dspace.nplg.gov.gedspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/303181/1/... · 3 XV-XVI saukuneebis saqarTvelos sagareo politikuri urTierTobebis Seswavla nakarnaxevia samecniero da praqtikuli

goris universiteti

eldar mamisTvaliSvili

saqarTvelos

sagareo politika da

diplomatia

I(XV-XVI ss.)

vuZRvni

profesor givi Jordanias

naTel xsnovnas

gamomcemloba `meridiani~

Tbilisi 2009

3

XV-XVI saukuneebis saqarTvelos sagareo politikuri urTierTobebis

Seswavla nakarnaxevia samecniero da praqtikuli miznebiT. XX s. ukanasknel mexu-

Tedsa da XXI s. pirvel aTwledSi radikalurad Seicvala Cveni qveynis saerTa-

Soriso mdgomareoba, gaizarda misi geopolitikuri mniSvneloba. saqarTvelo kv-

lav, iseve rogorc antikursa da Sua saukuneebSi, Tavisi gansakuTrebuli

geografiuli da strategiuli mdebareobis gamo, wamyvani saxelmwifoebis inter-

esebis sferoSia. dRes saxezea da momavalSi kidev ufro gaizrdeba Cveni qveynis

mniSneloba. jer kidev mimdinareobs brZola msoflios wamyvan saxelmwifoebs

Soris masze gavlenis mopovebisaTvis. warsulis gamocdilebis Seswavlasa da

praqtikul saqmianobaSi gaTvaliswinebas mniSvnelovani pozitiuri Sedegis motana

SeuZlia dRevandeli saqarTvelos sagareo politikis sworad warmarTvisaTvis.

saxelmwifoTa Soris urTierTobebSi miznebi TiTqmis igive, gardasuli epoqebisa

darCa, Seicvala maTi ganxorcielebis meTodebi da saSualebebi.

wignSi ganxiluli sakiTxebi saswavlo disciplinis saxiT mravali welia is-

wavleba goris universitetis istoriis specialobaze. igi gamoqveynebuli monografi-

is saxiT mniSvnelovani damxmare saxelmZRvanelo iqneba studentebisaTvis, isarge-

bleben istorikosebi da Cveni qveynis warsuliT dainteresebuli adamianebi.

The study of the foreign political relationship of Georgia in the XV-XVI centuries has a scientifi c and practical aim. In the last quarter of the XX century and in the fi rst ten-year of the XXI century the international status of our country radically changed and also its geopolitical importance grew. Due to its special geographical and strategic location Georgia is again interesting for the leading countries, as it was in the ancient epoch and in the Middle Ages. Today it is already a fact and in the future the importance of our country will grow. The struggle for having Georgia under the infl uence still exists between the leading coun-tries of the world. The study of the past experience and its usage in practical activities nowadays can be positive for the right direction of the foreign policy of Georgia. The aims of the relationships between the countries remain the same, but the methods and means of their realization are changed.

The problems examined in the book have been lectured as an educational discipline at Gori University within the speciality of history over a long period of time. Its publication as a monograph will be of great use for the students as well as for historians and all people interested in the past of our country.

© gamomcemloba `meridiani~, 2009

© eldar mamisTvaliSvili

ISBN 978-9941-0-1421-5 G

UDC(uak) 327(479.22)+94(479.22) m _ 243

Sinaarsi

saqarTvelo da antiosmaluri

koaliciebi (XV-XVI)

Sesavali ......................................................................................................................5

1. saqarTvelos sagareo urTierTobani XV s. pirvel

naxevarSi ......................................................................................................... 22

2. evropuli antiosmaluri diplomatia da saqarTvelo

(XV s. 50-60-iani wlebis mijna) .....................................................39

3. saerTaSoriso urTierTobani antiosmaluri koaliciis

Sesaqmnelad XV s. 70-ian wlebSi da saqarTvelo ................64

4. qarTuli diplomatia evropaSi mokavSiris ZiebaSi

(XV s. 90 wlebi). ................................................................................... 94

5. saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebis sagareo urTierTobani

da diplomatia XVI s. dasawyisidan _ 70-ian wlebamde..102

6. iran_osmaleTis omi da saqarTvelo (1578-1590 ww.) .......... 185

7. saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebis sagareourTierTobani

da diplomatia XVI s. 80-ian wlebSi ........................................ 265

8. saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebis sagareo urTierTobani

da diplomatia XVI s. 90-ian wlebSi ....................................... 291

samcxe-saaTabagos sagareo urTierTobis

istoriidan (XV s. II naxevari _ XVII s. I meoTxedi)

1. samcxelebi sefianTa saxelmwifoSi mimdinare

dinastiur brZolaSi ............................................................................333

2. aTabagi qaixosro II da dedisimed II .............................................383

3. saaTabagos urTierToba iran-osmaleTTan XVI s. bolo

meoTxedsa da XVII s. I meoTxedSi .............................................. 398

4 5

saqarTvelo da antiosmaluri

koaliciebi (XV-XVI ss.)1

Sesavali

dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis qveynebis urTierTobas

xangrZlivi istoria aqvs da igi ZiriTadad vaWrobas gu-

lisxmobs. aRmosavleTTan vaWrobam didi roli Seasrula

evropaSi iseTi dargebis ganviTarebaSi, romelTa produqcia

sagareo bazarze orientirebuli iqneboda. yvelaze adre ase-

Ti warmoeba gaCnda italiaSi, romelic Tavisi moxerxebuli

geografiuli mdebareobis gamo aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs

Soris urTierTobaSi bunebriv Suamavlad iqca. italiis

savaWro-samrewvelo centrebis (jer amalfi, Semdeg piza,

genua, venecia, ufro gvian florencia) ekonomikuri mniS-

vneloba gansakuTrebiT jvarosnuli laSqrobebis dros da

mis Semdgom gaizarda.

XIII s. Sua xanebidan jvarosnuli laSqrobebi anaqroniz-

mad gadaiqca. palestinis placdarmebi, romelTa SenarCuneba

uaRresad Zviri jdeboda, sasurvel sargebels ar aZlevda

arc italiis savaWro qalaqebs da arc dasavleTi evropis

did saxelmwifoebs. pirveli oTxi laSqrobis mniSvneloba

imaSi mdgomareobda, rom maTi wyalobiT evropelebma gaicnes

da aiTvises aRmosavleTis savaWro-saqaravno gzebi. meoTxe

jvarosnuli laSqroba SemTxveviT ar dasrulda konstanti-

nopolis aRebiT. es qalaqi umniSvnelovanesi sazRvao da

saxmeleTo gzebis gadakveTaze mdebareobda. am gzebze gaba-

1 ̀ saqarTvelo da antiosmaluri koaliciebi (XV-XVI ss.)~ warmoadgens

avtoris mier 1981 wels gamoqveynebuli monografiis _ `saqarTvelos sagareo

politikluri urTierTobani XV saukunis meore naxevarsa da XVI sauku-

neSi (evropuli wyaroebis mixed viT)~ gadamuSavebul da Sevsebul variants.

bolo wlebSi gamoqveynda saintereso do kumentebi da gamokvlevebi, ris gamoc aucilebeli gaxda adre gamoTqmuli zogierTi mo sazrebis gadaxedva, an axali

faqtebiT ganmtkiceba.

odiSis samTavros sagareo

urTierTobebis istoriidan

1. odiSis samTavros genuis respublikasTan urTierTobis

istoriidan ..................................................................................................444

2. odiSis samTavros osmaleTTan urTierTobis

istoriidan(XVI s. 50-iani wlebi) ............................................... 468

wyaroebi da literatura ...................................................... 476

MAMISTVALISHVILI ELDAR _ FOREIGN POLICY AND DIPLOMACY OF GEORGIA IN 15TH - 16TH CENTURIES ..........497

МАМИСТВАЛИШВИЛИ Э.М. _ ВНЕШНЯЯ ПОЛИТИКА И ДИПЛОМАТИЯ ГРУЗИНСКИХ ЦАРСТВ И КНЯЖЕСТВВ XV-XVI ВЕКАХ .............................................................................510

saZieblebi ................................................................................................... 524

6 7

tonebiT dainteresebuli iyo italiis qalaqebi. 1204 wels

Seqmnili laTinTa im peria maSinve venecielebis aRmosavleT-

Tan vaWrobis dasayrdenad gadaiqca.

italiis qalaq-saxelmwifoebi _ venecia, genua, piza,

florencia, milani, siena, luka _ XII-XIII saukuneebSi

swrafad viTardebodnen. maT moimkes jvarosnuli laSqrobe-

bis pirveli nayofi. evropis bazris gafarToveba, aRmosav-

leTTan vaWrobis zrda, siriis, palestinis, mcire aziis,

balkaneTis mdidar olqebze yaCaRuri Tavdasxmebi _ yve-

laferi es xels uwyobda italiis qalaqebis ayvavebas. XIII

saukuneSi isini gadaiqcnen xelosnuri warmoebis umsxviles

centrebad. florenciulma maudma, lukas abreSumma, genuis

xaverdma, milanis iaraRebma, veneciurma SuSam saxeli gaiTq-

va ara mxolod italiaSi, aramed mis sazRvrebs ga reTac.

amuSavebdnen ra upiratesad ucxoeTidan Semozidul nedleuls

(inglisuri da espanuri matyli, liToni _ CexeTis, saq-

soniis, SvedeTis, inglisisa da avstriis maRaroebidan),

florencielebi, genuelebi, venecielebi, lombardielebi

afarToebdnen TavianT saqmianobas sa fangeTSi, inglisSi, ara-

gonSi, kastiliaSi, portugaliaSi, germaniaSi. sul ufro

izrdeboda italieli vaWrebisa da bankirebis gavlena.

jvarosnuli laSqrobebis umniSvnelvanesi Sedegi is iyo,

rom aR mosavleTTan vaWrobaSi Suamavlis roli, romelic

winaT aRmosavlel vaWrebs _ berZnebs, arabebs, sirielebs da

ebraelebs ekuTvnodaT, axla italielebis monopoliad gad-

aiqca. es ukanasknelni TviTon iZendnen saqonels aRmosav-

leTSi da evropis qveynebSi mihqondaT. aRmosavleTTan

vaWrobaSi gansakuTrebiT dawinaurda genua, piza da venecia.

maTma flotma araerTxel gauwia daxmareba jvarosan rain-

debs. samagierod am qalaqebma didi privilegiebi moipoves

jvarosnebis mier dapyrobil teritoriebze. yvela mniS-

vnelovan navsadgurSi maT TavianTi faqto riebi daarses.

dapyrobil adgilebSi TandaTan fexi moikides xmel TaSua

zRvis sanapiroze mdebare sxva qveynebis qalaqebmac: marsel-

ma1, nar bonam, monpeliem, barselonam. amave dros aRmosav-

leTSi saqmianobas iwyeben florencieli vaWrebic.

jvarosnuli omebis Semdeg dasaxelebulma qalaqebma

aRmosav leTis vaWrobidan bizantielebi gandevnes. ital-

ielebma aRmosavleTTan vaWrobis sadaveebi imdenad igdes

xelT, rom isini bizantiel vaWrebs konkurencias uwevdnen

TviT bizantiaSic ki.

yvelas mainc Crdilo italiis orma qalaqma-respublikam

_ ve neciam da genuam ajoba. maTi simdidrisa da Zlierebis

mTavari wyaro evropasa da aRmosavleTs Soris satranzito

vaWroba iyo. amave dros veneciis da genuis Sinagani wyo-

bileba SesaniSnavad Seexameboda farTo savaWro saqmianobas.

mTeli Zala-ufleba vaWar-patriciebs ekuTvnodaT, maTi iyo

agreTve vaWrobidan miRebuli mogebis udidesi nawili.

genuasa da venecias Soris mudmivi konkurencia da mtro-

ba sufevda. winaaRmdegoba gansakuTrebiT gamZafrda XIII s.

dasawyisidan, romelmac sisxlismRvreli koloniuri omis

saxe miiRo. omma siria da mTeli xmelTaSua zRva moicva da

arc maSin Sewyda, roca saerTo mteri _ muslimebi antioq-

iasa da tripols daeuflnen da 1291 w. axlo aRmosavleTSi

jvarosnebis ukanaskneli dasayrdeni akrac daeca. isini urT-

ierT SuRls ganagrZobdnen Semdeg saukuneebSic. brZola

mwvave xasiaTs atarebda, konstantinopolis dacemac, garkveu-

li gagebiT, maT Soris gauTavebeli brZolis Sedegi iyo,

magram erTmaneTis saboloo gandevna maT verasodes moax-

erxes. zogirT adgilebSi upiratesoba Tu venecielebs hqon-

daT, sxvagan genuelebi pirvelobdnen. saerTod ki, savaWro

1 safrangeTis monawileoba aRmosavleTis (levantis) vaWrobaSi siste-

mur xasiaTs iZens da gansakuTrebiT viTardeba XV s. Sua xanebidan, Sarl VII-is mrCevlisa da xazinadris Jak keris uSualo moRvaweobis Sedegad. Плеш-кова А., Левантская торговля Франции в середине XV века (торгого-предпринимательская деятельность Жака Кера). «Вестник Московского университета», серия IX, история, М., 1970 , с. 55.

8 9

kavSirs orive mainc yvelgan inarCunebda manamde, vidre isini

sabolood osmalebma ar gandevnes.

mokled gadavxedoT evropis qveynebis, maT Soris ital-

iis qalaq-saxelmwifoebis _ veneciis da genuis, urTierTo-

bas aRmosavleTTan.

* * *

genua aqtiurad monawileobda pirvel jvarosnul

laSqrobaSi da didi sargebelic naxa. igi Zlier sazRvao

saxelmwifod gadaiqca. jvarosnebis mier dapyrobil teri-

toriebze genuam daaarsa savaWro ko lo niebi, romlebic

Semdeg evropasa da aRmosavleTis qveynebs Soris saSuamavlo

vaWrobis centrebad gadaiqca. imave droidan iwyeba genuis

brZola misi sagareo politikis mniSvnelovani problemis

gadaWrisaT vis _ Tavidan moicilos Crdilo italiis sxva

savaWro qalaqebis _ pizisa da veneciis kionkurencia.

dasaxelebuli qalaqebi imave dros urTierT konkurentebic

iyvnen. gzidan maT CamoSorebas genuisaTvis gan sakuTrebuli

mniSvneloba hqonda, radgan genueli vaWrebi aRmosavleTSi

TavianTi kapi talis dabandebas did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen

da iqidan iRebdnen yve laze met mogebas1.

jvarosnebis mier bizantiis imperiis mospobas da da amis

Sedegad veneciis gaZlierebas genua ver urigdeboda. 1261

wlis 13 marts mixeil paleologma da genuis warmomadgen-

lebma nimfeaSi gaaformes xelSek ruleba, romlis rati-

ficireba moxda genuaSi imave wlis 10 ivniss. xel Sekruleba

mimarTuli iyo venecielebisa da laTinTa imperiis wi naaRmdeg.

genuelebs yovelgvari daxmareba unda gaewiaT bizantiis im-

periis aRdgenisaTvis mebrZoli paleologebisaTvis, samagi-

1 Della Crimea, del suo commercio e dei suoi dominatori dalla origini fi no al di nostri. Commentari storici, dell avvocato Michele Giusaeppe Canale, v. II, Genova, 1855.

erod isini yvela im privilegias miiRebdnen, romlebsac

venecielebi flobdnen1.

papis Txovnam da eklesiidan gankveTis muqaram mizans

ver miaR wia. genuelebi flotsa da jars mainc gulmodgined

amzadebdnen laTinebis bizantiidan gansadevnad. miuxedavad

imisa, rom mixeil paleologi 1261 wlis 25 ivliss kon-

stantinopols genuelebis daxmarebis gareSe daeufla2, nim-

feis xelSek ruleba mainc ZalaSi darCa.

xelSekrulebaSi xazgasmuli iyo Savi zRvis Ses axeb,

romlis napirebis àTvisebas~ genuelebma da venecielebma

yuradReba miaqcies jer kidev XII saukuneSi3, magram maSin

bizantiis impe rias jer kidev Seswevda italielebisaTvis

winaaRmdegobis gawevis Zala. igi italielebs Savsa da azo-

vis zRvebSi naosnobas ukrZalavda. magram XIII s. Sua xaneb-

Si, roca monRolebis laSqrobebma mTel axlo aRmosavleTsa

da mcire aziaSi politikuri garTulebebi gamoiwvia, iq gama-

valma savaWro gzebma mniSvneloba dakarga. amas mohyva

savaWro-saqaravno gzebis CrdiloeTiT gadanacvleba4. Secvlil

viTarebaSi Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleTma sanapi rom gan-

sakuTrebuli mniSvneloba SeiZina, rac genuelebs mxedvelo-

bidan ar gamorCaT.

nimfeis xelSekrulebiT, genuelebs ufleba miecaT baJe-

bis gareSe ecuraT Sav zRvaSi. iqve aRniSnuli iyo, rom

yvela sxva `laTinebs~, gan sa kuTrebiT venecielebs, ekrZale-

bodaT Sav zRvaSi Sesvla. gamonaklisi daS vebuli iyo pi-

1 Heyd W. Geschichte des Levantehandels im Mittelalter, II B., Stuttgart, 1879 , S. 471-472.

2 genuelebma, imperatoris nebarTviT konstantinopolSi venecielebis

cixe daan gries da qvebi genuaSi waiRes Zvirfasi trofeis saxiT. genuelebma

amgvarad iZies Suri imisaTvis rac venecielebma genuelTa kolonia akonis aRe-

bis Semdeg Caidines. Ibidem, S. 272.3 Miklosich et Müller, Acta et diplomata graeca medii aevi, III, Vien, 1865,

p. 35.4 Скржинская Е. Р., Генуэзцы в Константинополе в XIV в., «Визан-

тииский временник», I, М., 1947 , с. 222.

10 11

zelebis mimarT, romlebsac imperatorTan megobruli urT-

ierToba hqondaT1.

1266 w. genuelebma oqros urdos yaenTan SeTanxmebiT

yirimSi miiRes q. feodosia, romelsac kafa ewoda. SemdegSi

es qalaqi genuelebis Sav zRvaSi mTavar dasayrdenad gadai-

qca.

XIV s. pirvel aTwleulSi genuelebs Savi zRvispireTSi

ramdenime aTeuli kolonia h qondaT. genuis droSa frialeb-

da azovis zRvis umniSvnelovanes navsadgurze _ tanazec (q .

azovi). tanadan sevastopoli samde (cxumi/soxumi) genuis 39

kolonia da dasaxleba arsebobda2.

Savi zRvis auzSi gabatonebis dros genuelebis umTavres

mizans aRmosavleTis qveynebTan, gansakuTrebiT indoeTTan

vaWrobaSi mo nopoliis mopoveba warmoadgenda3.

amgvarad, genuis saxiT Camoyalibda uzarmazari koloni-

uri sax elm wifo, romlis samflobeloebi kafadan seutamde

(maroko) iyo gadaWimuli. misi siZliere samxedro warmate-

bebSic gamoixata. man jer piza daamarcxa 1284 wels, xolo

1298 wels venecia.

kafa aRmosavleTTan vaWrobis umsxviles centrad gadai-

qca. iq mihqondaT da iqidan gahqondaT im drois yvela mniS-

vnelovani saqoneli. mis maxloblad mcxovrebi xalxebisagan

nayidi produqtebiT (xorbali, tyavi da sxv.) genuelebi

dasavleT evropas amaragebdnen. iqve iyo marilis sabadoebi,

1 Heyd W., Op. cit., S. 473.2 Зевакин Е. С. и Пенчко Н. А. Очерки по истории генуэзских ко-

лоний на Западном Кавказе. «Исторические записки», 13, Л., 1936, с. 793 indoeTTan vaWrobis gafarToebis mizniT, genuelebma Seadgines im

droisaTvis metad gabeduli proeqti, romelic gulisxmobda Semdegs: genu-

elebma arRun-yaens (1284-1291) SesTavazes sparseTis yureSi erToblivad Seeqm-

naT gansakuTrebuli navsadguri, romelsac daukavSirdeboda indoeTTan mTeli

vaWroba. am proeqtis ganxorcieleba veRar moxerxda genuaSi gvelfebsa da

gibelinebs Soris dawyebuli brZolis gamo. ix. Манандян Я. А., О торговле и городах Армении в связи мировой торговлей древных времен (V в. до н. эры _ XV в. н. эры), Ереван, 1954 , с. 297-298.

romlis produqcia sxva saeqsporto saqonels Soris pirvel

adgilze idga. kavkasiis mTieli mosaxleoba monebiT vaWrobis

mniSvnelovan wyaros warmoadgenda, raSic genuelebi udides

mogebas nax ulobdnen. kafeli vaWrebi evropul nawarms ta-

naSi rusul, Cinur da in dur saqonelze cvlidnen1.miuxedavad imisa, rom kafas metropoliisagan finansiuri

da politi kuri sakiTxebis gadaWraSi didi uflebebi hqonda

miniWebuli, mainc genuis uzenaisi xelisuflebis cnoba

savaldebulo iyo. kafas konsuls, iseve rogorc sxva kolo-

niebis konsulebs, genua niSnavda. igi kafasa da Savi zRvis

sxva koloniebSi saerTo, respublikisaTvis sa sargeblo

politikas atarebda. gacxovelebuli vaWrobidan miRebuli

mogebis da gadasaxadebis didi nawili metropoliis gankar-

gulebaSi gadadioda.

genuas savaWro koloniebis mmarTveloba dayofili hqon-

da samad: dasavleT xmelTaSua zRvispireTSi ganlagebul

koloniebs ganagebda uSu alod TviTon; pera ganagebda morea-

Si, arqipelagze, makedoniaSi, bulgareTsa da anatoliaSi

arsebul koloniebs; kafa _ yirimis, tamanis, saqarTvelos

(sevastopolisi/cxumi da quTaisi), azerbaijanis da sparse-

Tis sakonsuloebs2. romis papebma aRmosavleTSi kaTolikobis gavrcelebis

centrad kafa airCies. 1318 wels gaixsna kafas eparqia, 1333

wels ki _ misionerTa monas teri, sadac berebi aRmosavlur

enebs swavlobdnen da Semdeg ka Tolicizmis saqadageblad

sxvadasxva qveynebSi igzavnebodnen. genuelebs warmatebebiT tkbobis saSualebas venecielebi

ar aZlevd nen. isini ver eguebodnen Sav zRvaSi TavianTi

poziciebis Sesustebas. am or qalaq-respublikas Soris ar

wydeboda dava, romelic araerTxel sisxlismRvrel brZo-

1 Мурзакевич Н., История генуэзских колоний в Крыму, Одесса, 1837 , с. 35-38.

2 Тамже, с. 40.

12 13

laSi gadaizarda. am brZolis kulmi nacias warmoadgenda kio-

jas omi (1380 w.), romelis Semdeg dadebuli turinis zavi

(1381 w.) venecielebis xmelTaSua zRvis aRmosavleT nawilSi

sruli ba tonobis sawyisad gadaiqca. miuxedavad amisa,

TavianTi moxerxebulobisa da gambedaobis wyalobiT, genu-

elebma didad Selax uli poziciebi konstanti nopolSi 1453

wlamde, xolo Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze

1475 wlamde SeinarCunes.

* * *

veneciis rogorc msxvili savaWro centris ganviTareba

IX-X sau kuneebSi daiwyo. misi savaWro operaciebi am drois-

aTvis dasavleT evropis qveynebis bizntiaSi, siriasa da

egvipteSi SeZenili saqonliT mo maragebiT ganisazRvreboda.

veneciis ayvaveba iwyeba jvarosanTa laSqrobebis dros,

XI-XII sau kuneebSi, rodesac evropel raindebs am qalaqis

gemebze, sabrZolo iaraRebze da sxva saxis saqonelze didi

moTxovna hqondaT. venecia, Tavisi gemebiT jvarosnebis aR-

mosavleTSi gadayvanis sanacvlod, dapyrobil terito riebze

farTo savaWro privilegiebs iRebda.

rogorc ukve iTqva, italiis qalaqebis da, maT Soris

veneciis, le vantSi vaWrobas bizantiis imperia aferxebda. iq

mis privilegiebs gansakuTrebiT XII saukunidan Seekveca moq-

medebis sfero. bizantiis im peratorma manuil I-ma (1143-1180),

venecieli vaWrebis gavlenis Sesuste bis mizniT, kavSiri daam-

yara genuelebTan (1169 w.) da pizelebTan (1170 w.) da maT

mniSvnelovani savaWro privilegiebi mianiWa. venecielebi ubr-

Zolvelad ar Tmobdnen TavianT poziciebs. bizantiis prob-

lemis Ta vianT sasarge blod gadaWris kargi pirobebi venecie-

lebs SeeqmnaT meoTxe jvarosnuli laSqrobis dros. veneciis

doJma enriko dandolom `gadawyvita jvarosnuli sisuleli-

dan savaWro operacia gaekeTebina~ da maT iseTi pi robebi

Seuqmna, rom isini iZulebulni gaxdnen konstantino polze

gavliT mcire aziaSi gadasuliyvnen. javrosnebma bizantiis

im peria gaanadgures da mis nacvlad laTinTa imperia Seqmnes.

axlad Seqmnili imperiis teritoriebis 3/8 venecielebis

xelSi aR moCnda. es ZiriTadad is adgilebi iyo, romlebsac

savaWro saqmiano bisaT vis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqon-

da. Savi zRvis CrdiloeTiT mdebare qveynebTan vaWrobis

centrebad venecielebma tana da sudaki gadaaqcies, xolo

Savi zRvis samxreTi navsadgurebiT isini amier kavkasiasa da

somxeTs ukavSirdebodnen1.

amgvarad, laTinTa imperiis SeqmnasTan erTad Seiqmna

kidev erTi imperia _ veneciis koloniuri imperia2, romelmac

didxans ver iarseba. igi daeca 1261 wels.

XV s. dasawyisSi bizantia osmalebTan brZolaSi dasus-

tda, os maleTis mzardi saxelmwifo ki Temurlengma gaanadgu-

ra. amiT isarge bla veneciis respublikam da dasustebuli

metoqeebis xarjze Tavisi samflobeloebi kidev ufro

gazarda. imave saukunis Sua xanebisaTvis ve neciis aristokra-

tiuli respublika yvelaze Zlieri sazRvao saxelm wifo iyo

evropaSi da igi Tavisi ayvavebis umaRles mwvervalze avida.

veneciel vaWrebs urTierToba hqondaT maSindeli msoflios

TiTqmis yvela qveyanasTan.

veneciis respublikas didad ganviTarebuli mrewvelobac

hqonda. misi mrewvelobis produqtebi _ oqros, vercxlis

da spilos Zvlis sam kaulebi, SuSis nawarmi da sxvadasxva

iaraRebi ganTqmuli iyo mTel msoflioSi. didi yuradReba

eTmoboda gemTmSeneblobas. veneciis mrewvelobis am gan-

viTarebul dargebSi isaxeboda kapitalisturi warmoebis

elementebi. gan sakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos veneciuri oqro-

qsovilis Sesaxeb, romliTac igi aRmosavleTis qveynebsac ki

1 Бер А., История всемирной торговли, ч. I , М., 1876 , с. 176.2 Соколов Н. П., Образование Венецианской колониальной импе-

рии, Саратов, 1963 , с. 87.

14 15

konkurencias uwevda. oqroqsovilis war moeba aRWurvili

iyo SesaniS navi teqnikiT. saerTod, abreSumis warmoebam vene-

ciaSi Tavisi ayvavebis umaRles dones XV saukuneSi miaR-

wia1. magram ve neciis ekonomikuri Zliereba, rogorc iTqva,

damyarebuli iyo sagareo vaWrobaze. sxvadasxva qveynebs

Soris saSuamavlo vaWrobam venecia Zlier da mdidar savaWro-

aristokratiul respublikad gadaaqcia.

* * *

imisaTvis, raTa ukeT iqnes gagebuli venecia _ ay-yoiun-

lus (TeTr batknianTa) saxelmwifos politikuri urTier-

Toba XV s. 50-70-ian wlebSi, (masSi Cabmuli iyo saqarTve-

loc), aqve mokled unda iTqvas maT Soris vaW robazec, rac

upirvelesyovlisa ganapirobebda samxedro-politikur kav-

Siris arsebobasac.

XV s. meore naxevarSi ay-yoiunlus teritoriaze gad-

ioda mniSvnelovani savaWro-saqaravno gzebi, romlebic ev-

ropasa da aRmo sav leTis qveynebs erTmaneTTan akavSirebda.

ay-yoiunlus saxelmwifos dedaqalaqi Tavrizi mdebareobda

im saqaravno gzebis gadakveTaze, rom le bic moimarTeboda

CineTidan, avRaneTidan, xvarazmidan, saqarT velodan, erayidan

da luristanidan da amitom igi vaWrobis erT-erT um-

niSvnelovanes centrad iTvleboda. iq Tavs iyrida abreSumis

nawarmi da yaWi Sirvanidan da gilanidan, saneleblebi da

saRebavebi indoeTi dan, CineTidan da Sua aziis qveynebidan.

aRmosavleTis es saqoneli midioda trapizonis, halebis,

beiruTis, damaskos, tripolis, bursas da koniis bazrebi-

saken2, saidanac Semdeg evropaSi gahqondaT.

1 Zwiedinek-Südenhorst H. v., Venedig als Weltmacht und Weltstadt. Biefeld

und Leipzig, 1839 , S. 66.2 Махмудов Я. М., Взаимоотношения государство Ак-коюнлу с Вене-

цией (60-70 гг. XV века). Автореферат диссертации, Баку, 1966, с. 7-8.

Tavrizis aseTi kargi mdebareobis gamo ay-yoiunlus

saxelmwifos satranzito vaWrobidan mniSvnelovani

Semosavali hqonda. amave dros igi TviTonac aqtiurad

monawileobda dasavleTis qveynebTan, gansa kuTrbiT ki vene-

ciasTan vaWrobaSi. ay-yoiunlus eqsportis sagans ZiriTadad

azerbai januli yaWi warmoadgenda, romelzec didi moTxov-

nileba veneciis abreSu mis warmoebas hqonda. samagierod,

Semodioda ve neciis mrewvelobis sagnebi _ atlasi, yumaSi

da sxv.

sagareo vaWrobidan miRebuli Semosavali ay-yoiunlus

saxelmwi fos Semosavlis ZiriTad wyaros warmoadgenda. igi

veneciasTan vaWrobis dros farTod iyenebda osmaleTis ter-

itoriaze arsebul savaWro centrebsac, romelTa Soris gam-

oirCeoda q . bursa. Tavrizi am qalaqs saqaravno gziT ukav-

Sirdeboda. mravalnairi aRmosavluri saqoneli, ro melic

Tavs iyrida TavrizSi, Semdeg miedineboda togatSi, saidanac

Sirvanidan, ganjidan, saqarTvelodan da somxeTidan mosul

qaravnebTan erTad miemarTeboda bursaSi1.

rogorc iTqva, ay-yoiunlus saxelmwifodan veneciaSi

ZiriTadad yaWi gahqondaT, magram masze moTxovna izrdeboda

osmaleTis qalaqeb Sic, sadac viTardeboda abreSumis war-

moeba. mza produqciis evropaSi gataniT dainteresebulni

iyvnen osmaleTis vaWrebi. amitom azerbai janisa da iranis

yaWis evropaSi gatana osmaleTis interesebs ar Seesabameboda.

amitom, sulTnis brZanebiT izrdeboda gadasaxadi rogorc

ay-yoiunlus vaWrebis mier bursaSi Setanil abreSumze, aseve

venecielebis mier iqidan gatanilze2. amgvari sabaJo poli-

tika didad af erxebda veneciasa da ay-yoi unlus Soris nor-

malur savaWro urTier Tobas. ufro metic, sulTani yovel-

nairad cdilobda yvela im gzebis xelSi Cagdebas, romlebi-

Tac abreSumi evropaSi gahqondaT. am gegmis ganxorcielebas

1 Тамже.2 Тамже, с. 9.

16 17

emsaxureboda mis mier trapizonis imperiis da yara maniis

saamiros dapyroba.

aRniSnul mizezTa gamo ay-yoiunlus saxelmwifos up-

irveles sa gareo politikur amocanad osmaleTis mier

savaWro gzebze Seqmnili dabrkole bebis gadalaxva gadaiqca.

mas evropasTan kavSiris damyareba uSualod surda.

levantis vaWrobis jer Seferxeba, Semdeg misi daqveiT-

eba da kavSire buli iyo osmalebis eqspansiasa da savaWro

politikasTan. maTi batonobis qveS aRmoCnda is vrceli

teritoriebi, romlebiTac winaT evropa da aRmo savleTi

erTmaneTs ukavSirdeboda. ayvavebuli savaWro centrebis

awiokeba-ganadgureba isedac axdenda gavlenas savaWro saqmi-

anobaze. imasac Tu ga viTvaliswinebT, `rom osmaleTi

dainterese buli iyo ara warmoebiT, aramed sabaJo Semosavlis

gazrdiT~1, maSin gasagebi gaxdeba, rogori zRude aRi marTa

evropa-aRmosavleTis urTierTobis gzaze.

* * *

osmaleTis eqspansia safrTxes uqmnida ara mxolod le-

vantis vaW robis Semdgom arsebobas. igi jer kidev konstan-

tinopolis dacemamde dae muqra aRmosavleT evropis mTeli

rigi saxelmwifoebebs. amitom evropaSi adreve miaqcies yura-

dReba osmaleTisagan Tavdacvisa da misi ganadgurebis sakiTxs.

imave dros naTeli iyo, rom martodmarto verc erTi evro-

puli saxelmwifo osmaleTs ver gaumklavdeboda. amitom

konstantinopolis da cemamde didi xniT adre SemuSavda an-

tiosmaluri jvarosnuli omis idea, magram misi warmatebiT

ganxorcieleba ver moxerxda.

1396 wels osmaleTis winaaRmdeg moewyo jvarosnuli

1 gabaSvili v., XVI-XVIII ss. saqarTvelos qalaqebi maxlobeli aRmosav-

leTis savaWro urTierTobaTa Suqze. krebulSi: narkvevebi maxlobeli aRmosav-

leTis istoriidan, Tb., 1966 , gv. 168.

laSqroba. imave wlis 25 seqtembers nikopolTan brZolaSi

dasavleTis raindTa gaerTianebulma laSqarma sastiki marcxi

ganicada. amis Semdeg osmalebi SeiWrnen atikasa da pelopon-

esSi, iwyeba maTi Tavdasxmebi un greTze, ramac SemdegSi

sistematuri xasiaTi miiRo.

1400 wels sulTanma baiazid II-m (1389-1402) alya

Semoartya kon stanti nopols da danebeba mosTxova. bizantiis

imperatorma manuil II paleologma (1391-1425) evropis

saxelmwifoebs daxmareba sTxova da pi radadac ewvia maT,

magram carieli dapirebebis meti veraferi miiRo.

vidre imperatori damxmare Zalas evropaSi eZebda, un-

eblie mxsne lad bizantias Temurlengi moevlina. man adreve

miipyro evropelTa yuradReba. Temuris mier Seqmnili

uzarmazari imperia, evropelTa varaudiT im sau keTeso Zalas

warmoadgenda, romlis osamleTisaTvis dapirispireba SeiZ-

leboda. garda amisa sayovelTaod cnobili iyo Te muris

didi interesi sxva qveynebTan savaWro kavSirebis damyarebi-

sa da savaWro-saqaravno gze bis dauflebisadmi. am mizans

emsaxureboda misi laSqrobebi oqros urdos, amierkavkasiisa

da sxva qveynebis winaaRmdeg. imisaTvis raTa savaWro urT-

ierToba mxolod misi imperiis teritoriaze gamavali gze-

biT ganxor cielebuliyo da konkurentebi Camoecilebina,

Temuri mTlianad spobda im mniSvnelovan savaWro centrebs,

romleb zedac xeli miuwvdeboda. misi aseTi moqmedebis

TavalsaCino magaliTia oqros urdos umniSvnelovanesi

qalaqis sarai berqes miwasTan gas woreba1. Temuris mier 1400

wels baR dadis savaWro gzis dangreviT gansa kuTrebiT daw-

inaurda samxreT somxeTis gza, ramac gaaZliera Tavrizis

roli saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi2.

imisaTvis raTa sabolood moespo CrdiloeTis savaWro

1 Якубовский А. Ю., Феодализм на Востоке. Столица Золотой Орды, Сарай Берке, Л., 1932, с. 3.

2 Манандян Я. А., Ук. Труд., с. 308.

18 19

gza da amiT oqros urdo daesustebina, rogorc josafat

barbaro da ambrojo kon tarini gadmogvcemen, Temurma ise

gaanadgura aRniSnul gzaze arsebuli qalaqi astraxani, rom

mas XV s. 70-iani wlebis SuaxanebisaT vis adrindeli brw-

yinvalebis niSanic ki aRar hqonda1.

rogorc iTqva, CrdiloeTis gzam Tavis droze didi

rolo iTamaSa evropasa da aRmosavleTis qveynebs Soris

vaWrobis saqmeSi. magram Te muris laSqrobebis Semdeg man

mniSvneloba imdenad dakarga, rom evropelTaTvis ufro xel-

sayreli iyo sparseTis gzebiT esargeblaT. CrdiloeTis gzis

gadaketvam, TavisTavad gazarda amierkavkasiis samxreTiT

gamavali savaWro-satranzito gzis mniSvneloba2.

amgvarad, Temurlengis mizani aRmosavleTisa da dasavle-

Tis damakavSirebeli gzebis daufleba iyo. amis ganxor-

cieleba ki osmaleT Tan Setakebisa da mis ganadgurebis ga-

reSe miuwvdomeli iqneboda. es ori mta cebeli XV s.

damdegisaTvis erTmaneTis mezoblobaSi aRmoCnd nen. Temuri

dasavleTisaken, baiazidi ki aRmosavleTisken miiwevda. os-

malebi TurqmanTa interesebs Sav zRvaze gamavali gzebze

gabatonebiTac laxavdnen.

Temurlengis brZola evropisa da aziis damakavSirebeli

gzebis dasapyrobad mxedvelobidan ar gamorCaT evropis

politikur mesveurebs, ufro metic, im qveynebma, romelTa

teritoriebsac osmalTa safrTxe emu qreboda, maSinve Seafas-

es Temuris Zala, rogorc osmaleTis ganadgurebis saSu-

aleba. rodesac cxadi gaxda, rom osmaleTsa da Te muris

saxelmwifos Soris Sejaxeba gardauvali iyo, genuelebma

kavSiri daamyares Turqmaneb Tan. osmalebisagan ganadgurebis

winaSe mdgomma bi zantielebmac genuelebs mibaZes. berZnebma

1 Ramusio G. B., Seconda volume della Navigationi et Viaggi…, Venezia, 1559, p. 98 r, 121r.

2 kacitaZe d., saqarTvelo XIV-XV saukuneTa mijnaze (sparsuli da

sparsuleno vani wyaroebis mixedviT) Tb., 1968 , gv. 116.

da genuelebma Temurs acnobes, rom osmalebTan omis SemTx-

vevaSi mas daexmarebodnen. saxel dobr, isini hpirdebodnen,

rom mokle xanSi SeaiaraRebdnen ramdenime galeras da bal-

kaneTSi myof osmalebs sulTnis dasaxmareblad mcire aziaSi

gadasvlis saSualebas ar miscemdnen.

daiwyo omi. Temurlengis laSqarma 1402 wlis 20 iv-

liss angoras Tan osmalebis laSqari gaanadgura da sulTani

baiazid II-c daatyveva. am brZolis mowmeni gaxdnen kastili-

is mefis elCebi1. rui gonsales de klavixos2 mixedviT, bi-

zantielebma da genuelebma dapireba ar Seas rules da aram-

cTu bosfori da dardaneli ar gadaketes, aramed

damarcxebulsa da devnil osmalebs miemxrnen da isini sa-

berZneTSi gadaiyvanes. Semdeg, rogorc klavixo dasZens, maTi

aseTi moqmedebisaT vis Temuris risxva mis samflobeloebSi

mcxovreb qristianebs daatydaT3.

angorasTan gamarjvebis Semdeg Temurlengma evropis

qveynebTan savaWro urTierTobis damyareba scada. man sul-

Taniis episkoposi ioane galifanteli evropaSi gagzavna,

romelmac yvela Zlieri mmarTveli moinaxula da Temuris

saxelmwifosTan vaWrobis sargeblianobaSi maTi darwmuneba

1 Clavijo – Historia del gran Tamorlan e Itinerario y enarracion del viage e relation de la Embajada que Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo le hizo, per Mandado del Rey Don Henriquez terceiro de Castilla, Sevilla, 1582 , p. 4.

2 klavixo (dabadebis weli ucnobia, gardaicvala 1412 wels), kastilie-

li dide buli, Tavisi droisaTvis kargad ganaTlebuli iyo. kastiliis mefe

enrike III-m (1390-1407) elCad gaagzavna Temur-lengTan samaryandSi. es mog-

zauroba gagrZelda TiTqmis sami weli. igi mTeli mogzaurobis dros werda

dRiurebs. misi Canawerebi Seicavs Zvirfas cnobebs, romlebic moklebula Sua

saukuneebis mogzaurTa TxzulebebisaTvis damaxasiTebel fan tastikurobas, rac maT met dama jereblobas matebs. klavixosa da misi `dRiurebis~ Ses axeb

dawvr. ix. rui gonsales de klavixos cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. espanuri-

dan Targmna, Sesavali, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo e. mamisTvaliSvilma, Tb., 1992, gv. 34.

3 Clavijo, p. 94

20 21

scada. am molaparakebebis Sesaxeb mcire ramaa cnobili1. mola parakebebma da urTierTobis gagrZelebam azri dakarga

Temurlengis gar dacvalebisTanave. misi imperia daiSala.

Termurisagan ganad gurebuli os maleTi male welSi gaimarTa

da evropis saxelmwifoebs kvlav problemebi Seuqmna. 1429

wels q . luckSi, litvis didi samTavros teritoriaze, Sed-

ga evropis saxelmwifoTa meTaurebis yriloba. mas eswre-

bodnen: lit vis mTavari vitovti, poloneTis mefe iagailo,

germaniis imperatori sigizmundi, romelic imave dros un-

greTis mefec iyo, daniis mefe erik VII, prusiisa da livoni-

is magistrebi, yirimis xani, papis legati da bizantiis im-

peratoris ioane VIII paleologis warmomadgenelebi.

yrilobam seriozul Sedegs ver miaRwia, radgan

monawileebs So ris interesTa sxvadasxvaoba iyo.

didi xnis damTavrebuli ar iyo luckis yriloba, rom

mTeli ev ropa SeaZrwuna osmalebis axalma warmatebebma du-

naispireTsa da egeosis zRvaSi. gansakuTrebiT didi STabe-

Wdileba moaxdina osmalebis mier salo nikis aRebam, rodesac

salonikis berZnulma mosaxleobam ka Tolike laTi nebis

(venecielebis) xelSi yofnas osmalebi arCia2. venecielebi

iZulebuli gaxdnen salonikis dakargva sulTanTan dadebuli

samSvidobo xelSekru lebiT ecnoT3.

aRmosavleTis marTlmadideblursa da dasavleTis romis

kaToli kur eklesiebs Soris ganxeTqilebam imdenad mwvave

xasiaTi miiRo, rom igi gadamwyvet dabrkolebad gadaiqca

osmaleTis winaaRmdeg Zalebis gaerTianebis gzaze. imdroin-

deli evropis meTaurebs ori eklesiis gar Ti anebis gareSe,

arsebuli saSiSroebis aRmofxvra SeuZleblad miaCndaT.

1 Хенниг Р., Неведомые земли. Перевод с немецкого А. В. Лисовской, предисловие и редак ция И. П. Магидовича, т. III, М., 1962 , с. 403-404.

2 Zinkeisen J. W., GeSchichte des osmanischen Reichs in Europa, I, Hamburg, 1840, S. 568-569.

3 Krumbacher K., Geschichte der byzantinische Literatur von Justinian bis zum Ende des ostro mische Reiches (527-1453), München, 1897, S. 301.

saqmes verc florenciis uniam (1439 w.) uSvela, radgan igi

ori eklesiis Tanasworuflebian garTianebas ki ar gulisx-

mobda, aramed mTeli marTlmadidebluri eklesiis papisadmi

damorCilebas. amis winaaRmdeg ga modiodnen marTlmadide-

bluri qveynebis mosaxleobis farTo fenebi, rom lebic kaTo-

likur eklesiisadmi damorCilebaSi erovnuli damou-

kideblobis dakargvas xedavdnen. uniam or eklesias Soris

arsebuli wi naaRmdegoba kidev ufro gaamwvava. krebis dasar-

uls, rodesac papma da imperatorma ganizraxes krebis

monawile ebisaTvis TavianT sasurvel dokumentze ZaliT

moewerinebinaT xeli, delegatTa erTi jgufi gaipara. maT

Soris iyvnen saqarTvelos warmomadgenlebic.1

1442 wels papma evgeni IV-m (1431-1447) yvela saxelmwi-

fos meTaurs enciklika gaugzvna da osmaleTis winaaRmdeg

jvarosnul laSqrobaSi monawileobisaken mouwoda. papis mo-

wodebas siamovnebiT gamoexmaurnen burgundieli, germaneli,

Cexi, ungreli da poloneli raindebi. bizantiis imperator-

ma uari sTqva jvarosnebis daxmarebaze. monawileoba ar mi-

iRes, agreTve, frangma da ingliselma raindebma, romlebic

Cabmulni iyvnen gadamwyvet fazaSi Sesul aswlian omSi.

jvarosnuli laSqroba moewyo, magram masac igive bedi

ewia, rac mis winamorbedebs.

sxvadasxva qveynebisagan, gansakuTrebiT ki romidan da

veneciidan daxmarebis miRebis imediT, 1444 w. gazafxulze

poloneTisa da ungreTis laSqarma poloneT-ungreTis mefis

vladislav III da ungreTis voevoda ianoS huniadis meTau-

robiT daiwyo omi osmaleTis winaaRmdeg. gadamwy veti brZo-

la moxda 1444 w. 10 noembers bulgareTSi varnasTan.

1 kasraZe t., romis propaganda da kaTolikuri misiebi saqarTveloSi

(sadisertacio naSromi istoriul mecnierebaTa kandidatis xarisxis mosapove-

blad), Tb., 1947, gv. 79; JuJunaZe o. XV saukunis pirveli naxevris saqarTve-

los sagareo politikis istoriisaTvis. `qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis sa-

gareo politikis istoriidan~, I, Tb., 1970, gv. 21.

22 23

polonel-un grelTa laSqarma sastiki marcxi ganicada. es

iyo marcxi ara mxolod brZolis velze damarcxebulTa,

aramed mTeli evropisac. am droidan iwyeba osmaleTis Zl-

evamosili winsvla, rac bizantiis imperiis mospobiTa da

evropisa da mcire aziis xalxebis damonebiT damTavrda.

