-
tebs saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi, romelic moicavs damkvidrebuli
tradiciebis kritikas alternatiuli midgomebis saSualebiT, romlebsac
zogjer post pozitivistebsac uwodeben.
am Teoriebma (kritikuli Teoria, istoriuli sociologia, feminizmi,
konstruqtivizmi) win wamoswies meTodologiuri sakiTxebi, anu rogor
unda viswavloT saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi da aseve iseTi Zireuli
sakiTxebi, romlebic Seexeba TviTon disciplinis fokuss, anu ra unda is-
wavlos saerTaSoriso urTierTobebma, ra ufro mniSvnelovania da ra ara.
12
triuli barierebis, warsulis institutebis da SezRuduli faseulobaTa siste-
mebis daZlevas, romlebic xels uSlian zrdis da modernizaciis procesebs.
modernizaciis Teoriebis warmomadgenlebis mTavari daniSnulebaa im tradi-
ciuli komponentebis gamomJRavneba, romlebic xels uSlian ganviTarebas da im
faqtorebis gamomJRavneba, romlebmac xeli unda Seuwyon modernizacias.
liberaluri ekonomistebi xazs usvamen Ria da Tavisufali ekonomikis warmoebis
aucileblobas, ramac xeli unda Seuwyos investiciebs rac saWiroa TviTmyofadi
ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da ekonomikuri zrdisaTvis.
am liberalurma mosazrebebma ganviTarebis Sesaxeb gamoiwvia mwvave reaqcia,
rasac xeli Seuwyo samxreTis faqtobrivad ganuviTareblobis gagrZelebam da
CrdiloeTis mzardma ganviTarebam. yvelaze mkacri kritika wamovida neo-
marqsistebisagan, romelTa Teoria cnobilia rogorc damokidebulebis Teoria
(dependency theory). damokidebulebis Teoria problemas xedavs ara tradiciebSi, aramed Tavad
CamorCenilobaSi. ganivuTarebloba ganixileba ara rogorc sawyisi stadia,
romelSic odesRac yvela qveyana iyo, aramed rogorc procesi globaluri
kapitalisturi sistemis CarCoebis SigniT, romelic wilad xvdaT mesame samyaros
qveynebs. anu, es qveynebi arian ganuviTareblebi gamiznulad da warmoadgenen
dasavleTis ganviTarebis Sedegad miRebul produqtebs. es aris procesi, romlis
meSveobiTac kapitalisturi CrdiloeTi akninebs da aRaribebs mesame samyaros
qveynebs. isini aRiareben, rom samxreTi ganuviTarebeli iyo, magram misi Camor-
Ceniloba ganapiroba globaluri kapitalizmis xanis dadgomam. anu, globaluri
kapitalizmi marqsistebis mixedviT aris procesi, romelic erTis mxriv
warmoSobs ganviTarebas da simdidres industriul samyaroSi da CamorCenilobas
da siRaribes mesame samyaroSi.
damokidebulebis Teoria ambobs, rom CamorCeniloba gamowveulia gareSe
faqtorebiT. mesame samyaros qveynebze dominireben sagareo itneresebi,
romlebic saTaves iReben dasavleTidan. CamorCeniloba ar aris tradiculi
sazogadoebis erT-erTi faza, aramed orive, ganviTareba da CamorCeniloba aris
kapitalisturi globalizaciis nayofi. CamorCenilobas ganapirobebs gareSe
ekonomikuri Zalebi, rasac Sedegad moyveba invalidi socialuri struqturebis
arseboba mesame samyaros qveynebSi. Sesabamisad, imisTvis rom CamorCeniloba
daZleul iqnas, saWiroa moxdes gareSe zemoqmedebis Sewyveta.
aseTi radikaluri damokidebulebis Teoria kritikis qarcecxlSi moeqca,
rodesac 1970-ian wlebSi aRmosavleT aziis qveynebma, gansakuTrebiT ki, aziis
vefxvebma (samxreT korea, taivani, singapuri da hong kongi) ekonomikur
warmatebebs miaRwies, rac gamoixata swraf zrdaSi da msoflio bazarTan
integraciaSi. am magaliTma Crdili miayena damokidebulebis Teoriis
mosazrebebs mesame samyaros qveynebis stagnaciis Sesaxeb.
89
Eka Akobia
THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS COURSE PREPARED UNDER
THE CENTER FOR SOCIAL SCIENCES ACADEMIC FELLOWSHIP
Short Resume of the Course
Introduction This Theory of International Relations course is an advanced course for masters’
students. It is advanced in terms of required readings which include most acclaimed past and present scholars of theory of international relations. The course is designed in a way to provide students a theoretical background and in depth knowledge of the major international relations theories such as realism, liberalism and constructivism. These theories have been selected as major targets of the course due to their dominance and influence among IR theories. Besides, this course offers an insight of such topics as globalization, political economy and IR and domestic politics in order to broaden students’ knowledge of IR. Although the course is overly theoretical it also incorporates several real life political events and how theories help extrapolate these events. For example, the course covers IR theories and the issue of NATO enlargement as an example of how different theories explain some parts of reality better than the others and how a better picture of the real world is portrayed by looking at the issue from the angles of different theories. The overall aim of the course is to familiarize Georgian students with the theoretical world of IR similar to the way it is taught in advanced schools of the Western civilization.
A few words about the extended syllabus in Georgian: This syllabus is designed in a way to first of all explain the topic of each lecture in depth and second, cover all the major reading materials offered for the lecture. The last is done due to the fact that most of the readings are in English and some of them are of exceptionally difficult nature. Therefore, in order to make sure that students understand the material instead of simply skimming through them, I tried to convey major points of each required reading in Georgian (translations are of my own).
Lecture I: Introduction to the Study of IR and the Role of Theory
In this written extended lecture and a subsequent reader I introduce students to the discipline of IR, how it was born and developed. In that context they get a taste of a bit of history of IR which gave birth to theoretical discussions between scholars, known as the debates in IR. Bigger emphasis is placed on the nature and roots of the four major debates, which are:
– First major debate between utopian liberalism and realism; – Second major debate between traditional approaches and behavioralism; – Third major debate between neorealism/neoliberalism and neo-Marxism; – Emerging fourth debate between established traditions and post-positivist alternatives.
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skola ar aRiarebda biheivioralistur gamowvevas da xazs usvamda tra-
dicul midgomas da meore, is uaryofda raime mkveTr gansxvavebas mkacrad
realizmiseul msoflio politikis xedvasa da mkacrad liberalur xedvas
Soris. am skolas uwodeben saerTaSoriso sazogadoebas an inglisur
skolas.
es skola safuZvelSive aRiarebs Zalis mniSvnelobas da saxelmwifoTa
sistemas, magram miiCnevs, rom hobsiseuli xedva Zalian viwroa. saxel-
mwifos ganixilavs rogorc konstitutciis da Zalis erTobas. aRiarebs
individebis mniSvnelobas, zogjer saxelmwifoze winac ki ayenebs mas. xazs
usvams transnacionalur urTierTobebs. uaryofs biheivioristul mid-
gomas, upiratesobas aniWebs adamianur elements, analizs, normebs da
istorias. uaryofs mkacr dayofas realistur, Tu liberalur xedvebs
Soris. amaxvilebs yuradRebas im faqtze, rom msoflio politika aris
saxelmwifoTa msoflio, magram amave dros adamianebis msoflio.
saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis midgoma garkveulwilad aris pirveli
debatebis gagrZeleba da meore debatebis triumfis Serbileba. igi
efuZneba klasikur ideebs, magram amave dros agrZelebs maT. uaryofs
mkveTr dayofas realizms da liberalizms Soris im motiviT, rom
istoriuli samyaro ar akeTebs arCevans sikeTes da borotebas, Zalas da
kanonierebas Soris. realurad arsebobs konfliqti da TanamSromloba,
arian saxelmwifoebi da arian indvidebi. Sesabamisad, ar SeiZleba maTi
abstragireba da erT romelime TeoriaSi moqceva. am skolis yvelaze
TvlasaCino warmomadgenlebi arian martin uaiti da hedli buli.
saerTaSoriso politikuri ekonomika
aqamde arsebuli debatebi mxolod politikas Seexeboda. saerTaSoriso
politikuri ekonomika ki exeba ekonomikur urTierTobebs. igi yuradRebas
amaxvilebs saerTaSoriso simdidreze da saerTaSoriso siRaribeze. anu,
vin iRebs ras da ramdens. maSasadame, politikuri ekonomika warmoadgens
mesame debatebis Semadgenel nawils da igi moicavs neo-marqsistul kri-
tikas kapitalisturi msoflio ekonomikisa da amavdroulad liberaluri
politikuri ekonomikis da realisturi politikuri ekonomikis mosaz-
rebebs ekonomikasa da politikas Soris urTierTqmedebaze saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebis farglebSi.
neomarqsizmi, es aris mcdeloba, rom mesame samyaros situacia ganxi-
luli iqnes im meqanizmebis gamoyenebiT, rac pirvelad karl marqsma
daamkvidra. Tu marqsis mixedviT, burJuazia iyenebs ekonomikur instru-
mentebs, raTa daCagros muSaTa klasi, neomarqsizmi igives anzogadebs
CrdiloeTsa da samxreTze. damokidebulebis Teoria aris marqsizmis
centraluri koncefcia, romlis mixedviTac CrdiloeTi imonebs samxreTs.
samxreTi Raribia ara imitom, rom CamorCenilia, aramed imitom, rom
CrdiloeTi mas uwevs eqspluatacias.
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saxelmwifoebs Soris, magram aRniSnaven, rom TanamSromlobis dros sa-
xelmwifoebi, upirveles yovlisa, fiqroben fardobiT mogebaze da avto-
nomiis SenarCunebaze. istoriulma faqtebmac xeli Seuwyo neorealizmis
kvlav moZlierebas: 80-ian wlebSi dapirispirebam sabWoTa kavSirsa da
amerikas Soris piks miaRwia. reiganma sabWoTa kavSirs ”boroti imperiac” ki
uwoda, da am mtrul garemoSi SeiaraRebaSi Sejibreba kidev ufro
intensiuri gaxda. uTanxmoebebi iyo aseve demokratiul banakSi, sadac, ra
Tqma unda, omi gamoricxuli iyo, magram savaWro omebi xSirad imarTeboda.
amerika sul ufro grZnobda mzard konkurencias rogorc iaponiis, aseve
evropis mxridan, rac mwvave savaWro da sxva tipis konfliqtebis
safuZveli xdeboda. es ki wyals asxamda neorealistebis wisqvilze,
romlebic amtkicebdnen rom saxelmwifoebi arian egoisturebi da rom maT
adardebT mxolod sakuTari fardobiTi siZliere da keTildReoba
sxvebTan SedarebiT.
aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom 1980-ian wlebSi bevrma neoliberalma
aRiara realizmis ZiriTadi mcnebebi da gaiziara am Teoriis fundamen-
turi mosazrebebi imis Sesaxeb, rom saxelmwifoebi arian mTavari aqtorebi
anarqiul sazogadoebaSi, romlebic mudmivad cdiloben TavianTi
interesebis ganxorcielebas. miuxedavad amisa, neoliberalistebi amboben,
rom saerTaSoriso sistema iZleva ufro safuZvliani TanamSromlobis
saSualebas, vidre amas realistebi aRiareben da, rom TanamSromlobas
xels uwyobs institutebi, urTierTdamokidebuleba da demokratia.
miuxedavad imisa, rom am debatebis dros moxda garkveuli sinTezi
skolebs Soris, (magaliTad, buzanma da kioheinma gaiTavises realizmis
zogierTi elementi), mTliani sinTezi mainc ar momxdara, radgan arian
mkveTrad dapirispirebuli avtorebic, magaliTad, mirSaimeri (realizmis
skolis warmomadgeneli) da ruzenau (neoliberalizmis skolis warmo-
madgeneli). Sesabamisad, neo-neo debatebi kvlav grZeldeba.
saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba: inglisuri skola
Canasaxidanve saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis disciplina dominirebuli
iyo amerikel mkvlevarTa mier. stenli hofmanma amasTan dakavSirebiT
aRniSna, “saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi daibada da gaizarda amerikaSi” 4 man
aseve aRniSna, rom amerikuli skola dominirebda saerTaSoriso urTi-
erTobebs imis miuxedavad, rom amerikuli hegemonia sustdeboda. 1990-iani
wlebidan, civi omis dasrulebasTan erTad, amerikuli dominantoba am
disciplinaSi Serbilda da moZlierdnen evropeli da sxva mkvlevarebi,
romlebic ukve naklebad eguebodnen amerikeli avtorebisgan wamosul
diqtats.
did britaneTSi mTeli civi omis ganmavlobaSi arseboboda skola,
romelic gansxvavebuli iyo sxva skolebisgan ori garemoebiT: pirveli, es
4 Stenley Hoffmann, 1977, 41-59
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At this point students are introduced to the idea that further on they will be introduced with the scholars that are mentioned as having taken part in these famous academic debates. After introducing IR as a discipline the lecture will go on explaining the role and place of THEORY in the study of IR. With that aim I use articles by Kenneth Waltz and Stephen Walt to explain what is theory in social sciences, why it is used and what are we to make out of the fact that none of the theories explain everything altogether and also the fact that different theories might give different analysis to the same political event. The need and necessity of theory in the study of IR is treated very delicately. It is made clear (for the skeptical ones) that theory is only a simplified model of the world (according to Waltz) but that we are in a desperate need to have simplified models to understand the bigger picture which is so complex (according to Walt). It is also explained that “competition between theories helps reveal their strengths and weaknesses and spurs subsequent refinements, while revealing flaws in conventional wisdom” (Walt, 1998). As an insight into the future of the course I offer a simplified scheme (adapted from Walt) which compares three major theories: Realism, Liberalism and Constructivism in terms of several indicators which are: Main theoretical propositions, Main units of analysis Modern theorists, Representative modern works, Post-cold war predictions and Main limitations.
Lecture II: Classical Realism
This lecture and its subsequent extended syllabus aim at introducing realism as a theory of international relations. At first it classifies in general the main theoretical propositions of realism as a theory of international relations and then focuses on exploring the roots of realism, commonly referred to as classical realism.