1. saqarTvelos sagareo urTierTobani

XV s. pirvel naxevarSi

XIV s. 80-iani wlebidan iwyeba saqarTvelos gansa-

kuTrebiT tragi kuli periodi. Temurlengma mravali qveyana

gaanadgura. ubedurebam saqarTvelosac uwia. 1386-1403 wleb-

Si Temuris urdoebma mravalgzis dalaSqres saqarTvelo,

rasac Tan axlda arnaxuli sisastike da aoxreba.

Temurlengis Semosevebma waruSleli kvali daaCnia

saqarTvelos Semdgom politikursa da socialur-ekonomi-

kur ganviTarebas: ekonomika moiSala, mosaxleoba Semcirda,

qveyana politikurad dasustda. magram Temurma mainc ver

SesZlo qarTveli xalxis damorCileba. isini mrisxane dampy-

roblisadmi qedis moxras ki ar fiqrobdnen, aramed yovel

xelsayrel viTarebas iyenebdnen, raTa aRedginaT sakmaod Se-

laxuli saerTaSoriso poziciebi da am mizniT aqtiur sa-

gareo politikasac ki atarebdnen. qarT velTa aseT moqmede-

baze metyvelebs Tundac Cvens istoriografiaSi kargad

cnobili alinjis magaliTi, romlis Sesaxeb damatebiTi

oride sayuradRebo cnoba dagvitova germanelma hans Silt-

bergerma1.

1 hans Siltbergeri daibada 1380 wels bavariaSi, fraizingis maxloblad.

1394 wlidan iyo raind raixartingenis saWurvelTmtvirTveli. 1396 nikopol-

Tan brZolaSi ty ved Cauvarda osmalebs. is sulTnis monad aqcies. Temuris

tyveobaSi aRmoCnda mis mier angorasTan osmalebis damarcxebis (1402 w. 20

ivlisi) Semdeg. Temuris sikvdilis Semdeg Temuridebis samsaxurSi iyo. sameg-

reloSi yofnis dros igi sxva oTx qristianTan erTad gaiqca da baTumis mi-

Siltbergeri mogviTxrobs Temurlengis mier babilonis

(baRdadi) aRebas da misi mosaxleobisadmi Cveuli simkacriT

mopyrobis ambavs da gangrZobs: Temuri `Semdeg wavida erTi

cixis [dasapyrobad], romelic wyalSi idga. daaSro wyali da

[fskerze] ipova tyviis sami skivri, romlebic savse iyo

oqroTi. is skivrebi mefem daamalvina, raTa Tu cixe iqne-

boda aRebuli, oqro gadarCeniliyo1. amoiRo Temurma skivre-

bi, Semdeg aiRo cixe, [sadac] 15 damcveli iyo da brZana maTi

CamoxrCoba. cixeSic ipova kidev ori skivri, romlebic savse

iyo vercxliTa da oqroTi. isinic Tan waiRo~2.

Siltbergerma alinjis dasaxasiaTeblad yvelaze mniS-

vnelovnad (maSin, roca iranis sxva adgilebs klimatis, nay-

ofierebis, xelosnobisa da sxva niSnebis mixedviT axasi-

aTebs) miiCnia is didi winaaRmdegoba, rac mas Temur lengisaTvis

gauwevia 16 wlis ganmavlobaSi3.

alinjis Sesaxeb cnobebi, gansakuTrebiT Tu isini XIV s.

dasa rulsa da XV s. dasawyisis ambebs exeba, sainteresoa

imdenad, ramdenac am cixesTan dakavSirebulia aRniSnuli

periodSi qarTvelTa mamacobis erT-erTi sayuradRebo mo-

menti.

Temurlengis mier alinjis cixis aReba da auracxeli

damoebidan frangebis gems gahyva. sabolood, 1427 wels, didi Tav gadasavlebis

Semdeg, is samSobloSi dabrunda.

Siltbergerma Tavisi Tavgadasavali aRwera `mogzaurobis wignSi~. dawvr.

ix. mamisTvaliSvili e., saqarTvelo hans Siltbergeri `mogzaurobis wignSi~.

`macne~ is to riis seria, #2, Tb., 1980, gv. 103-119.1 alinja rom saimedo TavSesafari da ganZis Sesanaxi adgili iyo, amis

Sesaxeb Siltbergeris mier gadmocemuli ambavi Zalian gadaWarbebuli ar unda

iyos. am cixeSi auracxeli simdidre sxva drosac yofila daculi. Сборник материалов относящихся к ис то рии Золотой Орды. Извлечения из персидских сщчинений собранные В. Г. Тизенгаузеном и обра ботан ное А. А. Ромаскеви-чем и С. А. Волиным, II, М.-Л., 1941, с. 94.

2 Siltbergeri, gv. 106-107.3 Langmantel V., Hans Schiltbergers Reisubuch nach der nürberger Hand-

schrift, Tübingen, 1885, s. 69.

24 25

ganZis xelSi Cagdeba, 1401 wlis ambavs unda asaxavdes, rom-

lis mxilveli Siltbergeri ar yofila, magram mas Semdeg

rac igi 1402 wels, Temuris tyveobaSi mox vda, saSualeba

eqneboda, aRniSnuli cnobebi uSualod cixis dampy-

robelebisagan moepovebina.

gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa is cnoba, sadac alinjis

cixis dam cvelebis mier mtrisaTvis 16 wlis ganmavlobaSi

gaweul winaaRmdego bazea gadmocemuli. rodesac komentars

ukeTebda Siltbergeris am cno bas f. bruni mas saeWvod mi-

iCnevda. f. bruns eWvis gamoTqmis safuZvels aZlevda pirvel

rigSi is, rom araviTari sabuTi ar moipoveboda, romelSic

raime iqneboda naTqvami alyis aseTi xangrZlivobis Sesaxeb.

da meorec, igi eyrdnoboda sxva avtorebis da maT Soris m.

broses wignSi arsebul cno bebsac. m. broses naSromSi naTq-

vamia, rom 1393 wels qarTvelebma taxiri gaaTavisufles

alinjis cixidan. aqedan gamomdinare f. brunma ivarauda:

SeiZleba imaT, visganac Siltbergerma es ambavi gaigo, dro

gaaorkeces da Teqvsmet weliwads imitom ambobso1.aseTi mosazreba swori ar aris, radgan m. broses naTq-

vamidan, sxva azris gamotana ufro SeiZleba. ai ras ambobs

m. brose: `taxirma, baRdadis mflobelis ahmedis Svilma,

hulaRu-yaenis STamomavalma, ro melic gandev nes Tavisi

dedaqalaqidam 1393 w., Tavi Seafara alinjayis cixeSi, sa-

dac is didxans ver Seipyra Temurma. iverielebma amiT

isargebles da wavidnen taxiris Sesawevnelad, daamarcxes

TaTrebi da aiZules isini cixes Semo clodnen, xolo taxiri

Tan wamoiyvanes~2.

amonarididan Cans, rom Temuri alinjas arc 1393 wels

flobda. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi igi taxirisaTvis TavSesa-

1 Путешествие Ивана Шильтбергера по Европе, Aзии и Африке с 1394 года по 1427 года. Перевод с немецкого и снабдил примечаниями Ф. Брун. «Записки Императорского Новороссииского университета», год первый, т. 1, Одесса, 1867, с. 50.

2 brose m., saqarTvelos istoria, naw. I, Tb., 1895, gv. 222.

frad ar gamodgeboda, ga modis, rom is taxirs adreve ekuT-

vnoda. yuradReba unda mieqces im adgil sac, sadac m. brose

ambobs: taxirma `1393 w. Tavi Seafara alinjayis cixeSi,

sadac is didxans ver Seipyra Temurma~. amgvarad, gamodis,

rom arc erT SemTxvevaSi ar rCeba welTa is raodenoba,

romlis gaorkeceba 16 wels mogvcemda.

davubrundeT Temuris mier alinjis alyis Semortymisa

da me cixov neTagan gaweuli winaaRmdegobis ambavs.

alinja Temurs didi xnis ganmavlobaSi winaaRmdegobas

uwevda. man daipyro azerbaijanis didi nawili da miadga

alinjas. roca pirdapiri ieriSiT ver aiRo, alyaSemorty-

muli datova1. klavixo ase gadmogvcems am epizods: `roca

Tamurbekma sparseTis sulTanze, romelsac amads uwodebd-

nen, gaimarjva da misi miwebi daipyro, is (ahmed jalairi – e.

m.) am cixe alinjaSi daimala. Tamurbeks igi da misi xalxi

sam wels hyavda al yaSi, Semdeg is babilonis sulTanTan

gaiqca, sadac dResac imyofeba~2.

klavixos cnobas, Temurma cixe rom ver aiRo, adas-

turebs sparseli istorikosi Saraf ad-din ali iezdi3. m.

minorskis TqmiT: sxvadasxva ur icxv cixeebs Soris, rom-

lebic Temurma aiRo, arc erTs ar gauwevia iseTi winaaRmde-

goba, rogorc alinjam. igi zogierTi Suale diT winaaRmde-

gobas uwevda 14 wlis ganmavlobaSi~4.

i. hameri Saraf-ad-dinis cnobebze dayrdnobiT, aRniSnav-

da, rom alinjis ganTqmuli cixe Temuramde (1386 w.) verc

erTma dampyrobelma ver aiRo. Temurma mxolod meoce dRes

1 История Азербайджана, I. С древнейщих времен до присоединения Азербайджана к России, Баку, 1953, с. 199.

2 Clavijo, p. 103.3 Saraf ad-dinis mixedviT, Temuris laSqars pirveli Setevisas alinjis

cixis gareT arsebuli simagreebi auRia, damcvelebi ki citadelSi gamagrebu-

lan. ix. Minorsky M. V., Transcaucasica. Livre de lecture sur l’histoire de la Gèor-gie et du proche-orient, Thbilissi, p. 1963, p. 41.

4 iqve.

26 27

SeZlo Seupovari damcvelebis winaaRmdegobis gatexa da dam-

cvelni xelSekrulni cixis kedlebidan xramSi gadayares1.

amasve ambobs mari brosec oRond masTan alinjis aRe bis we-

lia 13872.

Tu zemoT moxmobil cnobebs gaviziarebT, maSin gasagebia,

rom Te murma azerbaijanSi pirvelad SeWrisas 1386 wels

naxWevanis midamoebSi jelaierebis uZlieresi cixe-simagre

alinja aiRo. savaraudoa, Te murma, jerjerobiT ucnob vi-

TarebaSi, es cixe isev dakarga da Zveli mflobeli jelai-

erebi daepatronenen. imisaTvis, raTa gairkves rodis da karga

Temurma alinja, jer m. broses movusminoT: `1712 w. ber-

Znuli, xolo 1400 w. qristes dabadebidan, Temuri mivida

TavrizSi da baRdadis sulTnis, ahmedis Svilis, sulTan

Taheris cixe-simagre, alinja daipyro, romelic (Taheri –

e.m.) Zalian mamaci iyo da romelsac naTesaobis mizeziT

qarTvelebi uWerdnen mxars. igi 15 weliwads darCa am cixe-

si magreSi. bolos iZulebuli gaxda gamosuliyo iqidan da

iberebTan gaiqca~3. yuradRe bas iqcevs isic, rom Taheri

saqarTvelosTan matrimoni alurad da kavSirebuli yofila4,

Tumca cnobili ar aris, es kavSiri rodis, ra vi TarebaSi da

romeli qarTveli didebulis ojaxTan damyarda. magram,

rogorc Cans, qarTvelebsa da jalairebs Soris sak maod

mWidro urTierToba arsebobda.

sxvadasxva avtorebi alinjis damcvelebis mier Temuri-

saTvis gaweul winaaRmdegobas sxvadasxva xangrZlivobiT (18,

15, 14 weli) gansazRvraven, magram amjerad amas gadamwyveti

1 Hammer J., Geschichte des Osmanischen Reiches, I, 1300-1520, Pest, 1834, S. 219.

2 aRmosavleli avtorebis gavleniT, m. brose 1387 wels miiCnevs Temuris

mier azerbaijanis dapyrobis drod, rac sinamdvileSi 1386 wels moxda. Bros-set M., Histoire de la Gèorgie, de pius l’antiquité jusqu’ au XIXe siècle. I parte, II livrasion, St.-Peterbourg, 1850, p. 666, Sen. 3.

3 Brosset M., Op. cit., p. 667-668, Sen. 3.4 Minorsky, Op. cit., p. 43.

mniSvneloba ara aqvs. mTavaria, rom Te murma didi xnis gan-

mavlobaSi ver SeZlo cixis aReba da mis am warumatebloba-

Si qarTvelebis xelic eria.

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im politikur viTarebasac, rac

oqros ur dos yaenis, ToxTamiSis iranis azerbaijanSi SeWris

Sedegad Seiqmna1, ma Sin savse biT dasaSvebad mimaCnia, viva-

raudo, rom alinjis mflobelTan saqarTvelos mefe Bbagrat

V-is (1360-1493) urTierToba ufro intensiuri iyo Temuris

mier jalairebis pirvelad (1385 w.) damarcxebis Semdeg.

xolo rodesac Temuris azerbaijanSi meored SeWris Semdeg

misi agresiis saSiS roeba qarTvelebisa da jalaierebisaTvis

cxadi Seiqmna, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom isini SeTanxmdnen

erTiani ZaliT moexdi naT am mniSvnelovani strategiuli

punqtis (igi saqarTvelosaken momaval saqaravno gzaze mde-

bareobda) _ alinjis dacva.

Temurlengs alinja pirdapiri ieriSiT rom ver auRia,

laSqris nawili mis moalyed dautovia, xolo danarCeni

somxeTisa da saqarT velosken dauZravs2. rogorc cnobilia,

Temuri saqarTveloSi pirvelad 1386 wels SemoiWra. maSasa-

dame, alinjis alyaSi moqcevac amave wels unda momxdariyo,

rasac m. broses mier miTiTebuli 15 weli marTlac emTxveva

(1401-1386=15).

sparsuli wyaroebis mixedviT, Temurlengma alinjis

cixes mraval ricxovani moalyeebi dauyena. alya mravali

weli gagrZelda.

vfiqrob, cxadia, rom qarTvelebi alinjasTan ufro didi

xnis wi naT dakavSirebulni iyvnen, vidre dReisaTvis cno-

bilia. rodesac batoniSvilma miranSahma alinjis cixes maR-

ali kedeli Semoavlo da cixeSi veRarc veravin Sedioda da

verc gamodioda, giorgi mefem ganizraxa batoniSvili Taheri

1 ix. iv javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, III, Tb., 1966, gv. 281, 409.

2 История Азербаджана, I, с. 284, 287-289.

28 29

cixidan gamoeyvana da mecixovneebi sursaT-sanovagiT moe-

maragebina1. am sakmaod rTuli amocanis gadasawyve tad mefe

giorgim mTeli saqarT velos samxedro Zalis mobilizeba

moaxdina da Crdilo kavkasiidan mTielebic gadmoiyvana2. mefe

giorgis jarma imarjva da alinjis cixidan Ta heri gamoiy-

vana, mecixovneebs sur saTi da iaraRi dautova, garnizoni

gaaZliera da misi meTauroba sam qarTvel aznaurs Caabara,

arezispireTi moarbia da didi nadavliTa da TaheriT dab-

runda. sarwmunod meCveneba d. niniZis mosazreba, rom

qarTvelebis es gamarjveba 1396 wels moxda, ris aRsaniSna-

vad amave wels moiWra giorgi mefisa da ahmad jalaieris

sax elze moneta3. `jalaierebTan mokavSireobas, erTi Sexed-

viT, saqarTvelosaT vis TiTqos didi mniSvneloba ar hqonda,

magram giorgi mefe SorsmWvreteli politikosi iyo da mo-

mavalze fiqrobda. momavalSi ki Ta heri saukeTeso kandidati

iqneboda jalairTa samefo taztze, romlis mo kavSireoba

fasdaudebel samsaxurs gauwevda saqarTvelos Temuris mem-

kvidreebTan omSi~4. sxvaTaSoris alinjis Zlier SeWirve-

bulma damcvelebma kidev sTxoves giorgi mefes daxmareba.

mas Txovnis dakmayofileba ganuz raxavs kidec, magram Temuris

jari saqarTvelos moadga da, ra Tqma unda, ganzraxvaze

xeli aiRo. alinja daeca 1401 wels.

Temuris sicocxleSi da misi gardacvalebis Semdeg,

saqarTvelos sagareo urTierTobis Sesaxeb ramdenime cnoba

rui gonsales de klavixom dagvitova. igi Tavis dRiurebSi

saqarTvelosa da mis mefes pirvelad maSin axsenebs, rodesac

mogviTxrobs md. araqsze mdebare didi qalaqis kalmarinis

Sesaxeb. rogorc varaudoben, es unda iyos qalaqi surmari5.

1 tabataZe k., qarTveli xalxis brZola ucxoel dampyrobTa winaaRmdeg

XIV-XV saukuneebis mijnaze, Tb., 1974, gv. 99.2 qarTlis cxovreba IV, gv. 270.3 qarTuli diplomatia, II, Tb., 1998, gv. 531.4 tabataZe k., dasax. naSr., gv. 101.5 Рюи Гонзалес де Клавихо. Дневник путешествия ко двору Тимура в Са-

am qalaqis midamoebis aRweris Semdeg klavixo mogviTxrobs,

rom es qalaqi mis misvlamde rva wliT adre oqros urdos

yaens ToxTamiSs auRia. klavixos adgilobrivi mcxovrebleb-

isagan gaugia, rom ToxTamiSma brZoliT qalaqs ver sZlia,

magram mosaxleo bam mas mainc SesTvaza wli uri xarkis gad-

axda. ToxTamiSi am wi nadadebiT TiTqos kmayofili darCa da

damatebiT qalaqis damcveli jaris naxevari moiTxova, raTa

saqarTveloSi mefe sorsos (Reysorso) winaaRmdeg gael-

aSqra1.

ToxTamiSs saqarTvelos dalaSqvra, SeiZleba, marTlac

ganzrax uli hqonda, magram Tu amis ganxorcielebaSi mas

raimem xeli SeuSala, es Temurlengis mis winaaRmdeg wamos-

vla da dadevneba unda yofiliyo. rogorc cnobilia, Tox-

TamiSi TemurlengTan Sejaxebis SiSiT ukan, ulusSi gabrun-

da2. magram, sinamdvileSi, saqme gvaqvs sul sxva viTa rebas Tan.

exeboda ra ToxTamiSis iranis azerbaijanSi 1385 wlis

laSqrobas, iv. javaxiSvilis azriT, oqros urdos mbrZane-

beli kavkasionis gadmo sasvlelebs saqarTvelos mTavrobasTan

SeTanxmebis gareSe ver gadmo laxavda da, maSasadame, saqarT-

velo da oqros urdo mokavSireebi iqnebodnen. Temurlengis

kavkasiaSi SemoWris umTavresi mizezi gadmo sasvlelebis Ca-

ketva unda yofiliyo3. savsebiT sworia iv. javaxiSvilis

марканд в 1403-1406 гг. Подлинный текст с переводом и примечанями, состав-ленный под редакцией И. И. Срезневского, СПб., 1881, с. 399; Путешествие Ивана Шильтбергера, с. 48.

1 rui gonsales de klavixo, gv. 34. vfiqrob, saqarTvelosTan dakavSire-

buli saxelebis damaxinjeba gamomcemlis mier xelnaweris mcdarad amokiTxvis

Sedegia. amitom vxedavT qarTvelTa mefis, saqarT velos da qarTvelebis saxel-

Ta Semdeg formebs: giorgi VII _ sorso-soroso-sordo-gorgo, saqarTvelo _

jurgania-gurgania, qarTveelebi _ grieganos.

2 Греков Б., Якубовский А., Золотая Орда и ее падение, М.-Л., 1950, с. 333.

3 javaxiSvili iv., dasax. naSr., gv. 409-410. i. sreznevskis samarTliani

SeniSvniT kllavixos mier gadmocemuli ambavi rva wlis winaT ki ara, 18 wlis winaT, e.i. 1386 wels moxda (Рюи Гонзалес де Клавихо, c. 413). am wels

30 31

naTqvami, Cemi mxriv mxolod imas davamateb, rom saqarT-

velosa da oqros urdos kavSiri Temurlengis mTeli sic-

ocxlis ganmavlobaSi grZelde boda, razec qvemoT iTqmeva.

rodesac klavixo, yarabRis velze dabanakebuli omar

mirzas laSqarSi momxdar areulobaze mogviTxrobs, rac

erT-erTi didebulis omar mirzaze Tavdasxmis mcdelobas

gamouwvevia, ambobs: `... urdoSi xma gavarda, ambobdnen, edi-

gei (hedigui) da TaTreTis imperatori (emperador de tarta-lia) da mefe giorgi (Rey Soroso) Tavs dagvesxneno~1. es ki imaze metyvelebs, rom TurqmanebSi, giorgi VII cnobili iyo,

rogorc edigeis2 mo kavSire.

Tu saqarTvelo-oqros urdos mokavSireobas gaviziarebT,

maSin Tox TamiSis muqara saqarTvelos mimarT qalaqis dam-

cvelTa mosatyue bel fan dad unda miviCnioT.

ToxTamiSis mier kalmarunis alya, rogorc klavixo gad-

mogvcems, adgilobrivi mosaxleobisagan gagonili hqonda da

amitom Znelia dadgena, ras gulisxmobda igi, roca ambobda

_ es ambavi rva wlis wi naT moxdao. klavixo kalmarins 1404

wlis 29 maiss miadga. mis mier moTxrobili ambavi Tu 8

wlis winaT moxda, maSin 1396 weli unda yofiliyo. Sesa-

Zlebelia, mas ToxTamiSis 1394 wels azerbaijanSi meore

laSqroba hqonda mxedvelobaSi. marTalia, arc es weli emTx-

veva zustad mis navaraudev wels, magram Se darebiT axlos

ki aris. es meore laSqroba rom hqonda mxedvelobaSi, kla-

vixo amitom unda asaxelebdes saqarTvelos mefed giorgi

VII-s (1393-1407).

rodesac klavixo sxva adgilas Txrobas iwyebs saqarT-

velos me fis mier mowyobili laSqrobis Sesaxeb, zedmetadac

ToxTamiSi pirvelad SeiWra azerbaijansa da somxeTSi.

1 rui gonsales de klavixo, gv. 35.2 edigei, TeTrbatknianTa amira, pirvel xanebSi Temurs ToxTamiSis winaaRm-

deg exmareboda. ToxTamiSis ganadgurebis Semdeg (1391 w.) Temurs uRalata.

1397 wlidan oqros urdos mbrZanebeli gaxda da Temuris dauZinebel mtrad

gadaiqca. Греков Б., Якубовский А., Золотая Орда и ее падение, с. 333.

ki miiCnia mefis saxelis (Sorso) xseneba, radgan igi mkiTx-velisaTvis ukve nacnobad miiCnia da aR niSna: àm dros wam-

ovida saqarTvelos (Rey de gurgania)) is mefe, romlis Ses-

axeb ukve moismineT~1. rogorc is Semdeg ambobs,

muslimanebSi didi SiSi da dabneuloba gansakuTrebiT imas

gamouwvevia, rom qristianebs mahmadianebze gaumarjviaT. kla-

vixo iqve iZleva imis ganmartebas, Tu rad uwodeben musli-

manebi qristianebs urjuloebs (cafars) da ra igulisxmeba am

saxelwodebaSi. im droisaTvis, rogorc cnobilia, arc am-

ierkavkasiaSi da arc mis mezoblad sxva qristiani mefe,

romelsac Sorso anu giorgi erqva da Tanac qristiani iyo, sxva aravin iyo, Tu ara mefe giorgi VII.

klavixom Tavis mogzauroba dRiurebis saxiT aRwera.

unda aRiniS nos, rom dRiurebi Zalian mdidari da mravalf-

erovania espaneTidan samaryan disaken mogzaurobis periodSi,

xolo ukan, samaryandidan espaneTSi dabrunebisas, maTSi gad-

mocemulia mxolod is mniSvnelovani ambebi, rac im drois-

aTvis moxda.

klavixosa da mis Tanamgzavrebs Temurlengis gar-

dacvalebis am bavma azerbaijanSi miuswro. am cnobam didi

mRelvareba gamoiwvia, ris gamo kas tilielebs, TavianTi sur-

vilis sawinaaRmdegod, 6 Tve da 3 kvira (1405 wlis 1

Tebervlidan 22 agvistomde) TavrizSi darCena mouxdaT.

klavixos Tavrizul CanawerebSi aris saqarTvelos mefe

giorgi VII-is Sesaxeb erTi sayuradRebo cnoba, romelic

naTels hfens am dauRalavi da Seupovari mefis moRvaweobis

erT epizods

klavixo mogviTxrobs, rom `saqarTvelos mefe (Rey de gurgania), rom lis Sesaxeb ukve moismineT, SeiWra yarsisa

(avenique) da arzrumis (aze ron) miwebze, romlebic did

somxeTSia (armenia la mayor), mivida Tavrizamde, gaZarcva da gadawva mravali sofeli da dasaxlebuli pun qti. iseTi

1 rui gonsales de klavixo, gv. 36.

32 33

didi SiSi gamoiwvia, rom Tavrizeli muslimanebi (moros) fiqrobdnen, rom ba toni [omar mirza] movidoda, magram man es

ar gaakeTa. samagierod Tavis cnobil Zvel rainds, romelsac

omar Tobani (homar toban) erqva, ubrZana xuTi aTasi mxe-driT wasuliyo da saqarT velos mefe am mxaris sazRvre bidan

ganedevna. masTan SeerTeba ubrZana Tavrizisa da sxva mxaree-

bis erT gul jarebs. sul Seikriba daaxloebiT, TxuTmeti

aTasi mxedari. maT didi siswrafiT gaiares es qalaqi Tavr-

izi da gaCerdnen ala-TaRis (alacao) velTan, romelic did

somxeTSia. mefe giorgim (soroso), gaigo ra amis Ses axeb,

movida xuTi aTasi mxedriT, erT Rames Tavs daesxa maT, daa-

marcxa, mravali maTgani amowyvita da imaT, vinc gadarCnen,

Tavi Seafares Tavrizs~1.

klavixos dRiurebi saSualebas gvaZlevs vTqvaT, rom

qarTveli mefis mier Tavrizis midamoebis dalaSqvra moxda

1405 wlis 19 maisidan 11 ivli samde periodSi2. saqarTvelos

mxedrobis mier msgavsi samxedro op eraciis Sesaxeb arc

erTi qarTuli cnoba ar gagvaCnia, magram klavixos monaTxrobs

erTgvarad exmaureba XV saukunis sparsulenovani isto-

rikosi mirxondi (1433-1498), romelic gvamcnobs: `movida

cnoba, rom qarTvelebma simamacis fexi sazRvars gadmoabijes,

Tavs daesxnen ganjasa da naxWevans da xalxis qoneba da

sisxli xelyves. basTan jagirma, ardebilis gamoCenilma mbr-

Zanebelma da moxeleebma ajanyebis gamo saswrafod Sea fares

Tavi Sirvanis Seix ibrahim valisTan... omar mirzam brZana,

rom omar Tobani, barlas Tuqali da sxva mxedarTmTavrebi

maRzulangurjad wode buli adgilis dasacavad wasuliyvnen...3

1 rui gonsales de klavixo, gv. 36-37.2 19 maiss omar mirzam kastilielebs werili gaugzavna, romelSic bod-

iSs ixdida misive brZanebiT Tavrizis xelisufalTa mier elCobisaTvis qonebis

CamorT mevis gamo. Clavijo, p. 234; xolo 11 ivliss omar mirzam Tavisi Zmis, abubeqris cixidan gaqcevis ambavi gaigo.

3 mirxondi, Tarixe roubaT as-safa, VI, Teirani, 1923, gv. 511. ix. agreTve, r. kiknaZe, qarTveli da azerbaijaneli xalxebis sabrZolo Tanamegobrobis

qarTvelebis laSqarma omar To bani da misi amirebi daamarcxa

da marandamde sdia~1.

r. kiknaZis azriT, mirxondis mier aRwerili ambavi 1405

wlis zafx ulSi moxda2. amgvarad klavixos da mirxondis

cnoba drois mixedviT erT maneTs emTxveva (klavixosTan 1405

w. 19 maisidan 11 ivli samde, mirxondTan 1405 w. zafxuli),

magram mgonia, mirxondis cnobis kidev ufro dazusteba Sei-

Zleba. Tu am ori avtoris monaTxrobs CavukvirdebiT, na-

Teli gaxdeba, rom laparakia or sxvadasxva laSqro baze,

romlebic giorgi VII-m Temuris sikvdilis Semdeg moawyo.

amis Tqmis sa fuZvels pirvel rigSi gvaZlevs aRwerili

laSqrobebis sxvadasxva mi marTuleba; rac Seexeba omar To-

bans, romelsac orive avtori mTavar sardlad asaxelebs,

SeiZleba iTqvas Semdegi: omar Tobani Temuris momxreTa im

mcirericxovan jgufSi iyo, romelmac xeli Seuwyo mis aR-

zevebas. igi Temurs emsaxureboda mTeli sicocxlis ganmav-

lobaSi da misi TanamebrZolic iyo. igi uSualod monawileob-

da Te muris sxvadasxva laSqrobaSi, misi gardacvalebis

Semdeg ki mis STamomavalTa samsaxurSi darCa. amitom gasak-

viri ar aris, rom giorgi VII-is wi naaRmdeg gagzavnili

laSqris meTaurad, Tundac orjer, omar Tobani yofiliyo.

arc is aris gasakviri da sruliad dasaSvebia, rom orive

wyaroSi naTqvamia mis damarcxebaze.

yuradReba unda mieqces kidev erT, Tumca naklebmniS-

vnelovan ga remoebas, magram mainc: klavixo jaris sardlad

mxolod omar Tobans as axelebs, mirxondi ki ambobs: omar

mirzam ̀ omar Tobani, barlas Tuqali da sxva mxedarTmTavre-

bi~ gagzavnao. dasaxelebul meTaurebs, rom klavixos mier

aRweril laSqrobaSi monawileoba erTad mieRoT, maSin isic

orives daasaxelebda, radgan igi mirxondze naklebad ki ara,

istoriidan. Tsu Sromebi, 108, 1964, gv. 378-379.1 mirxondi, VI, gv. 513.2 kiknaZe r., dasax. naSr., gv. 378.

34 35

SeiZleba ukeTac ic nobda maSindeli iranis politikur da

samxedro mdgomareobas, Tundac imitom, rom klavixo uSua-

lo damkvirvebeli iyo, mirxondi ki winamorbedTa cnobebs

emyareboda.

Cemi azriT, xsenebul or cnobaSi or sxvadasxva dros

mowyobil laSqrobas Tu vigulisxmebT, maSin pirvel momx-

dar faqtad klavixos monaTxrobi unda CaiTvalos. cnoba

qarTvelebis laSqrobis Sesaxeb klavixos CarTuli aqvs omar

mirzas mamisa da Zmis winaaRmdeg brZolisa da intrigebis

Sesaxeb sakmaod detalur moTxrobaSi.

upiratesoba klavixos cnobas imitom unda mieniWos, rom

igi Ta vis dRiurebSi ar axsenebs ahmad jalairsa da yara-

iusufs, romlebic erTad moqmedebdnen. klavixo, romelic

misi drois iranSi, azerbaijansa da somxeTSi mimdinare

politikuri ambebisa da maTSi moqmedi mTavari moqmedi pire-

bis Sesaxeb SesaSur codnas amJRavnebs, ar SeiZleboda mxed-

velobidan gamorCenoda ahmad jelairisa da yara-iusufis

saqmianoba. amitom safuZveli gvaqvs vifiqroT, rom kastilie-

lis TavrizSi yofnisas isini as parezze jer ar Candnen.

somexi istorikosi Toma mewobeli aRniSnavs, rom yara-iusu-

fi somxeTsa da azerbaijanSi 1395 wlidan 1406 wlamde ar

gamoCe nilao1.am saintereso sakiTxis garkvevaSi dagvexmareba mirxon-

di, ro melic qarTvelTa laSqrobas, ahmed jelairis egvip-

tidan wamosvlas da mis mier baRdadis aRebas erTdroulad

gadmogvcems. igi wers: `cnoba movida, rom sulTani ahmedi

misreTidan (egvipte – e.m.) dabrunda da baRdadi daipyro...

omar mirzam brZana, rom omar Tobani, barkas Tuqali da sxva

mxedarTmTavrebi maRzulangurjad wodebuli adgilis dasa-

1 Фомa Мецопский, История Тимура-Ленга и его преемников, Баку, 1957, с. 64. l. meliqseT-begs Toma mewofelis Txzulebis qarTul TargmanSi es

adgili gamotovebuli aqvs. Toma mewofeli. Targmani, Sesavali werili da

komentarebi prof. l. meliqseT-begisa, Tb., 1937.

cavad wasuliyvnen. amir sunjaki ki uricxvi jaris erTi

nawiliT baRdadSi gag zavna, raTa is vilaieTi sulTnisaTvis

waerTmia~1.

zemoTqmuls Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, gamodis, rom mirxon-

dis mier aRwerili epizodi _ qarTvelebis laSqroba da

yara-iusufisa da ahmed jelairis mier baRdadis aReba _

moxda 1406 wlis ivnisSi, klavixo, ro melic 1406 wlis

martSi ukve kastiliaSi imyofeboda, ra Tqma unda, Ta vis

dRiurebSi veRar Seitanda iseT rames, romelic azerbaijansa

da somxeTSi misi kastiliaSi dabrunebis Semdeg moxda.

vfiqrob, axla ukve darwmunebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

klavixo da mirxondi mefe giorgi VII-is mier Turqmanebis

winaaRmdeg mowyobil or sxvadasxva laSqrobaze gadmogvce-

men an mirxondma erTmaneTSi auria sxvadasxva dros momx-

dari ambebi.

radgan klavixos gadmocema sxva werilobiTi wyaroebiT

ar das turdeba, amitom i. sreznevski giorgi VII-is meTau-

robiT mowyobil laSqrobas saeWvod miiCnevda da varauds

gamosTqvamda, klavixom giorgis xom ar miawera Turqmen

yara-iusufis namoqmedario2. rogorc davrwmundebiT, i. srez-

nevskis mier gamoTqmuli eWvi naCqarevi iyo. ras eyrdnoboda

igi, roca ambobda, rom aseT laSqroba yara-iusufma moaw-

yoo?

yara-iusufi cnobilia, rogorc Temurlengis erT-erTi

Seupovari mowinaaRmdege. igi iyo SavbatknianTa (yara-yoin-

lu) gaerTianebuli tomebis amira, warmoSobiT baharlus

tomidan. man, ahmed jelaiarTan erTad, Te murisagan devnilma,

jer osmaleTis sulTan baiazid I-s Seafara Tavi3, xolo

1 mirxondi, gv. 511.2 Рюи Гонзалес де Клавихо, c. 411.3 sayuradReboa, rom farsadan gorgijaniZe Tavis ìstoriaSi~ Temursa da

bai azids Soris omis dawyebis erT-erT mizezad am ukanasknelis mier ahmedis

Sefarebasa da misi TemurisaTvis gadaucemlobas asaxelebs. farsadan gorgi-

janiZis istoria, s. kakabaZis gamocema, `saistorio moambe~, nakv. II, 1925, gv.

36 37

Temuris mier baiazidis damarcxebis Semdeg, egvipteSi gaiqca.

Te muris moTxovniT, egviptis sulTanma farajma igi Seipyro,

ramdenime xans tyveobaSi hyavda da TemurisaTvis gadacemas

apirebda kidec, magram Te muris sikvdilma ixsna. sulTanma

yara-iusufi gaaTavisufla da Tavisuflad moqmedebis saSu-

aleba misca. yara-iusufma Seagrova aTasi mxedari da azer-

baijanisaken wavida1.

Temurlengi gardaicvala 1405 wlis 18 Tebervals q .

otraraSi, xolo zemoaRniSnuli laSqroba unda momxdariyo

1405 wlis 19 maissa da 11 ivliss Soris. am droisaTvis ki

yara-iusufi klavixos mier dasaxelebul adgilamde ver

mividoda, jer erTi, imitom rom cnoba Temurlengis sik-

vdilis Sesaxeb Sua aziidan egviptemde daigvianebda da, meo-

rec, yara-iusufisaTvis saWiro iqneboda garkveuli dro

jaris Sesakre bad. maSin yovelive amis gakeTeba drois mcire

monakveTSi praqtikulad SeuZlebeli iyo2.

i. petruSevkis mixedviT, siriidan wamosulma àhmedma da

yara-iusufma 1406 wlis ivnisSi aiRes baRdadi da amis Sem-

deg dauyovnebliv daiZrnen samxreT azerbaijanisaken. 1406

wlis ivlisis dasasruls orive mokavSire Tavrizs

miuaxlovda~3. amgvarad qarTvelTa laSqroba Sedga 1405 wlis zaf-

xulSi, xolo ahmed jalairisa da yara-iusufisa ki 1406

wlis zafxulSi.@

cnobilia, rogor Seupovar brZolas awarmoebda qarT-

veli xalxi giorgi VII-is meTaurobiT dampyrobTa winaaRm-

deg jer kidev Temurlengis sicocxleSi.

1403 wels mefe giorgisa da Temurlengs Soris dadebu-

li zaviT, saqarTvelo Turqmanebis vasalur mdgomareobaSi

303-304.

1 Enzyklopaedie des Islam, II, Leipzig, 1927, S. 793.2 Петрушевский И. П., Государство Aзербайджана в XV веке. «Сборник

статей по истории Азербайджана», вып. I, Баку, 1949, с. 156.3 Тамже, с. 157.

rCeboda. zavis dadebis Semdeg Temurs saqarTvelo aRar

daulaSqravs, igi CineTis das apyrobad wavida. giorgi mefes

saSualeba mieca qveyanaSi mSvidoba daemyarebina, Zalebi

moekriba da Tvalyuri edevnebina amierkavkasiasa da axlo

aRmosavleTSi mimdinare movlenebisaTvis. rogorc Cans mefe

giorgim vi Tareba xelsayrelad CaTvala da qveynis mtrisagn

gawmendas da erTianobis aRdgenas Seudga.

Temuris sikvdilis Semdeg imperiaSi dawyebul gamaTa-

visuflebel moZraobas mis memkvidreebs Soris pirvelo-

bisaTvis brZola daerTo, ramac giorgi mefes aqtiuri sa-

gareo politikis gatarebis saSualeba misca. man

gaiTvaliswina azerbaijanSi dawyebuli saxalxo moZraobis

mniSvneloba saqarTvelosaTvis da maSinve, 1405 dasawyisSi, moZraobis meTaurs SirvanSah ibrahims1 daukavSirda. qarT-

velma mefem ibrahimTan kavSiri imiTic ga namtkica, rom mas

gadasca cota xnis win dapyrobili ganja da naxWevani2.

yovelive zemoaRniSnulis Semdeg, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

giorgi me fes sworad Seufasebia omar Tobanis morCilebaSi

arsebul teritori aze Seqm nili viTareba. omar mirzam

yarabaRSi gaigo Tavisi papis sikvdili. man ganizraxa dawye-

buli areulobiT esargebla da Tavisi mamis _ miran-Sahis da

ufrosi Zmis _ abubeqris devna daiwyo. man Zma daatyveva da

sulTaniis sapyrobileSi Caagdo, mama ki ver moixelTa3.

miran-Sahis Tavisufleba om aris mdgomareobas aryevda. amiT

iyo gamowveuli, rom man monawileoba ar miiRo mis samflo-

beloebSi SeWrili qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. imis

fiqric SeiZleba, rom igi qarTvelTa Tavdasxmas SedarebiT

nakleb mniSvnelobas aniWebda, vidre sakuTari mamis datyveve-

bas.

1 Петрушевский И. П., Ук. труд, с. 154; Али – заде, Социально-экономи-ческая и политическая ис тория Азербайджана XIII-XIV вв., Баку, 1965, с. 394.

2 kiknaZe r., dasax. naSr., gv. 379.3 Clavijo, p. 232-233.

38 39

aRwerili viTareba saSualebas aZlevda mefe giorgis

mcire jariT SeWriliyo gandgomili ivane aTabagis samflo-

beloSi, daemorCilebina igi da laSqroba gaegrZelebina me-

zobel teritoriebze, miT umetes, rom am droisaTvis

saqarTvelos arc samxreTiT mosazRvre olqebSi da arc

Tvrizis midamoebSi Turqmanebs seriozuli samxedro Zala

ar hyavdaT.

mainc, laSqrobis mTavari mizani saaTabagos Semomtkiceba

unda yo filiyo da ai ratom: mesxeTis mflobeli ivane aTa-

bagi mefe giorgis gadaudga 1402 wels da konstantine ba-

toniSvilTan, mefis ZmasTan, erTad Temurlengs miemxro1.

Temuris saqarTveloSi bolo laSqrobis dros is ini mtris

mxares iyvnen2. saqarTvelos samxreTi sazRvrisa da qveynis

guli saken mimavali gzis dacvas didi mniSvneloba hqonda

mefis Semdgomi moqmedebisaTvis. giorgis Semdgom moqmedebad

SeiZleba CaiTvalos yarsisa da naxWevanis aReba, rasac mirx-

ondi gadmogvcems.

giorgi VII-is saqarTvelos politikuri gaZlierebisaT-

vis brZolis miuxedavad, Temuris laSqrobebma qveyanas ise-

Ti daRi daasva, rom misi gamosworeba SeuZlebeli iyo.

saqarTvelos saxelmwi fos samflobe loebi teritoriulad

Semcirda. odesRac megobruli Tu ymadnafici me zoblebis

adgilas saqarTvelosadmi mtrulad ganwyobili Temuridebi

gabatondnen.

Temuridebis gandevnidan didi xani ar iyo gasuli, rom

saqarT velos axali mteri gamouCnda yara-yoiunlus (Savbat-

kninTa) Turqmanebis saxiT. maTTan brZolaSi daiRupnen me-

feebi _ giorgi VII (1407 w.) da kon stantine (1412 w.).

1 javaxiSvili iv., dasav. naSr., gv. 419.2 kacitaZe d., ìskanderis anonimis~ cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. Tsu

Sromebi, 116, aRmosavleTmcodneobis seria, Tb., 1966, gv. 383; niniZe d., saqarT-velos saxelmwifos sa gareo politika da diplomatia XIV saukunis bolos

da XV saukunis damdegs. qar Tuli diplomatiis istoriis narkvevebi, I, Tb., 1998, gv. 538-541.

2. evropuli antiosmaluri diplomatia da

saqarTvelo (XV s. 50-60-iani wlebis mijna)

osmaleTis mier konstantinopolis dapyrobam da bizan-

tiis im periis mospobam mTeli qristianuli samyaro sagoneb-

elSi Caagdo. qristianulma saxelmwifoebma TvalnaTliv

dainaxes, rogori didi saSiSroeba emuqreboda maT arse-

bobasac. amitom iyo, rom konstantino polidan adri anopolSi

dabrunebul mehmed II-s mezobeli qveynebis el Cebi Zvirfasi

saCu qrebiT eaxlnen da morCileba gamoucxades. es iyo

saSineli Zalis winaSe nebayoflobiT qedis moxra. magram

osmaleTis am mezoblebis warmo madgenlebs Soris ar imyofe-

bodnen trapizonisa da saqarTvelos wargzavnilebi.

konstantinopolis dacemam gansakuTrebuli sazrunavi

evropis qveyne bis ganviTarebis gzaze damdgar mrewvelobas

da vaWrobas gauCina. amitom iyo, rom mcire aziasa da bal-

kaneTSi osmalebis gabatonebiT yvelaze metad is saxelmwi-

foebi Sewuxda, romelTa ekonomikuri interesebic ilaxebo-

da. dapyrobili teritoriebidan osmalebis gandevna

gadaudebel amocanad iqca, magram am sakiTxis gadaWra

damoukideblad, sxvebis daxma rebis gareSe, maSin arc erT

qveyanas ar SeeZlo. saWiro iyo sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebis

SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianeba da maTi dapirispireba

sul ufro mzardi osmaleTisaTvis.

osmaleTis winaaRmdeg jvarosnuli omis dawyebis idea,

iseve rogorc winaT, axlac romis paps ekuTvnoda. sienas

episkoposi eneas silvius piko lomini (SemdegSi papi pius II,

1458-1464), 1454 wels Tavis erT-erT werilSi, romlis

adresati cnobili ungreli humanisti, episkoposi jovani

(ianoS) vitezi iyo, imeds gamosTqvamda, rom Camoyalibde-

boda antiosmaluri koalicia, romelSic ungreTTan, germa-

niasTan da ruseTTan erTad Sevi dodnen papi, veneciis respub-

40 41

lika, trapizonis imperatori da qarTvelTa mefe1. papma

nikoloz V-m evropis mefe-mTavrebs mouwoda, gaerTianebu-

li ZaliT ebrZolaT mehmed II-is (1444-1446, 1451-1481)

winaaRmdeg. magram am mo wodebas araviTari Sedegi ar mohyva.

evropis TiTqmis yvela saxelmwifo cdilobda, calke,

sxvebisa gan damoukideblad, moegvarebina osmaleTTan Tavisi

urTierToba. ase moiqca, magaliTad, veneciis respublika,

romelic gansakuTrebiT dainteresebuli iyo aRmosavleTTan

vaWrobiT.

evropis Zalebis gaTiSvis mizniT, mehmed II, cdilobda

evropis zogierT saxelmwifosTan mainc hqonoda mSvidobiani

urTierToba. marT lac, SesTavazes Tu ara venecielebma mas

xelSekrulebis dadeba, maSinve daTanxmda da 1455 wlis 18

aprils SeTanxmeba gaformda, romlis ZaliT, venecielebs

osmalebis mier dapyrobil teritoriebze vaWrobis ufleba

eZleodaT.

venecielebs esmodaT, rom mehmed II dros mogebas cdi-

lobda da xelSekrulebas pirvelsave xelsayrel SemTxvevaSi

daarRvevda. amitom is ini arc osmalebis mowinaaRmdegeebTan

wyvetdnen kavSirs. momdevno wels venecias ukve vxedavT

italiis saxelmwifoebis ligaSi. ligis Seqmnis ini ciatori

iyo papi nikoloz V. magram liga papis gar dacvalebisTanave

daiSala. axlad arCeulma papma kaliqstus III-m mTeli yura-

dReba osmaleTis winaaRmdeg brZolis sakiTxs miapyro2 da

maSinve cota xnis wi naT daSlili antiosmaluri ligis aR-

dgenas Seudga. igi amiTic ar dak mayofilda da osmaleTis

mowinaaRmdege araqristianul qveynebSic elCebi daagzavna.

1456 w. kaliqstus III-m cnobili diplomati, francis-

kanelTa or denis wevri, ludoviko bolonieli aRmosavleTSi

1 Der Briefwechsel des Eneas Silvius Piccolomini, Hrsg. R. Wolkan, III. Abteil, Bd. I, Wien, 1918 , S. 551.

2 Hergenröther J., Abriss der Papstgeschichte, Würtzburg, 1879, S. 61; Julien F. Papes et Sultan, Paris,1879 ,p. 104.

gagzavna1. ludovikos daevala trapizonis, saqarTvelos,

somxeTisa da ay-yoiunlus saxelmwi fos mes veurTa azris

Seswavla. paps ainteresebda, rogor pozicias dai kavebdnen

isini dasavleT evropis saxelmwifoebis gaerTianebuli Za-

lebiT osmaleTTan omis SemTxvevaSi.

evropaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki papis kuriaSi, cnobili iyo,

rom aRmo savleTSi jer kidev arsebobdnen iseTi qristianu-

li saxelmwifoebi, rom lebic osmaleTis winaaRmdeg saomrad

xelSi iaraRs aiRebdnen2.

ludoviko bolonieli maSinve Seudga mcire aziisa da

amier kavkasiis osmaleTis winaaRmdeg brZolis survilis

mqone, magram erTian sabrZolo gegmas moklebuli, samefo-

samTavroebis darazmvas. imave 1456 wels igi saqarTveloSi

movida da osmalTa winaaRmdeg jvarosnuli omis Sesaxeb

iqadaga3. ludovikos saqarTveloSi antiosmaluri ganwyoba

daxvda.

1 ludovikos winaprebi boloniidan iyvnen, warCinebuli severis gvaridan.

1438 wels ludovikos ojaxi fera raSi gadasaxlda da amis Semdeg isini war-

moSobis adgilis (bolonia) mixedviT, bolonielebad iwodebodnen. Tumca lu-

doviko, manamdec (1431 wlidan) cnobili iyo. ludoviko bolonielis (lodovico da Bologna. wesiT, qar Tuladac ase unda movixseniebdeT – lodoviko da bo-

lonia, magram qarTulSi m, TamaraSvilis mier damkvidrda `ludoviko bolon-

ieli~) saxeliT. 1431 wlidan ludoviko franciskanelTa ordenis kapitulis

beria. 1437 wels papma evgeni IV-m ludoviko sxva or berTan erTad gaagzavna

aRmosavleTSi. cnobilia, rom am mogzaurobis dros lu doviko imyofeboda

kafasa da ierusalimSi. 1454 wels papma nikoloz V-m ierusalimSi mcxovrebi

ludoviko kaTo likuri rwmenis propagandisaTvis gaagzavna eTiopiasa da in-

doeTSi, saidanac erTi wlis Semdeg dabrunda. Severi Bargellesi Angolo, Nuovi documenti su fr. Lodovico da Bologna, al secolo Lodovico Severi, Nuncio Apos tolico in oriente (1455-1457). Archivio franciscanum historicum, 69, 1976 , p. 3-14. ludoviko

bolonielis biografi aze vrclad ix. paiWaZe d., evropis qveynebis antios-maluri koalicia da saqarTvelo, Tb., 1989, gv. 76-80.

2 Breve relazione delle milizia terestre e marittima che ha in essere Amu rat II con le entrate e uscite e ordini del suo imperio nell’ anno 1575. In: Al beri E. Relazio-ni degli AmbaSciatori Veneti al Senato. Serie III, v. II, Firenze, 1844, p. 408.

3 Авалов З., Забитая вариация об одной исторической теме (из истории Восточного вопроса XV столетия),Прага, 1925, с. 243.

42 43

ludoviko boloniels aseTive viTareba daxvda axlo

aRmosavleTis sxva qveynebSic da igi romSi didad kmayofili

dabrunda.

vidre aRmosavleTis ambebs Seityobda, papma sakuTari

xarjiT ram denime galera SeaiaraRa da maTi osmaleTis wi-

naaRmdeg saomrad gagzavna surda, magram mdgomareoba sul

sxvagvari iyo, vidre papi va raudobda. ve necielebma mis mo-

wodebas uariT upasuxes im mizeziT, rom osmaleTTan urT-

ierTobis gauareseba ar surdaT. maTi aRmosavleTTan vaWro-

ba osmalebis mier jerjerobiT ar izRudeboda. genuelebi

TavianTi uSualo mezoblebisagan mosalodneli safrTxis

ac ilebaze ufro zrunavdnen1.

papi grZnobda, rom evropis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaer-

Tianebas ver SeZlebda da imedis Tvali mTlianad aRmosavle-

Tze gadaitana. man 1457 w. scada uSualod daemyarebina

kavSiri ay-yoiunlus mbrZanebel uzun has anTan2, romlis

saxeli evropaSi ukve sakmaod cnobili iyo.

rogorc ukve iTqva, ludoviko bolonieli aRmosavleTi-

dan kmayo fili dabrunda da paps saqarTvelos Sesaxebac

mravali saintereso cnoba miutana. moxiblulma papma lu-

dovikos ukan, aRmosavleTSi dabruneba ubr Zana da Tan wer-

ilic gaatana, romeliTac papi sparseTsa da saqarT veloSi

mcxovreb yvela qristian morwmunes mimarTavs. werili da-

TariRebulia 1457 wlis 19 dekembriT3.

werilidan irkveva, rom ludovikos papisaTvis mouxsen-

ebia: saqarT velo, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi `barbarosTa da

urwmunoTa sim ravliT ga remoculia, mravlad arian iq kaTo-

1 Silberschmidt M., Das orientalische Problem zur Zeit der Entstehuing des Türkische Reiches nach venezianische Quelen, Leipzig-Berlin, 1923, S. 113.

2 Muratori L. A. Geschichte von Italien von Anfange der christliche Zeit-Rech-nung bis auf des Jahre 1500. Aus dem italienischen übersetzt, Theil IX, Leipzig, 1750 , S. 377.

3 TamaraSvili m., istoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa Soris, tf., 1902, gv. 51.

likeni1 da misdeven WeSmaritebisa da sau kuno cxovrebis

gzas~2.

romSi friad kmayofili darCenilan qarTvelebis im sur-

viliTac, rom, paps maTTvis sakuTari patriarqis arCevis

ufleba miucia. man lu dovikos gadasca werili, romliTac

igi qarTvelebs uwonebda survils da uflebas aZlevda, pa-

triarqad aerCiaT is pirovneba, visac TviTon inebebdnen da

wardgenili kandidaturis damtkicebasac hpirdeboda. amas-

Tanave papi qarTvelebs sTxovda ludovikosaTvis aRmoeCinaT

daxmareba, raTa mas papis yvela davaleba advilad Sees-

rulebina3.

paps calke werili gaugzavna samcxis aTabagma yvaryvare

II-m. imave wlis 22 dekembers papma sapasuxo werilic lu-

dovikos gamoatana. werili sainteresoa imdenad, ramdenadac

masSi ga mok veTilad Cans pirvelobis pretenziebiT Sepyro-

bili aTabagis namdvili saxe. aqve isic Cans, rom papi mzadaa

daakmayofilos aTabagis zogierTi moTxovna, magram is osma-

leTis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad er Tad unda iyos `saqarT-

velos mefesTan da im adgilebis sxva mmarT velebsa da qris-

tian erebTan mSvidobis Sesaxeb. am mSvidobis saSuale biT

Tqven advilad SeZlebT SeudgeT urwmuno barbarosTa gawyve-

tas, romlebic TqvenTan ax los cxovroben. imave nuncios

(ludoviko bolonieli – e.m.) monaTxro bidan SevityveT Seni

piroba gagrZeldes omi yvela qristianis mtris _ Turqis

winaaRmdeg, romelsac, rogorc ambob, brZolis velze yov-

elTvis amarcxebdi xolme... xolo rac Seexeba SenTvis admi-

ralobis (sic!) anu mTa varsardlobis boZebas mTel samxedro

Zalebze, rasac Tqveni qveynebis qristianebi barbarosebze

salaSqrod moagroveben, Cven Sen amisaTvis sruliad Rirseu-

lad gTvliT da Sen SegiZlia mamaSenis msgavsad mTavar-

1 am cnobas papisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda.

2 TamaraSvili m,. dasax. naSr., gv. 50-513 .iqve, gv. 51.

44 45

sardali iyo. ase rom, Cven Sen am wodebas giwyalobebT1.

oRondac Tqvens Soris, iqauri qveynebis qristi anebs Soris

mSvidoba da Tanxmoba iyos~2. wer ilSi isicaa naTqvami, rom

papma dasavleTis qristianebsac mouwoda TurqebTan sabr-

Zolvelad da saTanado weriliTac mimarTa, romlis asls,

damajereblobisaTvis, aTabags ugzavnida. àse rom, mTeli

Seni zraxvebi, survilebi da gegmebi urwmunoTa ganadgurebas

miapyari, ise, rogorc ukve dawyebuli gaqvs, im rwmeniT, rom

gamarjveba Sen da sxva qristianebs dagrCebaT, amis Sesaxeb

bevris Tqmaa saWiro, rasac sityvierad gadmogcems Cveni nun-

cio, romelsac savsebiT SegiZlia endo~ _ ase amTavrebs

Tavis werils papi kaliqstus III3.

papma saTanado werilebiT aRWurvili ludoviko dauy-

ovnebliv aRmosavleTSi gagzavna4, romelmac, SeiZleba viva-

raudoT, rogorc saqarT veloSi pirvelad yofnisas, axlac

1 yvaryvare aTabagis moTxovna mTavarsardlobaze, ganpirobebuli iyo qar-

Tuli samarTliT (ix. `Ãelmwifis karis garigeba~. wignSi: qarTuli samarTlis

Zeglebi: 1. Ãelmwifis karis garigeba, 2. dasturlamali. teqstebi gamosacemad

moamzada, gamokvlevebi, leqsikoni da saZieblebi daurTo i. surgulaZem, Tb., 1970, gv. 24-25). yuradRebas ipyrobs is garemoeba, rom yvaryvare Tavis pre-tenzias am saxelos memkvidreobiTobiT (mamidan Svilze) gadasvliT amarTlebs.

vfiqrob, papi im laSqris mTavarsardlobaze daTanxmda, romelsac saqarTvelos

samefo-samTavroebi (`Tqveni qveynebi~) Sekrebdnen. vaxuSti batoniSvilis daxa-

siTebiT, ìyo ese yuaryuare qedmaRali, didebismoyuare, mCurCneli da meSfo-

Te~ (qarTlis cxovreba, batoniSvili vaxuSti, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa.

teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, Tb., 1973 , gv. IV. 704). man mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula erTiani qarTuli

feodaluri monarqiis daSlaSi.

2 paiWaZe d., dasax. naSromi, gv. 84.3 iqve, gv. 85.4 m. TamaraSvils miaCnda da misi gavleniT mec ase megona, rom lu-

dovikos aRmo savleTSi gamgzavrebis gadawyvetileba miRebul iqna kaliqstus

III-is sicocxleSi, ro melic ludovikos gamgzavrebamde ramdenime dRiT adre

gardaicvala. amitom is axali pa pis arCevamde romSi dayovnda da Semdeg Ses-

dga misi gamgzavreba (TamaraSvili m., dasax. naSr., gv. 56; mamisTvaliSvili e., saqarTvelos. sgareo politikuri urTierTo bani XV sau kunis meore naxevarsa

da XVI saukuneSi, Tb., 1981 , gv. 41), rasac, moyvanili werili uary ofs.

piradad, papis davalebiT (amis Ses axeb werilSic aRniSnuli

iyo), moinaxula yvaryvare aTabagi da piradad gadasca wer-

ili. werilis Sinaarsi da papis dapirebebi unda gamxdariyo

mTavari mizezi aTabagis aqtiurobisa antiosmaluri koalici-

is Sesaqmne lad.

ludovikos romidan gamgzavrebis Semdeg, ar gauvlia did

xans, rom 1458 wlis 6 agvistos papi kaliqstus III garda-

icvala. 19 agvistos ar Ceuli iqna pius II (enea silvius

pikolomini), romelmac antios maluri jvarosnuli omis

ideis ganxorcielebas kidev ufro energiu lad mohkida xeli.

amis Semdeg romSi male dabrunda ludoviko, ma gram ar Cans

zustad rodis. yovel SemTxvevaSi is oqtombris dasawyisSi

romSia. 4 oqtombers pius II ajamebs da afasebs aRmosav-

leTSi misi mog zaurobis Sedegebs. papi ludovikos mimar-

Tavs: `Tqven wargzavneT CrdiloeTisa da aRmosavleTis

qveynebSi qristianebrivis sarwmunoebisa da samociqulo say-

dris pativis saqmeTa gamo; mRvdelT mTavrebi, mefeni da

egreTve qristiane eri, romlebic scxovroben urwmunoTa

Soris, mravlad naxeT iqa, ganamtkiceT da ganaZliereT sar-

wmunoebaSi, raodna Tac ki SegeZloT... maT Soris arian...

egreTve qarTvelT kaTalikosi, mefe sparseTis (giorgi),

mefe qarTvelebisa (samcxis aTabagi), mefe same grelosi (ben-

dia), imperatori trapezuntisa da egreTve sparseTis eri

(qarTlis eri), romlebic ekklesiis wessa da dog matebze

SeerTebulni arian da romlebic did pativscemen wminda

franCeskes monazonebs~1.

dReisaTvis cnobili qarTuli da evropuli wyaroebi ar

gvaZlevs saSualebas darwmunebiT vTqvaT, SeZlo Tu ara lu-

doviko bolonielma pa pis epistole samcxis aTabagisaTvis

gadaeca. zogad xazebSi mxolod is viciT, rom ludoviko

boloniels saqarTveloSi feodaluri aSliloba daxvda. erT-

maneTs ebrZodnen mefe giorgi VIII, imereTis mefe bagrati da

1 TamaraSvili m., dasax. naSr., gv. 51-52.

46 47

samcxis aTabagi yvaryvare II. ludovikom maTi Serigeba SesZlo

da fici daadebina, rom urTierTmtrobaze xels aiRebdnen da

mTel Zalas osmaleTis winaaRmdeg brZolas moaxmardnen.

saqarTveloSi saqmis mogvarebis Semdeg, ludoviko somx-

eTsa da ay-yoiunlus saxelmwifos estumra. iqac osmaleTis

winaaRmdeg brZolis Tanxmoba miiRo da rodesac ukan gamo-

brunda, maTi elCebic Tan wamoiyvana. 1459 w. igi isev saqarT-

veloSi movida. aq mefe giorgim da yvaryvare aTa bagma lu-

doviko boloniels burgonis hercog filipe keTilisaTvis1

1 filipe III keTili (1419-1467), burgundiis hercogi iyo 1419 wlidan

da mis saxel Tanaa dakavSirebuli sahercogos gaZliereba da teritoriuli

gavrcoba. aswliani omis dros is jer ingliselebs emxroboda (monawileobda

q. kompienis alyaSi 1430 wels, roca daatyveves Jana d’arki), Semdeg frangebis mxares gadavida (1435 w.) da pi kardiis olqis sanacvlod safrangeTis kanonier

mefed aRiara Sarl VII. filipe III-m qorwinebis, fulis, daxvewili diplo-

matiis wyalobiT Tavis samflobeloebs SeuerTa namiuris, enos, ze landiis da

holandiis sagrafoebi, brabantis, limburgisa da lu qsemburgis sahercogoebi

da sxv. amgvarad, filipe III gadaiqca evropaSi erT-erT uZliers mbrZaneblad.

am siZlieris simbolos warmoadgenda mis mier 1429 wels daarsebuli òqros

sawmisis ordeni~.

aswliani omi damTavrebuli ar iyo, rodesac filipe seriozul interess

amJRav nebda aRmosavleTis sakiTxebisadmi. man 1421 wels, rodesac ingliseleb-

is mxares iyo, os maleTis Sesaxeb cnobebis mopovebis mizniT, inglisis mcirew-

lovani mefis henri VI-is re gentTan, hercog bedfordTan erTad jilber da

lanua gaagzavna. 1431 wels imave mizniT gagzavnili iqna bedfordis mrCeveli

bertradon de la brokieri. 1443 wels man polone Tis mefe vladislav II-is

da ungreTis voevoda ianoS huniadis dasaxmareblad sazRvao eqspedicia gaagza-

vna valeran de vavrinis meTaurobiT, magram 1444 w. 10 noem bers mo kavSireebma osmalebTan brZolaSi marcxi ganicades. burgundiis eqspediciis xomaldebi

gaifantnen da mZarcvelobas miyves xeli. erT-erTma razmma saqarTvelomdec ki

moaRwia Jofrua de tuzis meTaurobiT da Tavs daesxa baTums, magram guriis mTavarma daatyveva. tuzis ganTavisufleba moxda mxolod trapizonis keisris

SuamdgomlobiT (Карпов С. П., Трапезунтская империя и западноевропейские государства в XIII-XV вв., М., 1981, c. 156-157).

filipe III jer kidev osmalebis mier konstantinopolis aRebamde 1452

wels os malebis winaaRmdeg erToblivi omis dawyebis iniciativiT gamovida da

am winadadebiT Tavisi episkoposi safrangeTis mefis karze gagzavna (Карпов С. П., Ук. соч., с. 116).

(igi ev ropaSi antiosmaluri koaliciis Seqmnis ini ciatorad

gamodioda da mzadyofnasac gamosTqvamda Tavisi SeiaraRe-

buli ZalebiT aqtiuri monawileba mieRo osmalebis winaaRm-

deg omSi) gankuTvnili werilebi gadasces da papis elCs

gamgzavrebisas Ta vianTi elCebic gaayoles1.

hercog filipesaTvis gankuTvnili werilebiT vigebT,

rom lu doviko bolonielis moRvaweobis Sedegad osmaleTis

winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad mTeli saqarTvelo darazmula.

brZolis survili ganucxadebiaT: mefe giorgis, aTabag yvary-

vares, samegrelos mTavar da dians da guriis mTavars. garda

qarTveli mefe-mTavrebisa, koaliciaSi unda Sesuliyvnen:

trapizonis imperatori, mcire somxeTis mTavari, yaramaniis

amira da ay-yoiunlus mbrZanebeli. dasaxelebuli saxelmwi-

foebidan gansakuTrebiT arasaxarbielo mdgomareobaSi trapi-

zonis imperia imyofeboda.

rogorc cnobilia, trapizonis imperia, XIII saukunis

dasawy isSi saqarTvelos xelisuflebis uSualo monawileo-

biT Camoyalibda da misT vis, am erTmorwmune da qarTuli

samefo karis monaTesave qveyanas, didi mniSvneloba hqonda.

es patara saxelmwifo, Tavisi xelsayreli geografiuli

mdebareobis wyalobiT, gansakuTrebul rols asrulebda ev-

ropisa da aRmosavleTis qveynebis _ iranis, indoeTis, Cine-

Tis _ savaWro urTierTobaSi. satranzito vaWroba mas did

Semosavals aZlevda. es ki sxva garemoebebTan erTad, sxvisi

teritoriebis ZarcviT dainteresebuli osmaleTisaTvis,

trapizonis imperiis winaaRmdeg dapyrobiTi omis dasawye bad

sakmao mizezs warmoadgenda. miuxedavad amisa, osmalebisagan

ganadgurebis safrTxis winaSe mdgom trapizonis imperiaSi

Sinagani Zalebis mobilizacia ki ara, piriqiT, decentrali-

zacia xdeboda. misi mmarTveli wreebi osmaleTis Tavdasxmis

mogeriebas mxolod evropisa da aRmosavleTis Zalebis gaer-

1 TamaraSvili m., dasax. naSr., gv. 57-59. elCebi foTidan gemiT gaemgza-

vrnen, md. dunais ahyvnen da un greTSi mividnen. Карпов С. П., УК. труд, с, 199.

48 49

TianebaSi da maTze dayrdnobiT, osmaleTis ganadgurebaSi

xedavdnen. aseTi Sexeduleba im perator ioane IV-is dros

(1446-1458) Camoyalibda. am mizniT daamyara io anem urTir-

Toba uzun has anTan, rac bolos ioanes qaliSvilis Teodo-

ras masze gaTxovebiT kidev ufro ganmtkicda. rogorc Tana-

medrove anonimi avtori gadmogvcems, uzun hasanma ioanes

osmalebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi yovelgvari daxmareba aR-

uTqva1.

ioanes saqarTvelos mefe-mTavrebisagan daxmarebis miRe-

bis imedic hqonda. saqarTvelos samefo karTan naTesaur

kavSirSi iyo. mas colad hyavda mefe aleqsandre I-is asu-

li2.

ioanes gardacvalebis Semdeg, misma Zmam, daviTma ioanes

politika gaagrZela da yvelafers akeTebda imisaTvis, raTa

osmalebis Tavdasxmas trapizoni momzadebuli daxvedroda.

sakuTari Zalebi rom ar hyofnida, daviTma saqarTvelos sx-

vadasxva kuTxidan mravali mebrZoli daiqirava3. iaraRi

veneciisa da genuis gemebiT mozides da qalaqis kedlebze

qvemexebi daayenes. marTalia, uzun hasani trapizonis saxelm-

wifos exmare boda, ma gram imdenad mcired, rom komnenosebi

iZulebulni gaxdnen kilikiis, sino pisa da yaramaniis mTavre-

bisTvis daxmareba eTxovaT, ma gram im dros isini imdenad

dasustebulni iyvnen, rom maTgan se riozuli daxmarebis

miReba saeWvo Canda. imave dros daviT komnenosi molaparake-

bas awarmoebda saqarTvelos mefe giorgi VIII-sTan, dadian-

Tan da yvaryvaresTan. man arc kavkasiis mTielebi datova

Txovnis gareSe da maT mefe giorgis droSis qveS gaerTiane-

bisaken mouwoda. giorgi VIII-is antiosmaluri ganwyobileba

maSin, albaT, cnobili iyo.

1 Ramusio G. B. Seconda volume della Navigationi et Viaggi…, Venezia, 1559 , p. 84r.

2 Fallmereyer Jac. PH., Geschichte des Kaiserthums von Trapezunt, München, 1827, S. 260.

3 Ibidem, S. 262.

qarTvelebs osmaleTis ganadgurebis sakuTari gegma hqon-

daT. iv. javaxiSvili werda: `qarTvel mefe-mTavrebs undo-

daT saqme ise moewyoT, rom osmalTa sruli damarcxeba,

saboloo ganadgureba da TviT saxseneblis mospobac ki Ses-

aZlebeli gamxdariyo. amisaTvis qarTvelebs osmalTa wi-

naaRmdeg erTmaneTTan Tanxmobrivi moqmedeba miaCndaT saWi-

rod ise, rom osmaleTisaTvis orTave mxriT SeetiaT da

samxedro mo qmedeba ewarmoebinaT~1. yvaryvare aTabagi burgo-

nis hercogs acno bebda: àma sac gpirdebiT, rom erTi zafxu-

lis ganmavlobaSi davipyroT mTlad anatolia da yvela

qveynebi, romelic konstantinepolel osmalos am mxares

uWiravs, xolo imis meore kerZo adgilebi, romlebic saber-

ZneTia da romelsac Savi zRva hyofs, Tqven dagitoveT

dasapyro bad; misi aReba advili iqneba, radgan, rodesac sul-

Tani ase or jars Sua moeqceva, veRar gauZaldeba, male

daiZleva da, amnairad, mis saxels qveyanaze movspobT~2.

gagzavnili werilebis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, qarT-

veli mefe-mTavrebi im droisaTvis sakmaod didi SeiaraRebu-

li Zalis gamoyvanas kis rulobdnen. burgonis hercogisadmi

gagzavnili werilidan Cans, maT rogori wvlilis Setana

surdaT osmalebis saboloo ganadgurebis saqmeSi. mefe gior-

gi werda: `me TviTon piradad 40.000 kaciT unda wavide...

samegrelos mefe bediani mzad aris mTeli Tavisi jariT;

yvaryvare, saqarTvelos xelmwife TviT modis 20.000 cxeno-

sniT; ana kosiis xelmwife raba (fabia) Semogvpirda wamosv-

las Tavisi ZmebiT, Ta vadebiT da mTeli Tavisi samxedro

ZaliT~3.

werilSi ar aris aRniSnuli ramdeni mebrZoli unda

gaeyvana same grelos mTavars. iv. javaxiSvilis varaudiT,

1 javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, IV, Tb., 1967 , gv. 68.2 TamaraSvili m., dasax. naSr., gv. 58-59. m. TamaraSvilis mier Targmnili

do kumenti rodesac originals Sevadare aRmoCnda, rom maT Soris mcire sx-vaoba iyo da Sevecade saintereso adgilebi damezustebina.

3 iqve, gv. 59-60, 596-597.

50 51

samegrelo-afxazeTis mTavrebs 10.000-mde mebrZoli unda

gaeyvanaT da amrigad, mTlianad saqarT velos laSqari 70.000-

mde kacs Seadgenda1.

qarTvelTa laSqris sul sxva raodenobaa trapizonis

imperatoris daviT komnenosis 1459 w. 22 aprils imave fil-

ipe burgonelisaTvis gag zav nil werilSi. masSi naTqvamia,

rom giorgi gaiyvanda 60.000 mebrZols, yvary vare _ 20.000,

samegrelos mTavari Tavis SvilTan erTad _ 60.000, afxaze-

Tis mTavari Tavisi ZmebiTa da TavadebiT _ 30.0002.

gamodis, rom qarTvelTa laSqris raodenoba 170.000

kacs miaR wevda. amas daemateboda jiqebisa da alanebis razme-

bic, romlebic saqarTvelos laSqars SeuerTdebodnen da

mefe giorgis droSis qveS iomebdnen.

albaT, sinamdvilesTan axlos unda iyos jaris is raode-

noba, ro melic dasaxelebulia mefe giorgis werilSi. trapi-

zonis imperatori, savaraudoa, Segnebulad azviadebda laSqris

raodenobas, raTa STa beWdileba moexdina burgonis hercogze

da isic mTeli Tavisi SesaZle blobiT daxmareboda koalicias.

sainteresoa, vin iyvnen mefe giorgis werilSi dasaxele-

buli mo kavSireni.

mefe giorgi, romelic Tavis Tavs `persTa (e.i. sparsTa)

mefes~ uwodebda, iv. javaxiSvilis varaudiT, werilis de-

danSi, àfxazTa mefe~ ew ere boda, magram gadamwerma daamax-

inja3. marTlac, aq rom aleqsandre didis Zeze, mefe gior-

gizea laparaki, amaze miuTiTebs m. TamaraSvilis amonaweri

vadingos analebidan, romelsac Semdeg gavecnobiT.

samegrelos mTavari bediani (an bendiani), yvaryvares

werilSi me fis tituliT gandidebuli, am periodisaTvis

saqarTvelos erT-erTi Zlieri mTavarTagani iyo.

samcxe-saaTabago XV s. meore naxevarSi damoukidebel

1 javaxiSvili iv. qarTveli eris istoria, IV, gv. 69.2 Fallmereyer Jac. PH., Op. cit., S. 267.3 javaxiSvili iv., dasax. naSr., , gv. 67.

politikur erTeuls warmoadgenda. aTabag yvaryvare II did-

is dros samcxe-saaTa bagom Tavisi Zlierebis mwvervals mi-

aRwia. aTabagi mefisagan damou kidebel sa gareo politikas

atarebda. yvaryvares Zlierebaze miuTiTebs Tundac is faqti,

rom igi evropaSi mefed iyo cnobili.

yvaryvare Tavisi gavlenis gavrcelebas cdilobda saqarT-

velos sxva politikur erTeulebzec. XV s. meore naxevar-

Si, rogorc Cans, aTa bagis xelisufleba dasavleTiT Savi

zRvispireTis garkveul nawilzec vrceldeboda. m. broses

mixedviT, baTumi 1459 w. ukve yvaryvares mflobelobaSi yo-

fila, magram im wyaroTi, romelsac igi eyrdnoboda, amgvari

daskvnis gakeTeba ver xerxdeba1. ambrojo kontarinim 1474

wlis zafxulSi saqarTveloSi imogzaura da baTumSic iyo.

misi TqmiT, yvaryvares Savi zRvis piras ori qalaqi: baTumi

da kaltixea ekuTvnoda2.

TiTqosda kontarinis cnobis sawinaaRmdegos gadmogvcems

barbaro, roca igi aRniSnavs, rom samegrelos mTavari bedi-

ani Savi zRvis piras flobs baTumsa da sevastopoliss3. ar

unda dagvaviwydes, rom am SemTxvevaSi barbaros sxva perio-

di aqvs mxedvelobaSi. savaWro saqmiano basTan dakavSirebiT

barbaro saqarTveloSi, kerZod, mis Savi zRvis sanapiroebze,

ramdenjerme iyo. aseT saqmianobas ki igi 1436-1451 wlebSi

eweoda. Tavis `mogzaurobaSi~ saqarTvelos Sesaxeb cnobebs,

1 m. broses varaudiT, yvaryvares werili burgonis hercogisaTvis gaigza-

vna baTumidan, rac imis sabuTad miaCnda, rom baTumi yvaryvares mflobelobaSi

iyo. m. brose amis gamo werda: ̀ Sa lettre est datè da Bata, en Carceche, que je crois etre Batou, dans la prin cipautè d’Akhal-Tzikhe~ (Brosset M. Additions et éclair-cissements jusqu’en 1469 de J.C., St.-Petersbbourg, 1851 , p. 409). unda SevniSno, rom aRniSnuli werili broses Tavis TxzulebaSi srulad ar aqvs moyvanili.

m. Tama raSvilis wignSi ki laTinur enaze mocemul imave werilSi baTumi saer-

Tod naxsenebi ar aris. SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom m. brosem laTinuri wyaros

`Vata in Carceche~ gad moiRo rogorc `Bata en Carceche~ (ix. TamaraSvili m.

dasax. naSromi, gv. 394-3 96.).2 Ramusio, 114 v.3 XV saukunis italielTa cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 55.

52 53

garda erTisa, romelic uzun hasanis 1477 wlis Semosevas

asaxavs, Setanilia Txzulebis pirvel nawilSi, romelsac

ewodeba `mogzauroba tanaSi~.

26 wlis Semdeg (1477 w.) barbaros kidev mouxda yofna

saqarT veloSi, magram maSin mas aRar hqonda saSualeba

amjerad saintereso adgilebis Sesaxeb cnobebi Seegrovebina.

amas garda saWiroa isic gavixsenoT, rom barbarom Tavisi

`mogzauroba~ sicocxlis bolo periodSi aRwera, maSin,

rodesac kontarini `dRiurebs~ adgilzeve adgenda. amitom

kontarinis dRiurebi, am SemTxvevaSi, ufro sandoa.

kontarini baTumis Sesaxeb saxvaganac gvawvdis cnobas,

romelic kidev ufro gvarwmunebs, rom es Savi zRvispira

qalaqi aTabags ekuTvnoda1. yvaryvare, saqarTvelos mTavari,

samcxe-saaTabagos mflobeli, an tiosmaluri koaliciis Seqm-

niT gansakuTrebiT dainteresebuli Cans.

qarTvel mefe-mTavrebs Soris dasaxelebuli rabia, m.

TamaraSvils afxazeTis mTavari egona, iv. javaxiSvilma ki

igi anakofiis erisTavad iva rauda2. orive mecnieris mosaz-

reba sworia. mxolod dazustebis mizniT unda iTqvas, rom

rabia afxazebiT dasaxlebuli mTeli teritoriis erisTavi

ki ar iyo, aramed mxolod im nawilisa, romelic sabedia-

noSi ar Sedioda, mas afxazeTis saerisTavo ewodeboda da

XV s. meore naxevarSi damoukideblo bas inarCunebda. afxaze-

Tis saerisTavo gadaWimuli iyo anakofiidan nikof siamde3.

Anocacia, Anocasia da Angosia rom namdvilad anakofias niS-

navs, amaze miuTiTebs jorjo interianos Agaxia-c, romelic,

misive TqmiT, CerqezeTs esazRvreboda da kolxeTis nawils

Seadgenda4. venecieli diplomati ambrojo kontarinic

1 Ramusio, p. 119 r-119 v.2 TamaraSvili m., dasax. naSr., gv. 58; javaxiSvili iv. dasax. naSr., gv.

68.

3 Анчабадзе З. В., Из истории средневековой Абхазии (VI-XVII вв), Суху-ми, 1959 , c. 177.

4 Interiano Giorgio. La vita et sito de Zichi, chiamati Circassi, historia nobile,

saqarTvelo-CerqezeTis gzaze asaxelebs erT geografiul

punqts, romelsac Avogasia erqva1. udavoa yvela zemoCamoTv-

lili saxelis msgavseba sxvadasxva peri odis italiur ruke-

bze anakofiis aRniSvnasTan (Avogaxia, Anagsia, Avogia), rac cxadyofs iv. javaxiSvilis varaudis safuZvlianobas.

1460 w. saqarTvelos elCebi romSi mividnen da paps war-

udgines mo kavSireTa gansxvavebuli sia, vidre es burgonis

hercogisTvis gagzavnil werilebSia mocemuli. maT paps

moaxsenes, rom `CvenTan mokavSireebad ar ian: bendas _ same-

grelosa da afxazeTis mefe; bagrati _ iberTa, romlebic

exla giorgianebad iwodebian da mania _ guriis erisTavi;

is maili _ sino pis batoni; kastimene, romlis mama spediari

iyo; fabia _ angoziis mTavari; kilikiis mTavari yaramani~2.

rogorc werilebidan da elCebis papTan gancxadebidanac

Cans, `qarT veli politikosebi marto qristian mezoblebTan

TanamSromlobiT ar dak mayofilebulan da TavianTi gegma

sarwmuneobrivi zRudeebiT ki ar Semou farglavT, aramed am

saqmis ganxorcielebis dros safuZvlad politikuri Tval-

sazrisiT uxelmZRvaneliaT~3. werilebSi, marTalia zogadad,

mocemulia osmaleTis winaaRmdeg brZolis gegmac da Ti-

Toeuli mokavSiris movaleoba.

yvaryvare II aTabagis werilis mixedviT, 1459 w. uzun

hasanic an tios malur koaliciaSi imyofeboda. `radgan hasan-

beg aqeT mxares, konstantino poleli osmalebis sazRvarzed

aris, _ werda yvaryvare, _ dagvpirda, rom gzas mogvcems,

raTa anatolia davipyraT da TviTonac piradad unda movides

Venezia, Aldus, 1502 , p. 6.1 Ramusio, p. 119 v.2 vadingos `mcire analebidan~ amoRebul sabuTSi, sadac CamoTvlilia mo-

kavSireebi, m. TamaraSvils Tavis ìstoria kaTolikobisasa~-Si, gamotovebuli

aqvs adgilebi. misi aRdgena m. TamaraSvilis fondSi daculi masalebiT xerxde-

ba. ix. saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa

instituti: m. TamaraSvilis fondi, #1053.

3 javaxiSvili iv., dasax. naSr., gv. 70.

54 55

CvenTan yoveli Tavisi jariT asaRebad bursis qalaqisa, raTa

igi TavisTvis daikavos. eseTi kavSiri masTan im pirobiT

davdeT, rom mudam iqnes qristianobis didi megobari; egreTve

ukeT Tqven laTinis mbrZane blebi da erni wamoxvalT wminda

adgili ieru salimis dasapyrobad, is valdebulia yovel-

nairad SegewiosT Tqven, raodnaTac ki SeuZlia~1.

koaliciis aRmosavleli wevrebis jaris saerTo raodeno-

bis dasadgenad saWiroa davubrundeT mefe giorgis mier bur-

gonis hercog filipesaTvis gagzavnil werils. masSi naTqva-

mia, rom trapizonis imperators 30 xomaldi da 20 aTasi

mebrZoli unda gaeyvana, mcire somxeTis mflobels berdebeks

_ 20 aTasi mebrZoli2, xolo uzun hasans ki _ 50 aTasi3.

amgvarad, aRmosavlel mokavSireTa laSqarSi iqneboda

daaxloebiT 160 aTasi meomari, rac, rogorc Cans, maT sak-

marisad ar miaCndaT da 1459 wels evropaSi elCoba gagza-

vnes, romelSic koaliciis TiTqmis yvela wevris warmomad-

geneli Sevida.

elCobas miuZRvoda ludoviko bolonieli, romelsac,

rogorc papi pius II burgonis hercogs acnobebda, aRmosav-

leTis mefe-mTavrebis antios malur koaliciaSi CabmasTan

erTad maTi warmomadgenlebis evropaSi Cayva nac evaleboda4.

evropaSi `daviT trapizonis imperatori gzavnis mixeil

aldi giers; giorgi persTa, didi armeniis da mcire iberiis

mefe, romlis mama aleqsandre iyo, nikoloz Tbilels; aseve

imperatoris siZe (uzun hasani – e.m.), mesopotamiis mefe,

Tumca araqristiani, magram qristianebis megobari, romlis

1 TamaraSvili m., dasax. naSr., gv. 58, 595.2

Ibidem, S. 267 3 T. uspenski asaxelebs 20 galeras da 20 aTas mebrZols (Успенский Ф.

Р., Очерки из истории Трапезунтской империи, Л., 1929, с. 135). iv. javaxiSvili

imave werilze dayrdnobiT wers, TiTqos imperators 30 xomaldi da 30 aTasi

meomari unda gamoeyvana (javaxiS vili iv., dasax. naSr., gv. 70). sinamdvileSi ki

isea, rogorc aRvniSne (ix. TamaraSvili m., dasax. naSr., gv. 59, 596).4 Ibidem, S. 268.

mama Turqmani karailuki iyo _ Turqman mahumuts; yvaryvare,

ro melic did iberias flobs, romlis mama gacabeki iyo,

qasqadan axalcix els; somxeTis batoni _ malus ar me-

niels~1.

elCebi jer saqarTveloSi Seikribnen, Semdeg Crdilo

kavkasiaSi gadavidnen, gaiares samxreT ruseTis velebi da

mividnen tanaSi, gadalaxes md. doni, ayvnen md. dunais da

ungreTamde miaRwies2.

savaraudoa, elCebi gzaSi molaparakebas awarmoebdnen sx-

vadasxva qveynebis politikur mesveurebTan, magram amis dama-

dasturebeli raime sabuTi cnobili ar aris. Tvals Tu ga-

davavlebT XV s. 50-ian wlebSi im qveynebis mdgomareobas,

sadac elCebs yofna mouxdaT da molaparakebe bic unda ewar-

moebinaT, maSin gasagebi gaxdeba rogori mxardaWera SeiZle-

boda mieRoT.

ungreTi didad dainteresebuli iyo osmaleTis winaaRm-

deg saomari moqmedebis gaSliT. mefe matiaS korvinma elCebi

guliTadad miiRo da dapirda, mxars dauWerda saerTo saqmes3,

magram maSin igi gadaudebeli problemebiT dakavebuli iyo.

kerZod, imperatori fridrix III habsburgi mas taxts ecile-

boda.

elCebi germaniSi eaxlnen fridrix III (1452-1493) hab-

sburgs. mis mier elCebis miReba da maTTan ganxiluli sakiTx-

ebis Sesaxeb gadmoce mulia im peratoris mier giorgi VIII-sa

1 saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa

in stituti: m. TamaraSvilis fondi, #1053, gv. 30. Sdr. falmeraieris naSromSi

(Fallmer eyer Jac. PH., Op. cit., S. 268) mocemuli papis werili burgonis herco-

gisadmi, sadac arc yvela elCia dasaxelebuli da saxelebic damaxinjebulia.

2 m. TamaraSvilis fondi, #1053, gv. 31. gansxvavebuli marSruti war-

moadgina l. tardim: elCebi foTidan gemiT gaemgzavrnen, md. dunais ahyvnen da ungreTSi mividnen. tardi l., veneciis roli ungreTTan saqarTvelosa da

sparseTis urTierTobaSi. kre bulSi: evropis qveynebis istoriis problemebi, II, Tb., 1978, gv. 199.

3 Breyer A., Ludovico da Bologna and the Georgian Embassy of 1460-61. In

`Bedi Kartlisa, Revue de Kartvélologiè~, XIX-XX (1965), Paris, 1965, p. 181.

56 57

da yvaryvare II aTabagisaTvis gagzavnil werilebSi, rom-

lebic daTariRebulia 1460 wlis 17 oqtombriT. fridrixi

iwonebs im enTuziazms rac qarTvelebs osmalebis winaaRmdeg

sabrZolve lad gamoumJRavnebiaT. misi azriT es xels Seuw-

yobda dasavleTis qristi anebis darazmvasac1. aseTi zogadi

frazebia imperatoris werilebSi, maTSi arc erTi konkret-

uli wi nadadeba an dapireba ar aris.

elCebi Semdeg italiisaken gaeSurnen. veneciis senatma

maT Rir seuli miReba mouwyo, razec mniSvnelovani gavlena

unda moexdina yvaryvare aTa bagis mier veneciis doJisaTvis

gagzavnil werils. aTabags pirvel rigSi ainteresebda Sede-

gebi mantuis saeklesio krebisa, romelic miznad is axavda

antiosmaluri koaliciis Seqmnas. àmisaTvis gTxovT, _ wers

yvary vare, _ keTili ineboT da SematyobinoT, Tu ra Rones

xmarobT konstanti nopolis dasabruneblad, raTa me Cemis

mxriv, Cemi valis moxda SevZlo~. imave dros yvaryvare doJs

acnobebs, rom ludoviko bolonielis CagonebiT Seurigda

mefe giorgis, mefe bagrats, bedians da amis Semdeg àqaurma

yvela qristianma~ gaaforma xelSek ruleba mTeli TavianTi

SeiaraRebuli Zalebis urwmunoTa winaaRmdeg gamosayvanad,

`rodesac Tqveni brwyinvaleba da papi Segvatyobinebs dros,

dResa da saaTs galaSqrebisaTvis~.

amave werilSi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs

saqarTvelos yvaryvareseuli dayofa ufros-umcrosobis

mixedviT. yvaryvares Tavis Tavi saaTabagos sruluflebian

baton-patronad miaCnia, maSin rodesac, misi azriT, guria da

afxazeTi `samarTlianad~ iTvleba mefe giorgis qveSevr-

domad, bediani, samegrelos batoni ki imereTis mefe bagra-

tis morCilia. aqve isic unda aRiniSnos, rom yvaryvares am

werilis toni, adrindelTan SedarebiT, iseTia TiTqos sam-

cxis aTabagi aris aRmosav leTis koaliciis SeiraRebuli

Zalebis sardalic da politikuri lideric: ìmperatori

1 paiWaZe d., dasax. naSromi, gv. 91-92.

trapezundisa, misi siZe uzun hasani da berdebek armenieli

damoyvrdnen da Segvpirdnen mogvcen gza xmeleTsa da zRvaze

da mTeli TavianTi ZalebiT CvenTan erTad maTi mtrebis _

otomani Turqebis winaaRmdeg gamovidnen. ase rom, RmerTis

wyalobiT vimedovnebT davipyroT anatolia, Tqvens brwyinva-

lebas ki vTxovT keTili ineboT da mTeli Zalebi kon-

stantino polis aRebas moaxmaroT~1.

veneciis respublika am dros jer kidev mSvidobiani

gziT cdilobda osmaleTTan savaWro da politikuri sakiTx-

ebis mogvarebas. am mizans emsaxureboda 1460 wels venecia-

osmaleTis 1454 wlis xelSek rulebis ga naxleba. venecieleb-

ma aRmosavlel elCebTan respublikisaT vis yvelaze saintereso

sakiTxze, vaWrobaze, daiwyes saubari2, magram raze SeTanxm-

dnen ucnobia. cxadia venecia omSi ar Caebmeoda da arc amg-

var dapirebas mis cemda elCebs.

1460 wlis dekemberSi elCebi florenciaSi yofilan.

floren cielebs, aRmosavleTTan vaWrobiT venecielebze

aranakleb dainterese bulebs, trapizonis elCTan 14-15 de-

kembers savaWro xelSekruleba gau formebiaT3. elCebma, rode-

sac TavinT mTavrebTan wasaRebi da papTan sarekomendacio

werilebi miiRes, isini romis gzas daadgnen. 1460 wlis 20

dekembers maT roms miaRwies, sadac `maT miegeben sasuliero

dasni da episkoposebi da didis pativiT miiRes, rogorc me-

feTa elCni, daayenes samTavro saxlebSi da mTavrobis xar-

jiTve Seinaxes~4.

audienciis dros saqarTvelos warmomadgenlebma pap pius

II-s ganucxades, rom qarTveli mefe-mTavrebi mxars uWerdnen

1 iqve, gv. 94-95.2 m. TamaraSvilis fondi, #1053, gv. 31.3 xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, florencielebs trapizonSi saqonlis sawyo-

bisa da sakonsulos qonebis ufleba eZleodaT. maT Semotanil saqonelze Rire-

bulebis 20% unda gadaexadaT, gatanilze ki gadasaxadi ar vrceldeboda. Heyd W. Geschichte des Levantehandels im Mittelalter, II B., Stuttgart, 1879 , S.362-363.

4 TamaraSvili m., dasax. naSr., gv. 61.

58 59

1459 wlis man tuis saeklesio krebis gadawyvetilebas,

romelic osmaleTis winaaRmdeg koaliciis Seqmnasa da

jvarosnuli omis dawyebas isaxavda miznad. ès am bavi Zlier

esiamovnaT Cvens mTavrebs, _ uTxres paps qarTvelebma, _

radgan maT sZulT osmalebi da Tqven ki uyvarxarT da pa-

tivs gcemen ise, rogorc qristes nacvalsa: mzad arian

Tqveni brZanebis aRs rulebisaTvis. Cvens mTavrebs erTmaneTSi

mZulvareba da omi hqondaT, magram Tqvenma nunciom ra ubr-

Zana, maSinve Serigdnen da aw mzad arian dauwyon omi osma-

lebs, rodesac ki Tqven ubrZanebT~1. maT paps isic moaxsen-

ens, rom aRmosavleTSi mehmed II-is winaaRmdeg saomrad 120

aTasi meomari gamzadebuli iyo. amave dros qarTvelebs Ta-

vianTi moTxovnac wauyenebiaT: maT osmaleTTan omSi mxolod

dasavleT evropis saxelmwi foebis monawileoba ar

akmayofileb daT. isini moiTxovdnen, rom omSi papsac mieRo

monawileoba. isini paps eubnebodnen, Cven oms maSin davi-

wyebT, `rodesac Tqven inebebT da Tqvenc dasavleTelebTan

erTad eomebiT osmalebs~2. papi friad kmayofili darCa

qarTvelebis gul modginebiT da maT ar daumala, evropis

saxelmwifoebis meTaurebma rogori uyuradReboba ga moiCines

osmaleTis winaaRmdeg erToblivi brZolis ideisadmi. man

elCebs urCia, safrangeTis mefe da burgonis hercogi pira-

dad moenaxulebinaT da molaparakebodnen. aseT SemTxvevaSi

isini, rogorc papma uTxra, mxardaWeras aucileblad moi-

povebdnen. el Cebis moTxovna, rom paps gzis xarjebi aenaz-

Raurebina, daakmayofiles. maT sxva aRaraferi darCenodaT

garda imisa, rom safrangeTisaken gzas dasdgomodnen3. sa-

frangeTisaken mimavali elCebi, papisagan sarekomendacio

wer ile biT aRWurvilni ewvivnen florerncias (1461 w.