Political realism is different from the rest of the theories of IR as it depicts the grim picture of the world politics. International relations are depicted as a severe competition between states that have no reason to trust each other since their major interest is survival in the environment of zero sum game that is, when one’s looses are the gains of others. I offer students characterization of realism by John Mearsheimer from his article “False Promise of International Institutions” as it offers a comprehensive overview of political realism and explains perfectly well as to why realists have such pessimistic view of world politics. The first assumption is that international system is anarchic. The second assumption is that states inherently possess some offensive military capability. Third assumption is that states can never be certain about the intentions of others, the fourth is that the most basic motive driving states is survival and the fifth assumption is that states think strategically about how to survive in the international system, that is states are rational. From these five characteristics derive patterns of actions which create incentives for states to think and sometimes act aggressively: first pattern is that states fear each other; second, each state in the international system aims to guarantee its own survival; third, states in the international system aim to maximize their relative power positions over other states. I also go on explaining the fact that realism perceives that there is very little room for cooperation among states due to the fact that states always worry about relative gains (when each side does not only consider its individual gain but also how well it does compared to the other side) rather then absolute gains (when each side focuses on maximizing its own profit, and cares little about how much the other side gains or loses in the deal).
After characterizing realism in general we go on explaining that we differentiate between traditional realism and neo-realism and introduce most prominent representatives of the
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traditional school of realism and their works which contributed to the development of realism. First, we briefly go over Thucydides and his Peloponnesian War. To become more closely familiar with Thucydides students have to read the Melian Dialogue (Book 5, Chapter 17). Then we go briefly over Nicolo Machiavelli’s contribution to realism and familiarize students with major points of The Prince. Then we go over to Thomas Hobbes and his “Leviathan.” In this work the emphasis is made on Hobbes’s description of the state of the nature and how life of man in this state of nature is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short in which the state of nature is all’s fight against all. We also touch upon the tragedy of the states and the security dilemma that cannot be helped in this anarchic world. We also consider the most prominent representative of the neo-classical realism, Hans J. Morgenthau and his famous work Politics Among Nations. Students are encouraged to read at least the first three chapters of the book to become more closely familiar with it.
Lecture III: Structural Realism This lecture focuses on the leading neorealist scholar Kenneth Waltz and his landmark
book Theory of International Politics. In this work he tried to explain international political system in a scientific way. He parts way with classical representatives of realism when he assumes that states behave in certain predictable ways and the way they behave is due to the nature of the system rather then human nature, as classical realists mentioned in the previous lecture believed. Thus, in this work Waltz defines international political system in terms of a system which is composed of a structure and of interacting units. He defines structure of international politics based on 3 elements:
– Ordering Principle – The Character of the Units and – The Distribution of Capabilities
Up until the end of the Cold War realism was the dominant theory of international
relations as it explained most of the political events. However, after the end of the Cold War started crisis of realism due to the circumstances that it failed to predict or predicted wrongly several events, especially the case of NATO enlargement. It seemed as if other theories such as democratic peace theory, complex interdependence and institutional liberalism were better at explaining the events after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
In response to the severe criticism Kenneth Waltz published an article in 2000 entitled “Structural Realism after the End of the Cold War,” in the journal International Security in which he tried to provide some arguments in defense of realism. His major point in the article is that realism is still an active theory since the system itself has not changed. Only some things inside the system have changed. Structural realism will exist until the system exists and the possibility of the system disappearing is none until it is comprised of states who are operating in the self help mode. He asserts that after the fall of the Soviet Union the system was redone a bit from bipolar to unipolar, but that will not last long since unipolar political system is the most short-lived as other states in the system are always trying to balance the dominant power. He also notes that the balancing tendencies are already visible and balancing powers will most likely be the EU and or Germany who will be heading the coalition. Also China and Japan pose as balancing powers with Russia being one in a more distant perspective.
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Sesabamisad, dapirispireba or midgomas Soris moxda meTodologiis
safuZvelze. tradicionalistebi eyrdnobodnen normebs da faseulobebs,
analizs da istoriul codnas da cdilobdnen warmoedginaT Tavi Sesas-
wavli sagnis adgilze - mecnieri sagnis SigniT. amis sapirispirod, bihe-
ivioralistebi ayeneben hipoTezas, agroveben faqtebs, eyrdnobian mec-
nierul codnas da sagans Seiswavlian garedan, dakvirvebebis meSveobiT -
mecnieri sagnis gareT.
mesame debatebi: neoliberalizmi da neorealizmi
miuxedavad imisa, rom pirveli didi debatebi realistebma moiges
absolituri upiratesobiT, liberaluri skola ar Camkvdara. 1950-iani
wlebidan ekonomikis da vaWrobis zrdasTan erTad Tavi wamoyo libera-
lizmmac. aq mcdeloba iyo rom Seqmniliyo gabatonebuli realizmis
alternatiuli Teoriebi, magram amasTanave CamoecilebinaT manamde
arsebuli Warbi idealizmi. maSasadame, am liberaluri skolis warmomad-
genlebs ewodebaT neoliberalistebi, radgan maTac, rogorc maT wina-
morbedebs sjeraT progresis da cvlilebebis, magram ar arian idea-
listebi. isini aseve qmnian Teoriebs mecnierul meTodologiaze dayr-
dnobiT.
msoflioSi da gansakuTrebiT dasavleTis demokratiul saxelmwifoebs
Soris vaWrobis da ekonomikuri aqtivobis zrdam warmoSva bevri liberali
Teoria, romelic yuradRebas aqcevda am movlenebs da cdilobda
daemtkicebina, rom msoflioSi aris TanamSromloba da rom realistebis
mier nawinaswarmetyvelebi bneli momavaliT ar mTavrdeba kacobriobis
ganviTareba. iseTma Teoriebma, rogoricaa sociologiuri liberalizmi,
kompleqsuri urTierTdamokidebuleba, instituciuri liberalizmi da
demokratiuli, anu respublikuri idealizmi yuradReba miaqcia
TanamSromlobis da mSvidobis formebs msoflioSi da ganaviTara mZlavri
Teoriebi empiriul magaliTebze dayrdnobiT. am Teoriebma, romlebic
dawvrilebiT qvemoT iqneba ganxiluli, mTlianobaSi Seqmna axali mZlavri
talRa neorealizmis winaaRmdeg. maTi amosavali wertili aris rwmena
imisa, rom saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi SeiZleba iyos ufro mSvidobiani
da TanamSromlobaze agebuli. Tumca, 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, kenet
uolcis mier realizmis reformulaciis Sedegad balansi kidev erTxel
gadaiwia realizmis sasargeblod. amas aseve xels uwyobda istoriuli
movlenebi, kerZod ki, mwvave dapirispirebebi dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs
Soris, ramac TavisdaTavad ganapiroba debatebis gangrZobadoba.
neorealistebma kvlavac SeZles neoliberalistebis TavdacviT pozi-
ciaSi gadayvana da Tavad kvlav gabatonebuli pozicia daikaves. neo-
realistebis siZliere is iyo, rom maT aRiares rom anarqia ar gamoricxavs
TanamSromlobas, magram es yvelaferi mainc realizmze dafuZnebiT axsnes.
magaliTad, realistebi aRar gamoricxaven TanamSromlobas demokratiul
9
ganviTarebulma da kidev sxva mravalma movlenebma erToblivad gana-
pirobes meore msoflio omi.
maSasadame, 1920-iani wlebis utopiuri idealizmis da 30-50-iani wlebis
realizmis dapirispireba qmnian pirvel did debatebs saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebSi. raRa Tqma unda, realizmis skolam es es debatebi moigo
didi upiratesobiT da morgenTaus da qaris Tezisebi gaxda gabatonebuli
mcnebebi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi. bevrma liberaluri skolis
mesveurma aRiara realizmis gamarjveba, magram liberalizmi, rogorc
erT-erTi skola saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi ar Camkvdara. am skolis
warmomadgenlebma SemdegSi Seqmnes kidevac Zlieri kontr argumentebi
ukve gabatonebuli realizmis winaaRmdeg, rac ganxiluli iqneba Semdeg
TavebSi.
meore debatebi: biheivioralisturi revolucia
meore didi debatebi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi exeba ufro
meTodologias, vidre Tavad Teoriebs. aq mniSvnelovania gaviTavisoT is
faqti, rom pirveli Taobis saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis specialistebi
profesiiT iyvnen istorikosebi, iuristebi, yofili diplomatebi, an
Jurnalistebi. Sesabamisad, maT hqondaT ufro humanitaruli, istoriaze
dafuZnebuli midgoma saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Seswavlisadmi. es
midgoma ki fesvgadgmuli iyo filosofiaSi, istoriaSi da samarTalSi da
axasiaTebda azrovnebaze da analizze (judgement) dayrdnoba. Sesabamisad,
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Seswavlis am normatiul formas ewoda
tradiciuli/klasikuri midgoma.
meore msoflio omis Semdeg saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis dis-
ciplina gaxda Zalian popularuli, gansakuTrebiT amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi, sadac samTavrobo dawesebulebebi da kerZo fondebi afinan-
sebdnen saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis mecnierulad Seswavlas, rasac
isini amarTlebdnen amerikis erovnuli interesebiT. am daxmarebam war-
moSva axali Taoba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis specialistebisa, rom-
lebmac SemoiRes mkveTrad meTodologiuri midgoma. am specialistebsac
gansxvavebuli ganaTleba gaaCndaT, vidre tradicionalistebs. isini iyvnen
politologebi, ekonomistebi an sxva socialuri mecnierebis warmomad-
genlebi, da zog SemTxvevebSi, maTematikosebi da sabunebismetyvelo
disciplinebis warmomadgenlebic. am specialistebs hqondaT sxvagvari
midgoma saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Seswavlisadmi, da maT ewodaT
biheivioralistebi, radgan emxrobodnen saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis
mecnierulad Seswavlas, am terminis pirdapiri gagebiT. biheivioralis-
tebis ambicia iyo, rom saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSic aRmoeCinaT Semow-
mebadi da obieqturi kanonzomierebebi, rogorc es xdeba sxva mecni-
erebebSi. es, ra Tqma unda, moiTxovs faqtebis Segrovebas, klasifikacias,
ganzogadebas da wamoyenebuli hipotezis damtkicebas.
8
Lectures IV and V: Defensive and Offensive Realism
In previous lectures we discussed realism as one of the dominant theories of International Relations which explains many complex and important issues of international politics. We differentiated between classical and structural realism. In this lecture we make distinction between defensive and offensive realisms. Offensive and Defensive realisms are of course both structural theories of International Politics. They share same fundamental principles on how the world politics work. However, their ways diverge when it comes to power.
Defensive realism diverts from offensive realism on the question of how much power is enough for a state. Defensive realists believe that states have very small incentive to acquire more power; instead, they are trying to preserve status quo and are paying great attention to preserving the balance of power. Consequently, main theoretical proposition of defensive realism is that state’s major aim is to preserve power, not increase it. To the contrary, offensive realists think that there are no status quo powers and that international system offers more then enough incentives to states to increase their power on the expense of others and exploit such situations when benefits of doing so outweigh the costs. Thus, according to offensive realism state’s final supreme goal is to be a hegemon in the system.
Division into these two camps is worth noting since they are both trying to explain the fundamental questions in international relations which are war and peace. Much depends on how the world really works: states only care about preserving status quo and balance of power in the system or they care about acquiring as much power as they can afford and increase their relative power compared to other states. These theories give us ability to explain past events and more importantly we can explain the future patterns of behavior, however depending on which theory we use. They both have different visions of why states go to war, when it’s more likely for them to engage in war making and when not and what needs to be done to preserve stability in the world.
Some authors, like Robert Jervis, Jack Snider or Stephen Van Evera pay attention to a certain kind of structural concept which they call offense-defense balance. According to this idea, military power can at any time be classified either in favor of offense or in favor of defense. Thus, if defense has preponderance over offense and consequently it is hard to initiate offense then states have fewer incentives to use power. Instead, they will focus on preserving what they already have. And on the contrary, if offense is easy, states will be tempted to conquer each other with an aim to acquire more power, which will cause many wars in the system. According to Stephen Van Evera change in offense-defense balance has great affects on the possibility of wars in the system. He points out 10 reasons when offense is dominant:
1. Opportunistic expansion 2-3 . Defensive expansion and fierce resistance to expansion 4. Moving first is more rewarding 5. Windows are larger and more dangerous 6. Faits Accomplis are more common and more dangerous 7. States negotiate less and reach fewer agreements 8. States are more secretive 9. States arms race harder and faster 10. Conquest grows still easier
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Van Evera lists several circumstances that affect the change in offense-defense balance. These are: military technology and doctrine, geography, national security structure, and diplomatic arrangements, especially defensive alliance or balancing behavior by offshore powers. Van Evera asserts that “the net offense-defense balance is an aggregate of these military, geographic, social, and diplomatic factors.”
Lecture VI: Liberalism This lecture gives an introduction to liberalism as a theory of international relations. First
of all, lecture draws upon the basic differences between realism and liberalism and pinpoints the areas which constitute points of departure between them. Liberals generally share a positive view of human nature. Similar to realists, they also recognize that individuals are self-interested and competitive up to a point but also believe that they can engage in a cooperative social action when the common interests exist on both domestic and international level. In short, the departure point between realists and liberals is that liberals do not agree with the idea that wars and conflicts are inevitable and believe in the possibility of cooperation. Liberalism is also divided in several strands of thinking which are covered in this lecture. These are sociological liberalism, interdependence liberalism, republican liberalism and institutional liberalism.
Sociological liberalism refers to the liberal school of thought which believes that confining the study of IR only to states is very narrowly focused and pays more attention to transnational relations, that is relations between people, groups and organizations who belong to different countries. This strand is also called pluralism due to the fact that it looks at many different types of actors. Works of James Rosenau, Karl Deutsch and John Burton are considered in this lecture. In summary, the main logic of sociological liberalism is conveyed as a studying relations between individuals, groups and societies. The main belief of this strand is that a world with a large number of transnational networks will be more peaceful.
Interdependence means that peoples and governments are affected by the actions of their counterparts in other countries. Higher level of transnational relations between countries means a higher level of interdependence. A seminal work by Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye, Power and Interdependence (1977) is discussed. They argue in this work that postwar complex interdependence is qualitatively different from earlier and simpler kinds of interdependence. Relations between states take place on many different levels via many different actors and branches. On the other hand, there are transnational relations between individuals and groups outside of the state. They also assert that in a postwar world military force is becoming a less useful instrument of policy under the conditions of complex interdependence. Different power resources such as for example ‘negotiating skills’ are becoming more important to solve the issue oriented conflicts that arise between the interest groups that are often of transnational character. In short, Keohane and Nye conclude that under complex interdependence states are engaged in ‘low politics’ of welfare and less concerned with ‘high politics’ of national security.