Tebervali) da milans (marti).

1 iqve, gv. 61-62.2 iqve, gv. 62.3 iqve, gv. 63.

1461 wlis maisSi1 elCebi safrangeTis mefe Sarl VII

valuas wi naSe wardgnen da TavianTi misvlis mizezi moax-

senes. am vizitidan SemogvrCa aRmosavleli elCebis sain-

tereso daxasiaTebebi. mematiane swers: `mivyveT elCTa saxe-

lebs: pirveli iyo antioqiis patriarqi, ewodeboda Zma lui

de bolonia, iyo kordilieri2, hgavda keTilSobil prelats,

atarebda kor dilierebis samoss da sruliad ar icoda laT-

inuri, magram laparakobda berZnulad da cota italiurad,

iyo do qtori da elCobis Tavi.

agreTve iyo raindi, saxelad miqaeli, romelic iyo

trapizonis imperatoris wargzavnili, iyo mSvenieri raindi,

didi da sapativcemlo, Wkviani da kargi Sinaarsis adamiani.

agreTve iyo sxva raindic, saxelad metr3 nikoli, war-

mogzavnili elCad sparsTa mefis mier. igi iyo lamazi kaci,

axovani, Zveleburi da mSvenieri manerebiT.

agreTve iyo kidev erTi elCi, saxelad metr kastodine-

si, saqarT velosa da mesopotamiis mefis elCi. iyo Cinebuli

kaci, Cinebuli manerebiT, didi da msxvili, kefis tonzuraze4

ori gvirgvini hqonda, ori sayure yurebSi, iyo qosa, rogorc

ymawvili an qondriskaci; magram miuxedavad amisa, Sesaxeda-

vad mSvidi da saTno.

agreTve iyo kidev erTi elCi, saxelad mahoni, romelic

iyo mcire TurqTa (ay-yoiunlus _ e.m.) elCi didi Turqebis

winaaRmdeg. mcire Turqebs surdaT qristianebTan erTad

gaelaSqraT didi Turqebis winaaRmdeg da isini amisaTvis

50.000 kacs gamoiyvandnen.

agreTve iyo erTi raindi, saxelad mamarti; igi somexTa

1 Heyd W., Op. cit., S. 363.2 franciskanelebis samonazvno ordenis ganStoeba.

3 metri (frang.) maswavlebeli, damrigebeli; pativiscemiT mimarTva ada-

mianisadmi, romelic gansakuTrebuli niWiTaa dajildoebuli mecnierebis, xe-lovnebis an literaturis dargSi.

4 tonzura (laT. varcxniloba) amoparsuli adgili Txemze, romelic miu-

TiTebs kaTolikuri samRvdeloebisaTvis mikuTvnebulobaze.

60 61

mefis elCi iyo, mxiaruli, Wkviani da keTilSobili kaci,

gamoirCeoda sxvadasxva in strumentze dakvris ostatobiT.

agreTve iyo sxva raindic, saxelad mesir hansi, romelic

iyo ioane presviteris elCi, gasaocrad didi swavluli da

Cinebuli astrologi~1.

safrangeTis mefem osmaleTTan omze uari ganacxada. amis-

aTvis mas seriozuli mizezi hqonda: safarangeTs aswliani

omis Wrilobebi jer kidev ar moeSuSebina da arc misi

saxelmwifoebrivi interesebi ar moiTxovda osmaleTis sawi-

naaRmdego omSi Cabmas.

elCebma imave TveSi burgonis hercogi filipe sent-om-

erSi inax ules. hercogma kargad miiRo isini, magram Sarl

VII-is msgavsad manac ganacxada, koaliciis Seqmnis Sesaxeb

me araferi vicio2.

elCebi flandriaSic iyvnen. maT gentSi 4-8 ivlisi ga-

tares.

elCebis safrangeTSi yofnis dros gardaicvala Sarl

VII da taxti daikava lui XI, romlis mefed kurTxevis

ceremonials reimsSi isinic daeswrnen3.

rodesac papma lui XI-s osmaleTis winaaRmdeg jvaros-

nul laSqro baSi monawileoba SesTavaza, man maSinve Tanx-

moba ganacxada da 70 aTasi meomris gamoyvanasac dahpirda,

samagierod iseTi moTxov nebi wamoayena, romlis dakmayofile-

ba papis Zalebs aRemateboda.

lui XI-sac mxolod Tavisi samefos interesebi amoZ-

ravebda da mas sruliad ar awuxebda `meore romis~ (kon-

stantinopoli) da arc `qristes saflavis~ (ierusalimis)

bedi. elCebma inaxules axlad nakurTxi mefe, mis gan daxmare-

bis piroba ver miiRes da èsreT sul carielni da daR-

1 paiWaZe d., dasax. naSromi, gv. 106.2 Heyd W., Op. cit., S. 363-364.3 TamaraSvili m., dasx. naSr., gv. 63.

onebulni ukan gamobrundnen~1. isini 1461 wlis 27 oqtomb-

ers milanSi miv idnen, xolo 20 noembers ukve romSi iyvnen.

papma elCebi civad miiRo, risT visac mas, rogorc Cans, sa-

fuZvliani argumentebi hqonda. yvelaferi lu doviko bolo-

nielis avantiurasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. fiqrobdnen, rom

aR mosavlur problemebsa da elCebs ludoviko piradi mizne-

bisaTTvis, ker Zod, patriarqis taxtis mosapoveblad iyeneb-

da. amaze dawvrilebiT sxva dros iTqmeva.

elCebi evropidan samSobloSi daxmarebis miRebis imed-

dakargulni dabrundnen. rac dro gadioda osmaleTi miT

ufro Zlierdeboda da misT vis seriozuli mowinaaRmdege

arc dasavleTSi da arc aRmosav leTSi jer jerobiT aravin

Canda.

ay-yoiunlus saxelmwifo mxolod maSin iwyebda gaZlier-

bas da os maleTTan arsebuli winaaRmdegobis gadalaxvas mis-

Tvis didi mniSvnelona hqonda. garda imisa, rom sul ufro

mzardi osmaleTisagan mis samflobe loebsac saSiSroeba

emuqreboda, TviTon ay-yoiunlus saxelmwifoc, osmalebis

sax elmwifos zogierTi teritoriis dapyrobas fiqrobda.

rogorc yvaryvares werilSia naTqvami, uzun hasans im drois-

aTvis udidesi savaWri centris, q . bur sis dapyroba surda.

igi aseve yovel Rones xmarobda, raTa mehmed II ar da-

patroneboda trapizons, romlis saSu alebiTac ay-yoiunlus

saxelmwifo evropasTan vaWrobda.

sulTani saqmis kursSi iyo Tavisi mtrebis saqmianobis

Sesaxeb. man maTi cal-calke ganadgureba ganizraxa da, pirvel

rigSi, maxvili trapi zonisken mimarTa. trapizonis dapyro-

biT mehmed II erTdroulad or did saqmes gaakeTebda: jer

erTi, igi mospobda trapizonis imperias, rogorc mters da,

meorec, amave RonisZiebiT daasustebda ay-yoiunlus sax-

elmwifos.

trapizonis dacema imperatorma daviTma Tavisi utaqto

1 TamaraSvili m., dasx. naSr., gv. 63.

62 63

moqmedebi Tac daaCqara. mokavSireebisagan daxmarebis dapire-

biT gadidgulebulma daviTma uzun hasanis elCebis piriT

sulTans yovelwliuri gadasaxadis gauqmeba mosTxova1.

uzun hasanis Suamdgomlobam da imperatoris pretenzie-

bma sulT nis ganrisxeba gamoiwvia. man didi jaris Sekreba

brZana, magram mizani aravis gaumxila2, radgan mezoblebis

mier trapizonisaTvis daxmarebas gamoricx ulad ar Tvlida.

amitom sulTanma gegma Secvala da Tavdapirvelad trapizo-

nis mokavSireebis Semusvra ganizraxa.

mehmed II-m jer sinopis saamiros Seutia, romelic trapi-

zonis uax loesi mezobeli da mokavSire iyo. osmalebma sino-

pi aiRes 1461 wels da uzun hasanis samflobeloebisaken

gaemarTnen.

uzun hasanma konfliqtis mSvidobiani mogvareeba arCia

da mehmed II-sTan mosalaparakeblad Tavisi deda sara-xaTuni

gaagzavna. XV s. bi zan tieli istorikosis laonike xal-

kokondiles gadmocemiT, mehmeds sara-xaTunisaTvis ganucxa-

debia: igi im SemTxvevaSi gabrundeboda ukan. `Tu uzun hasan-

ic, Tavis mxriv, pirobas dadebda, rom mis teritoriebs ar

daesxmoda da mxardaWeras da daxmarebas ar gauwevda trapi-

zonis mefes~3. rogorc Cans mSvidobiani SeTanxmeba ar mox-

erxda. mehmed II-m erz injanTan daamarcxa uzun hasani da ukan

gabrunda.

meore bizntieli istorikosis dukas cnobiT, sparseTi-

dan wamo suli sulTani Tavis laSqriT saqarTveloSi Semo-

sula. es istorikosi wers, rom mehmedma `ganvlo armenia,

gadalaxa md. fazisi, zogierTi qvey ana brZoliT aiRo, xolo

1 georgika, bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, VIII. berZnuli teqsti qarTuli TargmaniTurT gamosca da ganmartebebi daurTo s.

yayxCiSvilma, Tb., 1970 , gv. 111.2 Chalcocondilae Laonici. De rebus turcicis, Bonae, 1838 , p. 492. ̀ georgikis~

me-8 tomSi, sadac laonike xalkokondiles Txzulebis qarTuli Targmania, es adgili gamotovebulia.

3 georgika, VIII. gv. 32.

romlis iaraRiT damorCileba SeuZlebeli iyo gverdi auara

da sursaTis naklebobiT Sevida kolxeTSi~1.

amgvarad, zemomoyvanili cnoba Tu simarTles Seefereba,

maSin gasagebi xdeba, rom mehmed II-m mizans miaRwia. man

trapizonis samefos me zobeli mokavSireebisagan daxmarebis

miRebis saSualeba mouspo. marT lac, osmalebis pirispir

martod-marto darCenili trapizoni iZ ulebuli gaxda 1461

w. 26 oqtombers mters ubrZolvelad danebeboda.

trapizonis imperiis dacema didi dartyma iyo misi

mokavSiree bisTvis. es faqtobrivad osmaleTis aRmosavleli

mowinaaRmdegeebis marcxs niSnavda.

momxdari faqti gansakuTrebiT mZime iyo saqarTvelosaT-

vis, ro mel mac trapizonis saxiT ara mxolod erTmorwmune,

aramed, amave dros, saqarTvelos samefo karTan naTesaur

kavSirSi myofi saxelmwifo dakarga.

trapizonis imperiis dacema didi danakargi iyo uzun

hasanisaT visac. man moyvaresa da mokavSiresTan erTad zRvaze

gasasvlelic dakarga. amis gamo iyo, rom igi osmalebTan

Semdgomi brZolis dros upirveles miznad trapizonis im-

periis aRdgenas isaxavda.

rodesac osmaleTis winaaRmdeg aRmosavleTisa da dasav-

leTis Zalebis gaerTianebis pirvel cdaze saubari ukve da-

vamTavre, ar SeiZleba ar gavixseno erTi mosazreba, romelic

wamoayena germanelma mecnierma valter hincma. igi amtkiceb-

da, rom aRmosavleTSi trapizon-saqarTvelo-mesopotamiis

(e.i. ay-yoiunlus) samTa kavSiri arsebobda da am kavSirSi

wa myvani mdgomareoba ay-yoiunles saxelmwifos ekava2. magram,

amgvari mosaz rebis mtkicebis safuZvels ar gvaZlevs XV

saukunis 50-iani wlebis dasas rulisa da 60-iani wlebis

1 s. yauxCiSvilis mixedviT, `kolxeTi~ sinonimia `trapizonis samefosi~, iqve, Sen. 2, gv. 27- 28.

2 Hinz W. Irans Aufstieg zum Nationalstaat im fünfzehnten Jahrhundert, Ber-lin und Leipzig, 1936 , S. 43.

64 65

dasawyisis is dokumenturi da naratiuli wyaroebi, romleb-

sac ukve gavecaniT. piriqiT, wamyvani adgili saqarT velosa

da trapizons ufro ekava. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom uzun

hasani garkveul gavlenas axdenda saqarT velos mefe-mTavre-

bze maT Soris mSvi dobis damyarebisaTvis, radgan mis miznebs

Seesabameboda qarTvelTa Zalis ga moyeneba osmaleTis wi-

naaRmdeg. amave dros isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom ay-yo-

iunlus muslimanuri saxelmwifo samxedro TvalsazrisiT

jer imde nad Zlieri ar iyo, rom evropis saxelmwifoTa

karze, amasTan erTad sxva momentebic ar gaeTval iswinebinaT

da aqcenti gadaetanaT mis SeiaraRebul Zalebze. mas jer

kidev ar daesrulebina yara-yoiunlus TurqmanebTan brZola

qveynis gaerTianebisaTvis. Semdeg, 60-iani wlebis Suaxanidan,

mdgo mareoba sruliad Seicvala da ay-yoiunlus saxelmwifo

gadaiqca osmaleTis mTa var metoqed aRmosavleTSi. Secvli-

li viTareba uzun hasanis diplomatiur da samxedro saqmi-

anobaSi da misadmi evropelTa damokidebulebaSic aisaxa,

rac qvemoT dawvrilebiT iqneba ganxiluli.

3. saerTaSoriso urTierTobani

antiosmaluri koaliciis Sesaqmnelad

XV s. 70-ian wlebSi da saqarTvelo

1463 wels daiwyo venecia-osmaleTis omi. rogorc ukve

iTqva, am omisaTvis sakmaod Rrma ekonomikuri da politi-

kuri mizezebi arsebobda. omis pirveli weli cvalebadi war-

matebebiT mimdinareobda. imave dros respublika Crdilo

italiis qalaq-saxelmwifoebTan konfliqtsac ar erideboda,

riTac igi sagrZnoblad dasustda.

venecielebi male darwmundnen, rom mxolod sakuTari

ZalebiT osmaleTs ver dasZlevdnen da ganizraxes am omis-

aTvis jvarosnuli xasiaTi miecaT, romlis ganxorcielebas

erT dros TviTonve uSlidnen xels. magram rodesac vi-

Tareba maTTvis araxelsayreli Seiqmna, jvarosnuli omis

dawyeba, ukve sasurveli iyo.

veneciis respublikam iseve, rogorc erT dros romis

papma, osmaleTis mezoblebis antiosmalur ligaSi Cabmas

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcia. man kargad icoda, Tu ra

didi mniSvneloba hqonda im pozicias, rasac omis dros dai-

kavebdnen osmaleTis aRmosavleli mezoblebi, isini, rom-

lebic cota xnis winaT TviTonve sTxovdnen venecielebs da

evropis saxelmwifoebs antiosmaluri ligis Seqmnas.

1463 wlis 2 dekembers veneciis senatma miiRo gadaw-

yvetileba dakavSireboda uzun hasans da yaramaniis mTavar

fir axmeds, romelTanac 1453 wlidan savaWro xelSekrule-

ba hqonda dadebuli. senatma veneciel didebuls andrea

kornaros daavala dasaxelebul mbrZaneblebTan gamgzavrebu-

liyo. im SemTxvevaSi Tu kornaro uzun hasanis karze misv-

las ver SeZlebda, maSin iq lazaro kvirino unda gaegzavna1.

senatis imave sxdomaze gadawyda, gaegzavnaT elCebi burgonis

hercogTan, safrangeTis, siciliisa da portugaliis me-

feebTan. daadgines gaegzavnaT werilebi ungreTisa da CexeTis

mefeebTan osmaleTis winaaRmdeg òmSi mosapatiJeblad~.

andrea kornarom Tavisi misia yaramaniaSi warmatebiT

Seasrula2, xolo, veneciis senatis davalebis Tanaxmad, la-

zaro kvirino uzun hasanTan gagzavna. lazaro kvirino

pirveli oficialuri warmomadgeneli iyo veneciis respub-

likisa uzun hasanis karze3.

vidre kvirino daniSnulebis adgils miaRwevda, manamde

1 Berchet G. La Republica di Venezia e la Persia, Torino, 1865, p. 103-104.2 Ibidem, p. 1043 Marin. Storia civile e politica del comercio de’Veneziani di Carlo Anto nio

Marin Patrizio Veneto, v. IV, in Vinegia, 1800 , p. 186. z. avaliSvili, rumineli

is torikosis iorgas naSromze dayrdnobiT, fiqrobda, rom venecia_ay-yoiunlus

urTierToba daiwyo 1471 wels. lazaro kvirinos Sesaxeb ix. Berchet G., Op. cit., p. 104; Foscarini M. Della Letteratura veneziana, libro otto, v. I, Padova, 1752, p. 409.

66 67

uzun hasanma, Seityo Tu ara venecia-osmaleTis omis dawyeba,

saWirod CaTvala veneciasTan kavSiris damyareba da Tavisi

elCi mametanacabi (Mametanazab) gaagzavna. elCi aleposa da

rodosze gavliT 1464 wlis 13 marts veneciaSi Cavida1. mo-

laparakeba warmatebiT damTavrda. gadawyda, orive saxelmwi-

fos erTdroulad, dasavleTidan da aRmosavleTidan, daewyo

saomari moqmedeba. uzun hasanis laSqars 1465 wlis martSi

dardanelamde unda mieRwia da amgvarad xeli Seewyo veneci-

is flotis konstantinopolze TavdasxmisaTvis. is terito-

riebi, romlebsac uzun hasani daipyrobda, mis samflobe-

loebs SeuerTdeboda, xolo veneciis flotis daxmarebiT

dapyrobili xmelTaSua zRvis sanapiroebi veneciis respub-

likis sakuTrebaSi gadavidoda. raTa omi saboloo gamarjve-

bamde mieyvanaT, mokavSireebs ekrZalebodaT osmaleTTan sep-

aratiuli zavis dadeba.

mehmed II pasiuri damkvirvebeli ar iyo. igi jerovnad

afasebda veneciis Zalas da cdilobda moeZebna mokavSireebi

mis winaaRmdeg. 1464 wels milanSi mivida osmaleTis elCi,

romelic Rirseulad miiRes, ma gram veneciis winaaRmdeg dax-

marebaze uari moaxsenes2.

venecia-osmaleTis omis dawyeba papma pius II-m xelsay-

rel momentad CaTvala da TviTonac daiwyo jvarosnuli

omis ideis ganxor cielebisaTvis moqmedeba. misi moRvaweoba

mimarTuli iyo iseTi antios maluri ligis Seqm nisaken,

romelSic gaerTianebuli iqneboda mTeli qristianuli sam-

yaro3, magram papma verafers miaRwia.

1465 wels veneciaSi mivida uzun hasanis meore elCi. mas

evaleboda 1464 wlis xelSekrulebis ganmtkiceba4. ay-yoiun-

lus saxelmwifos im dros jer kidev ar SeeZlo omSi Cabma.

1 Berchet G., Op. cit., p. 104.2 Leo H. Geschichte von Italien, Hamburg, 1829 , S. 163. 3 Julien F., Papes et Sultan, Paris, 1879, p. 104-1064 Mахмудов Я. Взаимоотношения государства Ак-коюнлу с Венецией (60-

70 гг. XV века). Автореферат, Баку, 1966, с. 11.

igi yara-yoinlus (Savbatknianebi) ebrZoda. veneciisa da ay-

yoiunlus kavSirs respublikisaTvis mainc garkveuli mniS-

vneloba hqonda. mehmed II iZulebuli iyo yuradReba aR-

mosavleTis sazRvrebisTvisac mieqcia.

amrigad, aRmoCnda, rom osmalebTan omis pirvel peri-

odSi (1463-1471) venecia verc aRmosavleTidan da verc

dasavleTidan realur daxmarebas ver miiRebda, mas omis

warmoeba mxolod sakuTari ZalebiT mouxdeboda. os maleTTan

omi didZali fuladi saxsrebis mobilizebas moiTxovda. ve-

neciis xazina ki TandaTan carieldeboda, rasac aRmosav-

leTTan vaWrobis Sekvecam kidev ufro Seuwyo xeli. veneci-

is xelisu flebam scada sxva sax elmwifoebisagan fuladi

daxmareba mainc mieRo, magram amis miRweva maSin del evropa-

Si ioli saqme ar iyo.

1468 wels italiaSi Seiqmna liga, romlis wevrebsac

sxvadasxva valdebulebebTan erTad antiosmaluri omis

sawarmoeblad yovelwli urad 100 aTasi dukati unda See-

grovebinaT. ligis Seqmnis iniciatori iyo papi pavle II

(pietro barbo, 1464-1471), romelmac debulebaSi muxli fu-

ladi gadasaxadis Sesaxeb venecielebis waqezebiT Seitana da

xelSekrulebasac pirvelebma maT moaweres xeli. magram nea-

politaniis mefe ferdinandma, milanis hercogma da flor-

enciis respublikam gancvifreba gamoxates papis am RonisZie-

bis gamo. paps veneciisadmi mikerZoeba daabrales da

ganacxades, rom igi rogorc veneciis yofili moqalaqe, re-

spublikisaTvis daxmarebas cdilobda. amave dros isini paps

italiaSi mSvidobis damrRvevsa da yaCaRs uwodebdnen. am

azrs sxva sax elmwifoTa meTaurebic iziarebdnen1. veneci-

isaTvis misi mezoblebis amgvari ganwyobileba uaRresad

arasasurveli iyo. ufro metic: misi me toqeebi _ florencia

1 Muratori L. A ., Geschichte von Italien von Anfange der christliche Zeit-Rechnung bis auf des Jahre 1500. Aus dem italienischen übersetzt, Theil IX, Leipzig, 1750, S. 417.

68 69

da genua, sulTanTan SeTanxmebiT venecielebs TandaTan

devnidnen aRmosavleTis vaWrobidan da maT privilegiebs epa-

tronebodnen. isini yovel Rones xmarobdnen, raTa osmaleTsa

da venecias Soris SeTanxmeba ar momxdariyo da sulTans mis

winaaRmdeg aqezebdnen. florenciisa da genuis jaSuSebi

xelT igdebdnen Tu ara venecielebis sxvadasxva qveynebTan

gaformebul antiosmaluri xasiaTis dokumentebs, maSinve

sulTans gadascemdnen1. isini sulTans sxva qveynebTan Suama-

vlobdnen veneciis winaaRmdeg. maTive dax marebiT iqmneboda

osmaleTis saomari gegmebi.

rogorc iTqva, venecia-osmaleTis omis pirveli periodi

cvale badi warmatebebiT mimdinareobda. venecielebi Tu zR-

vaze gasaqans ar aZlevdnen osmalebis flots, samagierod

osmalebi xmeleTze mZlav robdnen. magram, rac dro gadioda,

ZalTa Tanafardoba osmalebis sa sargeblod icvleboda. os-

maleTis floti imdenad gaZlierda, rom ve necia marcxs

marcxze ganicdida.

gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia 1470 w. 12 ivniss osmalebis

mier k. ne gropontes (evbea) dapyroba. respublikisaTvis es

imdenad didi datyma iyo, rom igi iZulebuli gaxda zavi

eTxova im pirobiT, rom kunZuls ukan dau brunebdnen. sul-

Tanma amis gagonebac ki ar isurva.

negropontes dacemam didi STabeWdileba moaxdina mTel

italiaze. TiTqos iseTi viTareba Seiqmna, roca italiis

saxelmwifoebis erT maneTTan SekavSireba SeiZleboda. mar-

Tlac 1471 wlis ianvarSi Camoyalibda axali liga, romel-

Sic Sevidnen: florenciis respublika, aragonis samefo,

fer arisa da modenis sahercogoebi, mantuisa da monferatis

samarkizoebi, sa vois sahercogo da sienisa da lukas respub-

likebi2.

1 Zinkeisen I., W. Geschichte des osmanischen Reiches in Europa, II, Gotha, 1854, S. 435.

2 Galibert L., Histore de la Rèpublique de Venise, Paris, 1847, p. 156

ligaSi ganxeTqilebis Setanis mizniT, osmalebma venecie-

lebs sazavo molaparakebis dawyeba SesTavazes1. venecielebi-

saTvis gasagebi iyo sulT nis manevri da gadawyvites dro ar

daekargaT da Semdgomi brZolisaTvis momzadebuliyvnen.

viTareba icvleba aRmosavleTSic. iqauri mefe-mTavrebi

xelaxla iwyeben mokavSireebis Zebnas dasavleTSi.

XV s. 70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi ay-yoiunlus saxelmwi-

fom Tavisi Zlierebis mwvervals miaRwia. misi samflobe-

loebi, katerino Zenos mixed viT, `SemosazRvruli iyo aR-

mosavleTidan mdinare indiT da sa TaTreTiT2, dasavleTiT _

samcxiT, trapizoniT, yaramaniiT, siriiT, mcire somxeTiTa

da mdinare evfratiT. samxreTidan arabeTiTa da indoeTis

zRviT, CrdiloeTidan kaspiis zRviT3.

evropaSi uzun hasansa da mis laSqarze did imeds am-

yarebdnen. uzun hasans imedis TvaliT Sehyurebdnen rogorc

cota xnis winaT trapizonidan gandevnili komnenosebi, aseve

osmalebis mier damarcxe buli yaramanielebi. venecia cdi-

lobda dakarguli samflobeloebis dabrunebas da veneciis

savaWro kapitalis mniSvnelobis aRdgenas aRmosavleTSi. ka-

Tolikuri ev ropis meTaurs, paps, uzun hasanis xeliT surda

qristianTa keTildReobis mogvareba.

amave periodSi, koaliciis Seqmnis mizniT, myardeba kav-

Siri saqarT velos samefo-samTavroebsa da ay-yoiunlus

saxelmwifos Soris. dokumentebSi aisaxa is intensiuri

diplomatiuri urTierToba, rasac isini erToblivad awar-

moebdnen evropis saxelmwifoebTan antiosmaluri Zalebis

gaerTianebis mizniT. uzun hasanisaTvis osmaleTTan omis pi-

1 Leo H., Op. cit., S. 173.2 XV saukunis mogzaurebi saTaTreTSi gulisxmobdnen oqros urdos,

yivCaReTs.

3 Zeno, Dei commentarii del viaggio in Persia e del guerra persiane, Venezia,

1558, p. 8. XV saukunis italiel mogzaurTa cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb.

italiuri dan Targmna, Sesavali, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo e. mamisTval-

iSvilma, Tb., 1981, gv. 20.

70 71

robebSi saqarTvelos gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWebo-

da. jer erTi, samxedro TvalsazrisiT, uzun hasanisaTvis

mniSvneloba hqonda qarTveli mefe-mTavrebisagan daxmarebis

miRebas im saxiT, rogoriTac isini 60-iani wlebis dasaw-

yisSi savaraudo mokavSireebs hpirdebodnen. saqarTvelosTan

kavSirs politikuri mniSvnelobac hqonda. maSin aRmosav-

leTSi saqarTvelos garda sxva qristianuli saxelmwifo

aRar arsebobda. evropasTan urTierTobis dros ki, rodesac

religiuri mo tivebi did rols asrulebda, am garemoebas

iseTi moqnili politikosi saTvis, rogoric uzun hasani iyo,

garkveuli mniSvneloba hqonda. garda aRniSnulisa, saqarT-

velo uzun hasanisaTvis osmaleTTan mosalodneli omis

dros ara marto mokavSire SeiZleboda yofiliyo, aramed

Sua mavalic evropis saxelmwifoebTan mola parakebisas.

uzun hasans kargad esmoda, rogori mniSvneloba hqonda

evropaSi iseTi azris Seqmnas, TiTqos ay-yoiunlus mbrZane-

beli qristianebis me go bari iyo da amis dasturad qarTvelebT-

an moCvenebiTi megobrobis de mon strirebac sakmarisi iqneboda.

marTlac, erT-erTi laTinuri qronikis mixedviT, XV s. 70-

iani wlebis dasawyisSi uzun hasani evropaSi cnobili iyo,

rogorc `qristianebis erTguli megobari~ da, TiTqos igi

jvarsac ki atarebda marjvena mxareze1. es legenda osmaleb-

isagan SeSinebuli evrope lebis fantaziis nayofi iyo. maT

surdaT uzun hasani iseTive uneblie mxsnelad warmoedginaT,

rogoric Temurlengi iyo imave saukunis dasawy isSi. man xom

osmaleTze TavdasxmiT, marTalia droebiT, magram mainc,

gardauvali xifaTi aacila ara mxolod bizantias, aramed

aRmosavleT ev ropis mTel rig saxelmwifoebsac.

evropaSi uzun hasanis popularizaciis saqmeSi qarTve-

lebsac gark veuli Rvawli miuZRvodaT. gavixsenoT maTi wer-

ilebi gagzavnili evropaSi, romlebSic uzun hasani qris-

tianobis saqmis damcvelad aris warmodgenili. magram, Tu

1 Hinz W., Op. cit., S. 122.

ras niSnavda misi `siyvaruli~ da `megobroba~ saqristia-

nosadmi, amis TvalsaCino magaliTi isev saqarTvelo iyo,

ro melic man 1458, 1463, 1466, 1472, 1477 wlebSi ZiriTadad

gaZarcvis mizniT dalaSqra1. uzun hasanisagan gamudmebuli

muqarisa da evropasTan urTierTobis didi sur vilis gamo

qarTuli samefo-samTavroebi iZulebuli iyo uzun hasanTan

TanamSromloba gaegrZelebina.

ungreTis elCis mier 1471 wlis 12 aprils veneciidan

gagzvnil wer ilSi, laparakia saqarTvelos mefe konstan-

tines2 elCebis veneciaSi Casvlaze. maT ganucxadebiaT, rom

saqarTvelos mefe konstantine uzun hasanis naTesavi da

mokavSire iyo. konstantine apirebda imave wlis gazafxulze

30 aTasi mxedriT osmalebis winaaRmdeg gamosvlas. elCebs

uTqvamT agreTve, rom maTTan erTad gamovidoda uzun hasani

uzarmazari jariT3.

safiqrebelia, saqarTvelos warmomadgenlebs niadagi

unda Seemzade binaT Semdgomi molaparakebis dasawyebad.

veneciis mTavrobas maSinve ganucxadebia Tanxmoba osmaleTis

winaaRmdeg erToblivi brZolis Sesaxeb4. wyaroebi ar adas-

turebs z. avaliSvilis mosazrebas, TiTqos qarTveli el Cis

veneciaSi Casvla gaxda mizezi senatis mier uzun hasanTan

gasagzavn elCad katerino Zenos arCevisa5. imave wlis april-

Si veneciaSi imyofeba ax ali elCoba, romelSic saqarTvelos

da ay-yoiunlus warmomadgenlebi Sediodnen. am elCobis vene-

1 Ibidem, S. 137-139.2 es aris qarTlis mefe konstantine II, romelic, marTalia 1478-1505

wlebSi mefobda, magram manamde, 1466 wlidan bagrat VI-sTan taxtisaTvis

brolis periodSi Tavis Tavs me fes uwodebda da garkveul teritoriaze

Zalauflebac hqonda. sagulisxmoa, rom kon stantine taxtisaTvis brZolisas

uzun hasanis mxardaWeris mopovebas cdilobda.

3 Magyar diplomáczial emlekek Mátyas király korából 1458-1490. ̀ Monumen-

ta Hungaria Historia~, t. I, Budapest, 1877 , p. 212.4 Авалов З., Забитая вариация об одной исторической теме (из истории

Восточного вопроса XV столетия), Прага, 1925, c. 245.5 Тамже, с. 246.

72 73

ciaSi yofnis da maTi veneciis xelisuflebas Tan molapar-

akeba aisaxa Cvenamd moRweul ramdenime werilSi. marTalia,

isini ar gamoirCeva informaciis siuxviT, magram imdenad,

ramdenadac Cveni istoriografiisaTvis garkveul siaxles

Seicaven, moviyvan maT mTlianad.

1471 w. 22 aprilis werilidan, romelic gagzavnilia

siciliis me fis karze veneciis warmomadgenlis vetore soran-

cosTvis1, vigebT, rom elCebs saidumlod umogzauriaT jer

trapizonidan monkastromde, Semdeg poloneTis mefe kazimeJ

IV-sTan misulan. veneciisken mimaval TaTvis kazimeJs, albaT,

garkveuli molaparakebis Semdeg, Tavisi elCic gauyolebia2.

veneciaSi elCebs ganucxadebiaT, rom maTi mefeebi mzad ar ian

gailaSqron sulTnis winaaRmdeg da Tu evropeli qris-

tianebic ase imo qmedeben, maSin warmateba miRweuli iqneba.

`1471 wlis 22 aprili.

Cveni mrCeveli elCi sir viqtori siciliis ubrwyinva-

les mefesTan.

Cveni TandaswrebiT am dRes iyo ubrwyinvalesi polone-

Tis mefis elCi. man zemoaRniSnuli mefis saxeliT, razedac

zogadad vilaparakeT romSi, sulTnis ganzraxvis irgvliv

Zalian farTed ilaparaka, migvi patiJa da didi pativi gvca.

gavixseneT am sakiTxis irgvliv rac SeiZleba Tqmu liyo da

TiToeulma saqebari qristianuli sityvebiT gaigo da amg-

varad erTmaneTs SevepasuxeT. masTan erTad movida ori elCi,

erTi uzun hasanisagan (Osson Cassan) da meore saqarTvelos

mefisa gan (del re de Zorzania). am mxridan wamovidnen, rogorc pirveli ise meorec. uzun hasanis elCma gaiara Savi zRva

trapizonidan da monkastrodan. in kognitod Cavida polo-

1 Cornet E., Le guerre dei Veneti nell’Asia 1470-1474. Documenti cavati dal

Archivio al Frari in Venezia e publicati per Enrico Cornet, Vienna, 1856, p. 25.2 n. iorgas mixedviT, veneciaSi mxolod uzun hasanisa da da poloneTis

elCebi misulan. igi imave wyaros imowmebs, romelic zemoT davasaxele. Jorga N., Geschichte des os manischen Reiches. Nach den Quelen dargestelt. II, Gotha, 1910, S. 163.

neTSi da mas Tan axlda, rogorc zemoT aRvwereT, [saqarT-

velos] me fis elCi, Camovidnen aq [veneciaSi] da TiToeulma

sTqva: maTi mefeebi mzad arian sulTnis winaaRmdeg gailaS-

qron da sasimovno is aris, rom aseve imoqmedeben [evropeli]

qristianebico. Cvenc droulad vupasuxeT siamovnebaze siam-

ovnebiT da wi nadadebaze-winadadebiT.

yvela es cnoba Cven mivawodeT anjol datris (Anzol Datri), mefis elCs. man, Cven eWvi ar gvepareba, usaTuod

acnoba zemoxsenebul mis umaRleso bas mefes, romelsac Cveni

mxridanac SevatyobinebT, roca mivwerT samego bro samsax-

urisa, movaleobisa da Cveni kavSiris Sesaxeb~1.

uzun hasani venecias adrindeli gegmis ganxorcielebas

sTa vazobda: Tu veneciiis samxedro floti xmelTaSua zRvi-

dan daiwyebda osmalebis Seviwroebas, TviTon ki Tavisi cx-

enosani jariT Seutevda, aseTi SeTanxmebuli moqmedebiT

sulTans advilad waarTmevdnen evropasa da azi aSi dapyro-

bil teritoriebs. cnobebi am elCobis Sesaxeb mocemulia

katerino Zenos `mogzaurobis komentarebSi~, magram misi

wevrebi warmodgenelni arian rogorc uzun hasanis elCebi.

Zenos mixedviT, elCoba oTxi wevrisagan Sesdgeboda. es-

eni iyvnen: àzimameti2, Mmorati3, Nnikolo da kefarsa4 _

1 Cornet E., Op. cit., p. 25. 2 l. tardis mixedviT es aris xaji-mohamedi. tardi l., uzun hasanis

(1453-1478) elCi katerino zeno saqarTvelos gavliT ungreTis mefe matiaSTan

(1458-1490). `qarTuli diplomatia~, weliwdeuli, 11, Tb., 2004, gv. 95.3 es, albaT is somexi elCi morakia, romelic uzun hasanis davalebiT

romSi diplo matiuri misiiT imyofeboda 1469-1470 wlebSi. is ambrojo kon-

tarinis yirimSi Sexvda (Ramusio, II, Op. cit., p. 114r). rogorc varaudoben morati (igive mirati an mu rati) cnobili julfeli vaWari xoja miraki unda

yofiliyo, romelic 1477 wels mokles (Тер-Аветисян С. И., Город Джуга, матерялы по истории торговых отношении джульфинских купцов XV-XVII вв., Тб., 1937, с. 20, 22).

4 kefarsa, igive `bei isaki~, ùzun hasanis elCi, erovnebiT espaneli da

sarwmunoe biT ebraeli~, ùzun hasanis mTavari eqimi~ yofila. Cornet E., Op. cit., p. 39.

74 75

seriozuli adamianebi, rom leb sac didi avtoriteti hqon-

daT. maT daavala mefem misi saxeliT Seek raT kavSiri [Turqe-

Tis] sulTnis da [egviptis] sulTnis winaaRmdeg, oRond

venecielebis sazRvao flots mosveneba ar unda mieca arc

erTisa da arc meorisaTvis~1. am elCobis Semdeg airCia

veneciis senatma katerino Zeno el Cad uzun hasanis karze2.

Znelia garkveva dasaxelebul elCebs Soris romeli iyo

(an iyvnen) saqarTvelos warmomadgeneli. CemTvis mxolod

isaa cnobili, rom pirveli, e. i. azimameti veneciaSi darCa,

danarCeni sami ki papTan da neapolis mefesTan mosalaparake-

blad gaemgzavrnen3, raTa isini antios malur ligaSi CaebaT4.

azimametis veneciaSi darCena z. avaliSvilma imis sab-

uTad miiCnia, rom elCobis sxva sami wevri qarTvelebad

gamoecxadebina. viTomc azimameti, rogorc mahmadiani, reli-

giuri mosazrebiT datoves veneciaSi, rom mahmadianTan saqmis

daWeriT papi uxerxul mdgomareobaSi ar aRmoCniliyo5. ma-

gram dasadgenia, mahmadiani iyo Tu ara azimameti.

cnobilia, rom uzun hasani evropaSi gasagzavn diplo-

matebs Soris upiratesobas qristian vaWrebs aniWebda6, rad-

gan maT qristian xelm wifeeb Tan urTierTobis meti saSu-

aleba hqondaT. isic cnobilia, rom 1460 w. aR mosavleTidan

1 XV saukunis italiel mogzaurTa cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 212 cnobilia Zenos poloneTidan Tavrizamde mogzaurobis marSruti: polo-

neTidan mefis mier gatanebuli mcvelTa razmiT, Zeno kafamde mivida, kafidan sebasto li samde (soxumi) gemiT imgzavra. aqedan Zeno saqarTvelos mefis mier

gamoyofili ga myolebis TanxlebiT gaivlis saqarTvelos, somxeTs, azerbaijans da uzun hasanis karamde miaRwevs. tardi l., ungreT-saqarTvelos urTierToba, gv. 23-24.

3 l. tardi, Zenosave cnobaze dayrdnobiT ambobs, rom èbraeli eqimi

isaaki paps ew via, Semdeg – ungrel da neapolitanel mefeebs~, rac simarTles

ar Seefereba. Zenos mixedviT azimameti veneciaSi darCa, xolo sami elCi ki

dasaxelebul qveynebs ewvia.

4 iqve.

5 Авалов З., Забитая вариация об одной исторической теме, c. 246-247.6 Петрушевский И.П., Aзербайджан в XVI-XVII веках. «Сборник статей по

истории Азербайджана», вып. I, Баку, 1949, с. 173.

gagzavnil im elCebs Soris, romlebic paps eaxlnen, uzun

hasanis elCi `Turqmeni mahumutic~ imyofeboda1.

dabolos, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom dasaxelebuli oTxi

elCi dan erTi, nikolo, is nikoloz Tbileli xom ar iyo iyo,

romelmac 1460-1461 wlebSi evropa moiara, rogorc giorgi

VIII-is elCma? aseTi varaudis daSveba sruliad samarTli-

ania, radgan uzun hasans evropaSi qristian qarTvelebTan

kargi urTierTobis demonstrireba sWirdeboda.

1471 wlis aprilSi Casuli elCebi, rogorc imave wlis

25 oqtombris werilidan Cans (igi neapolitaniis mefis

karze veneciis re spublikis el CisTvisaa gagzvnili), seqtem-

bris dasawyisamde iq darCe nilan2. werilidan yuradRebas

gansakuTrebiT iqcevs erTi garemoeba: paps Tavisi kaci gaug-

zavnia ay-yoiunlus saxelmwifosa da saqarT veloSi. saer-

Tod, papi, rogorc sxva werilebidanac Cans, kargad iyo

informirebuli saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. isic Cans, rogor did

mniSvnelo bas aniWebdnen evropelebi antiosmalur koalicia-

Si saqarTvelos monawileobis sakiTxs.

1471 w. 10 seqtembers pap siqstus IV-isaTvis gagzav-

nili anonimuri weriliT (misi avtori venecieli unda iyos)

dasturdeba, rom saqarT velos mefe aleqsandre3 da uzun

hasani osmaleTs ebrZodnen. maTi brZola imde nad mniSvnelo-

vani iyo, rom, rogorc werilSia naTqvami, qristianebisaTvis

xelsayreli pirobebi Seiqmna osmalebis winaaRmdeg saerTo

laSqrobis dasawyebad. paps saqarTvelosa da ay-yoiunlus

saxelmwifoSi Tavisi elCic gaugzavnia erToblivi moqmede-

bis SesaTanx meblad .

`1471 wlis 10 seqtemberi.

pap sisto IV-s.

didad saxelovani da ubrwyinvalesi saqarTvelos mefis

1 m. TamaraSvilis fondi, # 1053, gv. 302 Cornet E., Op. cit., p. 313 unda iyos konstantine II, aleqsandre I didis SviliSvili.

76 77

aleqsan dres (Alexsandri regis) uzun hasanTan molaparakebis

Sesaxeb, Cven gavigeT Tqveni uwmindesobis mowerilobidan.

cnoba mogvawoda sapatio keTilSo bilma Cvenma morCilma Zmam,

ufrosma betruCio kontarinim (Betrucius Con tarenum pri orem)

da sxv. yvelaferi es Cven Zalian gvesiamovna. aseTi cno-

bis gamo sau kuno madlobas mogiZRvniT Tqvens unetaresobas,

Tqven, romelmac elCi gaagzavneT winadadebiT maT mefeebTan.

Cven gvgonia, rom es Zalian Wkvi anuri da metad sasargeblo

sakiTxia qristianebisaTvis. did saqmes ga akeTebdiT mefee-

bisadmi mowodebiT, imedisa da dapirebebis gazrdiT da ur-

julo sulTnis winaaRmdeg Zalian gamamxnevebeli sityvebiT.

Tumca isini Zlierni arian da xalxic iaraRasxmulia, Zalian

mamaci cxenosnebi arian, ibrZvian Turquli cbierebiT, magram

did saqmes gaakeTebs ymebis Sinagani siZulvili Turqebis

imperatoris cbieri niWis mimarT. eWvi araa, rom im mxridan

maT arToben da Tavs arideben, rogorc es SeuZlia barbaros-

ebis Zalian mrisxane xalxs, ise, rom di dad Semwynarebeli

qristianebisaTvis gaadvilebulia saerTo laSqroba mterze

Tavdasxmisa da dasamor Cileblad. uzun hasanis mier CvenTan

war mogzavnili kaci1, romelic Cven Tan movida, am [seqtembris]

Tves gavistumreT da mas mis xelmwife [uzun hasanTan] gavay-

oleT erTi Cveni keTilSobili elCi sruli davalebiT, rom

man am sakiTxze urCios da gaamxnevos igi da sxv. rac Tqvens

uwmindesobis wargzavnils advilad SeeZleba mis Sesaferisad

imoqmedos da saerTo saqmezec izrunos Tqveni uwmindesobis

umaRlesi avtoritetis saxeliT, romelic im me feebSi metad

Rirseul pativiscemas iwvevs...~2

moyvanili werilis zogierTi bundovani adgilis gaxs-

nasa da gan martebaSi gvexmareba imave wlis 25 oqtombriT

daTariRebuli werili, romelic gagzavnilia neapolis mefe

ferdinandis karze veneciis elCisaTvis. masSi gadmocemulia

1 igulisxmeba uzun hasanis elCi bei isaki.

2 Cornet E., Op. cit., p. 30.

ay-yoiunlus, poloneTis, saqarTvelos el Cebis veneciaSi

yofnisa da dasaxelebul qveynebSi veneciis elCis _ kat-

erino Ze nos da papis elCis gagzavnis Sesaxeb.

`1471 wlis 25 oqtomberi.

Cvens elCs mefe ferdinandTan.

Tqveni meoxebiT, batono viqtor, meored vacnobeT mis me-

fur umaRle sobas, rom CvenTan movida xelmwife uzun hasanis

elCi sir laZaro kviri nosTan erTad. es ukanaskneli Cveni

jaris mTavarsardalia da igi zemoxsenebul uzun hasanTan

gavagzvneT. mere monkastros gziT poloneTze da germaniaze

gavliT modian orni: erTi zemoxsenebuli xelmwife [uzun

hasanis] saxeliT da meore saqarTvelos mefis saxeliT da

es oric romSi midian. romis umaRlesma mRvdelmTavarma

maT Caacva, Zalian kargad miiRo, aqedan xelaxla gaagzavna

da Tavisi elCi morCili Zma san franCesko, Zalian Wkviani

kaci, zemoaRniSnuli siniorebs gaayola. aseve Cven avirCieT

elCad zemoxsenebul sinior uzun hasanTan gasagzavnaT sir

katerino Zeno. aRniSnuli elCebi wavidnen Cveni katarRebiT

aleqsandrii dan kviprosis gavliT da aqedan yaramaniis qvey-

anaze, romlis gasavlelad droze gaveciT brZaneba. iq gag-

zavnili winadadebis formaSi farTedaa ganxiluli sakiTxi,

romlis mizania daarwmunon, gaamxnevon da daiTanxmon zemox-

senebuli siniorebi sulTnis sawinaaRmdegod. es ase moxde-

ba kidec, rogorc amas gaigebT Tqven da Cvenc. drodadro

SeatyobineT xolme mis samefo umaRlesobas da sxv~1.

1471 w. 10 seqtembrisa da 25 oqtombris werilebSi xsen-

ebuli elCi, romelic paps saqarTvelosa da iranSi gaug-

zavnia da, romelic 25 oqtombris werilSi moxseniebulia

`Zalian Wkvian~ franciskanel berad, vfiqrob, ludoviko

bolonieli iyo. igi dauRalavad mimodioda aRmosavleTis

mefe-mTavrebisa da saqarTvelos mesveurTa antiosmalur

koaliciaSi gaerTianebisaTvis.

1 Ibidem, p. 31.

78 79

10 seqtembris werilidan isic Cans, rom uzun hasansa da

qarTvel mefes Soris molaparakeba mimdinareobda, romelic

osmaleTis wi naaRmdeg mebrZoli italielebisaTvis sasur-

veli SedegiT damTavrebula. samwuxarod, cnobili ar aris

konkretulad raze moilaparakes. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom

osmaleTis winaaRmdeg erTobliv moqmedebaze SeTanxmdnen. isi-

ni, rogorc werilSia naTqvami, manamdec ebrZodnen os malebs.

maTi brZola imdenad mniSvnelovani iyo, rom evropelebis

mxardaWeris SemTxvevaSi, rogorc imave evropaSi fiqrobdnen,

warmatebis mopoveba gaad vildeboda. magram veneciis diplo-

matebi cdilobdnen rac SeiZleboda maqsimalurad gamoeyenebi-

naT aRmosavleTis antiosmaluri Zalebi da maTi saSualebiT

ganexorcielebinaT TavianTi saxelmwifos interesebi. venecia

aseT taqtikas iyenebda osmaleTTan mTeli omis (1463-1479)

dros, am omis gadamwyvet momentebSic ki.

veneciis respublikis amgvari politikis ganxorciele-

bas emsaxure boda katerino Zenos diplomatiuri saqmianobac1.

mas evaleboda yoveli Rone exmara, raTa saqarTvelos da

ay-yoiunlus meTaurebs male daewyoT SeiaraRebuli brZola

osmalebis winaaRmdeg. Zenos saSualebiT veneciis respublika

uzun hasans acnobebda, rom `sinioria mas saCuqrad ugzavnida

100 galeras da sxva mraval did da mcire xomalds, romli-

Tac zRvidan unda ewarmoebina brZola sulTnis saxelmwifos

wi naaRmdeg, xolo uzun hasani mTeli Tavisi ZalebiT aR-

mosavleTidan Seutevda mas~2. uzun hasans saomari moqmedeba

kidev ufro gauadvilde boda, Tu saqarTveloc daexmareboda.

veneciis senatis 1471 w. 10 seqtembris instruqciaSi

1 katerino Zeno veneciis savaWro aristokratiis cnobili ojaxidan iyo.

mas co lad hyavda arqipelagis hercogis nikolo krespos qaliSvili violante, romelic trapi zonis imperatoris daviTis SviliSvili iyo. daviTis meore

qaliSvili, kira katerina, colad hyavda uzun hasans. amgvarad katerino Zeno

da uzun hasani moyvrebi iyvnen. katerino Zenos Sesaxeb dawvr. ix. XV saukunis

italielTa cnobebi saqarT velos Sesaxeb, gv. 17-19.2 iqve, gv. 22.

doJi qriste fore moro pirdapir miuTiTebda Zenos, rom

igi valdebuli iyo piradad xle boda saqarTvelos mefes,

gadaeca misTvis werilebi da saerTo mtris, os maleTis wi-

naaRmdeg saomrad waeqezebina1.

Zenos rom namdvilad Tan hqonda sinioriis mier saqarT-

velos me fisaTvis gagzavnili werilebi, amaze naTqvamia mis

mier 1472 w. 9 oqtombers kviprosis bailo andrea koreri-

sadmi gagzavnil werilSi. masSi sxvadasxva ambebTan erTad

aRniSnulia, rom Zenom uzun hasanis meuRles Teodoras

(kira katerina) saqarTvelos mefisaTvis gankuTvnili weri-

li aCvena2.

ucnobia, garda osmaleTis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad mo-

wodebisa, veneciis xelisufleba qarTvelebisagan kidev ras

iTxovda an ras pirdeboda sanacvlod maT. arc is aris cno-

bili werilma adresatamde mi aRwia Tu ara.

Zenom saqarTvelos mefisaTvis gadasacemi werili kira

katerinas uCvena garkveuli mosazrebiT: mas surda meuRlis

CagonebiT uzun hasans gavlena moexdina saqarTveloze da

osmaleTis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi Caeba. sxvaTaSoris, pirveli

SexvedrisTanave `[dedofalma] gansakuTre buli yuradRebiT

moismina misi misvlis mizezis Sesaxeb da dahpirda yovelg-

var Sewevnasa da keTilganwyobas... dedofali mSvenieri saSu-

aleba iyo, romli Tac batonma katerinom SeZlo aemxedrebina

uzun hasani sulTnis wi naaRmdeg saomrad~3. aseve kira ka-

terinas CagonebiT, uzun hasanma sakuTari xeliT miswera

werili yvaryvare aTabags, `raTa mas im mxridan daewyo omi

osmaleTis winaaRmdeg~4.

1 Berchet G., Op. cit., p. 114.2 Archivio storico Italiano, p. 82-83.3 XV saukunis italielTa cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 23. Sdr. A

narrative of italian travels in Persia in the fi fteend and sixteend centuries. Trans-lated and edited by Charles Grey, London, 1873, p. 14.

4 iqve. Zenos Canawerebis mixedviT, l. tardi daaskvnida, rom osmaleTis

wi naaRmdeg òmi sparselebma ki ar daiwyes, aramed yvaryvare aTabagma gaaCaRa~

80 81

XV s. 70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi samcxe-saaTabago ori

didi dampy roblis _ osamleTisa da ay-yoiunlus saxelmwi-

foebs Soris moeqca, ro melTa dapyrobiTi interesebi erT-

nairad saSiSi iyo samcxe-saaTa bagosaTvis da misgan frTxili

sagareo politikis warmoebas moiTxovda.

safiqrebelia, gaerTianebuli ZalebiT osmalebis winaaRm-

deg brZolis ideisadmi yvaryvare aTabagis damokidebuleba

Seicvala. 70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi ay-yoiunlus saxelm-

wifo is aRar iyo, rasac igi 50-iani wlebis dasasruls

warmoadgenda. igi erT-erT Zlier saxelmwifod gadaiqca. is

metoqeobas uwevda osmaleTs da savaWro-saqaravno gzebis

xelSi CagdebisaTvis ebrZoda. aseTi gzebi gadioda aTabagis

samflobe loebzec, romlebzec kontrolis daweseba, an misi

mflobelis sakuTari interesebisaTvis damorCileba didad

macdunebeli iyo rogorc mehmed II-is, ise uzun hasanisaTvis.

osmaleTze gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi uzun hasani, romlis

mtace bluri mada cnobili iyo yvela qarTvelisaTvis, ufro

mkacri dampyrobeli iqne boda, vidre sulTani. osmalebs am

droisaTvis mTeli Tavisi yuradReba evropis kontinentze

hqonda gadatanili da aRmosav leTSi, jerjerobiT, yoveli

sadavo sakiTxis mogvarebas mSvidobiani gziT cdilobda. es

gasagebic aris: mas surda erTdroulad or frontze _ aR-

mosavleTiT da dasavleTiT _ saomari moqmedeba ar hqonoda.

yovelive zemoaRniSnulis gamo, aTabagis damokidebuleba

uzun hasanisadmi icvleboda. magram, vidre osmaleTis wi-

naaRmdeg brZola se riozul saxes miiRebda, aTabagi, rogorc

Cans, uzun hasans daxmarebis Taobaze dapirebas ar aklebda.

roca 1472 wels brZolis sakiTxi mTeli simwvaviT daisva,

uzun hasanis mier `sakuTari xeliT~ miwerilma werilebmac

ki veRar aRuZra aTabags misadmi daxmarebis survili, risT-

(tardi l., ungreT-saqarTvelos urTierToba, g. 24). aseTi ram Zenos komentar-ebSi arsad weria da, rogorc vnaxavT aTabagi yvaryvare am dros uzun hasans mxars aRar uWerda.

visac igi `SemdegSi dasjili iqna hasanis mier~1.

katerino Zenom SemTxveviT ar gaamaxvila yuradReba uzun

hasanis mier yvaryvaresaTvis werilebis gagzavnaze. savarau-

doa, rom TviTon Ze noc did mniSvnelobas aniWebda am `merye-

vi~ mTavris osmaleTis winaaRmdeg gad abirebas. uzun hasans

samcxis darbeva da misi aTabagisaT vis Wkuis swav leba adreve

ganuzraxavs, magram sxvadasxva Sidapoliti kurma garTule-

bebma xeli SeuSala. mas am ganzraxvis ganxorcielebis Sesa-

Zlebloba mxolod 1472 wels mieca2.

osmalo istorikosis munejim-baSis mixedviT, uzun hasanis

laSqari saqarTvelos Tavdasxmia 1472 wlis gazafxulze

(?)3. savaraudoa, `saqarTveloSi~ saaTabago igulisxmebodes,

romlisTvisac ay-yoiunlus mbrZanebels xarki Seuweria4.

uzun hasanis samcxe-saaTabagoSi SeWrisa da moqmedebis Ses-

axeb moTxrobilia axali qarTlis cxovrebis mesame teqstSi.

momxdari ambavi 1476 wliT aris daTariRebuli. masSi vkiTxu-

lobT: `qoronikonsa r d (164): kualad Seikriba eri uricxB

da warmoemarTa uzun-asan ZaliTa didiTa samcxesa zeda. esma

ese yuaryuares da orTa ZeTa misTa, rameTu pirispir ganwyoba

ver Zal-edvaT simravlisagan uricxvobisa spaTa maT Tasa, da

hqmnes ganzraxva, raTa samTagan erTi warsul iyo da daecxro

guliswy roma mZlavrisa mis, raTa arRara mosrul iyvnes qu-

eyanasa samcxisasa. movida samcxes da merme moiwivnes awyuers

da mosrnes mravalni qristeaneni, mRdelni da monazonni da

eriskacni, da war tyuevnnes sruliad samcxe.

1 Fallmereyer Jac. PH., Geschichte des Kaiserthums von Trapezunt, München, 1827, S. 247.

2 Minorsky V. Tifl is, Uzun Hassan. Ènziklopedie des Islam~, IV, 1934 , S. 280.3 Ibidem, S. 11594 kiknaZe r., dasax. naSr., gv. 122. munejim-baSis mixedviT, uzun hasani

saqarTvelos samjer Semoesia _ 1466, 1472 da osmaleTTan damarcxebis, e.i. 1473 wlis Semdeg. sxva is torikosis jahan-aras gadmocemiT, uzun hasanis uka-naskneli laSqroba saqarTveloSi moewyo 1476-1477 wels (Minorsky V. Tifl is, Uzun Hassan, S. 1159).

82 83

aiyara yaeni da warvida sayaenosa TBssa da tyue hyves

xati awyuerisa RmrTismSobeli, da wariyvanes queyanasa maT-

sa. da iqmna didi glova da mwuxareba miuTxrobeli sruliad

mesxTa zeda. aRdges yoveli da STavides qarTls vidrem-

dis mwirobden mun SBd wel~1. m. brose savsebiT sworad

fiqrobda, rom qarTuli wyaros cnoba 1472 wlis Semosevas

asaxavda.

amonaridi, rom 1477 wlis ambebs ar unda gadmogvcem-

des, amaze, pirvel rigSi, laSqrobis gavrcelebis are miu-

TiTebs. rogorc mematiane gadmogvcems, uzun hasani samcxes

ar gascilebia da misi darbevis Semdeg ukan gabrunebula.

saqarTvelos sxva adgilebsac, kerZod qarTls rom Sexeboda

igi (qarTlsa da imereTSi Turqmanebis SeWris Sesaxeb sak-

maod sando cnobebi dagvitoves josafat barbarom da jo-

vani maria an jolelom), ar SeiZleboda qarTvel mematianes

mxed velobidan gamorCenoda da oriode sityviT mainc ar

moexsenebina, rom samcxeSi SeWris an iqidan uzun hasanis

wasvlis Semdeg saqarTvelos romel nawils ewia ubedureba.

davuSvaT, uzun hasani samcxidan qarTlSi gadasuliyo, an

piriqiT, qar Tlidan samcxeSi SeWriliyo, maSin xom uaz-

roba iqneboda mesxebs qarTlSi eZebnaT TavSesafari, rasac

istorikosi gvamcnobs. igi garkveviT gveubneba, uzun hasani

Tavisi samflobeloe bidan pirdapir samcxeSi movida da aqe-

danve `warvida sayaenosa TBssa~.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom osmaleTTan gadamwyveti brZolis

dawyebis win (1472 w.), uzun hasanma aTabagis dasja ganiz-

raxa. magram misi RonisZiebani saqmes ver Sveloda. rogorc

Cans, saaTabagosa da os maleTs Soris urTierToba jerje-

robiT mogvarebuli iyo. kontarinis mixedviT, aTabagi sul-

Tans xarks uxdida2. vfiqrob, kontarinis es cnoba hqonda

mxedvelo baSi n. berZeniSvils, rodesac igi samcxis Sesaxeb

1 qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv. 478-479.2 Ramusio G. B., Op. cit., p. 119r-119v.

aR niSnavda: àm qveynis aTabagi ukve Turq-osmalebis suveri-

netets cnobda~-o1. magram ucnobia ra viTarebaSi da rogor

moxda samcxis moxvedra os maleTis gavlenis qveS.

samcxe-saaTabagoSi antiosmaluri koaliciis sazianod

imdenad Secvlila mdgomareoba, rom 1474 wels mis terito-

riaze gavla ay-yoiunluSi mimaval veneciis elCs, kontarins,

saxifaTodac ki miuCnevia2.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom XV s. 70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi

antios malur koaliciaSi monawileobis survils, sityvi-

erad mainc, ga moxatavda qarTlis, kaxeTis da imereTis same-

foebi. yovel SemTxvevaSi, imdroindel evropul wyaroebSi,

romlebsac ukve gavecaniT, qarTuli samefoebis me feebi os-

maleTis winaaRmdeg brZoliT dainteresebulni Canan.

amgvarad, saqarTvelos is nawili, romelsac, evropeli

diplo matebis mixedviT Zorzania, Iberia an Giorgiania erqva da romelSic isini imereTs da mTel aRmosavleT saqarT-

velos moiazrebdnen, osmaleTis winaaRmdeg ibr Zoda da amis

gamo veneciasTan da ay-yoiunlus saxelmwi fosTan urTierTo-

bac hqonda. magram Rrma kvlevas moiTxovs imis dadgena, am

droisaTvis qarTuli samefoebisaTvis osmaleTi ukve serio-

zul problemas war moadgenda Tu isini iZulebulni iyvnen

sxvisi (am SemTxvevaSi ay-yoiunlus saxelmwifos) intereseb-

is Sesabamisad os maleTi TavianT dauZinebel mtrad gamoecx-

adebinaT, maSin, rodesac ufro saSiSi mteri ufro axlos

hyavdaT. movlenebis Semdgomi ganvi Tareba sarwmunos xdis,

rom uzun hasani da misi saxelmwifo am droisaTvis ufro

saSiSi iyo saqarTvelosaTvis vidre os maleTi. uzun hasani

qarTvelebs aiZulebda misi `TanamebrZolebi~ yo filiyvnen.

1472 w. gazafxulze koaliciis aRmosavlelma wevrebma

osmalTis winaaRmdeg omi daiwyes. maisSi sabrZolo moqmedeba

1 berZeniSvili n., ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis istoriidan XVI-XVII

sau kuneTa mijnaze. `saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi~, IV, Tb., 1967, gv. 90.2 Ramusio., Op. cit., p. 119v.

84 85

daiwyo trapizonis im peratoris daviTis Zmiswulma, romelic

didi xnis ganmavlobaSi uzun hasanis karze afarebda Tavs. is

qarTvelebis daxmarebiT SeiWra komnenosebis yofil samflo-

beloebSi da trapizonisaken wavida. os malebs qalaqi sakmaod

gaumagrebiaT. damcvelebi zRvidanac iRebdnen daxmarebas da

imperatoris Zmiswuli da masTan erTad qarTvelTa razmebi

iZulebuli Seiqmna ukan daexia1. male omSi Caeba ay-yoiunlus

saxelmwifo. imave wlis agvistoSi uzun hasanma aiRo Tuy-

aTi da daikava yaramaniac, romlis sanapiroze ve necielebs

iaraRi unda gadaecaT, magram venecielebma dapireba ar Ses-

rules. os malebma isargebles Seqmnili viTarebiT, daiwyes

kontrSeteva da yaramania daibrunes.

uzun hasanisaTvis, iseve, rogorc misi aRmosavleli

mokavSiree bisaT vis iaraRs sasicocxlo mniSvneloba hqonda.

sxvanairad is ver gaumklavdeboda artileriiT aRWurvil

sulTnis jars. bolos da bolos, veneciaSi myofma elCebma,

romlebic aq 1472 w. agvistoSi movidnen, xangrZlivi mola-

parakebis Semdeg, miaRwies imas, rom 1473 wlis 11 ianvars

veneciis senatma miiRo dadgenoleba, daxmareba gaewiaT uzun

hasanisaTvis21.

dadgenilebis mixedviT uzun hasanis karze veneciis elCad

dainiSna josafat barbaro, romelsac iaraRi unda mietana

veneciis ge mebiT yara maniis sanapiroze da uzun hasanisaTvis

gadaeca. barbaro uzun hasans unda SeTanxmeboda, agreTve,

rom gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi osmaleTis aRmosavleTi pro-

vinciebi, dardanelis CaTvliT, ay-yoiunlus saxelmwifos

SeuerTdeboda, samagierod venecias aRniSnul teri toriebze

Tavisufali moqmedebis ufleba eqneboda.

1473 wlis 29 marts barbaro kviprosze mivida, sadac

Seityo, rom yaramania ukve osmalebis xelSi iyo. man werili

1 Magyar diplomáczial emlekek Mátyas király korából 1458-1490. `Monumen-ta Hungaria Historia~, t. II, Budapest, 1877 , p. 239.

2 Berchet G. Op. cit., p. 9.

gaugzavna uzun hasans da acnoba, rom igi veneciis flotiTa

da iaraRiT yaramaniis sanapiro sTan idga da saWiro iyo misi

misvla iaraRis Casabareblad. barbarom icoda, rom uzun

hasani yaramaniis sanapirosTan osmalebTan Sejaxebis gareSe

ver mividoda, xolo maT Soris omis dawyebiT gansakuTrebiT

dainteresebuli venecia iyo.

uzun hasans barbaros werilis miRebamde veneciidan dax-

marebis imedi ukve dakarguli hqonda. Zenos gadmocemiT,

barbaros SenaTvalma igi gaamxiarula da imedi misca1. igi

maSinve jariT daiZra yara maniisaken, `ro melic parTeleb-

is, sparselebis, qarTvelebis, qurTebisa da TaTrebisagan

Sedgeboda~2.

uzun hasanisa da mehmed II-is jarebi erTmaneTis pirispir

dadgnen md. evfratis napiras malaTiasTan. brZola moxda 1

agvistos. ay-yoi unlus laSqarma Tavdapirvelad, imdenad se-

riozul warmatebas miaRwia, rom sulTani iZulebuli gaxda

zavi eTxova. magram uzun hasanma brZolis gagrZeleba arCia,

raTa warmateba saboloo gamarjvebamde miey vana. man gadal-

axa evfrati da didi siswrafiT daedevna ukandaxeul mters,

`Tavisi ufrosi vaJi kaluli yvela qarTveliT, TaTriTa da

sxva mravali mebrZoliT aRalis dasacavad datova mdinaris

meore napirze~3.

Zenos mixedviT, ganmeorebiTi brZola moxda 10 agvistos

md. Ter janasTan, sadac ay-yoiunlus laSqarma sruli marcxi

ganicada.

uzun hasani evropidan daxmarebis miRebis da osmalebis

dajabnis imeds mainc ar kargavda. rogorc igi veneciis xe-

lisuflebas acnobebda, maSinve surda xelaxali brZolisaT-

vis mzadebas Sesdgomoda4. man daxmarebis TxovniT mimarTa

1 XV saukunis italielTa cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 27-28; Ber-chet G., Op. cit., p. 132.

2 XV saukunis italielTa cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 29.3 iqve, gv. 31; Berchet G., Op. cit., p. 137.4 XV saukunis italielTa cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 33.

86 87

evropis saxelmwifoebs da katerino Zeno gag zavna evropaSi,

rogorc Tavisi ndobiT aRWurvili piri.

1474 wlis gazafxulze Zenom datova Tavrizi. amjerad

mas saqarT veloze mouxda gavla. mas Tan axldnen poloneTi-

sa da ungreTis elCebi. man jer samcxeSi gaiara da, savarau-

doa, uzun hasanis `xeliT dawerili~ werili gadasca. Zenos

aucileblad eqneboda aTabagTan mo laparakeba ay-yoiunlus

mbrZaneblisadmi daxmarebis Taobaze. katerinos iqve dautovia

ungreTisa da poloneTis elCebi, rac man, albaT, garkveuli

politikuri mosazrebiT gaakeTa, TviTon ki sevastopolisi-

saken aiRo gezi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Zenos bedianTanac

hqonda molaparakeba. am mosazrebis dama dastureblad is faq-

ti gamodgeba, rom poloneTSi Casulma Zenom uzun hasanis

karze Tavis Semcvlel elCs, paolo onibenes yvaryvaresa da

bedi anTan werilebi gaatana1. safiqrebe lia, werilebi vene-

ciasa da qarTvel mTavrebs Soris mimdinare mola parakebis

gagrZelebas warmoadgenda. magram cnobili ar aris, SeZlo

Tu ara onibenem werilebis mitana daniSnulebis adgilamde

an ra gavlena moaxdina am werilebma saqarTvelos mTavre-

bze2.

aRiniSna, rom 1474 w. yvaryvare xarks aZlevda osmalebs.

magram es, ra Tqma unda, srulebiTac ar niSnavda, TiTqos

samcxe-saaTabagos sabolood Sewyvita damoukideblobisaTvis

brZola.

TerjanasTan damarcxebis Semdeg, osmaleTis winaaRmdeg

warmate buli brZolis safuZveli aRar arsebobda. magram

uzun hasani da bagrat VI mainc ar kargavdnen evropis

qveynebis antiosmalur ligaSi Cabmis imeds. 1474 wels maT

axali elCoba gagzavnes evropaSi. elCebi kafaze gavliT,

1 iqve, gv. 34-35.2 onibene sxva drosac, kerZod 1480 wels, yofila saqarTveloSi (tardi

l., dasax.naSr., gv. 25), magram misi am mogzaurobis Sesaxeb araferia cno-bili.

imave wlis 19 ivliss veneciaSi mividnen, sadac isini didi

zeimiT miiRes1. ve naciaSi molaparakebis Sinaarsi cnobili ar

aris.

1474 w. agvistoSi veneciaSi mivida katerino Zenoc,

romelsac mSobliur qalaqSi dabrunebamde molaparakeba

hqonda poloneTis mefe kazimeJ IV-sTan da ungreTis mbr-

Zanebel matiaS korvinTan2.

qarTveli da Turqmeni elCebi ZenosTan erTad romsa da

neapols estumrnen3. elCebis arc am qalaqebSi molaparake-

bebze aris raime cnoba. maTi mogzaurobis saerTo Sedegi

is iyo, rom evropaSi raime realuri daxmarebis miReba ver

moxerxda. Zenom miatova Tu ara Tavrizi, veneciis respub-

likam maSinve gag zavna misi Semcvleli paolo onibene, rom-

lis moRvaweobam is Sedegi ga moiRo, rom saqarTvelom da

ay-yoiunlus saxelmwifom xelaxla scades bedi da evropaSi

TavianTi elCebi gaagzavnes, romelTa Sesaxeb ukve iTqva.

1474 wels TavrizSi mivida respublikis kidev erTi

elCi josafat barbaro, romelic Seqmnili situaciis Ses-

wavlas da osmaleTis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad uzun hasanis

aCqarebas fiqrobda4. paolo onibenem Tavisi misia daasrula

SeTanxmebiT, romlis ZaliTac uzun hasani osmaleTTan oms

1475 wels daiwyebda. onibene ve neciaSi dabrunda 1475 w. 17

Tebervals5.

imave wlis ivnisSi uzun hasanis karze imyofeboda an-

tiosmaluri koaliciis Seqmnis erT-erTi Tavgamodebuli

1 Jorga N., Geschichte des osmanischen Reiches. Nach den Quelen dargestelt. II, Gotha, 1909, S. 168; Авалов З. Забитая вариация об одной исторической теме, с. 248.

2 XV saukunis italielTa cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 34-35.3 Jorga N., Op. cit., S. 168; Авалов З., Забитая вариация об одной истори-

ческой теме, с. 248.4 Lettre al senato di Giosafat Barbaro ambasciatore ad Ussuncassan di Persia.

Tratte da un codice original del J.R. Bibliotheka di vienna. É anottate per En rico Cornet, Vienna, 1852 , 81.

5 Махмудов Я., Ук. труд, с. 22.

88 89

mqadagebeli, dauRalavi lu doviko bolonieli. kontarinis

gadmocemiT, igi, amjerad, mola parakebas burgonis hercogis

saxeliT awarmoebda1. is TavrizSi didxans ar darCenila.

gamoTxovebisas uzun hasans daubarebia, rom mas Tavisi ba-

tonisaTvis moexsenebina ay-yoiunlus saxelmwifos osmale-

Tis winaaRmdeg brZolisaTvis mzadyofnis Sesaxeb. saubars

kontarini eswreboda. evropaSi gabrunebul ludovikos, kon-

tarinis mixedviT, saqarT veloSi gauvlia. mas Tan mihyavda

uzun hasanis elCi. imave dros saqarTveloSi gavliT imyo-

feboda ruseTis elCi marko rosi. isic uzun hasanisagan

brundeboda samSobloSi da Tan mihyavda sapasuxo elCic2.

rogorc Cans, ay-yoiunlus da saqarTvelos urTierTo-

ba evropis qveynebTan, gansakuTrebiT veneciasTan, Terjanas

marcxis Semdegac in ten siuri iyo. isini dRiTidRe rwmunde-

bodnen, rom osmaleTis daZlevas dasavleTidan daxmarebis ga-

reSe ver SeZlebdnen. afasebda ra Seqmnil vi Tarebas, veneciis

senatic TvalnaTliv xedavda osmaleTis aSkara upirateso-

bas. amitom igi daJinebiT cdilobda Tavisi interesebisaTvis

ga moeyenebina ay-yoiunlus samxedro potenciali. 1474 wlis

11 Tebervals ve neciis senati Tavisi instruqciiT josafat

barbaros pirdapir avalebda: `Cveni erTaderTi survilia br-

wyinvale uzun hasanma an am weliwads, an rac SeiZleba male,

daiwyos omi osmaleTis sulTnis wi naaRmdeg, es aris Seni,

sxva elCebis da werilebis gagzavnis mizezi~3.

ambrojo kontarini veneciis respublikis saxeliT yovel-

gvar dax marebas aRuTqvamda uzun hasans zRvasa da xmele-

Tze4. magram uzun hasanma kargad icoda veneciis daxmarebis

fasi, rac umTavresad dapirebebSi ga moixateboda. is axla

frTxilobda. man kontarinis ganucxada, rom im SemTxvevaSi

1 Ramusio, p. 118r 2 Berchet G., Op. cit., p. 141.3 Ibidem.4 Mахмудов Я. Взаимоотношения государства Ак-коюнлу с Венецией, c. 23.

Tu daxmareba realuri iqneboda, oms daiwyebda 1475 wlis

gazafxulze. uzun hasanma Semdgomi molaparakebis dros es

vada 1476 wlis gazfxulamde gadaswia1.

uzun hasanis am dapirebas asruleba aRar ewera. misi

sicocxlis bolo periodSi qveynis SigniT dawyebuli

feodaluri aSliloba da, rac mTavaria, osmalebis mier mi-

yenebuli dartymis Sedegad ay-yoi unlus sax elmwifos omis

ganaxlebis unari aRar Seswevda.

axla davubrundeT uzun hasanis Tavdasxmas saqarTveloze

1477 wels, rodesac man isedac dasustebul saqarTvelos

kidev ufro meti ziani miay ena. uzun hasanis amgvari moq-

medeba yofili `mokavSiris~ mimarT, dResac gamocanad rCeba.

erTxel mec vcade, italielTa cnobebis analiziT gamerk via

uzun hasanis saqarTveloSi Semosevis mizezi da laSqrobis

gavrcelebis are2.

sainteresoa, rogor aisaxa qarTul wyaroebSi uzun

hasanis 1477 wlis Semoseva. winaswar SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebi uzun hasanis laSqris

saqarTveloSi moqmedebis Sesaxeb metad Zunwia da daTariRe-

bac mcdaria.

`Zilispiri ikorTisa~ gvamcnobs: `qoronikonsa rBd: aqa

uzun hasan saqarTvelo amoswyBda~3. vaxuStis `saqarTvelos

qronikaSi~ vkiTxu lobT: `1478. rÁv. uzunasan yeeni movida,

qarTli da erwo-TianeTi moswyvita~4. saqmis mTeli viTare-

bis warmodgenis saSualebas arc es qronika gvaZlevs, q rono-

logia aqac mcdaria.

àxali qarTlis cxovrebis~ pirveli teqsti mogviTxrobs

1 ix. XV saukunis italielTa cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 83-84, Sen. 6.

2 iqve.

3 qronikebi da sxva masala saqarTvelos istoriisa da mwerlobisa, Sekrebili, qronologiurad dawyobili da axsnili T. Jordanias mier, II, tf., 1897 , gv. 365.

4 qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 897.

90 91

uzun hasanis, saqarTveloSi Semosevis Sesaxeb, magram TariRis

gareSe: `Seiyara yaeni uzun asan movida somxiTs, da mefe

lixT iqiT iyo, qarTvelni Tan iaxlnen. moadges baraTianTa

da orbeTis Zirsa. didad kargad daxudes baraTianni. dama-

dgrden da vera uyves ra. movides tfilissa aRiRes. da TBT

yaeni muxrans dadga. aRivso qarTli laSqriTa, moaoPres

sruliad qarTlis adgili. iPmna yaenman baraTianni, miindvna,

naxna da Seiwyalna, moscna mravalni da aRavsna pirTamdin.

amas zedan RmerTman ipriana, iwyina amowyueta saqristia-

nosa, Seedva yaensa seni sasikudene, aiyara da warvida~. Sem-

deg moTxrobilia konstantines wasvla uzun hasanis karze,

baraTaS vilebis Tan xleba da uzun hasanis sikvdili1. igive

ambavi àxali qarTlis cxovrebis~ mesame teqstSi daTariRe-

bulia 1456 wliT, magram masSi rom 1477 wlis Semosevazea

gadmocemuli, amaze Semdeg iTqmeva.

uzun hasanis 1477 wlis saqarTveloSi SemoWraze mniS-

vnelovani cno bebi dagvitoves barbarom da anjolelom,

Tumca arc eseni iZlevian laSqrobis dawvrilmanebiT gage-

bis saSualebas. im SemTxvevaSi Tu maTs monaTxrobs vax-

uSti batoniSvilis cnobebs mivaSvelebT, suraTi TiTqmis

naTeli gaxdeba. laSqrobis dawyebis win, rogorc barbaro

gadmogvcems, uzun hasans xmis gavrceleba ubrZanebia, vi-

Tom is osmaleTis winaaRmdeg saomrad wasvlas apirebda.

roca barbaro laSqris samzadiss daakvirda, gavrcelebuli

xma saeWvod CaTvala. laSqari 20-24 aTasi mxedrisa, 4-5

aTasi (anjolelos mixedviT 11 aTasi) qveiTi jariskacisagan

Sedgeboda. garda mebrZolebisa, kidev iyo 6 aTasi damxmare

(molaSqreTa colebi, bavSvebi, msaxurebi da sxv.)2. anjo-

lelos TqmiT, uzun hasans cbiereba uxmaria da laSqari

jer dasavleTisaken wauyvania, viTomda marTla osmaleTze

midioda, Semdeg ki saqarTvelosaken Semobrunebula. Tavisi

1 iqve, gv. 478.2 XV saukunis italielTa cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 60-61, 77-78.

laSqrobis saidumloeba rom ar gaemxila, mas arc axla

wauyvania laSqari wesieri gziT _ mTebze da ty eebSi utare-

bia, sadac gansakuTrebiT gamoyofili 5 aTasi kaci laSqars

cecxliT ukafavda gzas.

vaxuSti batoniSvilis mixedviT, Turqmenebi jer somx-

eTs Sesevian, Semdeg `qarTlis somxiTSi~ gadmosulan, or-

beTTan maT mefe konstantine daxvda da didi winaaRmdegoba

gauwia. roca uzun hasanma konstantines swrafad damarcxeba

ver SeZlo, Tavi mianeba da Tbilisisaken wavida.

rogorc laSqrobis mTeli msvlelobidan Cans, uzun

hasanis mizani iyo moulodnelad dasxmoda Tbiliss. kon-

stantinesTan brZolis gagrZelebis SemTxvevaSi moulod-

nelad wamowyebuli omis yvela savaraudo Sedegs dakargavda,

qarTvelebi Tbilisisa da misi misadgome bis gamagrebas moas-

wrebdnen da hasanis mcirericxovan laSqars Tbilisis aReba

gauZneldeboda. uzun hasanis taqtika swori aRmoCnda: mtris

moulodneli gamoCe nis gamo, qarTvelebs isRa darCenodaT,

qalaqi mietovebinaT da, rogorc bar baro da anjolelo gad-

mogvcemen, uzun hasani Tbiliss ubrZolve lad daeufla1.

mefe konstantine mosvenebas ar aZlevda `marbielTa

yeenisaTa~. ami tom uzun hasans ar SeeZlo zurgSi misi yofna

daeSva da masTan isev morigeba arCia. imave dros man ganiz-

raxa mefe konstantine da mefe ba grati erTmaneTisaTvis

daepirispirebina: `maSin yeeni ezraxa konstantine mefesa, _

wers vaxuSti, _ raTa mivides masTan da mianiWos yoveli

qveyana misi da daicvas uvneblad~. konstantinem miiRo es

winadadeba. igi yaenTan gamocxadda. yaenma is didi pativiT

miiRo2 da Tbilisi Caabara, riTac mefe bagrats iq dabrune-

bis saSualeba mouspo3. rogorc mosalodneli iyo, uzun

1 iqve, gv. 61, 78.2 qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 385; Hinz W., Op. cit., S. 139.3 Minorsky V. Tifl is, Uzun Hassan. Ènziklopedie des Islam~, IV, 1934 , S.

802.

92 93

hasani bolomde arc konstantines miendo da Tbilisis cix-

eSi Tavisi garnizoni Caayena, TviTon ki muxranSi dabanakda.

iqidan agzav nida Tavis razmebs qarTlisa da kaxeTis dasarbe-

vad. mefe bagrats wi naaRmdegobis Zala ar Seswevda da raWas

Seafara Tavi1.

qarTlis dakavebis Semdeg uzun hasans mefe bagratTan,

samcxis aTa bagTan2 da sxva Svid didebulTan3 molaparakeba

gaumarTavs dazave bis Tao baze da Tbilisis gamoklebiT qar-

Tlis dacla aRuTqvams, Tu isini xarkis saxiT 16 aTas du-

kats gadaixdidnen4.

sparsulenovani wyaroebidan irkveva, rom qarTvelebi

uzun hasans yovelwliurad xarks uxdidnen da xarkis dagvi-

aneba gamxdara ay-yoiunlus mbrZaneblis saqarTveloSi ram-

denjerme laSqrobis mizezi5.

damatebiTi cnobebi uzun hasanis saqarTveloSi Semdgomi

moqmede bis Sesaxeb dagvitova barbarom. es cnobebi saSuale-

bas gvaZlevs davaskvnaT, rom roca qarTvel mefe-mTavrebs 16

aTasi dukati gadauxdiaT da Turqmenebs 4-5 aTasamde tyvec

xelT ugdiaT, amis Semdeg imereTi daurbeviaT6. barbaro,

rogorc TviTmxilveli gadmogvcems, rom quTaisis aklebis

Semdeg isini ukan gabrundnen, mividnen skandaSi da Semdeg

gorSi gadavidnen. goridan Turqmenebi Tbilisisken ki ar

wavidnen (maT misi sa kiTxi ukve mogvarebulad miaCndaT),

aramed mTebze gadavidnen da sami dRis Semdeg loreSi, e.i.

uzun hasanis samflobeloSi mividnen.

1 qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 385.2 XV saukunis italielTa cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 61.3 iqve, gv. 78.4 javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, IV, gv. 118-122; kiknaZe r.

saqarTvelo-iranis urTierTobis istoriidan XV saukunis meore naxevarSi.

iv. javaxiSvilis sax elo bis istoriis institutis Sromebi, VI, Tb., 1964, gv. 119-120, 122.

5 kiknaZe r., dasax. naSr., gv. 122.6 XV saukunis italielTa cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 61.

amgvarad, barbaros cnobebis mixedviT, uzun hasanma aR-

mosavleTi saqarTvelo da imereTi aiklo. samcxe-saaTabagos

da sabedianos igi ar Sexebia. yovel SemTxvevaSi, is amis

Sesaxeb arafers gvamcnobs. magram imis gamo, rom aTabagi

da dadiani sazavo molaparakebaSi monawileobdnen, es ma-

fiqrebinebs, rom isini konfliqtis seriozuli monawileni

iyvnen. isini uars ambobdnen uzun hasanTan erTad osmaleTis

winaaRmdeg brZolaze. imave barbaros cnobebze dayrdnobiT,

iv. javaxiSvili aRniSnavda: ìmitom, rom qarTvelebma uzun

hasanis es moTxovna (16 aTasi dukatis gadaxdis Sesaxeb

_ e.m.) ver aasrules Tu sxva raime mizezis gamo mxolod

ios. bar baros sityviT amis Semdgom sparseTis batonis jari

swrafad daZrula da mxarmarcxniv wasula yuaryuare aTa-

bagis qveynis winaaRmdeg. rogor mimdi nareobda aq samxedro

moqmedeba, amaze italiel mogzaurs araferi aqvs naTqvami~1.

magram, rogorc vnaxeT, barbaro sul sxva rames gveubneba.

uzun hasani samcxeSi ar SeWrila.

uzun hasanis jaris moZraobis mimarTuleba aseve aqvs

gagebuli s. filipos. igi j. barbaros biografiaSi aRniS-

navs: ̀ Sahs saqarT veloSi SeWris dros, rodesac sparselebma

saSinlad aaoxres igi, (bar baro – e.m.) mudam Tan axlda.

iyo TbilisSi, gorSi, quTaisSi, skandaSi da sxva qalaqebSi

saqarTvelos mefisa, romelmac bolos mSvidoba 16 aTasi

dukatis gadaxdiT moipova~2. s. filiposTan uzustoba mx-

olod imaSia, rom uzun hasanma imereTi xarkis aRebamde ki

ar daarbia, aramed mis Semdeg3.

ase tragikulad dasrulda saqarTvelos monawileoba

antios maluri koaliciis SeqmnisaTvis moZraobaSi XV s. 50-

70-ian wlebSi.

1 javaxiSvili iv., dasax. naSr., gv. 110

2 Filippo S., Biographia dei viaggiatori italiani, v. I, Roma, 1882, p. 433 ix. agreTve, mamisTvaliSvili e., goris istoria, I (1801 wlamde), Tb.,

1994, gv. 40

94 95

antiosmaluri koaliciis Seqmna ver moxerxda, igi ide-

is doneze darCa. kaTolikuri qveynebis didi umravlesobis

mier osmaleTis winaaRmdeg brZolisaken mowodebebi, rogorc

Cans, ufro am popula ruli Temis winaSe sityvieri xarkis

moxda iyo. evropis liderebs wina planze TavianTi saxelm-

wifoebis interesebi hqondaT dayenebuli, mezobel qveynebTan

urTierTobis mogvareba maTTvis ufro mniSvnelovani iyo.

rogorc maTi werilebidan Cans isini aRmosavleTis qveynebT-

an, gansa kuTrebiT, qarTul saxelmwifoebTan urTierTobis

dros, qarTvelebis mier kaTolikobis aRiarebiT ufro iyvnen

dainteresebulni. maTi es in teresi wiTel xazad gasdevs

saqarTvelo-dasavleT evropis urTierTo bas XV-XVIII sau-

kuneebSi.

4. qarTuli diplomatia evropaSi

mokavSiris ZiebaSi (XV s. 90 wlebi).

antiosmaluri koaliciis Seqmnis iseTma cdam, romelSic

gaer Tiande bodnen, rogorc dasavleTis ise aRmosavleTis

saxelmwifoebi, axlo aRmo savleTisa da amierkavkasiis qvey-

nebi, marcxi ganicada. antiosmaluri koaliciis Seqmnis sak-

iTxs gansakuTrebiT gulgrilad evropaSi moekidnen. mizezi

mdgomareobda maSindeli evropis qveynebis ekonomikur da

politikur ganviTarebaSi. im qveynebma, romlebic uSualod

ar ganicdidnen osmaleTisagan Tavdasxmis saSiSroebas, an

romelTa ekonomikuri interesebi aRmosavleTTan vaWroba-

Si ar ilaxe boda (safrangeTi, epaneTi, germania), osmalebis

winaaRmdeg jvarosnuli omis dawyebas mxari ar dau Wires.

arsebobda erTi sayuradRebo momen tic: XV saukunis evro-

paSi jer kidev ar dasrulebuliyo erovnuli saxelmwifoe-

bis Camoyalibebis procesi. amitom maTi sagareo politika,

ZiriTadad, sakuTari saxelmwi foebrivi interesebis ganxor-

cielebas emsaxureboda.

aRmosavleTis im qveynebma, romlebic sisxlxorceulad

iyvnen dainteresebulni osmaleTis winaaRmdeg saerTo omiT,

evropidan daxmarebis miRebis molodinSi is moimkes, rom

zogi maTgani (bizantiis da trapizonis imperiebi, yaramaniis

saamiro) osmalebma mospes, xolo zogi ki (mag.: ay-yoiunlus

saxelmwifo) imdenad dasustda, rom osmaleTis winaaRmdeg

brZolis gagrZeleba veRar SeZlo.

rogorc vnaxeT, uSedegod arc saqarTvelosTvis damTa-

vrda an tios maluri koaliciis Seqmnis RonisZiebebSi misi

monawileoba. isedac daqucmacebuli saqarTvelo amis Sem-

deg kidev ufro daqveiTda. misi op ti misturad ganwyobili

mbrZaneblebi ar kargavdnen qristianuli saxelmwi foebisgan

daxmarebis miRebis imeds. am mizniT isini mimarTavd nen xan

dasavleT evropas da xan moskovis saxelmwifos, magram re-

aluri mxardaWera versad hpoves.

uzun hasanis sikvdilis Semdeg, qarTvelebma Tbilisi

daibrunes, magram qveyanas arc amis Semdeg ewera mosvenebiT

cxovreba. TiTqmis gau Taveblad mimdinareobda SinabrZolebi

da gareSe mtrebis Tavdasx mebi. marTalia, Zleuli iqna gareSe

mteri, uzun hasanis memkvidrem ia yub-yaenma marcxi ganicada

saqarTvelos damorCilebis saqmeSi, magram qveynis daSlis

procesi kidev ufro gaRrmavda. 1489 wels qarTlisa da

kaxeTis samefoebis gverdiT Seiqmna kidev erTi _ imereTis

samefo.

qarTlis mefe konstantine ar kargavda qveynis erTiano-

bis aRdgenis imeds. 1490 w. man darbazi moiwvia, mgram feo-

dalebma mxari ar dauWires da iZulebuli gaxda arsebul

mdgomareobasA Segueboda

qveynis daSlis Sedegad bolo moeRo erTiani sagareo

politikis gatarebasac, rac gamokveTilad gamoCnda XV s.

90-iani wlebis dasawy isSi: kaxeTis samefo Tavis gadarCenis

saSualebas moskovis saxelmwi foSi xedavs, qarTli ki _

dasavleT evropaSi.

96 97

1483 da 1491 wlebSi kaxeTis mefe aleqsandre I-ma (1476-

1511) elCebi gagzavna moskovis mTavar ivane III-is (1462-

1505) karze da amiT safuZveli Cauyara kaxeTis samefosa

da moskovis saxelmwifos Soris politikur urTierTobas,

romelmac xangrZlivi da tradiciuli xasiaTi SeiZina.

saqarTveloSi da, kerZod, kaxeTSi mxedvelobidan ar

gamorCeniaT moskovis samTavros warmatebebi. 1491 wels

kaxeTis mefe aleqsandre II-m moskovSi gaagzavna elCi mu-

rati, romelic 1492 wels mivida moskovSi1 da ivane III-s

kaxeTis samefosTan diplomatiuri urTierTobis damyareba

Ses Tavaza. samwuxarod, ucnobia molaparakebis msvleloba

da misi Sedegic.

qarTlis mefe konstantinem politikuri orientacia aiRo

im qvey nebze, romlebic gansakuTrebiT dainteresebulni iyvnen

osmaleTis dasustebiT. igi upirveles yovlisa daukavSirda

egviptis mamluq mbrZanebel al-aSraf said ad-din kaitbeis

(1468-1496). rogorc Cans konstantine iTvaliswinebda im

garemoebas, rom mamluqebs TavianT um Tavres mtrad osmale-

Tis saxelmwifo miaCdaT da maTTan antiosmaluri kavSiris

damyarebis mizniT 1493-1494 wlebSi Tavisi karis eklesiis

moZRvari kir-nilosi miavlina2. kairoSi warmoebuli mola-

parakebis Ses axe bac araviTari cnoba ar gagavaCnia. magram

kir-nilosis misia rogori SedegiTac ar unda damTavre-

buliyo, mas mainc didi mniSvneloba aqvs saqarTvelos sa-

gareo urTierTobis istoriis Sesaswavlad. SeiZleba viva-

raudoT, rom qarTlis samefosa da mamluqTa egviptes Soris

diplomati uri urTierToba, aRniSnuli droidan moyolebu-

li, orive saxelmwifos interesebidan gamomdinare, ar unda

Sewyvetiliyo osmalebis mier egvip tis dapyrobamde.

1 Тивадзе Т. Г., Об использовании армянских купцов на дипломатической службе грузин скими царями. amierkavkasiis istoriis problemebi, Tb., 1991, gv. 239.