Power and Interdependence in the Information Age is a follow up to the aforementioned work in which authors updated their theory by adding a powerful element of modernization - information. This article by Keohane and Nye tries to describe the nature of international relations in the information age. They add several components to the idea of complex interdependence, which they first developed in 1977. They conclude that complex
94
Seexeba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi ufro metad konfliqtebs, vidre
TanamSromlobas. 2
meore mniSvnelovani naSromi, romelmac gavlena moaxdina realizmis
aRzevebaze, aris hans morgenTaus qveynebis politika: brZola Zalauf-
lebisa da mSvidobisaTvis, (1948 weli) romelmac, aleqsandre rondelis
TqmiT, didi xniT gansazRvra saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa disciplinis
Teoriuli da praqtikuli interesebi da mTeli am dargis Semdgomi
ganviTarebis xasiaTi.
morgenTausTvis adamianuri buneba warmoadgens saerTaSoriso urTi-
erTobebis yvelaze dabal, fundamentur dones. adamianebi ki arian ego-
istebi da eltvian Zalauflebas, rac advilad xdeba agresiis safuZveli.
1930-ian wlebSi Zneli ar iqneboda am mosazrebebis zurgis gamamagrebeli
argumentebis moZieba, radgan hitleris, musolinis Tu iaponiis sagareo
politika swored konfliqtebze iyo agebuli da ara TanamSromlobaze.
jeqsoni da sorenseni amboben: aris 3 ZiriTadi mosazreba imis Sesaxeb,
Tu ratom varaudoben realistebi, rom saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi aris
aucileblad egoizmiT da agresiulobiT gaJRenTili. pirveli mosazreba
efuZneba adamianis bunebis Tandayolil bnel mxares da mis ltolvas
siZulvilisa da destruqciisken. igive mosazreba SeiZleba qristianul
religiaze dafuZnebiTac miviRoT, romlis mixedviT adamianebi arian
codvilni da midrekilni cdunebisaken, mas Semdeg rac adami da eva
gamogdebul iqnen samoTxidan. pirveli mkvlelobac istoriaSi bibliaSia
aRwerili, rogorc kaenis mier misi Zmis abelis mokvla, mxolod da mxolod
Suris safuZvelze. anu, realizmis sawyisi wertili aris is, rom adamianuri
buneba aris Tandayolilad, bunebrivad boroti. 3
meore mosazreba efuZneba im faqts, rom saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi
aris brZola ZalauflebisaTvis iseT garemoSi, sadac ar arsebobs
msoflio mTavroba. xolo mesame mniSvnelovani mosazreba isaa, rom
istoria aris cikluri da ara xarisxobrivad gaumjobesebadi fenomeni,
rogorc amas idealistebi aRiqvamen. TiToeuli axali Taoba uSvebs igive
Secdomebs, rasac misi winamorbedi da am garemoebis cvlileba nakleb
savaraudoa. movlenebi grZeldeba da meordeba. sanam arsebobs suvere-
nuli saxelmwifoebi saxelmwifoebi ibrZoleben ZalauflebisaTvis, raTa
uzrunvelyon TavianTi usafrTxoeba. pirveli da meore msoflio omebi
arc arabunebrivia da arc gardauvali. Tu arsebobs ZalTa balansi
qveynebs aseve SeuZliaT didi xani mSvidobianad Tanacxovreba. magram, ama
Tu im etapze es ZalTa balansi irRveva, rasac mohyveba omebi. bevri
realizmis warmomadgeneli Tvlis, rom ukve parizis 1919 wlis samSvidobo
konferencia moicavda omis marcvlebs, radgan germaniaze kabaluri
pirobebi iqna dawesebuli. Tumca, eWvgareSea, rom germaniis SigniT
2 ixileT, zurab daviTaSvili, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoria, qrestomaTia.
samoqalaqo iniciativebis instituti, 2004, gv. 9-18. 3 Jackson and Sorensen, p. 34-63.
7
evropa gaxdnen avtoritarulni, demokratiulis magivrad. amasTan erTad
yvelaze didi kraxi ganicada erTa ligam. igi Cavarda xuT umniSvnelovanes
SemTxvevaSi (iaponia-manjuria, italia abisinia, bolivia-paragvai, espa-
neTis samoqalaqo omi da ssrk-fineTi).
amasTan erTad, anjelis mosazrebebic imis Sesaxeb, rom msoflio xdeba
sul ufro da ufro urTierTdamokidebuli da omi xdeba aramimzidveli
instrumenti, ar gamarTlda: vaWroba sagrZnoblad Semcirda da indus-
triuli ganviTareba Senelda imdenad, rom igi gaxda mxolod mesamedi
imisa, rac iyo mecxramete saukunis bolos da meoce saukunis dasawyisSi.
Sesabamisad, istoriis msvlelobam aCvena, rom Zala kvlavac iyo
umniSvnelovanesi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi da rom TanamSromlobam
da koleqtiurma usafrTxoebam, erTa ligis saxiT, ver gaamarTla (Tumca,
erTa ligam did warmatebas miaRwia sxva sakiTxebSi — pirveli msoflio
omis ltolvilebi, narkotikebis Sekaveba, trefikingi da ase Semdeg).
pirveli debatebi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi:
realizmis aRmoceneba — “ocwliani krizisi” 1
liberaluri idealizmi ar iyo saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis kargi
inteleqtualuri megzuri 1930-ian wlebSi. urTierTdamokidebulebam ar
warmoSva mSvidobiani TanamSromloba da erTa ligac win ver aRudga
totalitaruli da eqspansionisturi qveynebis destruqciul qmedebebs.
Sesabamisad, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi xelaxla gaJRerda klasikuri
realistebis: Tukidides, makiavelis da hobsis moZRvrebebi.
liberaluri idealizmis yvelaze yovlismomcveli kritika mogvca
britanelma saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis specialistma eduard qarma,
Tavis sayovelTaod cnobil naSromSi ”ocwliani krizisi”, romelic
pirvelad 1939 wels gamoica. qaris TqmiT, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis
liberalurma moazrovneebma arasworad waikiTxes istoriuli faqtebi da
ver gauges saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis bunebas. maT SecdomiT swamdaT,
rom aseTi urTierTobebi SeiZleboda dafuZneboda qveynebs da xalxebs
Soris interesebis harmoniulobas. qaris TqmiT yvelaferi piriqiTaa: Cven
unda vivaraudoT, rom arsebobs fundamenturi interesTa konfliqti
qveynebsa da xalxebs Soris. zogierTi qveyana da zogierTi erebi ukeT
arian, vidre sxvebi. isini Seecdebian TavianTi privilegirebuli poziciis
SenarCunebas da dacvas. uqonlebi ki ibrZoleben situaciis Sesacvlelad.
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi, martivad rom iTqvas, aris swored brZola
aseT konfliqtur iteresebsa da survilebs Soris. swored am mizeziT
1 Robert Jackson and Georg Sorensen. Introduction to International Relations: theories and approaches, Oxford University Press, second edition, 2003, p. 34-63.
6
interdependence in an information age means even more open channels of communication between different societies in the world. However, information revolution is still in its early phase and power politics still dominates international relations because information is flowing in the domains already occupied by politics. At the same time, interdependence is not global. Industrial countries with soft and hard power resources, which are mainly advanced democracies, have an upper hand.