2 am sakiTxze dawvrilebiT ix. cincaZe i. masalebi poloneTisa da saqarTve-

los urTierTobis istoriisaTvis, Tb., 1965 .

kairodan wamosulma kir-nilom ierusalimSi gaiara, sa-

dac espa neTis elCebs Sexvda da man isini saqarTveloSi

wamoiyvana. espaneTis elCebis amgvari gabeduli moqmedeba

(isini TavianTi mefis daukiTxavad saqarT veloSi wamovidnen)

miuTiTebs espaneTis samefo karis aRmosav leTSi arse buli

politikuri viTarebisadmi did interesze. roca maT qarT-

velma dip lomatma antiosmaluri koaliciis Seqmnis per-

speqtiva gadauSala, rogorc Cans, isini iolad daTanxmdnen

saqarTveloSi mipatiJebaze.

espaneTis elCebi saqarTveloSi didxans ar darCenilan.

konstan tine mefem maT kir-niloc gaayola Tavisi weriliT

espaneTis mefesTan. kir-nilos sxva sagangebo davalebac mieca:

espaneTidan wamosuli moZRvari romis paps unda xleboda da

konstantines werili da sityvi erad danabarebi unda gadaeca.

masve gaatanes papisaTvis gadasacemi saCuqrebi. elCebma ga-

dacures Savi zRva, ahyvnen md. dneprs da litva-poloneTis

sam flobeloebze gavliT espaneTisaken gaeSurnen.

litva-poloneTSi qarTvelma elCma mTavrobas os maleTis

winaaRmdeg brZolis qarTuli gegma gaacno. am sakiTxze po-

loneTSi TaT biri rom yofila, amis damamtkiceblad i. cin-

caZes, savsebiT samarTlianad, miaCnda qarTlis mefe kon-

stantines mier espaneTis mefisaTvis gagzavnili werilis

Targmanis Setana `litvis metrikaSi~1.

konstantine mefis werili espaneTis mefisadmi muslim-

anTa gaZliere biT axlo aRmosavleTSi Sqmnili mdgomareo-

bis Wkvianurad mofiqrebuli analizia. qarTlis mefe iseT

STabeWdilebas qmnis, TiTqos mas umTavresad saerTo saqris-

tianos saqmeebi awuxebs da mouwodebs dasavleT evropis

gaerTianebuli ZalebiT aRadginon bizantiisa da trapizonis

saxelmwi foebi. konstantinem da misma kariskacebma kargad

icodnen, rom dasaxele buli saxelmwifoebis aRdgena os-

maleTis mospobis gareSe ar SeiZleboda. Tuki es moxde-

1 iqve, gv. 39.

98 99

boda, saqarTvelosac Ta visTavad eSveleboda. werilSi gak-

vriT naTqvamia maSindeli saqarT velos mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.

dawvrilebiT ki elCi sityvierad gadas cemda espaneTis xe-

lisufalT. `werilebs garda sxva sityvier Cven gulis na-

debsac gaigonebT misgan, radganac gzaze mra vali mteria,

rogorc Tqvenma meufebamac icis. uRvTo sparsTagan marad

Jams wame bulni varT da mravali boroteba mogvages Cven.

sam rames iTxoven isini Cvengan: an uzomo didi xarki

gvaZlieTo, an Cven gvebrZoleTo, anda Cven sarwmuneobaze

moeqeciTo. isini mravali arian. konstantinopolisa, trapi-

zonisa da sxva qristianul qveyanaTagan xom marto davrCiT,

Zalian mcireni varT. amJamad mTeli simravle agarianTa,

TurqTa da arabTa SeZrwunebuli da SeSinebulia1. axla dro

dagvidga RvTis meoxebiT da gTxovT Sen konstantinopolze

gaemarTo, ar daizaro...

xolo me, Cemi vaJiSviliT da Cemi laSqriT, ramdenic

SemeZleba, rogorc ki Tqveni meufebis mier gamogzavnili

despani Cemamde moaRwevs, dauzarelad am saqmeze Tqven mowy-

alebas Tan gamogyvebiT~2.

konstantines werilidan, Tavisi paTosiTa da sakiTxebis

dayenebis mixedviT, SeiZleba gamovyoT ori mniSvnelovani

momenti: 1. qarTveli mefe adresats acnobs Tavis damokide-

bulebas osmaleTis mier, saerTod, saqristianosTvis Se-

qmnil problemebze, romlis mogvarebaSi Tavisi wvlilis

Setanas patara saqarTvelo mTeli Tavisi SesaZleblobe-

bis mo bilizebiT pirdeba da sxvebTan erTad sabrZolvelad

mzadyofnas ga moxatavs. 2. qarTveli mefe espaneTis kars

Tavisi qveynisa da xalxis sat kivarzec acnobebs: Tqven erTi

mteri gyavT osmaleTis saxiT, maSin, rode sac CvenTvis gan-

sakuTrebiT saSiSi da Semaviwroebeli mteri iraniao. kon-

1 igulisxmeba 1492 wels espaneTis jarebis mier grenadis ganTavisufleba

arabTa batonobisagan, riTac sabolood dasrulda espaneTis gaerTianeba.

2 iqve, gv. 83.

stantinem kargad icis, rom irani dasavleT evropaSi moi-

azreba rogorc potenciuri mokavSire osmalebis winaaRmdeg

brZolaSi, amitom is pir dapir ver iTxovs iranis winaaRm-

deg SeiaraRe bul daxmarebas. adresats agebinebs ra Tavisi

qveynis ubedurebas, iqve gaismis misi mudara, Cveni mdgomare-

obac gaiTvaliswineT da iqneb raimeTi dagvexmaroTo.

konstantines mimarTvas espaneTis samefo karisadmi sa-

surveli Sedegi ar eqneboda. maSindeli espaneTis interesebi

axlo aRmosavleTSi mcire iyo. mxolod saqristianos siy-

varulis gamo ki aseT sapasuxismge blo nabijs imdroindeli

arc erTi qristianuli saxelmwifo ar gadadgamda.

ferdinandma da izabelam, rogorc mosalodneli iyo,

qarTvel elCs mxolod gaurkveveli dapirebebi mices: es-

panelebi mzad arian af rikaSi ebrZolon kaTolikuri sar-

wmunoebis mtrebs da rom isini maRal Sefasebas aZleven

mefe konstantines winadadebas damyardes urTierToba espan-

eT-saqarTvelos Soris da saqarTvelos mefes materialur

daxmare basac dapirdnen1.

espaneTidan wamosuli nilo romis paps aleqsandre VI-s

(1492-1503) ewvia da masac Tavisi mefis werili da sityvi-

erad danabarebic gadasca. konstantines werilma Cvenamde ar

moaRwia, magram misi Sinaarsi nawilobriv mainc cnobilia pa-

pis sapasuxo werilis wyalobiT. paps mos wons qarTveli me-

fis gulmodgineba qristes sarwmunoebis mterTa winaaRmdeg

gasalaSqreblad. magram papi ver malavs, rom evropis saxelm-

wifoebisgan daxmarebis miReba amJamad SeuZlebelia, radgan

maT So ris ganxeTqilebaa. roca isini erTmaneTs Seurigdebian

da dairazme bian saerTo mterTan sabrZolvelad, gamarjveba

Cven dagvrCeba. `Tumca Cven yov elTvis viRwodiT aseTi sur-

1 espaneTis mefe-dedoflis sapasuxo werils miakvlia l. tardim bur-

gosas xelnaw erTsacavSi, magram, samwuxarod, man Tavis wignSi saqarTvelos

istoriisaTvis am friadmniSvnelovani dokumentis mxolod mokle Sinaarsi

gadmosca. tardi l., un greT-saqarTvelos urTierToba XVI saukuneSi, Tb., gv. 33-34

100 101

viliT, magram axla Seni mzadyofna da qristes didebisaken

Seni keTilsindisieri miswrafebiT darwmuneba Cven gvaiZu-

lebs, es saqme davaCqaroT~. amasobaSi Tqveni qveSevrdomni

darazmeT da mzad iyaviTo.

papis werilidan erTi garemoeba gansakuTrebul yuradRe-

bas ipy robs. rogorc Cans, mefe konstantinem qarTuli mar-

Tlmadidebluri ek lesiis kaTolikuri eklesiisaTvis daqvem-

debareba da ferara-floren ciis krebis (1437-1439) gadawy-

vetilebaTa aRiareba SesTavaza, ris gamoc papma upasuxa:

`Cven uaRresad moxaruli varT, rom Seni udidebulesoba mi-

iswrafis namdvil marTlmadideblur sarwmunoebas Caswvdes

da Cveni saxiT sTxovs Cvens uwmindes samociqulo taxts,

mTeli qristianobis meTaurs, Camoayalibos yvelaferi rac

ki Seexeba am sarwmunoebis swor dacvas~. amitom konstan-

tines papisaTvis uTxovia nilos xeliT gaegzvna florenciis

saeklesio krebis gadawyvetileba. papma mefes es Txovna dauk-

mayofila: àmitom Cven axla gigzavniT krebis dadgenilebas,

werilSi Cadebuls da Cveni beWdiT daluquls, da vTavazobT

Sens Tavdadebulobas, ubrZanoT: gaavrcelon da miiRon igi

Seni qveynis yvela provinciaSi, rogorc qristeze, uflis

WeSmarit Svilze, miTiTe bebi da dadgenilebebi... maSin Cven

yvelani viqnebiT erTianni da axlobelni... maSin verc erTi

mtruli iaraRi veraviTar zians ver mogvayenebs, vinaidan

mjera, rom maTze gaimarjvebs meufeba~.

papi qarTvel mefes did madlobas uxdis saCuqrebisaTvis

da ima sac acnobebs, rom man mis elCs, Tavisi mefis saxeliT

dasmul yvela kiTxvaze amomwuravi pasuxi zepirad gasca1.

ferara-florenciis saeklesio kreba iTvleba romis ka-

Tolikuri da berZnul-marTlmadidebluri eklesiebis gamae-

rTianeblad. am krebis muSao baSi sxva marTlmadidebeli

1 tabaRua i., saqarTvelo evropis arqivebsa da wignsacavebSi (XIII-XVI

ss.), Tb., 1984, gv. 217-219. ix. agreTve, TamaraSvili m., dasax. naSr., gv.64-66; cincaZe i., dasax. naSr., gv. 83.

saxelmwifoebis warmomadgenlebTan erTad saqarTvelos ori

warmomadgeneli monawileobda. uniis aqts xeli moawera yve-

lam, garda qarTvelebisa1. qarTvelebis amgvari damokideb-

uleba aR niSnuli saeklesio krebisadmi mSvenivrad moexsene-

boda, rogorc paps aleqsandre VI-s, ise mefe konstantines.

qarTveli mefis es nabiji (qarTuli marTlmadidebluri

eklesiis romis kaToli kuri eklesiisadmi daqvemdebareba da

ferara-florenciis saeklesio krebis gadawyvetilebaTa aRi-

areba) politikuri mosazrebiT iyo nakarnaxevi. misma elCma

nilom rom Sive miiRo kaTolikoba da samSob loSi dabrunda,

rogorc wminda basilis wesis monazoni. amiT qarTvel poli-

tikosebs surdaT mieqciaT kaTolikuri evropis yuradReba.

magram xom cnobilia, rom imave ferara-florenciis krebis

gadawyvetilebas aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis eklesiebis

gaerTianebis Sesaxeb bizan tiis keisarma ioane VIII pale-

ologma imitom moawera xeli, rom os maleTisagan Tavdasaca-

vad dasavleTisgan daxmareba mieRo. sinamdvileSi man am miz-

ans ver miaRwia. es ki sagulisxmo magaliTi unda yofiliyo

konstantinesaTvis, magram sxvagvarad rogor moqceuliyo?2

konstantine II-m dasavleTidan mxolod florenciis kre-

bis gadawy vetileba miiRo papis tyviiT dabeWdil werilTan

erTad.

1 dawvr. ix. JuJunaZe o., XV saukunis pirveli naxevris saqarTvelos

sagareo politikis istoriisaTvis. `qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis sagareo

politikis istoriidan~, I, Tb., 1970, gv. 5-28.2 erTi ram aucileblad unda iTqvas: qarTvel politikur moRvaweebs

mamapapuri rwmenis Secvla seriozulad arasodes ar ufiqriaT. kaTolikobaze

qveynis moqcevis dapireba mxolod politikuri xasiaTis fandi iyo. qarTvel

politikosTa amgvar mo qmede baze specialurad da vrclad ix. mamisTvaliSvili

e., saqarTveloSi kaTolicizmis gavrcelebis cdebi da qarTvelTa diplomatia.

`qarTuli diplomatia~, weliwdeuli, #8, Tb., 2001, gv. 33-64.

102 103

5. saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebis sagareo

urTierTobani da diplomatia XVI s.

dasawyisidan _ 70-ian wlebamde

XV s. 90-ian wlebSi saqarTvelos feodaluri saxelm-

wufo sabolood daiSala. misi mdgomareoba kidev ufro

damZimda ori Zlieri saxelmwifos _ osmaleTisa da yizil-

baSuri iranis mezoblobiT.

osmalebma ukve XV saukeneSi mravalricxovani da Zl-

evamosili ome bis wyalobiT Seqmnes samxedro feodaluri

saxelmwifo, romlis arsebobisa da Zlierebis mTavar wyaros

mezobeli qveynebis dapyroba da maTi Zarcva Seadgenda. ise

Canda, rom osmaleTis mtacebluri madis am lagmveli Zala ar

arsebobda da misi yvela mezobeli dasaRupavad gan wiruli

iyo. osmalebis mier ganxorcielebul dapyrobiT omebs aRmo-

sav leTisa da dasavleTis qveynebisaTvis mxolod politikuri

xasiaTis gar Tulebebi ar axlda, gauaresda maTi ekonomikuri

mdgomareobac. aR mosav leTisa da dasavleTis damakavSirebel

gzebze osmalebis gaba tonebam, ev ropis saxelmwifoebi ai-

Zula daewyoT axali da uxifaTo gzebis Zieba, rasac Sed-

egad mohyva e. w. didi geografiuli aRmoCenebi. am procesma

Zirfesvianad Secvala msoflio kavSir-urTierTobis mTeli

sistema. axalma saerTaSoriso savaWro gzebma da kavSir-

urTierTobam didi gavlena moaxdina mravali qveynis, maT

Soris, saqarTvelos ekonomikur ganviTare baze1.

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos erT dros misadmi vasalur

damokide bule baSi myofi, axla ukve gamuslimanebuli ori

saxelmwifo _ Saqi da Sirvani emezobleboda. oriveSi gan-

viTarebuli iyo abreSumis war moeba, romlis produqtebic

saerTaSoriso vaWrobis sagans war moadgenda. XV s. dasas-

rulsa da XVI s. dasawyisSi aRmosavleT saqarT velos same-

1 Jordania g., ucxoel mogzaurTa cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb XVII

saukuneSi, `mnaTobi~, #2, 1962 , gv. 174.

foebs _ qarTlsa da kaxeTs, keTilmezobluri urTierToba

aRar hqondaT dasaxelebul saxelmwifoebTan.

mokled aseTi iyo saqarTvelos mdgomareoba, rodesac

samxreT azer baijanSi, ardebilSi, asparezze pirvelobis

pretenziiT gamovida sefianebis dinastia, romelmac safuZ-

veli Cauyara sefianebis, anu yizilbaSebis Zlier saxelmwi-

fos. am dinastiis pirveli warmomadgeneli iyo Sah ismail

I. man gaiTvaliswina iranisa da azerbaijanis mosaxleo bis

sxvadasxva fenebis interesebi da male moipova maTi mxardaW-

era. igi cdilobda Seeqmna iseTi Zlieri centralizebuli

saxelmwifo, romelic win aRudgeboda osmalTa agresias. me-

zobelTa miwebis dapyrobiT dainteresebulma samxreT azer-

baijanis didkacobam, ismails maSinve mxari dauWira da misi

ZiriTadi dasayrdeni gaxda. xalxis farTo masebis gulis

mogebis miznT ismailma Siitoba saxelmwifo religiad gamo-

acxada. am RonisZiebiT man Tavis q veSevrdomebi daarwmuna,

rom suni turi osmaleTis mteri iqneboda. ismails mxari

dauWires, agreTve, vaWar-xelos nebma. maTi savaWro saqmianoba

da gasaRebis bazari feoda luri aSlilobis da osmalebis

mier savaWro-saqaravno gzebis gadaket viT uaRresad Seikve-

ca. amitom isinic gamosavals mxolod Zlieri xelisuflebis

damyarebaSi xedavdnen.

ismailma, vidre osmaleTTan oms daiwyebda, iaraRi jer

Tavisi uax loesi mezoblebis winaaRmdeg mimarTa. 1499 wels

Zlieri da mdidari Sir vanis winaaRmdeg dawyebuli omi, 1501

wels gamarjvebiT daasrula. is mailis Sirvanis sataxto Sa-

maxiaSi yofnis droidan Cndeba italielTa pirveli cnobebi

saqarTvelosa da yizilbaSebs Soris urTierTobis damyare-

bis Sesaxeb.

garkveul warmatebas miaRwia Tu ara, Sah ismailma, paolo

jovios gadmocemiT, maSinve `daiwyo omi albanebis1, ibere-

1 jovio albanebSi kaxelebs unda gulisxmobdes. amis maCvenebelia is, rom igi Tavisi Txzulebis meore nawilSi erTgan ambobs: ìberebi da albanebi dRes

104 105

bisa da SiTebis1 wi naaRmdeg, romlebic baqos zRvis2 napiras

cxovroben. isini winaT sparseTis mefis moxakeni iyvnen...

ukve oTxi weli gavida, rac xarki ar gadauxdiaT, elCobac

ki ar gaugzavniaT gamarjvebaTa misalocad~3.

jovios cnobis mixedviT, ismaili saqarTveloze laSqro-

bisas miznad isaxavda saqarTvelos (qarTlis, kaxeTis da

samcxe-saaTabagos) iranisadmi vasalur mdgomareobaSi Cay-

enebas, kerZod: maT mier ismailis xelisu flebis cnobas,

yovelwliuri gadasaxadis gadaxdas da jaris garkveuli

kontigentis miwodebas misi farTo dapyrobiTi gegmebis gans-

axor cieleblad.

maSasadame, ismailis pirveli kontaqti saqarTvelosTan

mniSvnelovani politikuri, ekonomikuri da samxedro inter-

esebiT ganpirobebuli iyo da ara stiqiuri, mxolod nadav-

lis xelSi CagdebiT na karnaxevi. hasan rumlu gadmogvcems:

àleqsandres sadarma xayanma (is mail I – e. m.) zogier-

Ti didebuli moixmo da ubrZana, erTmaneTSi moeTaTbiraT,

romel mxares ufro Sesaferisi iqneboda, rom gavemarToT.

zogma Tqva, saWiroa erzinjanSi gavataroT zamTari... zogma

ki moaxsena, yvaryvares saqarTvelos urwmunoebze gavilaS-

qroTo. sxva jgufma kidev Coxur-saadi (erevnis olqi –

e.m.) scno Sesaferisad... dadgenil iqna, rom droSebis Sir-

vanisaken mimarTva swori iqnebao. roca basians miaRwies,

mizanSewonili moqmedebisaTvis saWiro Seiqmna, rom xolefa-

begi saqarTvelosken gaegzavnaT. brZanebis Tanaxmad, xolefa-

begma mamacebis razmiT saqarT veloze gailaSqra, uzomo nad-

iberebad wodebulni~. Giovio P ., La seconda parte dell’Historie del suo tempo, Firenze, 1553, p. 478.

1 albaT, Sirvanelebi.

2 kaspiis zRva.

3 Giovio P ., La prima parte dell’Historie del suo tempo, Firenze, 1551, p. 483; Spandugino T., La vita di Sach Ismael et de Tamas re di Persia chiamati Sofi . `His-toria universale del origine et imperio de Turchi, raccolta da M. Francesco Sanso-vino~, Venezia, 1568, p. 374r.

avli aiRo da uavgustoes urdoSi dabrunda~1.

saqarTveloSi SemoWrilma xolefa-begma, ismailis mi-

TiTebis Tanax mad, garkveuli moTxovnebi wauyena qarTlis,

kaxeTisa da samcxe-saaTbagos mbrZaneblebs. rogorc qve-

moT gamoCndeba, ismailis moTxovne bidan gansakuTrebuli

yuradReba eTmoboda qarTvelebis mier jaris gayvanas mis

dasaxmareblad2. yovel moTxovnaze dasaxelebul qarTul

politikur erTeulebs 3-3 aTasi mxedari gahyavdaT.

anonimi venecielisa da katerino `Zenos mogzaurobis

komentare bis~ gadmocemis Tanaxmad, 1501 wels ismailma Sa-

maxiidan elCi gaugzavna qarT vel mefe-mTavrebs da ay-yoiun-

lus sulTnis alvendis winaaRmdeg daxmareba sTxova. radgan

`sakuTari ZalebiT omSi warmateba eeWveboda, amitom [is-

mailma] elCi gagzavna iberiaSi, romelic Samaxiidan sami, an

ufro zustad, oTxi dRis savalzea. es iberia didi pro-

vinciaa, mTeli mosaxleoba marTlmorwmune qristiania da

mbrZaneblobs Svidi siniori. maT Soris ar ian orni, an ufro

zustad samni, romlebic sparseTis, e.i. Tavrizis qvey anas es-

azRvrebian. erTs hqvia aleqsandros beki, meores gurguram-

beki, mesa mes mirza beki~3.

TiTqmis igives gveubneba Zenoc, magram mokled, `siniore-

bis~ sax elebic mcired Secvlilia (aleqsandro beki, gur-

gurambeki, mirabeti), Tanac maT `jorjanebs~ uwodebs4.

rogorc Cans, orive avtorisaTvis cnobili iyo saqarTve-

los sxvadasxva samefo-samTavroebad danawileba, magram mas

1 hasan-rumlus cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. sparsuli teqsti qarTuli

TargmaniTa da SesavliT gamosca v. fuTuriZem. SeniSvnebi daurTo r. kiknaZem, Tb., 1965, gv. 19.

2 sainteresoa, rom arc Turquli da arc sparsuli wyaroebi ar aRniSnaven

sefi anTa saxelmwifos an osmaleTis mier qarTuli samefoebidan damxmare

jaris gayvanas.

3 Ramusio G. B., Op. cit., p. 87 r.4 XV saukunis italiel mogzaurTa, gv. 37. evropaSi gagzavnil werilebsa

da italiur dokumentur Tu naratiul wyaroebSi yvaryvare II yovelTvis

`gurguras~, `gorgoras~ saxeliT moixsenieba.

106 107

mainc erTi saerTo saxeliT ìberiad~ da `jorjaniad~ moix-

seniebdnen.

zemoT dasaxelebuli qarTveli `siniorebis~ vinaobis

dadgena, garda pirvelisa (aleqsandros beki), advilad ver

xerxdeba. eWvi ar aris rom pirveli kaxeTis mefe aleqsandre

pirvelia (1476-1511). `gurgu rambeki~ sam cxis aTbag yvary-

vare meoreze (1451-1498) migvaniSnebs1. magram, cnobilia, rom

1500-1515 wlebSi aTabagobda yvaryvare II-is Svili mzeW-

abuki. maS anonimi venecieli da Zenos mogzaurobis komen-

tatori ratom unda asax elebdnen yvaryvares. savaraudoa,

rom yvaryvare II-is didxans aTabagobam da popularobam misi

saxeli yvaryvare (gurgura, gorgora) samcxis mmarT veli

aTabagis zogad saxelad aqcia. amitom SeiZleba davuSvaT,

rom `gurgura~-Si dasaxelebuli avtorebi aTabag mzeWabuks

gulisxmoben.

vin aris `mirabeti~? am SemTxvevaSic mxolod varaudis

daSveba SeiZleba. radgan `mirza~ ufliswuls niSnavs, Sei-

Zleba masSi qarTlis mefe konstantine II-is romelime vaJi

an Zma vivaraudoT. katerino Zenos ̀ mogzaurobis komentareb-

Si~ naTqvamia, rom zemoaRniSnul `siniorebs~ `Zveli mtroba

hqondaT alamurTan da surdaT misi Zlierebis damxoba,

isargebles ismailis mier micemuli SemTxveviT da gadwy-

vites daxmare bod nen mas alamuris winaaRmdeg~2.

ismaili qarTvelebs hpirdeboda, `Tu isini daexmare-

bodnen [alven dis winaaRmdeg], darCebodnen kmayofili da

mdidrebi~. ismaili mo kavSireebs acnobebda Tavis ganzraxvis

Sesaxebac: alvendis damarcxebis Semdeg Tavrizs sataxto

qalaqad gadaaqcevda da, rodesac Zlieri, cen tralizebuli

saxelmwifos erTpirovnuli mmarTveli gaxdeboda, maSin

1 evropaSi gagzavnil werilebsa da italiur dokumentur Tu naratiul

wyaroebSi yvaryvare II yovelTvis `gurguras~, `gorgoras~ saxeliT moix-

senieba.

2 XV saukunis italiel mogzaurTa cnobebi, gv. 37-38.

qarTvelebi ganTavisufldebodnen im xarkisagan, romelsac

isini `sparseTis mefes~, e.i. alvendis uxdidnen1.

mocemul etapze ismailisaTvis daxmareba qarTvelebs

politiku rad da ekonomikuradac xelsayrelad miuCneviaT.

marTlac, maT, TiToeulma sam-sami aTasi (sul 9 aTasi)

mxedari gagzavnes2. anonimi ve necieli iqve dasZens, rom ès

iberebi umamacesi mxedrebi da brZolaSi mrisxaneni ar ian~3.

qarTvelebi imiTac saxelganTqmulni yofilan, rom trapiz-

onis saz RvrebTan mosvenebas ar aZlevdnen osmalebs4.

ismails qarTveli mxedrebi didi sixaruliTa da pativiT

miuRia. ramdenad mniSvnelovani iyo ismailisaTvis qarTve-

lebis mier gaweuli dax mareba, iqidan Cans, rom maT misv-

lamde ismails mxolod 7 aTasi mebrZoli hyavda, amis Semdeg

ki, misi laSqari 16 aTas kacamde gaizarda. qarTvelebis

misvliT nasiamovnebma ismailma dapireba Seasrula da is ini

SamaxiaSi mox veWili didZali ganZiT daasaCuqra5.

1501 wels naxWevanis maxloblad, sof. SarurTan, gamar-

Tul brZolaSi ismailis laSqarma sastikad daamarcxa alv-

endis 30 aTasiani kavaleria. rogorc anonimi venecielis cno-

bidan irkveva, brZolis dros gadamwyveti roli qarTvelTa

razmebs SeusrulebiaT. isini alvendis banakSi SeWrilan da

mouspiaT. sulTanma gaqceviT uSvela Tavs. gamarjvebulebi

didi zeimiT Sevidnen TavrizSi. marTalia alvendma SeZlo

Zalebis mok reba da mcire xniT Tavrizic daibruna, magram

1502 w. igi sabolood gan devnes. ismaili iranis Sahin-Sahad

1 Ramusio G. B., Op. cit., p. 87 r.2 XV saukunis italiel mogzaurTa cnobebi, gv. 38; Ramusio, Op. cit., p. 87r.3 Èt questi Hiberi sono huomini valentissimi a cavallo, et terribili in bat-

aglia~. Ramusio, p., Op. cit., 87r.4 XV saukunis italiel mogzaurTa cnobebi, gv. 38.5 Ramusio, Op. cit., p. 87r-v. sruliad sawinaaRmdego cnoba aqvs sefianTa

xanis (XVI s.) istorikoss hasan-beg rumlus. Sirvanze galaSqrebamde ismails

qarT velebisaTvis dax mareba ki ar uTxovia, aramed saqarTvelo daulaSqria.

sparseli da italieli avtorebi erTmaneTs erTSi eTanxmebian: Sirvanze

laSqrobis win ismails 7 aTasi mebrZoli hyavda. hasan-beg rumlu, gv. 19.

108 109

(mefeT-mefe, 1502-1524) gamocxadda. 1502 weli yizilbaSTa

saxelmwifos daarsebis welad iTvleba1.

ismail I-is sagareo politika dapyrobiT omebs iTval-

iswinebda. ukve 1502 wels is samxedro moqmedebas iwyebs ay-

yoiunlus ukanaskneli sulTnis, uzun hasanis SviliSvilis

muradis winaaRmdeg. murads azerbaijanSi ay-yoiunlus Zalau-

flebis aRdgena surda da yizilbaSTa dauZinebeli mteri iyo.

anonimi venecielis gadmocemis Tanaxmad, ismail I Ta-

vrizSi imyofe boda, roca muradis 30 aTasiani jariT Ta-

vrizze wamosvlis am bavi acnobes. ismailma didebulebi Ta-

vianTi jarebiT Sekriba da muradis Sesaxvedrad Tavrizidan

gavida. muradi swrafad midioda raTa moulodneli Tav-

dasxma ganexorcielebina. ismailis mdgomareoba kritikuli

iyo. amitom man `yvela Tavis didebulsa da meomars mimarTa,

rom TiToeulma maTganma ibrZolos vaJkacurad. iberTa sin-

iorebsac sTxova, rom waaqezon TavianTi meomrebi, gaaxsenon,

rogor moiqcnen im SemTxvevaSi, roca alumutis (alvendi)

mTeli banaki gaanadgures. amgvarad Sepirda TiToeuli iberi-

eli mas da maT erTi saaTi as welad moeCvenaT, sanam xel-

CarTul brZolaSi Caebmebodnen~2.

muradi Tavisi jariT mivida Tavrizis dablobze da is-

mailis ba nakidan mcire manZilze, erT patara mdinaresTan

gaCerda. ismailis jaric, romlis did nawils qarTvelebi

Seadgendnen, mdinaris meore napirTan mivida da iqve daba-

nakda. pirispir mdgomi mowinaRmdegeebi brZolaSi iw vevdnen

da uxeSi sityvebiT umaspinZldebodnen erTmaneTs. SuadRisas

(1503 w. 19 ivnisi) ismaili da muradi jarebis gamxnevebas

Seudgnen. saRamos ki muradma Tavisi jari sam nawilad gahyo.

misi mibaZviT, ismailmac jari or nawilad gahyo: erTSi 9

aTasi qarTveli iyo, meoreSi _ yizilbaSebi. 20 iv niss gaima-

rTa brZola, romelic Sah ismailis gamarjvebiT damTavrda.

1 Петрушевский И.П., Ук. труд, с. 233.2 Ramusio, Op. cit., p. 88r.

sulTan muradi brZolis velidan gaiqca1. man Sirazs Seafara

Tavi, magram ismaili daedevna da Sirazsac daeufla.

azerbaijanSi ganmtkicebis Semdeg sefianebma ay-yoiunlu

gaanad gures da iranis mniSvnelovani nawili daimorCiles.

1507-1508 wlebSi yizil baSebma daipyres erayis didi nawili

baRdadiTurT. amis Semdeg maTi sax elmwifo aRmosavleTiT

gaumezoblda uzbekebis saxelmwifos, dasavleTiT ki – os-

malebisas.

iwyeba brZola xorasnisaTvis ismail I-sa da uzbekebis

mbrZanebel Seiban-xans Soris. xorasanze gadioda mniSvnelova-

ni savaWro gzebi. Sei ban-xanma idrova Sah ismailis mcire

aziaSi saomari moqmedebiT da xo rasani daipyro. ismaili didi

jariT daiZra xorasnisaken. brZola moxda q . mervis maxlob-

lad, sof. mahmudTan 1510 wlis 1 dekembers. araviTari cnoba

gvaqvs am brZolaSi qarTvelebis monawileobis Sesaxeb, magram

is ki viciT, rom ismailma qarTuli faqtori SesaniSnavad gam-

oiyena brZolis warmatebiT dasasruleblad. ai ras gvamcnobs

Teodoro spandujino: `mervidan erTi dRis savalze aris md.

sakijani, romelzec gadebulia merqiopes xidi. aqedan surda

[Seiban-xans] gadasuliyo mdinareze. Sahma mdinareze gadasas-

vlelebi daikava. brZola gagrZelda SuadRemde. maSin Sahma

[is mailma] xma gaavrcela, viTom erTimeoreze mi yolebiT eqvsi

Sikriki mou vida, romlebmac acnobes, rom qarTvelebi erT-

maneTTan SeTanxmebiT Tavrizis dasalaSqrad wamovidnen~2. amis

Sem deg Sah ismailma xidis dacva miatova da ukan daixia. sam-

agierod Sei ban-xanma mTeli Tavisi jariT, ro melic 30 aTasi

meomrisagan Sedgeboda, xidze gadasvla daiwyo. Sah is maili ki,

naxevari dRis savalze gaCerda da xelsayrel moments eloda.

roca mosaRamovda, igi moulodnelad Tavsdaesxa mters da

1 Ibidem. ismail I-isa da murads Soris brZolis sruliad gansxvavebuli, isto riul sinamdviles daSorebuli versia ix. giorgaZe b., venecieli avtoris

marino sa nutos cnobebi saqarTveloze (XV-XVI ss. mijna). krebulSi: evropis

istoriis problemebi, II, Tb., 1978, gv. 188-189.2 Spandugino T., Op. cit., p. 106v.

110 111

sastikad gaanad gura. Seiban-xani brZolaSi daiRupa1.

amgvarad, Tu SevajamebT Cvens xelT arsebuli wyaroebis

monace mebs, SeiZleba darwmunebiT iTqvas, rom qarTveleb-

ma mniSvnelovani roli Seas rules sefianebis yizilbaSuri

saxelmwifos Camoyalibebisa da ganmtkicebis saqmeSi. magram

qarTvelebis wvlili Sah ismailis sagareo politikaSi amiT

ar dasrulebula. isini kvlavac aqtiurad monawileobdnen

Sahis mTel rig samxedro RonisZiebebSi.

safiqrebelia, rom qarTvelebis ismailisadmi daxmare-

ba, pirvel rigSi ganpirobebuli unda yofiliyo, imiT, rom

qarTveli politikosebi sefianTa saxelmwifos gaZlierebaSi

xedavdnen osmaleTis sapirispiro Zalas. yizilbaSTa Zlieri

saxelmwifo ZalTa wonasworo bas Seqmnida axlo aRmosav-

leTSi. qarTveli politikosebisaTvis, ra Tqma unda, Zneli

misaxvedri ar iqneboda, rom Zlieri mezobeli maTi qveynis

arsebobas xi faTs Seuqmnida. magram istoriuli gamocdileba

imasac ukarnaxebdaT, rom erT Zlier mezobelTan pirispir

darCena ufro saxifaTo iyo vidre, or Tan, romlebic mud-

mivad dapirispirebulni iqnebodnen Tundac saqarT veloze

batonobisaTvis. maT Soris winaaRmde gobis gamoyeneba gadar-

Cenis mniSvnelovani saSualeba iqneboda.

* * *

Sah ismail I-is karze kargad icodnen, evropelebis

daintereseba aRmosavleTSi osmaleTis sapirispiro Zalis

moZebnis Sesaxeb. amitom man veneciis respublikas maSinve

SesTavaza uzun hasanis droindeli kavSiris ganaxleba da

osmaleTis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad artile ria da artil-

eristebi sTxova2. venecielebma ar daayovnes da ukve 1502

1 Ibidem.2 Epistolarum Turcicarum variarum et diversarum authorum, Francfurt am

Main, 1598 , S. 59.

wels scades Sah ismailTan kontaqtis damyareba. iranSi

elCad gaig zavna konstantine laskarisi. 1502 wlis 15 oq-

tombers laskarisi yaramaniidan veneciaSi gag zavnil mox-

senebaSi aRniSnavs Sah ismailis osmaleTTan momaval brZo-

laSi, kerZod, trapizonis imperiis gan Tavisuflebis saqmeSi,

saqarTvelos did mniSvnelobaze1.

sefianTa saxelmwifom, jer kidev Camoyalibebis proces-

Si, Tavise buri urTierToba daamyara samcxe-saaTabagosTan.

ismail I saaTabagos sam flobeloebs, aTabagisave nebarTviT,

placdarmad iyenebda osmaleTis teritoriaze SesaWrelad.

xSirad, roca wyaroebSi laparakia saqarT veloze, miTiTe-

bulicaa, rom igi esazRvreba trapizons. amiT surT xazi

gausvan saqarTvelos strategiul mniSvnelobas osmaleTTan

omis SemTxvevaSi. spandujinos erTi dauTariRebeli cnobi-

dan vigebT, rom is mailma `gagzavna satofbei 14 aTasi kac-

iT trapizonis mxares. saqarT velos mTavarma guagura beim,

romelic Sah-iakubis bebiis Zmis (Sah-ia kubis biZis) simamri

iyo, gza misca. igi SeiWra trapizonis samefoSi, mravali ad-

gili gadawva, gaZarcva da misianebi, nadavliT datvirTulni,

ukan dabrundnen~2.

Znelia imis dadgena, rodis moxda spandujinos mier gad-

mocemuli ambavi, magram, radgan masSi naTqvamia, rom ismai-

lis samxedro eqspedicia baiazid II-is (1481-1512) winaaRmdeg

iyo gagzavnili, amitom miaxloebiT SeiZleba Tqma, rom es

moxda 1512 wlamde, selim pirvelis gamefebamde. selim I-is

gamefebis Semdeg aTabagis damokidebuleba Sah ismailisadmi

Seicvala.

yvaryvare II-is gardacvalebis Semdeg samcxe-saaTabagoSi

daiwyo brZola taxtis pretendentebs Soris, sabolood

gaimarjva mzeWabukma (1500-1515). am dros iwyeba osmalebis

Seteva samxreeT-dasavleT saqarT veloze. aTabagma Seqmnili

1 Sanuto M. I diarri, t. IV, Venezia, 1880, p. 357.2 Spandugino T., Op. cit., p. 110.

112 113

mdgomareobiT isargebla, jer qarTlis mefe konstantine II-

sTan daamyara mSvidoba da misadmi morCileba ikisra, Sem deg

Tavisi samflobeloebis gafarToebis mizniT, osmaleTTan

kavSiri gaaba. roca gurieli osmalebs ebrZoda, mzeWabuki

mtris mxares dadga da aWara da WaneTi daipyro1. osmaluri

wyaroebis Tanaxmad, mzeWabukma daikava artaani, kola (pa-

tara artaani), olTisi, TorTumi da ispiri2

osmaleTis mmarTveli wreebi jerovnad afasebdnen

saqarTvelos strategiul mniSvnelobas aRmosavleTze Sete-

visaTvis, magram vidre mSvi dobiani baizid II qveyanas mar-

Tavda, saqme omamde ar mivida.

baiazid II-is mSvidobiani aRmosavluri politikis

winaaRmdeg ga movida ufliswuli selimi. igi trapizonis

valad yofnisas TviTnebu rad, sulTnis survilis winaaRm-

deg ebrZoda yizilbaSebs. selimma garkveul warmatebasac

miaRwia: 1510 w. man xelT igdo yizilbaSebis mier dakavebu-

li erzinjani da baiburTi, riTac sefianTa saxelmwi fosTan

omis dawyebis saSiSroeba Seqmna. Svilis aseTi moqmedebis

gamo baiazidi iZulebuli gaxda ismailTan elCi da saCuqrebi

gaegzavna da bodiSic moexada3.

selimis moqmedeba yizilbaSebis dasavleTisaken winsv-

lis SeCere bas isaxavda miznad. paolo jovios gadmocemiT,

selimma aiZula baiazidi, rom iberebTan da megrelebTan

saqmis mogvareba misTvis miendo4, radgan samxreTi da dasav-

leTi saqarTvelo selims osmaleTis gavlenis sferod miaC-

nda. XVII saukunis Turqi istorikosis solaq-zades TqmiT:

`cnobilia da gulebSi xsovnadaa darCenili, rom, rode-

sac misi udidebulesoba Sah-zade selim-xani trapizonis

vilaieTSi mivida, did dros andomebda im mxareSi saqarTve-

1 qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv, 710-711.2 Jan-lui bake gramoni, osmalebi da saqarTvelo XVI saukunis pirvel

meoTxedSi. `macne~, istoriis seria, #3,, 1978, gv. 99.3 Fisher S., The foreign relaTions of Turkey 1481-1512, Urbana, 1948.4 Giovio P ., Op. cit., I, p. 509.

los mtrebTan brZolasa da saRvTo oms~1. imave periodis

sxva Turqi istorikosis munejim-baSis gad mocemiT, trapi-

zonis valad yof nis periodSi `selimi drois did naw-

ils saqarTvelos rbeva-aoxrebasa da yizilbaSebTan omebs

andomebda. erzinjani da baiburTi man (yizilbaSebs) xelidan

gamostaca... (samefo karis) morCilebidan selimis gamosvlis,

dav isa da damoukideblobis mopovebis mizniT Cadenil dana-

Saulad da preten ziad imowmebdnen (mamis) nebadaurTvelad

saqarTveloze Catarebul laSqrobebs2 da maRal saxelmwi-

fosTan mSvidobian urTierTobaSi myof yizilbaSebTan gamar-

Tul omebs~3. es moxda 1510 wels4.

1512 wels ufliswulma selimma, osmaleTis feodalTa

yvelaze agre siuli wreebis mxardaWeriT, baiazid II taxtidan

Camoagdo da TviTon dai kava selim I-is saxeliT (1512-1520).

is maSinve Seudga Tavisi ZiriTadi geg mis ganxorcielebas

_ sefianebis mospobas da samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos

damorCilebas.

mezoblebis _ yizilbaSebis da osmalebis _ mier saqarTve-

los mi marT agresiuli politikis gatarebas xels uwyobda

samcxe-saaTa bagoSi Seqmnili viTareba. jer yvaryvare II-m,

Semdeg misma memkvidreebma, viwro feodaluri interesebidan

gamomdinare, meryevi, uprincipo politikis ga tarebiT, mrav-

1 Sengelia n. solaq-zade saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. `qarTuli wyaroTmcod-

neoba~, IV, Tb., 1873, gv. 58.2 amave periodis sxva Turqi istorikosis koja huseinis TqmiT, 1509 w.

selimma jer somxeTSi erzinjani daipyro, Semdeg saqarTvelo aiklo, saidanac didZali nadav liTa da tyveebiT dabrunda. Новосельцев А., П. Освободительная борьба народов Закавказья в XVI-XVII веках. «Вопросы истории», М., 1969, №9, с. 115; Sengelia n. XV-XIX sau kuneebis saqarT velos istoriis osmaluri

wyaroebi, Tb., 1974 , gv. 31.3 CoCievi v., maxlobeli aRmosavleTis saerTaSoriso urTierToba XVI-

XVII sau kuneebSi (iran-osmaleTis sazavo xelSekrulebebis mixedviT). (sado-

qtoro disertacia), Tb., 1972, gv. 54-55.4 m. svaniZem Turqul wyaroebze dayrdnobiT gamoikvlia, rom selimis

saqarT veloze Tavdasxma 1510 wels unda momxdariyo. svaniZe m., saqarTvelo-

osmaleTis urTier Tobis istoriidan, XVI-XVII ss., Tb., 1971, gv. 44.

114 115

aljer misces sababi dasaxelebul mezoblebs maT saSinao

saqmeebSi Careuliyvnen, zogjer ki, maTi mxardaWeriT danar-

Cen saqarT velos iklebdnen an dapyrobas lamobdnen.

ismail II-is dapyrobiTma omebma, misma warmatebebma didi

saer TaSo riso gamoxmaureba hpova. osmalebisagan Seviwroe-

buli da SeSi nebuli ev ropelebi yizilbaSTa saxelmwifoSi

xedavdnen Zalas, romlis dapirispireba SeiZleboda osmaleb-

is imperiisaTvis. Sah ismailis pirovnebis, rogorc saqris-

tianos megobris gandideba xdeboda iseve, rogorc erT dros

Temurlengisa da uzun hasanis.

selim I-s farTo dapyrobiTi gegmebi hqonda, magram maTi

ganxor cieleba yizilbaSTa saxelmwifos ganadgurebis gareSe

SeuZlebeli iyo. Sahsa da sulTans Soris urTierToba sul

ufro iZabeboda da orive mxare gadamwyveti brZolisaTvis

emzadeboda.

1514 wlis gazafxulze selim I-ma q . edirneSi moiwvia

divani, romel zec gamocxadda, rom Siiti yizilbaSebis

winaaRmdeg brZola yvela mus limis wminda movaleoba iyo.

amis Semdeg selimma samxedro moqmedebac daiwyo da iranis

samflobeloebSi SeiWra. Sahis brZanebiT yizilbaSTa raz-

mebma ukan daixies qveynis siRrmeSi, Tanac spobdnen xidebs,

gzebs, sur saT-sanovagis marags. es RonisZieba mtrisaTvis

swrafi winsvlis saSualebis mospobas isaxavda miznad. os-

malTa laSqari, marTlac did ga saWirSi aRmoCnda. jaris

momarageba gaZnelda. osmalebs qaravnebiT uxde bodaT sursa-

Tisa da iaraRis gadazidava. gzis siSoris garda, momaragebas

isic arTulebda, rom qaravnebs Tavs esxmodnen Sah ismail-

Tan dakavSire buli qarTvelTa razmebi da TurqTa tomebi1.

rac dro gadioda osmalTa mdgomareoba miT ufro

rTuldeboda, magram, rogorc donado da leZes 1514 wlis

14 seqtembris werilidan vigebT (donado da leZes, cnobebi

1 Эфендиев О. А., Образование Азербайджанского государства Сефевидов в начале XVI века, Баку, 1961 , с. 114.

miawoda jovani maria anjolelom) gaWirvebaSi Cavardnil

osmalebs seriozulad daexmarnen qarTvelebi. selimis ba-

nakSi 14 aTasi qarTveli mxedari misula da sursaTic miu-

tania1. sxva cnobiT, romelic konstantinopolis veneciel

bailos ni kolo justinians ekuTvnis, sulTnis laSqarSi 13

aTasi qarTveli mxedari yo fila2.

sainteresoa, vin iyvnen italiur wyaroebSi dasaxele-

buli qarT velebi, romlebic selim I-s Sah ismailis winaaRm-

deg exmarebodnen? vfiqrob, isini samcxe-saaTabagodan unda

yofiliyvnen.

m. svaniZe ar iziarebs Cems mier moxmobil italiuri

wyaroebis cnobebs da aRniSnavs, rom àm dros samcxis aTa-

bags, rogorc os maleTis moxarkes, ar evaleboda laSqris

gamoyvana~3. vfiqrob, moyva nili cnobebi aTabagis osmalebTan

mokavSireobaze da ara moxarkeobaze miuTiTebs. amgvari var-

auds safuZvels umagrebs i. hameris wignSi moyvanili erTi

Turquli cnobac, romlis mixedviTac, yizilbaSebze mi mavali

selimi sog menSi gaCerda da elCi gaugzavna aTabag mzeWabuks

(qarTveli princi janiki). aTabagma ar daayovna da Tavisi elCis

xeliT sulTans sursaT-sa novage da Sah ismailis Zmis, hadir

oRlus, ori vaJic mihgvara. isini Sahs gaeqcnen da mzeWabukis

(janiki) karze Seafares Tavi. didad nasiamovnebma sulTanma

aTabags meore elCi gaugzavna, romelmac sulTnis madloba

da sapatio xalaTi gadasca4. sogmenSi mzeWabukis elCis mier

sursaT-sanovagis mitana, momxdara 1514 w. 10 agvistos5.

imis Tqma, romeli cnoba _ italiuri Tu Turquli _

ufro zus tad asaxavs sinamdviles, Znelia. is ki naTlad

Cans, rom aTabagi mzeWabuki os malebs umniSvnelo daxmarebas

1 Berchet G., Op. cit., p. 269; Sanuto M. I diarri, t. XIX, Venezia, 1887 , p. 57.2 Sanuto M., I diarri, t. XIX, p. 24. 3 svaniZe m., saqarTvelo-osmaleTis istoriis narkvevebi, gv. 159.4 Hammer J., Geschichte des osmaniSchen Reiches, II B. , Pest, 1834, S. 715;

svaniZe m., dasax. naSr., gv. 48-49.5 svaniZe m., saqarTvelo-osmaleTis istoriis narkvevebi, gv. 48.