Lecture VII: Institutions This lecture focuses on institutions, their theoretical underpinnings and their utility for
facilitating international cooperation. Institutions are defined mainly as set of rules which govern state action in particular areas. These sets of rules are also called regimes. Stephen Krasner offers the most elaborative definition of regimes: “International regimes are defined as principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures around which actors expectations converge in a given issue-area.” The three major approaches that exist towards regimes, which are structural approach, modified structural approach and an approach based on Grotiusian tradition is discussed. In summary, we identify that traditional structural approach does not perceive regimes seriously, they believe that if main causal indicators change, regimes will change as well and that regimes cannot affect actions independently. According to modified structural approach regimes are important only when independent decisions can lead to unfavorable ends and the third approach maintains that regimes are inalienable parts of social life and consequently of international system.
The great debate on the futility or utility of regimes/institutions that is ensuing among realists and liberal institutionalists is also covered by taking look at John Mearsheimer’s “False Promise of International Institutions”, Lisa Martin and Robert Keohane’s reply article “Promise of Institutionalist Theory,” and a “Realist Reply,” by Mearsheimer.
Lecture VIII: Cooperation under Anarchy Based on historical evidence, there have been more conflicts than instances of
cooperation - situation which provides a fertile ground for realism to flourish. According to realism, relations between states in the anarchical world is doomed to the state of constant conflict in which states can only count on themselves. Whatever cooperation exists in the world they prescribe it to the hegemonic order. This means that hegemon, the US, creates institutions which facilitate cooperation but that these institutions are carriers of hegemonic interests and their existence is related to the existence of a hegemon.
Representatives of liberal school deny the aforementioned argument and point at contemporary networks of cooperation in many fields which they see as a positive current in the world politics. We discuss Robert Keohane’s After Hegemony as an example of how liberal institutionalism sees institutions and their role in world politics. It also explains game theories (based on Keohane and Jervis) and how they are illustrating difficulties of cooperation (prisoner’s dilemma).
95
Lecture IX: Constructivism This lecture is devoted to explaining constructivism as a theory of IR. A seminal work by
Alexander Wendt, Anarchy is what States Make of It is discussed, which in fact is one of the most popular and most cited pieces of writing in IR. In his article, Wendt contests the assumption by Waltz about international relations. Wendt accepts the main ontological assumptions of Neorealists’, asserting that contemporary state system constitutes a competitive self-help system but he rejects the traditional Waltzian understanding of anarchy, disputs the causal relations between anarchy and the self-help system and attempts to demonstrate that anarchy does not necessarily generate self-help.
Wendt argus that self-help, far from being a natural corollary to anarchy, is only an institution. States created it so states could change it as well. For Wendt, Neorealists make a priori assumptions about the state identity, which is unacceptable. State identity in Neorealist terms, would be the perception of the world as a self-help system, which initially predisposes a state to the use of force. There is no reason, according to Wendt, to give self-help such an “exalted position”, since Neorealists in the first place fail to explain how does anarchy lead to the self-help system.
Wendt on the other hand argues that the identity of the states is shaped not by the structure but by the process and interactions among the states. Structure of the international systems, as defined by Waltz in terms of ordering principle, distribution of capabilities and the character of the units can not explain why do states appear in the self-help world. What explains the identity of the units (whether self-help or not) is the process of interaction among the units. Fundamental claim that Wendt is making is that people and states act towards objects according to what meaning that object carries. Alter will only use force or try to diminish Ego, if they are foes and not friends, rivals, rather than allies. These collective meanings constitute the structures which organize the state actions.
Wendt does not preclude the possibility of the state system where states can only rely on the self-help, what he argues is that, focusing only on this type of system does not give the full picture of the international relations. In contrast he suggests that international security systems can be either competitive, individualistic or cooperative, which he later dubbed in his book as Hobbesian, Lockean and Kantian systems. Only first two of these are characterized by self-help, while the third is a cooperative system where collective prosocial interests prevail.
This lecture also considers Jonathan Mercer’s critique of Wendt. Mercer strikes at the core of Wendt’s argument that states might produce other system than self-help, which is an other-help system. by analyzing European Union and applying SIT Mercer demonstrates that group of European States, even though they cooperate still discriminate against those states who are out of the group. In short, by identifying their own group against some other group, states still create self-help system which is far from the altruistic other-help system. Within their own group states might have the convergence of their national identities towards a common European identity, which is still a doubtful issue, though they still identify themselves negatively and restrictively against different groups. Example for that would be simple. Immigration and asylum policy of the European Union, the developments of the concepts of the safe third countries and the growth of the readmission agreements demonstrate that European Union is more discriminatory against the citizens and nationals of the foreign states than of their own. Social Identity Theory and Mercer’s application of the theory do not suggest that constructivist approach is not valid. The emphasis on identity is ‘exciting’, though it does not explain how the system can change, neither can it explain how the process changes the identity and then the system.
96
safrangeTi, 1916 weli). amis gamarTleba ar arsebobda. dikinsoni ambobda,
rom “omi ar aris adamianis bunebis gardauvali Sedegi, is bunebis gar-
kveuli pirobebSi gamovlenaa,” xolo arnold toinbim oms “kacobriobis
momakvdinebeli seni” uwoda.
idealizmi gaxda erTgvari pasuxi kiTxvaze, Tu ratom xdeba omi? ratom
ganagrZobdnen oms qveynebi maSin, rodesac amdeni msxverplis gaTvalis-
winebiT omidan Semosuli mogeba sul ufro mcirdeboda.
am kiTxvebze pasuxi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis farglebSi didad
iyo dafuZnebuli or oms Soris gabatonebul tradiciaze, romelic li-
beraluri idealizmis saxeliTaa cnobili. am tradiciis mixedviT, saWiro
iyo ZalTa balansis da aliansebis sistemis Secvla.
maSasadame, idealizmze dafuZnebuli xedva/mizani iyo Semdegi: msof-
lio sistemis reformireba da avtokratiul saxelmwifoebSi Sida cvli-
lebebis moxdena.
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentis, vudro uilsonis mier wa-
moyenebuli cnobili 14 punqti miiCneva idealizmis manifestad. igi moi-
cavs punqtebs saidumlo diplomatis aRkveTis Sesaxeb da SeTanxmebebis
Riad dadebis aucileblobis Sesaxeb. ouwodebs, rom iyos navigaciis Ta-
visufleba, TviTgamorkveva yvelasTvis, SeiaraRebis Semcireba da ase Sem-
deg, xolo bolo punqtad mocemuli aqvs erTa ligis Camoyalibeba, ro-
melic unda yofiliyo organizacia, romelic daicavda saerTaSoriso
wesrigs da mSvidobas.
vilsoniseuli idealizmi mokled rom vTqvaT, gulisxmobda racio-
naluri da inteligenturi saerTaSoriso organizaciebis Seqmnas da amiT
omis Sekavebas, rac unda gamxdariyo safuZveli msoflioSi samudamo
mSvidobis damkvidrebisa.
norman anjeli aseve aris idealizmis erT-erTi TvalsaCino war-
momadgeneli. Tavis naSromSi — didi iluzia (1909), igi ambobda, rom
zogierTs jer kidev hgonia, rom omi aris momgebiani, xolo dRevandel
samyaroSi es ase ar aris. anjeli gamoTqvamda imeds, rom saxelmwifoebi
(maTi liderebi) Tu gaiziareben am faqts, mixvdebian omis uSedegobas da
usargeblobas. misi azriT, rac ufro win waiwevda modernizacia, miT ufro
urTierTdamokidebuli gaxdeboda msoflio da Sesabamisad omi gaxdeboda
usargeblo.
uilsonis da anjelis mosazrebebi eyrdnoba azrs, rom adamianebi arian
racionalurebi, da Tuki isini gonebiT miudgebian saerTaSoriso urTi-
erTobebs maSin Seqmnian iseT saerTaSoriso organizaciebs, romlebic
yvelas sikeTes moutans.
liberaluri ideebis gavrcelebis erT-erTi triumfi iyo saxelmwi-
foebs Soris 1928 wels dadebuli kelog-brianis paqti, romlis mixed-
viTac saxelmwifoebi uars acxadebdnen saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi
Zalis gamoyenebaze da konfliqtebis mSvidobiani gziT mogvarebas
irCevdnen. magram, istoriam naTelhyo liberaluri ideologiis kraxi.
nacizmis aRzevebasTan erTad — italia, espaneTi, germania, aRmosavleT
5
leqcia I: saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis disciplinis
Camoyalibeba da didi debatebi
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis,
rogorc samecniero disciplinis Camoyalibeba
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis, rogorc akademiuri disciplinis Camo-
yalibeba didad ganapiroba XX saukunis dasawyisSi msoflios dapiris-
pirebul banakebad dayofam da 1914 wels pirveli msoflio omis gaCaRebam.
CamoyalibebisTanave saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi ganviTarda konkre-
tuli ideologiuri mimarTulebiT da misi xedva aigo erTi Teoriis —
idealizmis safuZvelze. pirveli msoflio omiT gamowveuli didZali
msxverplis Sedegad msoflioSi momwifda Sexeduleba, rom aucilebelad
unda Seswavliliyo omis gamomwvevi mizezebi, raTa momavalSi Tavidan
aecilebinaT msgavsi damangreveli movlenebi. swored idealizmi gaxda is
ideologia, romlis principebze dayrdnobiTac momavalSi kacobriobas
unda SeZleboda am damangreveli fenomenis Tavidan acileba.
aRsaniSnavia, rom pirvel msoflio omamde saerTaSoriso urTierTo-
bebi, rogorc samecniero disciplina ar arsebobda da mis funqciebs
ZiriTadad samarTali da istoria iTavsebda. ZiriTadad istorikosebi,
ufro zustad ki, diplomatiis istorikosebi iyvnen dakavebulni sxva-
dasxva istoriuli faqtebis analiziT, Tumca, am faqtebis ganzogadebasa
da daskvnebis gamotanaze aravin fiqrobda. aseve aRsaniSnavia, publicis-
tikis da Jurnalistebis roli; aq SegviZlia gavixsenoT vinme ainStainis
statia, romelic pirveli msoflio omis win gamoqveynda amerikaSi, sadac
avtori mouwodebda amerikis mTavrobas yuradReba mieqcia evropaSi mim-
dinare movlenebisaTvis da ar gaegrZelebina izolacionisturi politika.
imisaTvis, rom kargad mivxvdeT ra Teoriuli foni iyo Seqmnili
pirveli msoflio omis droindel evropaSi, sakmarisia gavixsenoT karl
fon klauzevicis sityvebi — omi diplomatiis ufro Zlieri formaa, xolo
sabrZolo asparezi molaparakebebis konferenciis gagrZeleba. aqedan
Cans, rom omi sul ufro da ufro xSirad gamoiyeneboda rogorc
instrumenti politikuri miznebis misaRwevad. mxolod pirveli msoflio
omis Semdeg mixvdnen wamyvani qveynebis politikuri elitebi, rom omis
Sedegad miRebuli situacia ar SeiZleboda yofiliyo aravisTvis mom-
gebiani da swored pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg Seiqmna pirveli saswavlo
centrebi da departamentebi, sadac saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi iswav-
leboda. pirveli kaTedra, sadac saerTaSoriso politika iswavleboda,
iyo uelsSi, aberisTviTis universitetSi, xolo saerTaSoriso urTierTo-
bebis departamenti pirvelad jorjtaunis universitetSi daarsda. ori-
vegan es moxda 1919 wels.
am periodSi moRvawe specialistebis mier omi aRqmul iqna rogorc
tragedia, radgan pirvelma msoflio omma moitana uamravi msxverpli.
zogierT brZolebSi 100 000-ze meti adamianic ki daRupula (magaliTad,
4
Lecture X: NATO Enlargement and IR Theories This lecture is aimed at displaying to the students how different theories of International
Relations explain the same issue differently. At the same time the idea is to show that no theory can explicate the issue to the fullest and each of them offers a different perspective of the issues which in the end gives a better understanding of the real world situation, in our case the NATO enlargement after the end of the Cold War.
Realism: the early prediction of realists on the fate of NATO was that it should disappear with the collapse of the Soviet Union or reconstruct itself on the basis of the new distribution of power in Europe. Realists have been heavily chastised for not being able to predict NATO’s fate, an institution that not only persisted after the end of the Cold War, but also emerged as the most dynamic military organization in the world. Despite their initial failure to predict the fall of NATO, realists argued that they had not been altogether wrong in their predictions. For example, Keneth Waltz argues in his essay “the Balance of Power and NATO expansion” that his prediction has been already borne out, since one cannot say against whom NATO is defending.
Waltz explains NATO expansion in terms of the balance of power. He argues that with the demise of the Soviet Union the international political system became unipolar, with the US as the single most powerful nation in the world. According to Waltz, “as nature abhors vacuum, so international politics abhors unbalanced power.”Waltz names three reasons why the decision to enlarge NATO came into being. First, the one with the least importance for Waltz is the fact that organizations, especially big ones, have long lives. The second and most important reason is that NATO expansion is a means of maintaining and lengthening America’s presence in the foreign and military affairs of Europe. The third reason is the influence of domestic politics on the decision taken by the US executive. In other words, Waltz demonstrates that institutions serve national rather then international interests, unlike the other two theories discussed below.
Liberalism: A central claim of institutionalist theory is that once created, institutions tend to persist, because it is cheaper to maintain institutions than to create new ones. Therefore, when confronted with new sets of problems, states seek to modify an already existing institution to meet new challenges. Thus, institutional liberal theories have easier time explaining why NATO persisted after the end of the Cold War even when the enemy that it was supposed to counter disappeared. To illustrate a liberal point of view this lecture looks at major work on this issue, mainly of Celeste Wallander and Robert McCalla.
In her efforts to explain NATO expansion, Celeste Wallander provides a great addition to the institutionalist literature. She agrees with Keohane that institutions persist because they are costly to create and less costly to maintain, so they may remain useful despite changed circumstances; however, she states that this argument is incomplete, since it does not tell us when institutions persist and when they do not.
According to Wallander, “an institution will not persist if it no longer serves the interests of its members . . . either the institution adapts to change depends on whether its assets – its norms, rules, and procedures – are specific or general, and on whether its mix of assets matches the kinds of security problems faced by its members.” According to Wallander, NATO persists because it developed general assets during the Cold War, such as transparency among its members, civilian control over the military, practices and procedures for consultation, an integrated command structure, interoperability among its members, logistics and air defense, and a common economic infrastructure.
97
Robert McCalla also builds on the literature on international institutions to explain NATO persistence after the Cold War. In his case study he shows how NATO shed its Cold War responsibilities and replaced them with new mechanisms that were necessary to deal with the new security environment.