116 117

ar uwevda. selimma daxmareba gadamwyveti brZolis win ram-

denime dRiT adre miiRo. 1514 wlis 23 agvistos Caldiranis

velze osmalebma Sah ismailis laSqari daamarcxes. Sahma

gaqceviT uSvela Tavs.

mzeWabukisa da selimis urTierTobaze saubrisas yuradReba

unda mieqces erT mniSvnelovan moments. rogorc Cans, aTa-

bagi osmalebs sa ku Tari iniciativiT ki ar daexmara, aramad

sulTnisagan `SexsenebiT~, ufro sworad, ZaldatanebiT. sx-

vaTa Soris unda aRiniSnos, rom zemoTdasaxele bul bailo

nikolo justiniansac ar gamohparvia mxedvelobidan is gare-

moebam rom qarTvelebi, Tu ki SesaZlebeli iqneboda, sulT-

anTan araviTar SeTanxmebaze ar wavidodne1. vimeoreb aTabagi

mzeWabuki, miuxedavad imisa, rogori fsiqologiuri zewo-

lis qveS imyofeboda, misi daxmareba osmalebisadmi Sinaar-

siT mokavSireobis elfers atarebda.

yizilbaSebTan omis dawyebis win, rogorc jakomo ju-

lianis mier raguzadan gagzavnili erTi werilidan Cans,

sulTan selims qarT velebisagan (albaT saaTabagoelebi

igulisxmebian) damxmare jarisa da sursaT-sanovavagis miRe-

bis imedi hqonda, magram maT dapireba ar SeusrulebiaT2.

mgonia es cnoba asaxavs osmalebisa da yizilbaSebis brZolis

meore etaps, razec qvemoT iTqmeva.

1514 w. 6 seqtembers gamarjvebuli selim I yizilbaS-

Ta sataxto TavrizSi Sevida da 15 seqtembramde darCa.

Tavrizis swrafad datovebis mizezi jaris SimSilobisa-

gan gadarCena iyo. osmalebs, yizilbaSebis mier gadabugul

adgilebze unda gaevloT da zamTris dasawyisSi sursaTis

Sovnis araviTari perspeqtiva ar arsebobda. sulTnis gadawy-

vetilebas Tavrizis swrafad datovebis Sesaxeb, ismailis

Semdgomi brZolisaTvis mzadebac aCqarebda. ismailis jars

1 Sanuto M. I diarri, t. XIX, p. 24.2 Ibidem, p. 386.

qarTvel mxedarTa didi razmic SeuerTda1. osmalebi amasii-

saken gaeSurnen. maTi varaudi, rom sursaTis naklebobas

Tavidan ver aicilebdnen, gamarTlda. mdgomareobas kidev

ufro arTulebda isic, rom Tavrizidan gasul os malebs

mosvenebas ar aZlevdnen qarTvelTa razmebi. qarTvelebis

amgvari moqmedeba vrclad aris aRwerili katerino Zenos

`mogzaurobis komentarebSi~2.

1515 w. 25 marts hanibal malipieros mier niqoziidan vene-

ciaSi gag zavnil werilSi moTxrobilia osmalTa mier Tavrizis

aRebisa da gaZarc vis Sesaxeb. Semdeg vigebT, rom sulTanma Ta-

vrizi datova, amasiisaken wavida da md. evfrats miadga. misi

jaris ori mesamedi mdinaris meore napirze gadasuli iyo,

roca zurgidan Tavs daesxnen qarTvelebi, romlebmac amowy-

vites 15 aTasamde kaci da xelT igdes 11 qvemexi3.

Tavrizidan wasuli osmalebis qarTvelebisagan (iberebi)

Sevi wroe basa da didi zaralis miyenebas aRniSnavs anjole-

loc4.

suraTis ufro naTlad warmodgenis mizniT, zemoaRniS-

nuls unda davumatoT, spandujinos oriode cnobac: miuxe-

davad mTeli im siswraf isa, rac selimma gamoiCina, qarTveli

cxenosnebis mosvlam md. evfrat Tan iseTi SiSi da areuloba

gamoiwvia, rom 2 aTasi Turqi, romlebic mdinareze gads-

vlas lamobda, daixrCo. qarTvelma myvinTavebma daaxroves

talaxSi Cafluli saWurveli da mdinaris mier waRebuli

avla-dideba. nadavliT kmayofilma qarTvelebma Sors aRar

gasdies Turqebs. ismaili gansakuTre biT imiT darCa kmayo-

fili, rom xelT igdo mtris artileria, romlis nakleboba

misi damarcxebis erT-erTi mizezi iyo.

1 Spandugino T., Op. cit., p. 400r.2 XV saukunis italiel mogzaurTa cnobebi, gv. 42; Spandugino T., Op.

cit., p. 400r-v.3 Sanuto M., I diarri, t. XX, Venezia, 1887, p. 244; Jovii P., Warhaftige Besch-

reibunge chronik-wirdi ger Historien, Frankfurt, 1570 , S. 3034 XV saukunis italiel mogzaurTa cnobebi, gv. 81.

118 119

isev dgeba kiTxva: vin iyvnen is qarTvelebi, romeli

samefo-sam Tavros warmomadgenlebi, romlebmac amgvar saSi-

nel mdgomareobaSi Caayenes os malebi? dReisaTvis cnobili

naratiuli da dokumenturi wyaroebi am kiTx vaze amomwur-

av pasuxs ar iZleva. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom qarTlisa

da kaxeTis samefoebi am dros Sah ismailis siuzerenobas

aRiarebdnen da mzad iyvnen SeiaraRebuli ZaliT da sxva

saSualebebi Tac daxmarebodnen mas. amgvari mxardaWeriT is-

maili jer-jerobiT kmay ofili iqneboda. mas sabolood ar

hyavda CamoSorebuli taxtis pretendentebi da osmalebis

saxiT gareSe mteric emuqreboda.

rac Seexeba samcxe-saaTabagos, misi selimis winaaRmdeg

gamosvla gamoricxulia. rogorc iTqva, Caldiranis velze

osmalebisa da yizilbaSebis Serkinebamde samcxis aTabagi

sulTanTan kavSirSi iyo (vimeoreb, SeiZleba Tavisi sur-

vilis winaaRmdegac) da garkveuli movaleobac Seasrula

mis winaSe. rogorc iTqva, aTabag mzeWabukis os malebisadmi

damokidebuleba selim I-is gamefebis Semdeg mkveTrad Seicva-

la. selimi maSinve yizilbaSebTan brZolis samzadiss Seudga

da mTeli rigi RonisZiebebic gaatara, romlebic, albaT,

saaTabagosac Se exo. mzeWabukis orientaciis Secvla mxolod

osmalebis winaSe SiSiT ar unda yofiliyo gamowveuli. am

saqmeSi didi roli iTamaSa saqarT veloSi Seqm nilma poli-

tikurma viTarebam. zeWabuks osmalebze dayrd nobiT samcxis

sruli damoukideblobis mopoveba (mis saeklesio politika-

ze calke iTqmeva) da mezobeli qarTuli teritoriebis da-

morCileba surda, rac nawilobriv SeZlo kidec11.

Turquli da italiuri cnobebis Tanaxmad, rogorc iTq-

va, mzeWabukis elCma sulTans sogmenSi sursaTi miarTva,

ismailis Zmi swulebi mihgvara da 14 aTasi mebrZolic daax-

mara. amgvarad, naTlad Cans aTabagis pozicia: igi daufaravad

gamodioda ismailis winaaRmdeg, rac iranSi manamdec cnobi-

1 javaxiSvili iv., dasx. naSr., gv. 167.

li iyo (Tu ara ismailis mier Serisxuli Zmiswulebi ra tom

gaiqceodnen aTabagTan?) da sulTans erTgulebas uimtkiceb-

da (Sahis mowinaaRmdegeni, Sahis Zmiswulebi, Sahis mters,

sulTans mihgvara, riTac selimi didad kmayofili darCa).

Tu yvelaferi ise moxda, rogorc zemoT iTqva, ma-

Sin riT avxsnaT Tavrizidan wamosuli selim I-is moqmedeba

saaTabagos winaaRmdeg 1514 wlis seqtembris bolos. os-

malebi Tavrizidan gamovidnen 15 seqtembers. roca sulTa-

ni yarsSi movida, gaurkveveli mizezebis gamo, Tavis jars

mzeWabukis (janiki) dasasjelad saqarTvelos, e.i. samcxis

sazRvrebisken wasvla ubrZana. aTabagi sulTans dapirda, rom

mis banakSi mividoda, ma gram SeeSinda da dapireba aRar Seas-

rula. am ambavTan dakavSirebiT saintereso cnobebia daculi

leunklaviusis `muslim TurqTa is toriaSi~. masSi kerZod

naTqvamia, rom gamZvinvarebul sulTans mTeli saqarTvelos

akleba surda, magram xangrZlivi da rTuli laSqrobiT ga-

wamebulma jarma uari sTqva brZanebis Sesrulebaze. rogorc

meomrebi acxadebdnen, qarTvelebisa da mkacri zamTris SiSi

hqondaT. sulTani jiutad moiTxovda qarTvelebis dasjas,

magram iZulebuli gaxda SurisZieba Sem dgomi wlis marti-

saTvis gadaedo. is Tavis jars sursa TiT, iaraRiTa da sxva

mravali sikeTiT avsebas dapirda1.

Semdeg wels selim I-ma muqara Seasrula2. man, Tavdapir-

velad, win gagzavna yafijebi da ianiCrebis ufrosebi sami

aTasi meomriT, romleb sac gzis gakafva daevalaT. maT ukan

mihyveboda jaris ZiriTadi nawilebi. os malebi sastikad ik-

lebdnen da anadgurebdnen dasaxlebul adgilebs, mosaxleo-

1 Leunclavius I., Op. cit., p. 702.2 zogierTi qarTveli da Turqi mkvlevari varaudobs, rom osma lebs sa-

qarT veloze laSqroba aRar ganuxorcielebiaT, ̀ rom saqarTvelos dalaSqvraze

brZanebis gacema mxolod diplomatiuri nabiji iyo sulTnisa~ (Turquli

wyaroebi XVI s. I meoTxedis samcxe-saaTabagos istoriisaTvis. Turquli doku-

mentebi qarTuli TargmaniT, gamokvleviTa da SeniSvnebiT gamosca c. abulaZem, Tb., 1983 , gv. 8).

120 121

bas Jletdnen. mtris TareSs sazRvari daudo qarTveli dide-

bulebis laSqarma1. maT mtris winsvla SeaCeres. amis Sem deg

selimi iZulebuli gaxda molaparakeba daewyo saqarTvelos

mTavarTan, romlis elCebma sulTans moaxsenes: `saqarTve-

los mTavars araviTari brali ar miuZRvoda am omSi da amis

Setyobineba ineba sulTnisaTvis. amisaTvis gag zavna masTan

Tavisi elCebi, romelTac SeeZloT misi saxeliT gadawy-

vetilebis miReba. rasakvirvelia, elCebma sulTans gadasces

saqarTvelos mTavris danabarebi: TurqTa xelmwifes, umaRles

sulTans osmaleTis same fosi! mTavari mzadaa aRiaros, rom

ar axsovs, Tu odesme masa da selims Soris raime mtroba

an winaaRmdegoba yofiliyos. Cemi kacebisagan gamovikvlie da

sworad davadgine, rom momxdari brZola Cvenebs ar wamou-

wyiaT. sulTan selimis gamarjvebul jars Cemi Zalian mcire

jari gzaze mimavals xom ar SeebrZoleboda2. aravisTvis

saeWvo ar aris, rom didi, uZlieresi da bednieri impera-

tori brZandebi, selimo! sruliadac advili ar aris gind

qarTvelisaT vis da gind sxvisTvis, rom saomari provokacia

gamoiwvios. amitom SeiZleboda Tavdapirvelad Segetyobine-

bina CvenTvis, ra gsurs, rom ga vakeToT, ras gvibrZaneb,

ras moiTxov. umciresi momavali samsaxuris movaleobis Sem-

srulebelma qarTvelma mTavarma sulTan selimis survili

axlaxan gavige, Sens moTxovnas yvelaferSi vemor Cilebi~3.

rogorc werilis dasasrulidan Cans, sulTani ufro

mets moiTxovda. mas aTabagis zomieri morCileba ar akmayo-

filebda. arc imis imedi gau marTlda, rom aTabagi piradad

eaxleboda. magram selimi iZ ulebuli gaxda imiT dakmayo-

filebuliyo, rasac qarTvelebi TviTon sTavazobdnen: aTa-

bagis kacebma sulTnis banakSi 800 Zroxa da 4 aTasi cxvari

mirekes, fqvili da qeri miitanes. am dros osmalebi sursa-

1 Leunclavius I., Op. cit., p. 703.2 igulisxmeba qarTvelTa Tavdasxma osmaleTis laSqarze md, evfratTan.3 Leunclavius I., Op. cit., p. 703

Tis iseT naklebobas ganicdidnen, rom xorblis fqvili 1500

asperad fasobda1.

aTabagis mier gagzavnili pirutyviTa da sanovagiT kmayo-

fil sul Tans ubrZanebia: `sakuTrebis uflebiT isargeblos

qarTvelebis mTavarma, misma ojaxma, misma megobrebis mego-

brebma da mtris mtrebma~. es man weri lobiTac daadastura,

ris Semdeg saaTabagos gaecala da amasiisaken wavida2.

amgvarad, sulTnis cdam, Tavisi politikuri gavlena

gaevrcele bina samcxe-saaTabagoSi, jerjerobiT, Sedegi ar

gamoiRo. aTabagisaTvis mice muli sigeliT sulTanma aTabagis

ganuyofeli ufleba aRiara samcxeSi.

* * *

datoves Tu ara osmalebma yizilbaSTa samflobeloebi,

ismaili TavrizSi dabrunda da Semdgomi brZolisaTvis sam-

zadiss Seudga. magram osmalebis dasaZlevad aucilebeli

iyo koliciis Seqmna. ismail I-ma dax marebis TxovniT mimarTa

osmaleTis aRmosavlel mezoblebs. man 1514 wlis oqtomber-

Si3 Tavrizidan egviptis sulTanTan da saqarTveloSi4 Tavisi

el Cebi gagzavna.

daniSnulebis adgilze misul elCebs, rogorc naTqvamia

`Zenos mogzaurobis komentarebSi~, mouxsenebiaT im saSiS-

roebaze, romelic qarT velebsa da egviptelebs emuqrebo-

daT, Tu isini selimis winaaRmdeg saom rad iaraRs xels ar

mohkidebdnen. osmalebis mier sparseTis dapyrobis Semdeg,

Tqvenc igive bedi geliTo5.

1 Hammer J., Op. cit., S. 721-722.2 Leunclavius I., Op. cit., p. 704.3 XV saukunis italiel mogzaurTa cnobebi, gv. 81.4 `Zenos mogzaurobis komentarebis~ mixedviT `mefe gorgorasTan~ anu

samcxis aTabagTan. anjolelos TqmiT ki _ iberebTan. iqve, gv. 42, 815 iqve, gv. 42.

122 123

osmaleTis gaZlierebiT Seqmnili saSiSroeba naTili iyo

misi yvela mezoblisaTvis. amitom ismailis elCebs dasaxele-

bul qveynebTan samokavSireo xelSekrulebebis gasaformeblad

didi siZneleebis gadalaxva ar dasWirdaT. mokavSireebi piro-

bas sdebdnen, rom erTad ibr Zolebdnen osmaleTis winaaRm-

deg. xelSekrulebaSi, Sahis surviliT, xazgasmuli iyo, rom

mokavSireebi ar Seecdebodnen sulTanTan raime kon taqtis

damyarebas, arc sajarod da arc saidumlod ar miiRerbdnen

mis elCebs. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi xelSekruleba Zalas

dakargavda da mo kavSireebs Soris urTierToba gawydeboda.

mxareebma piroba dades, rom Sa his am moTxovnas gansakuTrebiT

daicavdnen. anjolelos mixed viT, ìberebma damatebiT ikisres

imdeni jaris micema, ramdenic SesaZle beli iqneboda, yov-

elTvis, roca ki Sahi moisurvebda [sulTan] selimis wanaaRm-

deg galaSqrebas~1. rogorc Cans, qarTvelebi osmalebis wi-

naaRmdeg brZolis surviliT aRvsilni iyvnen da Zal-Rones

ar zogavd nen am mniSvnelovani saqmis warmatebiT dasasrule-

blad. maT mier damatebiT nakisri valdebuleba samagaliTo

unda gamxdariyo da koaliciis sxva wevrebsac mTeli TavianTi

SesaZleblobebiT unda ebrZolaT saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg.

unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelo-egviptis urTierToba

grZelde boda, manamde vidre osmaleTi bolos ar mouRebda

am ukanasknelis da mou kideblobas. saqarTvelo-egviptis urT-

ierToba, CemTvis cnobili wyaroebis mixedviT, ZiriTadad,

ierusalimis qarTuli monastrebis sa kiTxis daregulirebiT

Semoifargleboda.

warmoSobiT Cerqezma sulTanma al-adil saif ad-din

tuman-baim (1500-1501) 1501 wlis 19 dekembers ierusalimis

jvris monastris berebis dasa cavad gamosca brZanebuleba.

sulTani ubrZanebs nacvlebs, mo samarTleebs da gamgeblebs:

`Cvens samefo karavSi, RvTisagan dacul RazaSi, Semovida pe-

ticia wminda ierusalimis jvris monastris berebis jgufis

1 iqve, gv. 82.

saxeliT, romelSic ityobinebian: wminda ierusalimis jvris

monasterSi mcxovreb [berebis] jgufs akisria yoveldRiurad

gamokveba xuTi Raribi muslimisa da sxvebisa, romlebic mo-

dian maTTan. maTi we sia, Zveli droidan bolo xanebamde, [mi-

arTvan] ZRveni aRdgomas da xuT SabaTis dResaswaulze wminda

ierusalimis nacvals, zedamxedvels, mo samarTles da wmin-

da ierusalimis sxva mcxovrebT~1. sulTani krZalavs jvr-

is monastris berebis Seviwroebas ZRvenis dagvianebis gamo

da monasterSi misuli qarTveli piligrimebisaTvis wesiT

gauTvaliswine beli gadasaxadis moTxovnas da sxv.2

rac ufro Zlierdeboda saqarTvelosa da egviptis mimarT

os malebis gamo saSiSroeba, miT ufro intensiuri xdeboda

maTi urTier Toba. 1504 wlis dasasruls Seiqmna osmaleTis

winaaRmdeg mimarTuli samTa kavSiri: qarTlis samefo – se-

fianTa irani – mamluqTa egvipte3. ev ropis saxelmwifoebis

mniSvnelovani nawili mxars uWerda an uTana grZnobda koali-

cias. safrangeTi Tavs ikavebda antiosmaluri politikis ga-

tarebaze. osmaleTi evropis am umsxviles saxelmwifos Ta vis

mokavSired varaudobda. marTlac, imave saukunis 20-ian wleb-

Si maT Soris mokavSir eoba oficialurad gaformda4. aseT vi-

TarebaSi, egviptel mamluqTa mor CilebaSi myof ierusalimSi

antifranguli ganwyobilebis gaRviveba da am ganwyobilebis

garkveuli mizniT gamoyeneba Zneli ar unda yofiliyo.

vfiqrob, qarTlis samefo – egviptis urTierTobis

fonze unda ganvixiloT beena ColoyaSvilis mier golgoTi-

dan franciskan elebis gaZeveba XVI s. 10-iani wlebis dasaw-

yisSi (zustad daTariReba Wirs).

1 jafariZe g., buaCiZe g., mamluqi sulTnebis ori brZanebuleba ieru-

salimis berZnuli marTlmadidebluri saatriarqos koleqciidan. `qarTuli

diplomatia~, weliwdeuli, 8 , Tb., 2001, gv. 235.2 iqve, gv. 235-236.3 mamisTvaliSvili e., saqarTvelos sagareo politikuri urTierTobani

XV saukunis meore naxevarsa da XVI saukuneSi, gv. 121-122.4 iqve, gv. 135, 304.

124 125

qarTuli cnobebiT beena ierusalims mivida 15111 an 15122

wels. jvris monastris erT-erT xelnawerSi beena gvamcnobs:

`nebiTa RmrTi saTa aqa frangTa golgoTa davagdebine da maTi

yuela gareT gamouyare – kandeli da raca maTi iyo me cod-

vilma been. amin~3.

franciskanelebis winaaRmdeg qarTvelTa, kerZod, beena

ColoyaSvilis moqmedeba, rom maSin egviptesa da palestinaSi

Seqmnil an tifranguli ganwyobilebis konteqstSi jdeba, amas

frangebic aRniSnavdnen: `1510 wels qarTvelebma isargebles

ra im garemoebiT, rom Cveni morwmuneni (franciskanelebi-e.

m.) kairos cixeebSi iyvnen ga momwyvdeulni, Cven wag varTves

jvarcmis eklesia (kapela), daamsxvries sakurTxeveli da

lampebi da ierusalimSi darCenil im mcire (franciskanel

_ e.m.) morwmu neTac ar akarebdnen axlos. ma gram 4 wlis Sem-

deg, 1514 wels (eklesia) ga moisyida sionis mTis damcvelma

francisko surianom, rogorc TviTon laparakobs amaze~4.

axladCamoyalibebuli antiosmaluri liga sicocxlisu-

nari ani ver aRmoCnda. ganxeTqilebis mizezi egviptis sulT-

nis windauxedavi mo qmedeba gamxdara. mas xelSekrulebis

umTavresi piroba, rom mo kavSireebs saqmiani urTierToba

ar unda daemyarebinaT sulTanTan, daurRvevia da misi el-

Cebi miuRia. amis sapasuxod Sah ismailma kavSiri gawyvita

egviptis sulTanTan da roca am ukanasknels, 1516 wels,

osmalebi Tavs daesxnen, daxmareba aRar gauwia5.

1 metreveli e., masalebi ierusalimis qarTuli koloniis istoriisaTvis

(XI-XVII ss.), Tb., 1962, gv. 37.2 Цагарели А. А., Сведения о памятниках грузинской письменности, I,

3 , СПб., 1894, с. 40; mari n., ierusalimis berZnuli sapatriarqo wignsacavis

qarTuli xelnawerebis mokle aR weriloba. dasabeWdad moamzada e. metrevelma , Tb., 1955, gv. 86; qronikebi, I, gv. 362; me nabde l., Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis

kerebi II, gv, 113; SaraSiZe q., saqarTvelos isto riis ma salebi, XV_XVIII ss., mski, nakv, 30, Tb., 1954, 24.

3 Цагарели А. А., Ук. труд, c. 49.4 Suriano Franc, Il tratato di Terra Sancta, Milano, 1900, 34, nota 1216.5 XV saukunis italiel mogzaurTa cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 43.

didad saeWvoa, rom aTabags mxari daeWira antios-

maluri ZalebisaT vis. qarTl-kaxeTis gaerTianebuli same-

fo ki, rogorc Tanamedrove do kumenturi wyaroebidan Cans,

SeTanxmebis erTguli iyo. albaT, es unda igulisxmebodes

1517 wlis erT dokumentSi, romelSic naTqvamia: `qarTve-

lebsa da sinior Sahs Soris SeTanxmeba arsebobso~1.

* * *

osmaleTi sul ufro Zlierdeboda. misi gavlenis qveS

moeqca qur Tistani, rasac gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqon-

da saqarTvelosa da se fianTa saxelmwifosaTvis. qurTebi se-

lims exmarebodnen Caldiranis brZolaSi. maTive mxardaWeriT

1516 wels osmalebma meored daamarcxes is mail I qoChisar-

Tan da yizilbaSebi TiTqmis mTeli qurTistanidan gandevnes.

osmalebma qurTistani sanjayebad daanawiles da adgilobriv

feodalebs Caabares2. ismail I cdilobda osmalebis SeWris SeCerebas siriaSi,

raSic mxars uWerdnen qarTvelebi. magram, amjerad, mow-

inaaRmdegeebs Soris seriozuli Sejaxeba ar momxdara.

siriaSi moqmed osmaleTis jaris si axloves Sahis jaris

manevrebi ufro politikuri da fsiqologiuri zegavlenisa-

Tvis xdeboda.

1518 wlis ianvarSi tripolidan da damaskodan vene-

ciaSi gagzav nili werilebidan irkveva, rom Sahma didi jari

Seiyvana siriaSi da alepodan ori dRis savalze dabanakda.

Sahis jarSi iyvnen qarTvelTa razmebic3. kon stantinopolis

bailo leonardo bembo imave wlis 24 Te bervlis weriliT

veneciaSi acnobebda, rom Sah ismaili `40 aTasi mxedriT da

1 Sanuto M. I diarii, t. XXV, Venezia, 1892 , p. 13.2 Шараф-хан Шамсаддин Бидлиси., Шараф-наме, II. Перевод, предис-

ловие, примечания и приложе ния У. И. Васильевой, М., 1976 , с. 53.3 Sanuto M. I diarii, t. XXV, p. 272.

126 127

15 aTasi qarT veliT~ alepos misadgomebTan idga1. Sahis wins-

vlis SeCerebis mizezad ve neciis kviproseli elCi bartolo

kontarini did Tovls asaxelebs. amave werilidan imasac

vigebT, rom sulTanmac didi jari Sehyara da misi mzady-

ofna brZana gazafxulze Sahis winaaRmdeg saomari moqmedebis

dawye bisaTvis. SahTan dakavSire bulni yofilan mwvanedol-

bandianebi, e.i. avRanelebi da qarTvelebi2. Sa his laSqarSi

qarTvelebis yofnaze miuTiTebs 1518 wels konstantino-

polidan veneciaSi gagzavnili cnobebi, romlebSic naTqvamia:

àmJamad konstantinopolSi ukve saxalxod laparakoben, rom

Sahma Tavis laSqari gazarda 15 aTasi umamacesi qarTveliT~3.

aseve sayuradReboa franCesko zaqarias niqoziidan gagzavni-

li werilic, romelic dawrilia siriidan miRebul cnobebze

dayrdnobiT. masSi ufro dawvrilebiTaa moTxrobili Sah

ismailis jaris Sesaxeb: `[franCesko zaqarias mier] siriidan

gamogzavnil 18 maisis wer ilSi, naTqvamia, rogor moamza-

des TurqeTis mTeli jari, romelic amanze Tavdasasxmelad

wavida. rac Se exeba Sahis jars, isic uZlieresia, Sedgeba 50

aTasi saukeTesod gawvrTnili mxedrisagan, 2 aTasi Tofosan-

isa, uremze dadgmuli 100 qve mexisagan... xsenebul sinior

Sahs baRdadis mxares hyavs sxva uZlieresi jaric da zavi

aqvs dadebuli mwvane dolbandianebTan, romlebmac 15 aTasi

mxedari daaxmares. garda amisa, mas exmareba qarTvelebis 10

aTasi mxedari~4.

Sah ismail I axlo aRmosavleTSi osmalebis winsvlas

realur winaaRmdegobas ar uwevda, arc maSin, rodesc isini

mamluqebs ebrZodnen. irani, faqtobrivad, neitralitets

1 Ibidem.2 f. babingeris TqmiT, sanutos ̀ dRiurebSi~ Savdolabandianebad iwodebian

qarT velebi. Babinger Fr. Die Früh osmanische Jahrbücher der Urudsch nach des Hand schriften zu Oqsford und Cambridge. Erstmal herausgegeben und eingeleitet von Franz Babinger, Hannover, 1925 , S. 46

3 Sanuto M. I diarii, t. XXV, p. 365.4 Sanuto M. I diarii, t. XXV, p. 385.

icavda. magram radikalurad gansxvave buli iyo Sahis pozi-

cia kavkasiis da, kerZod, saqarTvelos mimarT. Sah ismaili

arc erT xelsayrel SemTxvevas gauSvebda am regionSi iranis

poziciis ganmtkicebisaTvis.

gansakuTrebiT rTuli politikuri situacia Seiqmna

samcxe-saaTa bagoSi gaCaRebuli dinastiuri brZolis gamo.

TavianTi interesebidan ga momdinare, konfliqtSi met-nakle-

bad CarTuli aRmoCnda irani da os maleTi. samcxeSi erTma-

neTs ebrZodnen axlad gaaTabagebuli yvaryvare III (mzeWabu-

kis Zmiswuli) da yvaryvare II didis vaJi manuCari (yvaryvare

III-is biZa). metoqeebma, Tavdapirvelad, sxvebis Carevis ga-

reSe scades urTierTo bis garkveva. pirvelive brZolaSi

yvaryvare III damarcxda. dasaSvebia, am dros osmaleTis xe-

lisuflebas ganzraxuli hqonda samcxis saqmeebSi SeiaraRe-

buli Careva, razec unda miuTiTebdaes selim I-is 1515 wlis

21-30 agvistos brZaneba, romelic gaegzavna zul-yadries

begs Sehsuvar-ojlis. sulTanma mas ubrZana Tavis sagamge-

bloSi jari Seekriba da didvazir si nan-faSasTan gaegzavna,

romelsac davalebuli hqonda saqarTveloze Tavdasxma1. ma-

gram es brZaneba ar Sesrulda. unda vifiqroT, rom sulTnis

mier ganzraxvaze xelis aReba gamowveuli iyo siriaSi far-

To masStabiani sabrZolo operaciebis dawyebiT. imis varau-

dic SeiZleba, rom sulTans Ta vidanve ar hqonda ganzraxuli

Tavi sive brZanebis ganxorcieleba da igi (brZaneba) mxolod

imitom gamoica, rom manuCaris mowinaaRmdegeebs mu qarad

aReqvaT. manuCarma yvaryvares sZlia. 1515 wlis 18 dekembers

stambolSi acnobes, rom `serasqeri manuCari gaxda saqarT-

velos damoukidebeli fadiSahi~2.

1516 wlis dasawyisSi yvaryvare iranSi gaiqca, Sah is-

mails eaxla da daxmareba sTxova. Sahma yvaryvaresaTvis dax-

1 Jan-lui bake gramoni, dasax. naSr., gv. 103.2 Turquli wyaroebi XVI s. I meoTxedis samcxe-saaTabagos istoriisa-

Tvis, gv. 11.

128 129

mareba xelsayrelad CaTvala, div-sulTan rumlusa da sxva

sardlebs ubrZana, saswrafod samcxeSi wasuliyvnen da yvary-

vares daxmarebodnen. yizilbaSTa jari samcxeSi Sevida da

manuCarisa da misi momxreebis mamulebis akleba daiwyo. manu-

Carma jer div-sulTanTan morigeba scada, kacebic miugzavna,

magram yizilbaSebma isini amoxoces da manuCaris Sepyrobac

scades. manuCari iZ ulebuli gaxda osmaleTSi gaqceuliyo1.

yvaryvarem aTa bagoba aRidgina. manu Cari jer baiburTSi mivi-

da da adgilobriv begs yizil-ahmed oRli mirzas sulTanTan

Suamdgomloba sTxova. misi daxmarebiT 1516 wlis 16 marts

manuCaris Txovna stambolSi miiRes. ma gram osmaleTis maSin-

deli sagareo mdgomareoba sulTans saSualebas ar aZlevda

dauyovnebliv Careuliyo samcxe-saaTabagos saqmeebSi. selim

I mamluqebis winaaRmdeg saomrad midioda. mas arc iranTan

mdgomareo bis garTuleba surda da arc jaris mniSvnelovani

kontigentis gamoyofa SeeZlo.

manuCars sxva araferi darCenoda garda imisa, rom sul-

Tanis jars gahyoloda mamluqebis winaaRmdeg omSi2. siriis

mamluqTa ganadgurebisa da maTi sataxto damaskos aRebis

Semdeg, selim I-ma yuradReba miaqcia samcxe-saaTabagoSi

mimdinare ambebs. man axladdapyrobil damaskoSi, 1516 wlis

23 noembers, `miiRo saqarTvelos begi manuCari da saqarT-

velos sxva warCinebulebi~. manuCarma sruli morCileba

aRuTqva, sulTans Tu igi samcxis dapyrobaSi daexmareboda.

osmaleTis mTavrobam manuCari ka nonier aTabagad scno.

Turquli ànonimuri qronikis~ mixedviT, imave wlis 10 de-

kembers osmaleTis divanma manuCar begs saqarTvelos be-

goba uboZa3.

sulTani jer isev mamluqebTan brZoliT iyo dakavebuli.

1 hasan-rumlu, gv. 20.2 CoCievi v., dasax. naSr., gv. 75.3 Turquli wyaroebi XVI s. I meoTxedis samcxe-saaTabagos istoriisaTvis.

gv. 12; Jan-lui bake gramoni, dasax. naSr., gv. 101

man manu CarisaTvis daxmareba daavala samcxe-saaTabagos mezo-

beli baiburTis gam gebels yizil-ahmed oRlis (= mehmed mir-

za begi1). raTa davalebis Ses ruleba gaadvileboda, sulTanma

mas beglarbegoba uboZa, masve dau qvemde bara Terjanisa da

erzinjanis mxareebi. yizil-ahmed oRlis adgilobriv jarze

dayrdnobiT unda ebrZola yvaryvare III-is wi naaRmdeg.

yizil-ahmed oRlis Tavisi gafarToebuli sagamgeblos

saqmeebis mogvarebisaTvis, albaT, garkveuli dro dasWirda.

man manuCarisaTvis mxolod 1518 wels moicala. manamde ki,

mowinaaRmdegeni saomrad emzadebodnen da damxmareebs saqarT-

veloSive poulobdnen. erT-erT uTariRo Turqul moxseneba-

Si, romelic am periodSi unda iyos dawerili, naTqvamia:

`Tu yvaryvares ambavs ikiTxaven, manuCarTan brZolaSia.

saqarTveloSi zogierTi, magaliTad mefe daviTi manuCaris

mxarezea, zogierTi ki _ imerTis mefiTurT yvaryvares mxar-

ezea. erTmaneTTan brZolaSi da erTimeoris xocva-JletaSi

arian gamudmebiT. amgvarad erTsac mtkiced SekavSirebuli

jamaaTi hyavs da meoresac. Ti Toeli Tadarigs iWers uax-

loesi brZolisaTvis~2.

ori dapirispirebuli Zalis gaCenisTanave, rogorc Cveu-

lebriv feo dalur qveyanaSi (da ara mxolod feodalurSi)

xdeba, SedarebiT dabali rangis miwaTmflobelebi xan erTis

xan meoris mxares dgebian, imisda mixedviT visgan ra sargeb-

els moelian. amgvari suraTi Cans sam cxeSi, ro melic dan-

awilebuli iyo 25 didi feodaluri saxlis mravalricxovan

feodalebs Soris, romlebic zogjer damoukideblad cdi-

lobdnen osamaleTTan an iranTan saerTo enis gamonaxvas.

aseTi `moRvaweni~ sam cxeSi iSviTobas ar warmoadgendnen am

samTavros arsebobis arc erT pe riodSi.

Sahi da sulTani Tvalyurs adevnebdnen samcxeSi da-

1 Turquli wyaroebi XVI s. I meoTxedis samcxe-saaTabagos istoriisaTvis.

gv. 12

2 iqve, gv. 48.

130 131

pirispirebuli Zalebis samzadiss da imasac, rogor viTarde-

boda iq movlenebi. is zam Tari Sahma naxWevanSi gaatara.

saaTabagoSi Sesul manuCarsa da os malebs yvaryvare momzade-

buli daxvda. brZola moxda yaraja-ardahanSi. manuCari da

osmalebi damarcxdnen. yizil-ahmed oRlu daiRupa1.

yuradRebas ipyrobs hasan-rumlus erTi cnoba, romelic

zemoT gad mocemul ambavs mosdevs. masSi naTqvamia, rom `div-

sulTanma, romelic Coxur-saadis2 mmarTveli iyo, dad-eli

daarbia da ukan dabrunda~3. aqedan Cans, rom yvaryvares yiz-

ilbaSebi exmarebodnen da mis mxardasWerad jaric Semouyva-

niaT saqarTveloSi. unda vifiqroT, rom `dad-elis~ anu

taos4 mflobeli yvaryvares winaaRmdeg gamodioda da div-

sulTnis mier dad-elis dalaSqvris mizezi es unda yofil-

iyo.

hasan-rumlus TqmiT, imave 1518 wels yvaryvare III isev

Sahs eaxla da daxmareba sTxova. Sahma mas kvlav saqarT-

velos saqmeebSi kargad garkveuli div-sulTan rumlu gamo-

ayola, romelmac qarTlis umTavresi strategiuli cixe-

qalaqebi _ gori da surami daipyro5. Znelia am cnobidan

raime konk retlis garkveva. gaugebaria riT iyo gamowveuli

yvaryvares kvlav SahTan misvla da yizilbaSebis ZaliT qar-

Tlis akleba. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom gaZlierebuli qar-

Tlis mefe daviT X cdilobda samcxe-saaTabagoze Tavisi

gavlenis gavrcelebas da amis gamo dinastiur brZolaSi Ca-

eria. is manu Cars uWerda mxars da erTi piroba, rogorc

hasan-rumlus sityvebidan Cans, yvaryvare gaudevniaT. yvary-

vare, ukve iTqva, Sahs eaxla da xelisufleba misi jariT

aRidgina. mefe daviTma roca yizilbaSebis qarTlSi SemoWris

1 hasan-rumlu, gv. 20-21.2 erevnis olqi.

3 hasan-rumlu, gv. 21.4 dad-elis axsna-ganmarteba ix. Turquli wyaroebi XVI s. I meoTxedis

samcxe-saaTabagos istoriisaTvis, gv. 34-40.5 hasan-rumlu, gv. 21.

ambavi gaigo, winaaRmdegobis gaweva uazrobad CaTvala, Tavi-

si vaJi ramazi didi ZRvniT Sahs gaugzavna da morCileba

aRuTqva1. manuCari ki, garkveuli drois ganmav lobaSi kidev

agrZelebda brZolas aTabagis taxtisaTvis, magram, rodesac

brZolis uperspeqtivobaSi darwmunda, berad Sedga2.

yvaryvare III-is mier yizilbaSebis qarTlSi Semoyvanas is

gansa kuTrebuli Sedegi mohyva, rom gaerTianebuli qarTl-

kaxeTis samefo kvlav gaiTiSa. kaxelma Tavadebma isargebles

daviT mefis gaWirvebuli mdgomareobiT da kaxeTSi levan

avgiorgis Ze gaamefes. daviT X-isaTvis es didi dartyma iyo,

magram is Tavs ikavebda kaxeTSi samxedro moqmedebaze, vidre

ramazi ar dabrundeboda da SahTan misi urTierToba ar

gairkveoda.

Sah ismailma ramazi kargad miiRo da didad daasaCuqra.

Sahi davi Tis morCilebiT dakmayofilda da zavic dasdo mas-

Tan. sefianTa irani am dros osmaleTTan saomar mdgomare-

obaSi iyo da àse hyo yeen man, rameTu brZolad mividoda

xonTqarisa, raTa ara qarTvelni mierTunen mas~3.

iranTan urTierToba mtkiced mogvarebuli rom yofili-

yo, qarTlis mefe daviT X-s, kaxeTis mefe levans da yvary-

vare III-s umjobe sad CauTvliaT SahTan wasuliyvnen. dasaxele-

buli mefeebis da aTabagis SaxTan yofnis Sesaxeb XVI

saukunis sami sparseli istorikosis erTmaneTisagan gansx-

vavebuli cnobebi da wlebi gvaqvs: 1518 (xondemiri), 1519

(Saraf-xan biTlisi) da 1520/1521 (buday yazvini). gansa-

1 qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 395.2 Turquli wyaroebi XVI s. I meoTxedis samcxe-saaTabagos istorii-

saTvis, gv. 14, 56. bake-gramonis gamokvleviT manuCaris berad Sedgoma unda

momxdariyo 1515-1517 wlebSi, rac manuCarTan dakavSirebuli zemoT gadmoce-

muli ambebis Semdeg naklebad dasajerebelia. imave mkvlevris mier moxmobili

erTi sparsuli qronikis mixedviT, manu Cars Siituri islami miuRia 1521 wels.

am wyaros sisworeSi eWvi TviT bake-gramons epareba. Jan-lui bake-gramon, os-malebi da saqarTvelo, gv. 102, Sen. 22.

3 iqve.

132 133

kuTrebiT mniSvnelovania is gansxvaveba rac gamoixateba

qarTvelebis mier nakisri movaleobis saxeo baSi. Saraf-xan

biTlisiT SahTan misul qarTvelebs didi saCuqrebi da mis-

arTmevi miutaniaT da miwaze dawesebuli gadas axadis (xara-

ja) da ara muslimanebze gawerili gadasaxadis (jizia) gad-

axda ukisriaT1. xondemiriT saqarTvelos mefe mTavrebma

iranis samefo karis winaSe `baj o xaraji~ ikisres. k. ta-

bataZe darwmunebuli iyo, rom maSin qarTvelebs ar SeiZle-

boda xarajis da jizias gadaxda ekisraT, radgan isini upi-

robo politikur damokidebulebas gulisx mobda. àseTi

damokidebuleba ki iransa da saqarTvelos Soris XVI s.

damdegs ar yofila da arc SeiZleboda yofiliyo~2. `baj o

xaraja~ (rogorc vaWroba-xelosnobaze, ise soflis meur-

neobaze dawesebuli gadasaxadi) ki, iranis karTan vasaluri

damokidebulebis maCvenebeli unda yofiliyo, rac realobas

asaxavda3.

yizilbaSTa jariT saaTabagoSi dabrunebuli yvaryvare

III-s arc osmalebTan urTierTobis daregulirebis aucile-

bloba aviwydeba. igi maTi daxmarebiT aTabagis urCi Tavad-

aznaurebis damorCilebas cdilobs. yvary vares mociqulma

(rogorc Cans, mociquls kargi urTierToba hqonda os-

malebTan da aTabagma mas daavala sulTanTan misi Serigeba),

sulTnis kars acnoba: `yvaryvare sruliad Semobrunda Cven-

sken. SecodebisaTvis patiebas gvevedreba da xonTqars Txovs,

rom igi Tavis gulwrfel monad miiCnios da danaSaulis

Sendoba surs. mTeli arsebiT SeiZula yizilbaSebi... amas-

Tanave misi survili is aris, rom iyos igi Sewynarebuli da

Sendobili, xolo mowinaaRmdege aznaurebi damorCilebuli

1 Шараф-хан Шамсаддин Бидлиси, с. 168.2 tabataZe k. Seref-xan biTlisis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. ̀ kavkasiur-

axloaR mosavluri krebuli~, II, Tb., 1962 , gv. 164.3 iqve, gv. 163-166. yizilbaSebis am laSqrobis amsaxveli sparsuli wy-

aroebis anal izi ix. gelaSvili n. iran-saqarTvelos urTierTobis istoriidan, T., 1995 , gv. 66-71.

da daqvemdebarebuli. aznaurebis kuTvnili cixeebi da mam-

ulebi daipyron (osmalebma – e.m.), raTa yvelaferi xonTqris

sagamgeblo gaxdes. Tu cixeebis garda, maTi sagamgebloebic

gadaecema, dae ase iyos, isic xonTqarma daicvas da mar Tos!

yvaryvares erTaderTi survilia, rom misi mtrebi iyvnen

damarcxe buli...~ werilSi naTqvamia, agreTve, rom gamoricx-

uli ar iyo yvaryvare sulTansac xleboda. yvaryvares sulT-

nisadmi gaerTgulebiT mTeli saqarTvelos damorCilebis

perspeqtiva Cndeboda. `SesaZloa TviTon yvary varec eaxlos

samefo kars. erTi sityviT, roca yvaryvares daiqvemdebarebT,

mTeli saqarTvelo iqneba dapyrobili, radgan misi begebis

STamo mavalia. roca damorCildeba, winaaRmdegobis gawevas

veravin gabedavs. qveynis Semam kobeli naTeli azri is aris,

rom mxolod misi daqvemde bareba ufro mets niSnavs vidre

100 aznauris damorCileba~ _ ase ambobda mociquli (sava-

raudoa, yvaryvaresTan SeTanxmebiT) da iqve erT rCevasac

aZlevda moxsenebis adresats: `Tu xsenebuli yvaryvares

damorCilebis survili gaCndeba, mis mosamxrobad unda gaig-

zavnos uav gustoesi brZaneba. brZaneba, rasac ar unda exe-

bodes, yvela SemTxvevaSi gamocda iqneba da [Semdeg] imis

mixedviT imoqmedebT mis erTgulebaSi darwmundebiT Tu

orpirobaSi~1.

XVI saukunis 20-ian wlebSi osmaleTs amasiis zaviT

mikuTvnebul Tavis ̀ saqarTveloebTan~ urTierToba ̀ rbilad~

mowesrigebuli hqonda. os maleTi maT Sinaur saqmeebSi ar

ereoda, Tavis wil samcxidan saur-xarajas iRebda. guriidan

da odiSidan ki, osmaleTi xarajas miRebiT kmayofilde boda,

rac imas niSnavda, rom isini damoukidebel sagareo politi-

kas atarebdnen da aRar iTvlebodnen imereTis mefis vasale-

bad. rac Seexeba imereTis samefos, igi jer kidev 1510 wlis

Tavdasxmis Sem deg òjaqliq hu qumeTad~ e. i. iseT politi-

1 Turquli wyaroebi XVI s. I meoTxedis samcxe-saaTabagos istoriisa-

Tvis, gv. 52-53.

134 135

kur erTeulad scno, romelsac imereTis mefeni ganagebdnen

da xaraja ar moeTxovebodaT1.

ismailTan dazavebis Semdeg, daviT X kaxeTis SemoerTe-

bas kvlav Seecada. man alya Semoartya maRranis cixeSi Ca-

ketil levans. gamarjveba TiTqmis miRweuli iyo, magram

osmalebis qarTlSi SemoWrisa da amilaxorisa da mTava-

repiskoposis gamcemlobis Sedegad mefe iZule buli gaxda

qarTlSi dabrunebuliyo da Semoseuli mteri ganedevna. da-

viTi kvlav kaxeTSi gadavida, magram pirvelsave brZolaSi

damarcxda da ukan gabrunda2.

daviT mefis marcxiT isargebla saqarTvelos decentral-

izaciis mosurne yvela Zalam. levanis dasaxmareblad wam-

ovida guriis mTavari `mweobiTa aTabagisaTa... raTa Semwe

eyos levans daviTsa zeda anu brZoliTa~3. rogorc Cans, da-

viT mefes levanisa da misi momxreebis wi naaRmdeg brZolaSi

mxari ar dauWires arc qarTlis kaTalikosma, episkoposebma,

saero feodalebma da igi aiZules zavi daedo saqarT velos

erTianobis mowinaaRmdegeebTan. vaxuStis TqmiT, àmisaTvis

saTno iyo mefe manca da hyves zavi da ganaCines sazRvari~4.

amgvarad saqarT velos gaerTi anebis kidev erTi cda marcxiT

damTavrda.

yizilbaSebis poziciebis ganmtkicebas kavkasiaSi da, ker-

Zod, saqarT veloSi, xeli Seuwyo axlad gamefebuli sulTan

suleiman I-is (1520-1565) mier osmaleTis agresiis mi-

marTulebis Secvlam. roca yizilbaSma did kacobam dainaxa,

rom `soleimanma gamefebis pirvel xanebSi rusisa da fran-

gis qveynebisaken gailaSqra da am omiT iyo da kavebuli... ami-

tom im solomonis sadarma xayanma (Sah ismail I _ e.m.)