Constructivism: Constructivists mostly think of institutions, as the “institutional articulation of international communities of values and norms whose definitions, rules, and principles are encoded in the prescriptions” they elaborate “for nation state practice” (Connie L. McNeely , 1995). The enlargement of an institution is perceived as a process of “socialization” during which an international community and its organizations “teach” their constitutive norms and values to states and societies.” The organization is interested in spreading its norms and values and thus the cost of “teaching” has a marginal or subordinate role. However, costs should not extend beyond the capabilities of the member states in order not to threaten the existence of the organization itself.
Thus, for constructivists, NATO is not simply a military alliance as it is for realists, nor is it a functional international institution alone as regarded by liberal institutionalists; rather, it is an organization of an international community of values and norms. It is embedded in the Euro-Atlantic or “Western” community and represents its military arm. Therefore, the NATO enlargement process starts when “a state seeks membership,” that is to say, when a state is interested in sharing Western norms and values and actual membership is granted when a country is perceived by the community as reliably sharing the liberal values and the multilateralist norms of the Western community. Based on the above mentioned notion of “socialization” and “teaching,” Shimmelfennig hypothesizes that a state is included into an international organization if it reliably shares the community values and norms. The faster it learns, the earlier it becomes a member.
Lecture XI: International Relations and Domestic Politics
As domestic and international relations are criss-crossing each other, naturally they determine and influence each other. The question however is how and when do these two levels define and influence each other. An answer to this question is given by Robert D. Putnat in his renown article Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: the Logic of two Level Games and his subsequent edited volume Double Edged Diplomacy which offers ample case studies where both domestic and international decision making are involved.
Putnam suggests to look at international negotiations as two level games, that is game at the national level, and game at the domestic level. As it turns out neither of the two games can be ignored by central decision-makers, so long as their countries remain interdependent, yet sovereign. The Success of the negotiation depends on the size of the win-sets and whether the win-sets of the two parties overlap. He defines win-sets as the set of all possible Level I (international) agreements that would win, that is gain necessary majority among constituents at Level II (domestic level). Thus, contours of the Level II win-sets are very important for understanding Level I agreements. Larger the win-sets bigger the chance of an agreement and vise-versa.
98
sarCevi
leqcia I
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis
disciplinis Camoyalibeba da didi debatebi 4
leqcia II
Teoriis roli saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi 14
leqcia III
klasikuri realizmi 17
leqcia IV
neorealizmi 22
leqcia V
TavdacviTi da TavdasxmiTi realizmi 30
leqcia VI
liberalizmi 34
leqcia VII
reJimebi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi 40
leqcia VIII
TanamSromloba anarqiis pirobebSi 44
leqcia IX
konstruqtivizmi da misi kirtika 48
leqcia X
natos gafarToeba da
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoriebi 55
leqcia XI
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi da saSinao politika 62
leqcia XII
patara qveynebi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi 66
leqcia XIII
globalizacia 71
leqcia XII
saerTaSoriso politikuri ekonomia 74
THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 90
3
socialur mecnierebaTa seria
mTavari redaqtori: marine CitaSvili
enobrivi redaqtori: lia kaWarava
dakabadoneba, ydis dizaini: giorgi bagrationi
© socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006
© Center for Social Sciences, 2006
q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. # 10
el. fosta: [email protected]
internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge
wigni momzadebulia da gamocemulia `socialur mecnierebaTa
centris” (Center for Social Sciences) mier, fondis OSI – Zug, budapeStis Ria sazogadoebis institutis umaRlesi ganaTlebis
mxardaWeris programis (HESP) finansuri xelSewyobiT
The book has been published by the Center for Social Sciences, sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foundation and the Higher Education Support Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Budapest.
ISBN: 99940 - 872 - 6 – 6
Lecture XII: Small States in International Relations
The lecture starts off by discussing Dr. Alexander Rondeli’s book on Small States in International Relations, which students are given to read in full. It is explained that the issue of small states in IR is fraught with contradictions and conceptual confusion over definitions of what is small and what is weak. There are absolute definitions of the term and also relative definitions. The Neorealist School applies the relative definitions of small states. For them power is the most important factor in the international relations. Powerful states are those that can exert their influence on the international system. Consequently, small states are those that can not have any significant influence on the changes in international system.
For Kenneth Waltz, the main criterion that qualifies a state as being small is precisely their inability to amend international system. For Neorealists small states are “rather stakes than players” they are “consumers rather than producers of the security.” Some authors go even further and treat small states as ‘anachronisms’ of international relations. “A small state is a vacuum in a high pressure area. It does not live because of its strength but because nobody wants its territory, or because its preservation as a buffer state or as a weight in the balance of power is of interest to a stronger nation. When the balance disappears, the small state usually disappears with it”. One of the most accepted definition of the small state comes from Keohane, who combines Rothstein’s subjective element with Neorealist systemic effect and concludes that weakness/strength of the country should derive from the “systemic role that states’ leaders see their countries playing”. By applying psychological and systemic criteria Keohane concludes, that “a small power is a state whose leaders consider that it can never, acting alone or in a small group make a significant impact on a system.
Schweller categorizes the states as lions, lambs, jackals and wolves. The first two are
the status-quo states whereas the other two are revisionist. Lions are the great powers that rule the system and promote their national interests, often even by force. Jackals are those countries that value what they have more than what they can obtain from the system, but who would definitely get involved in the conflict if the chance of gaining is reasonable. Wolves value what they might obtain more than what they have and in most cases they are the aggressor states, whereas the lambs are the weak states, who try to stay away from the world politics and maintain their security by all means. According to Schweller weak states are termed as lambs since “they possess relatively weak capabilities, or suffer from poor state-society relations for a variety of reasons; their elites and institutions may lack legitimacy with the masses; they may be internally divided along ethnic, political, class, religious or tribal lines; the state’s ideology may conflict and be imposed on the popular culture; or they may be what Samuel Huntington calls torn countries: states “that have a fair” degree of cultural homogeneity but are divided over whether their society belongs to one civilization or another” (Schweller, 1994).
Lecture XIII: Globalization This lecture is aimed at first of all introducing the essentials of Globalization to
students, that is what does the phenomenon represent, what are the indicators and what kind of effect does it have. It is explained that due to the complexity of the process there is no single agreed upon definition of Globalization. However, in general it has been variously
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conceived as action at a distance, as a compressor of time and space pressure, as a tool for accelerating interdependence, as making the world shrink and as an agent of change in contemporary political system. It is also explained that not all scholars believe in globalization which they perceive as a myth or an ideology to promote new liberal imperialism. Students are exposed to this great theoretical debate between globalists and skeptics and are encouraged to find their own understanding of the phenomenon.
Lecture XIV: International Political Economy Due to the fact that not every student of IR might have a background in Economics, it is
necessary to familiarize students with basic elements of macroeconomics. Therefore, most of the lecture is devoted to explaining to students such basic concepts as free trade, the balance of payments (its constituting categories and some examples), monetary and fiscal policy, exchange rates and trade deficits, how exchange rates affect trade and relationships between exchange rates, trade and macroeconomic policy.
As for the theories of IPE, lecture covers such theories as hegemonic stability theory, North South debates, economic globalization and the role of states.
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socialur mecnierebaTa seria
saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebis
Teoria
momzadebulia socialur mecnierebaTa centris
akademiuri stipendiis safuZvelze
saleqcio kursi
socialuri mecnerebebis magistraturisaTvis
eka akobia
Tbilisi
2006