Zlevamosili meomrebi saqarTveloze saRvTo laSqrobisaTvis

1 iqve, gv. 15, 50.2 qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv. 352, 490-491; IV, gv. 395-396.3 qarTlis cxovreba , IV, gv. 396.4 iqve, gv, 397.

daniSna...~1 es laSqroba ismail I-s 1520 wlis seqtemberSi

mouwyia2.

Sah ismailis es ukanaskneli Semoseva sakmaod dawvr-

ilebiTaa Ses wavlili. mis Sedegebs didi mniSvneloba hqonda

mTeli aRmosavleTi saqarTvelosaTvis. qarTlis da kaxeTis

samefoebma da samcxe-saaTabagom Sahis siuzerenoba scnes.

marTalia, Tanamedrove wyaroebidan ar Cans, rom saqarT-

velos politikuri erTeulebsa da sefianTa saxelmwifos

Soris SeTanxmeba os maleTis winaaRmdeg moxda, magram igi

osmaleTSi Sefasebuli iqna swored amgvarad. sulTnis karze

Seqmnili ganwyobilebis Sesaxeb italieli dip lomati romSi

acnobebda. igi 1520 w. 24 marts werda: `sulTani apirebs

gailaSqros Sahis winaaRmdeg, radgan qarTvelebi Sahs

emxrobian~3.

rogorc Cans, osmaleTis dasustebis mosurne dasavleT

evropis saxelmwifoebi aRmosavleTSi antiosmaluri Zalebis

SekavSirebas did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen. am ambiT aRfrTo-

vanebuli bartolomio da mo sto kviprosidan 1520 wlis 20

seqtembers werda: ̀ rogorc amboben, Sahi kavSir Sia qarTvelebT-

an da SavizRvispiras mosaxle sxva xalxebTan~4. 1521 wlis

26 marts ki, alvize filareto alepodan kviprosze gagzav-

nil werilSi werda, rom Tavrizis maxloblad Carata – Si

1 isqander munSis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. sparsuli teqsti qar-

Tuli Targ maniTa da SesavliTurT gamosca v. fuTuriZem, Tb., 1969 , gv. 11.2 A Cronicle of The carmelites in Persia and the Papal Mission of the XVII the

and XVIII the centu ries, I , London, 1939. yizilbaSTa saqarTveloSi am Semosevis

TariRi sabolood dadgenili ar aris. d. kacitaZis gamokvleviT es moxda

1520-1521 wlebSi (kacitaZe d., iran-saqarTvelos urTierTobis istoriidan .

Tsu Sromebi, 108, 1964, gv. 108), 1521 weli miaCnia r. kiknaZes (hasan-rumlu, gv. 55), v. CoCievis varaudiT, es laSqroba 1521 wlis gazafxulze an ufro

gvian unda Catarebuliyo (CoCievi v., maxlobeli aRmosavleTis saerTaSoriso

urTierToba XVI-XVII saukuneebSi, gv. 83-84), v. guCuas mixedviT ki 1518 wels

(saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, IV, gv. 98).3 Sanuto M. I diarii, t. XXVIII, Venezia, 1889 , p. 481.4 Ibidem, t. XXIX, Venezia, 1890, p. 368.

136 137

Tavisi laSqriT idga Sahi, ro melTanac `movida qarTvelebis,

anu iberebis mravalricxovani damxmare jari~1.

1521 wlis 16 marts konstantinopolis bailo sier toma

kontarini, qarTvelebis mier osmalebisaTvis miyenebuli

didi zaralis Sesaxeb ac no bebda2. xolo ucnobi avtoris

1521 wlis 26 martis werilSi, romelic aseve konstanti-

nopolidan aris gagzavnili, laparakia qarTvelebis mier

os malebisaTvis miyenebul zianze da iqve damatebulia cnoba,

rom osmaleTis sataxtoSi qarTvelTa razmebis winaaRmdeg

jaris gagzavna gadauwyve tiaT3. igive avtori 9 aprils wer-

da, rom `Sahma qarTvelebTan erTad aiklo osmaleTis saz-

Rvrebi siriaSi~4. imave wlis maisSi konstantino polSi xma

gavrcelebula sulTnis gadawyvetilebaze saqarTveloSi

laSqrobis mowyobis Sesaxeb5.

rogorc evropuli wyaroebidan Cans, qarTlis samefo

sefianTa iranis mxardamxar ebrZvis osmalebs, rac, sulTnis

risxvas iwvevda. bune brivia, daviT X-is sagareo politikis

mniSvnelovan problemas os maleTTan urTierTobis daregu-

lirebac Seadgenda. mas diplomatiuri saSualebebiT sulT-

nisTvis unda aexsna, rom qarTlelebis monawileoba yizil-

baSTa antiosmalur samxedro aqciebSi Sahisagan zewoliT

xdeboda. qarTlis mefem, imisaTvis raTa osmaleTis da iranis

saxelm wifos mimarT Tavisi loialoba daemtkicebina, maT-

dami Tavisi amgvari damokidebulebis gamoxatulebad man

qarTlSi datyvevebuli osmaleTis jaSuSis sakiTxi gadaaq-

cia. savaraudoa, rom osmaleTis mTavrobam daviT mefes Sir-

vanSi mi mavali Tavisi jaSuSis, vinme ahmedis saqarT velos

teritoriaze uxifaTod gatareba sTxova, rac 1520 wels

unda momxdariyo. jaSuSi jer isev Tbi lisSi imyofeboda,

1 Ibidem, t. XXX, Venezia, 1891, p. 2862 Ibidem, p. 281.3 Ibidem, p. 397.4 Ibidem, t. XXX, Venezia, 1893, p. 220.5 Ibidem, p. 446..

roca amis Sesaxeb Seityo aTabagma yvaryvare III-m da maSinve

Sah ismails acnoba. Sahi daviT mefes qarTlis ganadgurebiT

daemu qra Tu jaSuSs ar gadascemda. qarTvelma mefem aseTi

gamosavali monaxa: man saqarTvelo–iranis sazRvarze ahmedis

msgavsi yizilbaSi Seapyrobina, Tavi moakveTina da igi tansac-

melTan erTad Sahs gaugzavna, xolo ahmedi osmaleTSi

daabruna. qarTlis samefo karis moqmedeba osmalo jaSuSis

sa kiTxTan dakavSirebiT, gadmocemulia daviT mefis mier os-

maleTis xelisu flebisaTvis gagzavnil werilSi1.

Tu gavaanalizebT XVI saukunis pirveli meoTxedis

qarTuli da ucxouri wyaroebis monacemebs davinaxavT Sem-

deg gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan momentebs: 1. qarTveli

mTavrebi da didkacoba (aTabagi, gu rieli, kaxeTis Tavadebi

garsevan ColoyaSvilis meTaurobiT, qarTlis kaTalikosi da

amiraxori) ver iTmenda qarTl-kaxeTis erT samefod gaer-

Tianebas, radgan igi mTeli saqarTvelos gaerTianebis per-

speqtivas qmnida; 2. sefianTa saxelmwifosTvis miuRebeli

iyo qarTl-kaxeTis gaerTianeba da yvelafers akeTebda aR-

mosavleT saqarTvelos kvlav dasanawileblad; 3. osmal-

eTTan BbrZolis dros Sahs mokavSired gaerTianebuli

saqarTvelo ki ar undoda, aramed daqucmacebuli, romlis

mefe-mTavrebi mxolod Sahis mxardaWeriT SeZlebdnen Zalau-

flebis SenarCunebas.

saqarTvelos didkacobisa da Sahis CareviT, mefe daviT

X iZule buli gaxda zavi daedo kaxeTSi gamefebul levanTan.

Sahma maSinve scno igi kaxeTis mefed da daviTisa da aTaba-

gis Tanabrad misgan morCilebis piroba miiRo.

n. berZeniSvilis SefasebiT, daviTsa da levans Soris

dadebuli zavis pirobebi moaswavebda feodaluri saqarT-

velos ganviTarebis axal etaps: saqarTvelo gaiyo sam Tanas-

woruflebian samefod, romlebic gare samyarosaTvis erT

kulturul mTlianobas warmoadgendnen. gansakuTre buli

1 Jan-lui bake gramoni, dasax. naSr., gv. 105.

138 139

politikuri arseboba warmoSobda sxvadasxva saSinao da sa-

gareo politikur interesebs1. sagareo politikaSi azrTa

sxvadasxvaoba ukve naT lad gamoCda XVI saukuneSi iranTan

da osmaleTTan damokide bulebis sa kiTxSi.

daviT X qeds ar uxrida yizilbaSebs. 1522 wels ismail

I didi jariT wamovida saqarTveloze. rogorc qarTuli wy-

aroebidan Cans, Sahs qarTlis samefos damorCileba surda.

Semosul mters daviTma mSvidoba SesTavaza. ismaili zavze im

pirobiT daTanaxmdeboda, Tu daviTi piradad mividoda masTan

da islams miiRebda. samagierod `mogce niWi didi, qveyana da

gagiteo mSBdobiT~, _ uTvlida ismaili daviTs2. qarTlis

mefe ar damor Cilda Sahis moTxovnas da omisaTvis mzadebas

Seudga. man daxmareba sTxova aTabagsa da levan kaxTa mefes.

amaT garda `kualad gamoiyvana kavkasni da mTiulni, ganamt-

kica Tfilisi da yovelni cixeni da simagreni qarTlisani~3.

pirveli brZola moxda TeleTTan, sadac qarTvelebma

gaimarjves. isini daedevnen gaqceul mters, magram iaRlujis

mTis erT ReleSi Casa frebul ismails da mis jars waawydnen

da damarcxdnen. yizil baSebma moRalate cixisTavis meSveo-

biT Tbilisi aiRes da gadawves. Sahma Tbilisidan marbieli

Seusia samcxes da aiklo. amis Semdeg yizilbaSebi aiyarnen

da wavidnen, Tbilissa da qvemo qarTlis sima greebSi mecix-

ovne jari datoves4. erT-erTi sparsuli wyaros mixedviT,

ismail I-s, gardacvalebamde mcire xnis win, kaxeTi daul-

aSqravs, rac levan mefis iranisadmi daumorCileblobiT yo-

fila gamowveuli5.

1 Бердзенишвили Н. Очерк из истории развития феодальных отношений в Грузии (XIII-XVI вв.). saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, II, Tb., 1965 , gv. 101.

2 qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 397.3 iqve, gv. 398; II, gv. 355-356, 494-496.4 iqve, IV, gv. 398. zogierT mkvlevars miaCnia, rom ismaili arasodes yo-

fila saqarT veloSi. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ix. kacitaZe d., dasax. naSrimi, gv. 389-391; hasan-rumlu, gv. 54-55.

5 gelaSvili n., dasax. naSr., gv. 73.

1524 wels gardaicvala ismail I da taxtze avida misi

10 wlis vaJi Sah Tamaz I (1524-1576). Sahis mcirewlovanebiT

isargebles yizil baSma amirebma da Sinafeodaluri omi gaaC-

aRes. yizilbaSTa Tavdasxmebi saqarTveloze 40-iani wlebis

dasawyisamde Sewyda1.

iranSi Seqmnili viTarebiT isargebla daviT mefem, Tbili-

si dai bruna da Sahis vasalobidanac ganTavisuflda. saqarT-

velos karga xans arc os maleTi awuxebda, radgan 20-an

wlebSi sulTan suleiman II kanunis (1520-1566) agresia ev-

ropisaken, kerZod, ungreTisaken iyo mimarTuli. 1521 wels

osmalebma ungreTs waarTves belgradi, 1529 wels maT alya

Semoartyes avstriis dedaqalaq venas, 1536 wels ki aiRes

un greTis dedaqalaqi buda.

saRvTo romis imperiis amgvari SeWirvebis Jams karl V-m

(1519-1556) sefianTa saxelmwifoSi gagzavna Tavisi elCi Jan

de balbi da Sah ismailTan werilic gaatana2. werils darT-

uli aqvs ìnstruqciebi~, rom leb Sic naTqvamia, rom impera-

tors sxva araviTari cnoba ar gaaCnda Sah is mailisa da misi

1 zemoT ganxiluli wyaroebi da damowmebuli literatura ar iZleva

saSualebas imis Tqmisa, rom `1520-ian wlebSi unda momxdariyo sparseTis

mier ierusalimis dapyroba~ (RvaberiZe c., 1527 wels ierusalimSi qarTvelTa

laSqrobis Sesaxeb. istoriisa da eT nologiis institutis Sromebi, VIII, Tb., 2008, gv. 122) da amis Semdeg unda eTxova sulTans qarTveli mefeebisaTvis

osmalebTan erTad gaelaSqraT ierusalimis gasanTavisuflebad, razec gad-mogvcems timoTe gabaSvili Tavis `mimoslvaSi~. es laSqroba c. RvaberiZis

az riT, unda ganxorcielebuliyo 1527 wels (iqve). is `wyaroebi~, romelsac

mkvlevari eyrd noba, ar iZleva amgvari daskvnis gamotanis safuZvels. mis mier

damowmebuli wyaroebi (gv. 122-123), gamoxataven mxolod qarTveli mefeebis

damsaxurebas ierusalimis monastrebis mSvidobianad aRdgena-ga naxlebis saqme-

Si. aRniSnul periodSi ierusalimeli qarTvelebis adgilobriv Turqul admin-

istraciasTan urTierTobaze ix. mamisTvaliSvili e., saqarTvelo-ierusalimis

urTierTobis istoriidan, gv. 16-17.2 Lanz K. Correspodenz des Kaisers Karl V, Bd. I, Leipzig, 1844, S. 292-293.

werilis gagzavnis TariRTan dakavSirebiT ix. Чочиев В. Г., Относительно письма иранского шаха Ис маила I импера тору Карлу V. aRmosavluri filo-

logia, V, Tb., gv. 187-188.

140 141

moRvaweobis Sesaxeb, garda misgan 1525 wels miRe buli wer-

ilisa. aRniSnul wels imperatorma toledoSi miiRo Sah

is mailis elCi beri petre maroniti, romelmac mas Sahiis

werili gadasca. ismaili imper ators antiosmaluri ligis

Seqmnas sTavazobda. elCma aseTive Sinaarsis werili gadasca

imperatoris umcros Zmas, ungreTis mefe ferdinands I-s1

(SemdegSi saRvTo romis imperiis imperatori 1526-1564).

elCma da werilebma adresatebamde dagvianebiT miaRwia. is-

maili 1524 w. gardaicvala. irkveva, rom, rodesac impera-

tori da ungreTis mefe ismails werilebs ugzavnian, 1529

wels, maT ismaili isev cocxali hgo niaT.

imperatori Sahs acnobebda, rom 1525 wels daamarcxa da

daatyveva safrangeTis mefe fransua I (1515-1547), magram

roca is tyveobidan ganTavisuflda (1526 w.), venecielebTan

erTad kavSiri daamyara os maleTTan, amitom imperatori

iZulebuli gaxda, mTeli Tavisi jari italiaSi Seeyvana,

raTa Tavisi samflobeloebidan osmalebi ganedevna. axla mas

SesaZlebloba aqvs ungreTis mefesTan erTad daiwyos Seteva

os maleTze, rac sefianebs saSualebas miscems Seutios saer-

To mters2.

karl V-is werilidan isic Cans, rom misi mizani iyo

Sahs os maleTis winaaRmdeg saomari moqmedeba daewyo da amiT

habsburgebis im perias mdgo mareoba Semsubuqeboda. sulTani

iZulebuli gaxdeboda im periisa da un greTis sazRvrebidan

jaris nawili mainc aRmosavleTSi gadaeyvana.

radgan imperatoris cdam Sedegi ar gamoiRo, ungreTis

mefe fer dinandma imave wels sefianTa saxelmwifoSi gagza-

vna Tavisi elCebi _ petro de negro da svimon de lili.

maT daevalaT molaparakeba ewarmoebinaT Sah TamazTan da

`saqarTvelos mefe~ levanTan.

Sah Tamazs maSin osmaleTTan omis ganzraxva ar hqonda,

1 Lanz K., Op. cit., S. 52, 168.2 Charrière E., Op. cit., t. I, Paris, 1848 , p. 173-174.

radgan osmalebi evropaSi ibrZodnen da is araviTar SemTx-

vevaSi ar ganaax lebda brZolas osmaleTTan. Sahis mizani iyo

xelis Sewyoba osmaleTis agresiisaTvis evropaSi. Sahi un-

greTis mefis elCebs mainc dapirda, rom Tavisi mamis, Sah

ismailis msgavsad, mzad iyo saqmiani daxmareba gaewia os-

maleTis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli ungreTisaTvis1.

ferdinand I-is elCebi kaxeTis mefe levansac ewvivnen.

mefem kar gad miiRo isini da roca Seityo ungrelebis osmal-

eTTan omisaTvis mzadyofnis Sesaxeb, imanac `Tavis mxriv aR-

uTqva mTeli trapizonis fexze dayeneba~2. savaraudoa levan

mefe `trapizonSi~ dasavleT saqarTvelos gulisxmobda. amas

mafiqrebinebs is faqti, rom dokumentSi levani `geor giis

mefed~, e. i. qarTl-kaxeTis mefed iwodeba. maSasadame, levan

mefis naTqvami ungreTis mefis elCebs unda gaegoT ase: ara

mxolod qarTli da kaxeTi, aramed osmaleTis gavlenis qveS

myofi dasavleTi saqarTveloc mis winaaRmdeg ibrZolebso.

imave periodSi evropaSi kvlav, TandaTanobiT, SemuSavda

azri aR mosavlaTis ori qristianuli qveynis _ moskovis

saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebis _ an-

tiosmalur koaliciaSi Cabmis Ses axeb, radgan maT inter-

esebsac Seesabameboda aseTi koaliciis Sqmna. magram is, rac

osmaleTis agresiis sferoSi myof saxelmwifoebs TavianT-

Tvis sasurvelad miaCndaT, sxvebi (inglisi, espaneTi,

portuga lia) amis gamo Tavs ar iwuxebdnen. avstriis impe-

riasa da safrangeTs Soris imdenad seriozuli winaaRmde-

gobebi arsebobda, rom isini garkveul gavlenas axdenda os-

maleTis agresiis mimarTulebis gansaz Rvraze.

1 Neck R., Diplomatische Beziehungen zum Vordern Orients unter Karl V. `Mit teilungen des Ős terreichischen Staatsarchivs~, 1952, S. 83-86; Tardy L., Be-yond the Ot toman Empire 14th-16th centuri. Hun garian diplomacy in the East. `Stu-dia Uralo-Al taica~, 13, Szeged, 1978 , p. 135-136; tardi l., ungreT-saqarTvelos

urTierToba XVI sau kuneSi, gv. 45.2 Neck R., Op. cit., S. 86; tardi l., ungreT-saqarTvelos urTierToba XVI

sau kuneSi, gv. 45-46.

142 143

XVI saukunis 20-iani wlebidan safrangeTi osmaleTTan

TanamSrom lobda. igi osmaleTTan politikur urTierTobas

levantSi Tavisi vaW robis gasafarToeblad iyenebda. safrange-

Tis samefo kari cdilobda aR mosavleT evropaSi SenarCune-

buli yofiliyo patar-patara politikuri erTeulebi, rom-

lebic safrangeTis monarqiis gavlenis qveS iqnebodnen,

habsburgebis imperia ki maT dapyrobas lamobda. 1526 wlis

maisSi Seiqmna koniakis liga, romelSic Sevida safrangeTi,

romis papi da venecia. liga mimarTuli iyo habsburgebis wi-

naaRmdeg. osmalebisaT vis cnobili iyo, rom habsburgebs ar

SeeZloT Tavisi mokavSire ungreTis samefos dacva. ungre Tis

mefe laioS II-m daxmareba sTxova inglisis mefes, paps,

veneciis re spublikas, magram amaod. 1526 wlis 29 agvistos

osmalebma sastikad gaanadgures ungreTis jari moxaCTan br-

ZolaSi. amis Semdeg iwyeba ungre Tis saxelmwifos dacema,

rac safrangeT-habsburgTa Soris winaaRmdegobis Sedegi iyo.

XVI s. 20-iani wlebidan sefianTa irani iaraRiT aRar

ebrZoda os maleTs da amiT xels uwyobda osmaleTis agresi-

is dasavleTisaken war marTvas. aRmosavleTis saqmeebisgan os-

maleTis yuradRebis Camo Soreba irans awyobda.

1532 wels osmaleTsa da avstrias Soris daido zavi.

osmaleTis winsvla evropaSi SeCerda da axla misi mTeli

yuradReba aRmosavleTi sken gadmovida. osmaleTi iranis wi-

naaRmdeg saomrad emzadeboda. 1534 wlis zafxulSi osmaleb-

ma daipyres saqarTvelos mezobeli vani, avniki, ahlaTi, arz-

rumi, yarsi, mTeli azerbaijani da baRdadi.

rodesac Tvals gadavavlebT ukanaskneli aTi wlis gan-

mavlobaSi osmalebis warmatebas, naTelia, rom saqarTvelos

mTel samxreT sazRvarze gamezoblebuli osmaleTis saxelm-

wifo, SedarebiT patara da susti saqarTvelos dapyrobasac

Seecdeboda. amitom savsebiT logikuri iqneboda momxdariyo

qvynis mTeli Zalebis konsolidacia. moxda ki piriqiT. 1535

wels imereTis mefe bagrat III-m da qarTlis mefe luarsab

I-ma, dadianisa da gurielis daxmarebiT, saaTabagos terito-

riebi daipyres. roca yvaryvare III imereTSi tyveobaSi gar-

daicvala, bagratma aWara da WaneTi guriels gadasca, riTac

levan dadianis guliwyroma gamoiwvia. amiT daiwyo odiSis

mTavris imereTis mefisadmi mtroba. saaTabagos umsxvilesma

feodalma oTar SalikaSvilma yvaryvares mcirewlovani mem-

kvidre qaixosro sulTan suleiman II-sTan waiyvana da misi

gaaTabageba sTxova1. SemTxveviT isargebla osmaleTma da arz-

rumis beglarbegma mehmed-xanma 1536 wels taosa da klarje-

Tis teritoriebi daipyro. osmalebma aq oTxi sanjayi daaar-

ses. amiT daiwyo osmaleTis mier samcxis dapyroba da

os maluri mmarTvelobisa da wesebis danergva.

amis Semdeg irani da osmaleTi erTmaneTs ejibrebodnen

vin ufro mets wahglejda saqarTvelos. iranma miiRo Tu

ara mcireodeni Sesveneba osmaleTTan omSi, maSinve daiwyo

samxedro aqciebi saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg. 1540 wels Sah

Tamazi qarTlis samefos damorCilebisaTvis mzadebas Seudga

(kaxeTis mefe levanma Sahs morCileba gamoucxada). qarTlis

mefe luarsab I (1534-1556) fxizlad adevnebda Tvals Sahis

saqmianobas da saWiroebis SemTxvevisaTvis cdilobda sa-

pirispiro Zalis gamonaxvas. maSin aseTi seriozuli Zala

SeiZleboda osmaleTi yofiliyo. albaT qarTlis mefe lu-

arsabi igulisxmeba ungreTis mefe ferdinandis elCis ieronim

laskis 1540 wlis 5 dekembris werilSi, ro melSic naTqva-

mia: konstantinopolSi `Camovida sarwmunoebiT qristiani

qarTveli mefe, raTa daxmareba sTxovos TurqeTs iranis Sa-

his wi naaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. magram misi erTgulebisa aq

ar sjeraT~2.

1 samcxidan konstantinopolSi Casul aTabagobis kandidats da SalikaS-

vilebs unda gulisxmobdes m. sanuto, rodesac ambobs, TurqebTan kavSiris dasamyareblad qarT veli didebulebi Camovidneno. Sanuto M., I diarii, v. 57, p. 633.

2 venis arqivSi moZiebuli sabuTis fragmenti gamoaqveyna l. tardim. ix.

misi ungreT-saqarTvelos urTierToba XVI saukuneSi, gv. 51.

144 145

qarTulma istoriografiam icis luarsab I-is mefobis

ZiriTadi momentebi, magram arsad miTiTebuli ar aris, rom

igi rodesme wasuli yos sulTnis karze. savaraudoa, sul-

Tans qarTlis mefe ki ar eaxla, aramed misi romelime dide-

buli da Tavisi mefis saxeliT yizilbaSebis winaaRmdeg dax-

mareba iTxova. sulTanma uari sTqva qarTlis samefos

dax marebaze, rac motivirebuli unda yofiliyo iranTan xe-

laxla Sejaxebis Tavidan acilebiT.

qarTlis samefos imave elCobaze unda iyos saubari sa-

frangeTis venecieli elCis monpelies mier mefe fransua

pirvelisaTvis gagzavnil 1541 wlis 31 martiT daTariRebul

werilSi. masSi naTqvamia, rom Sahs ganuzraxavs saqarTvelos

erT-erTi mbrZaneblis samflobeloze Tavdasxma. amitom

qarTvelma mbrZanebelma Tavisi elCi gagzavna sulTanTan

daxmarebis saTxovnelad1. ar gasula didi dro da aprilis

werili ukve qarTvelTa da yizilbaSTa Soris momxdar omsa

da Sahis mier gancdil did zaralze gvamcnobs2. Znelia Tqma

imisa, qrTvel-sparselTa Setakebis es epizodi Sah Tamazis

saqarTveloSi pirvel laSqrobas asaxavs Tu am laSqrobis

romelime epizodia qarTvelebis yizilbaSebTan gamarTuli

brZolisa.

imave wlis 4 ivlisis werilSi monpelie safrangeTis

mefes acno bebda, rom didvaziri suleiman faSa iranis wi-

naaRmdeg sabrZolvelad wavida. monpelies ise gamohyavs,

TiTqos osmalebi Sahisagan awiokebuli qarTvelebis Suris

saZieblad wavidnen3.

31 martisa da 4 ivlisis werilebi saSualebas gvaZlevs

davadgi noT, rom Sah Tamazis saqarTveloSi pirveli laSqro-

1 Charrière E., Op. cit., I, p. 473. am cnobis analizi ix. CoCievi v., max-lobeli aRmosav leTis saerTaSoriso urTierTobani XVI saukunis pirveli

naxevris franguli diplomatiuri korespondeciis mixedviT. Tsu Sromebi, t. 186, aRmosavleTmcodneoba, Tb., 1978, gv. 122.

2 Charrière E., Op. cit., I, p. 473.3 Ibidem, p. 499.

ba moxda dasax elebul ricxvebs Soris. 31 martis werilSi

jer mxolod Sahis saqarTvelos mi marT muqarazea saubari,

maSin rodesac 4 ivliss masSi laparakia, rogorc aprilSi

momxdari faqtze. amdenad, sxva qarTul wyaroebTan Sedare-

biT, Sah Tamazis saqarTveloSi pirveli laSqrobis Sesaxeb

rom gadmogvcems, yvelaze zust TariRs (1541 w.) gvaZlevs

ìkorTis Jamngulani~ da èrisTavianT daujdomeli~1. yiz-

ilbaSebisaTvis didi zarali ki Seupovar luarsab I-s unda

mieyenebina.

qarTvelTa brZolam dampyroblebisagan Tavis dasacavad,

sakmaod seriozulad miipyro evropis meTaurTa yuradReba.

zogs (mag. sa frangeTis samefo kars) iranis winaaRmdeg mebr-

Zoli saqarTvelos mdgomareoba ainteresebda, radgan masTan

brZolaSi Cabmuli irani os maleTs seriozulad veRar uS-

lida xels Tavisi agresia samxreT-aRmosavleTi ev ropisken

da safrangeTis metoqe habsburgebis imperiisken waremarTa.

habs burgebis saxelmwifo, ungreTi da osmalebisagan jer

kidev daupyrobel balkaneTis xalxebi dainteresebuli

iyvnenen im saqarTveloTi, romelic iranTan erTad ebrZoda

osmaleTs da gark veuli gagebiT mdgomareobas um sumuqebda

dasaxelebul qveynebsa da xalxebs.

amgvari dainteresebis gamoxatuleba iyo romis pap pavle

III-is mier 1545 wlis 17 ivliss qarTlis mefe luarsabisaT-

vis naxWevanSi moR vawe wm. dominikes wesis mRvdlebis _

dominikesa da batistis xeliT ga mogzavnili epistole. ba-

tisti qarTlis mefesTan daaxloebuli yofila. mefe ic-

nobda wm. dominikes ordenis im wevrebsac, romlebic qarT-

lis samefoSi imyofebodnen.

epistoles adresati, marTalia qarTlis mefea, magram

masSi ga mosW vivis kaTolikuri eklesiis meTauris damokide-

buleba da ganwyo bileba mTeli saqarTvelos mimarT. papis

umTavresi mizani da mowodeba aris ka Tolicizmis gavrcele-

1 javaxiSvili iv., dasax. naSr., gv. 243.

146 147

ba da papis uzenaesobis aRiareba saqarT veloSi. romis agen-

tebisa da qarTveli politikosebis mier miwodebul

informaci aze dayrdnobiT, papi darwmunebuli iyo, rom lu-

arsab I `RvTismosaobis erTgulebiTa da aRfrTovanebiT~

Tayvans scemda romis wminda eklesias da yvela eklesiis

meTaurad mas aRiarebda. Turme luarsabis kaTolikobis admi

ganwyobilebas iziarebdnen dasavleT saqarTvelos (kokatis/

quTaisis) patriarqi, kaxeTis (zagesis/zagemis) mefe levani,

samcxis (kelse kis/axalcixis) mTavari yvaryvare1 da `saqarT-

velos qalaqebisa da samefoebis warCinebuli mefeebi. paps,

savaraudoa, TiToeuli maTganisT visac analogiuri Sinaarsis

werilebi gamougzavnia.

papi qarTvel mbrZaneblebTan dakavSirebis survils aya-

libebs Sem degnairad: `qristes am erTaderT samwysoSi gv-

surs Seni da sxva qarTveli mefeebis Semosvla, yvela maTi

da mTeli xalxis sulis sacxoneblad. ami tom, ramdenadac

Cven es SegviZlia, uflis mier mogi wodebT, raTa, rogorc

erTia RmerTi da erTia naTlisReba, aseve yvela CvenTvis

erTi iyos sarwmunoeba qristes samwysosi da viyoT wm. deda

kaTolike eklesiis er TobaSi, raTa Tqvenc, CvenTan erTad da

Cveni Sem weobiT, advilad ewioT am bednierebas~2.

papi luarsab mefes sTxovs romSi gagzavnos Tavisi

despanebi, raTa maTi saSualebiT mefis qveSevrdomni romis

eklesiisa da misi meTauris romis papis Svilebad gamocx-

addnen. papi luarsabs mouwodebs: àseve Sea guliane zemox-

senebuli Seni mezobeli sami qarTveli mefec3, raTa Sens

de spanebTan erTad gamogzavnon TavianTi despanebic da maTi

saSualebiT morCileba aRuTqvan romis wm. msoflio ekle-

sias da Cven, romelic mas ganvagebT. Tu Sen saWirod dain-

1 igulisxmeba yvaryvare III (1516-1535), magram am dros aTabagia qaixosro II.

2 tabaRua, dasax. naSr., I, gv. 232.3 papi aTabagsac mefes uwodebs.

axav, sxva mefeebsac gaugzavne am werilebis TiTo piri~1.

darwmunebuli var, qarTvel politikosebi iTval-

iswinebdnen romis dainteresebas saqarTveloSi kaTolicizmis

gavrcelebis Sesaxeb. amitom maT mier romSi gagzavnil wer-

ilebSi (ar gamovricxav kaTolike patrebi samefo karis kar-

naxiTac werdnen) iyo Txovna, mezobeli muslimi mezoblebi-

sagan TavdacvaSi daxmarebis Sesaxeb da iqve aRniSnuli iyo

qarTvelTa simpaTiebze kaTolikuri eklesiisa da papis mi-

marT. magram pa pebi, TavianTi SesaZleblobebidan da in-

teresidan gamomdinare, qarTvelebs exmianebodnen mxolod

TavianTvis saintereso erT sakiTxze _ kaTolicizmis gavr-

celebaSi daxmarebaze.

1547 wels osmaleTma zavi dasdo habsburgebis saxelm-

wifosTan da ungreTTan da maSinve ganaaxla omi iranTan.

1548 wlis 27 ivliss osmalebi TavrizSi Sevidnen, sadac

mxolod xuTi dRe dahyves, radgan qalaqi mTlianad dacli-

li iyo. jari sursaT-sanovagis naklebobas ganicdida. kon-

trSetevaze gadasulma Sahis laSqarma imave wlis seqtem-

berSi marcxi ganicada somxeTSi.

1549 wlis gazafxulze osmalebma iaraRi samcxisaken

warmarTes, romlis aTabag qaixosros iranis mxare eWira.

ibrahim feCevis gadmoce miT am dros samcxeSi saxalxo

ajanyeba mimdinareobda2. osmalebma am ajanyebis CaxSobasTan

erTad saaTabagos mniSvnelovani nawilic daipyres da os-

maleTis imperias SeuerTes3.

1551 wels SaqSi Sah TamazTan mividnen aTabag qaixosros

elCebi da moaxsenes, rom qarTlis mefe luarsabi da Tav-

adebi samcxeSi SemoiWrnen da maviwroebeno, `Cemi vilaieTis

dapyrobas lamoben, zogi olqic wamarTves. isqander faSac

1 tabaRua, dasax. naSr., I, gv. 233.2 ibrahim feCevis cnobebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis Sesaxeb. teqsti qar-

Tuli TargmaniTurT gamosca, Sesavali da SeniSvnebi daurTo s. jiqiam, Tb., 1964 , gv. 27-28.

3 svaniZe m. dasax. naSr., gv. 63-67.

148 149

arzrumidan movida am mxareSi da artanujis cixe daikavao~1.

Sah Tamazi didi jariT Sevida samcxeSi da saSinlad aik-

lo qaixos ros mowinaaRmdegeTa samflobeloebi. sparselTa

jaris mier sam cxeSi Ca denil saSinelebaTa Sesaxeb dawvri le-

biT mogviTxroben hasan rumlu da isqander munSi. maTive

gadmocemiT, yizilbaSebi samcxidan qarTlSi (hasan rumlus mi-

xedviT, mxolod sabaraTianoSi) SeiWrnen, aikles da gamosazam-

Treblad yarabaRisaken gaeSurnen. aTabagi axla sparselTa

jariT cdilobda Tavisi samflobeloebis aRdgenas2.

saqarTveloSi Sahis warmatebam osmaleTi SeaSfoTa. sul-

Tani ver urigdeboda saaTabagos iranis gavlenis qveS moqce-

vas. 1553 wels sulTani kvlav wavida Sahis winaaRmdeg saom-

rad. vidre igi iranis sam flobeloebSi SeiWreboda, manamde

Seecada mSvidobiani zurgis uzrun velyofis mizniT saaTaba-

gosTan urTierToba gaerkvia. rogorc Taname drove anonimi

venecielis cnobebidan irkveva, sulTanma ganizraxa aTa bagis

iZuleba, raTa am omis dros neitraliteti daecva, ar

daebrkole bina osmaleTis jaris mosamarageblad anatolii-

dan wamosuli aRali. anonimi wers: `[sulTans] surda, rom

banakSi gagzavnil sursaT-sanovages dabrkoleba ar Sexve-

droda qarTvelebisa da qurTebis mxriv, romleb sac, roca

jari arz rumidan iranisken wavidoda, yovelTvis advilad

SeeZloT daebrkolebinaT sursaT-sanovagis gadazidva, riTac

Seiqmne boda jaris damarcxebis didi xifaTi, an [jari]

swrafad unda dabrunebuliyo ukan. amitom [sulTans] er-

TaderT saSualebad miaCnda im mxareSi jaris nawilis da-

toveba. iq unda daetovebinaT ramdenime sanjay-begi didi

eskadroniT. amas garda, misi az riT, ukeTesi iqneboda, mSvi-

doba daemyarebina qurTebTan. [qurTebTan] gag zavnilma misian-

ebma erTguleba da fici miiRes. aseTive mizniT gaagzavnes

qarTvelebTan erTi cnobili pirovneba sakmaod mravalricx-

1 isqander munSi gv. 18; hasan-rumlu, gv. 29.2 hasan-rumlu, gv. 32.

ovani mxedrobiT, raTa STabeWdileba moexdina [qarTve-

lebze]~1.

imave wyarodan vigebT, rom sulTans qurTebTan sakiTxi

sasurve lad mougvarebia da imedi hqonda, rom aseve moxde-

boda qarTvelebTanac. is `cnobili pirovnebis~ dabrune-

bas arc ki daeloda, ise gaagrZela gza iranis sazRvre-

bisaken.

Sah Tamazma axlac osmalebTan brZolis Zveli nacadi

meTodi ga moiyena. iranis saazRvrebSi SeWril osmalebs ̀ gad-

abuguli miwebis~ gavla uxdebodaT da ramdenime dRis Sem-

deg sagrZnobi gaxda sursaTis nakleboba. cxenis erTi jeri

sakvebi 20 aspri, xolo erTi patara puri erTi marketi

Rirda. fasebis sul ufro zrdis gamo meomrebi Relavd nen.

zogs imis imedi hqonda, rom male movidoda sursaTi ana-

toliidan da, miuxedavad brZanebisa, sursaTis momWirneobiT

xarjvis Sesaxeb, marags ar ufrTx ildebodnen. urCni, Sem-

degSi, sulTnis brZanebiT, sikvdiliT dasajes2.

rac Seexeba sulTnis mier saqarTveloSi gagzavnil ̀ cno-

bil pi rovnebas~, mis Sesaxeb imave wyarodan vigebT Semdegs:

`kacma, romelic qarTvelebTan gagzavnili iyo, raTa isini

erTguli gaexada, sulTnis sax eliT, rogorc zemoT iTqva,

miaRwia kidec amas. magram ukan dabrune bisas sazRvarTan

misuls, tyeSi Tavs daesxa ormoci ucnobi da mokles. misi

TanamgzavrebisaTvis sxva ziani ar miuyenebiaT, mxolod is

werilebi waarTves, romlebic qarTvelma mTavarma sulTans

miswera~3.

savaraudoa, sulTnis warmomadgenels isini moklavdnen,

vinc dainteresebulni iyvnen aTabagsa da sulTans Soris

urTierTobis gauare sebiT. antiosmaluri ganwyobilebis

mqone mniSvnelovani Zala rom arse bobda saaTabagoSi, es kar-

1 Alberi E., Op. cit., I, p. 256.2 Ibidem, p. 257.3 Ibidem, p. 259.

150 151

gad gamomJRavnda Tundac 1549 wlis ajanyebis dros. imis

Tqmac SeiZleba, rom Tavdamsxmelebis zurgs ukan qarTlisa

da imereTis mefeebic idgnen. aTabagis avtoritetis Selax-

viT (is xom osmaleTis jarze dayrdnobiT soxoistas brZo-

lis Semdeg, 1545 wels, gaaTabagda) isinic dainteresebulni

iyvnen. amgvar mosazrebas, Cemi azriT, adasturebs, sulTnis

Semdgomi moqmedeba samcxis mimarT. albaT, sulTnisTvisac

gasagebi iyo TavdamsxmelTa mizani da amis gamo Tavi Sei kava

samcxeSi mtruli aqciebisagan. ra Tqma unda, arc imis gamor-

icxva SeiZleba, rom iranTan gaWianurebuli omis dros sul-

Tani saaTabagosTan urTierTobis kidev ufro garTulebas

moerida da mxolod TavdacviTi RonisZieba gaatara: `roca

sulTanma es axali am bavi gaigo, eWvi daebada, rom kapadoki-

idan momaval aRals qarTvelebi dabrkolebas Seuqmnidnen,

amitom man sxva beglarbegi gagzavna qarT velebis qveyanaSi

ramdenime san jay-begiTa da mravalricxovani mxedro biT da

daavala, rom raime ziani ki ar miayenon qarTvelebs, aramed

is ini mxolod SeaCeron TavianT sazRvrebSi. qarTvelebi imis

SiSiT, rom is jari gaanadgurebs maT qveyanas ver gabedaven

raime axali aqciis mowyobas~1.

sursaTis nakleboba katastrofas uqadda osmaleTis

jars. amitom sulTanma gadawyvita, xeli aeRo Sahis jarebis

devnaze, raTa SemdegSi is ini generalur brZolaSi gaenadgure-

bina da anatoliaSi dabruneba gadawy vita, magram mas kvlav

axali samwuxaro anbavi acnobes: `Sahis vaJi ismaili qarT-

velTa mravalricxovani jariT Tavs daesxa kapadokiidan mo-

maval sursaTiT datvirTul sam aTas aqlems. waiRes yve-

laferi, mcvelni daaty vevs. es axali cnoba yvelaze mware

iyo TurqebisaTvis, romlebic am sur saTiT fiqrobdnen su-

lis moTqmas. sulTani am siaxlis gamo ganrisxda da saqarT-

velos winaaRmdeg Sebruneba brZana, radgan zaralis mimyen-

1 Ibidem. svaniZe m., dasax. naSr., gv. 74.

ebeli is mailis1 jari mTlianad an umetes wilad qarT ve -

lebi sagan Sedgeboda. ma gram man am ganzraxvaze xeli aiRo,

radgan male zamTari dadgeboda, ro melic am mxareSi Zalian

civia. man ukeTesad miiCnia gamosazamTreblad ka padokiaSi

dabrunebuliyo, xolo qarTvelebis dasja gazafxulamde,

omis ganaxlebis dromde, gadado~2.

qarTvelebi da sparselebi rom erToblivad ebrZodnen

sparselebs, Cans sxva werilobiTi cnobebidanac3.

xangrZlivma omma irani da osmaleTi moqanca. orive mxares

omis damTavreba surda. zavis dadebis iniciativa Sah Tamazma

gamoiCina. ma gram, vidre sazavo molaparakeba daiwyeboda, mana-

mde Sahma saqarT veloSi Tavisi poziciebis ganmtkiceba ganiz-

raxa da am mizniT 1554 wlis zafxulSi saqarTvelos meoTxed

Semoesia. rogori seriozuli ziani moutana qveyanas sparsel-

Ta am laSqrobam, Tundac iqidan Cans, rom way vanili iqna 30

aTasi tyve, sxva ubedureba, rom aRar gavixsenoT.

yizilbaSTa es ukanaskneli Semoseva asaxuli unda iyos

sparsul dokumentSi, romelic warmoadgens ori sparseli

didebulis sevinduq be gisa da ustajlu Sah yulu bin

hamza mirzas mier arzrumis gamgeblis aias faSasadmi gag-

zavnil werils4. igi dawerili unda iyos 1554 wlis ag-

1 ismail-mirza cnobili iyo osmalebisadmi Seurigebeli mtrobiT. igi

SemdegSi dadebul amasiis zavsac ar scnobda da yovel xelsayrel SemTxvevaSi

Tavs esxmoda os maleTis samflobeloebs, rac zavis darRvevis saSiSroebas qmnida. amis gamo ise gamwvavda urTierToba Sah Tamazsa da ismail-mirzas So-

ris, rom Sahis brZanebiT is alamuTis cixeSi Casves, sadac TiTqmis oci weli

gaatara. amis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT iTqmeva sxvagan.

2 Alberi E., Op. cit., I, p. 262-263; svaniZe m., dasax. naSr., gv. 72-73.3 tardi l., anTal veranCiCis moxsenebiTi baraTebi. Targmani ungrulidan

v. imerliS vilisa, `kldekari~, goris saliteraturo Jurnali, `lomisi~, Tb., 1997, gv. 137-138. ix. aqve, òdiSis samTavros sagareo urTierTobis istoriidan~.

4 Fekete L., Zur Geschixte der Grusiner des 16 Jahrhunderts. Àcta Orient. Hung~., t. I, fasc. I, 1950, S. 93-137; kacitaZe d., XVI-XVII saukuneTa sparsuli

dokumenturi wyaroebi saqarTvelos istoriisaTvis. `kavkasiur-axloaRmosav-

luri krebuli~, II, Tb., 1962, gv. 214-213.

152 153

vistos1 an 30 oqtombris Semdeg2. werilidan vigebT, rom

yizilbaSeb Tan omSi damar cxebuli luarsabi imereTSi gada-

sula. imereTis mefe ba grat III-s ara mxolod Seufarebia

devnili qarTlis mefe, aramed misTvis dasaxmareblad osma-

leTSic ki wasula. sparseli didebulebis mizans (safiqre-

belia, is ini Sah Tamazis miTiTebiT moqmedebdnen) warmoad-

gens, daumtkicon osmaleTis sulTans, rom misi Careva

qarTlis saqmeebSi kidev ufro daZa bavs iran-osmaleTis urT-

ierTobas. es rom ar moxdes, osmaleTma Tavisi gavlena unda

gamoiyenos imereTis mefeze, raTa man yizilbaSebs gadasces

luarsab mefe. imave werilidan vigebT, rom luarsabis mier

imereTSi TavSefareba pirveli SemTxveva ar yofila. igi yov-

elTvis ase iqceoda, roca yizilbaSebi dajabnidnen xolme.

yizilbaSebi imereTis mimarT samxe dro aqciebidan Tavs

ikavebdnen, radgan imereTis mefe sulTnis qveSevrdomi iyo.

amiT sparseli didebulebi osmalebs agrZnobinebdnen, rom

maTac Tavi unda SeekavebinaT yizilbaSebis xeldebuli qar-

Tlis samefos saqmeebSi Carevaze.

werilis avtorebi yuradRebas gansakuTrebiT amaxvileben

im gar moebaze, rom imereTisa da qarTlis mefeebi sargeblo-

ben iran-os maleTis metoqeobiTa da omiT da cdiloben kidev

ufro gaaRvivon maT Soris wi naaRmdegoba, raTa erTmaneTi

amowyviton. werilis avtorebis azriT, imi saTvis raTa gad-

wydes `gurjistanis sakiTxi~, aucilebelia or musliman

saxelmwifos Soris omi Sewydes.

werili naTels xdis, rogor dainteresebuli iyo irani

omis dam TavrebiT da zavis dadebiT. amave dros Sahis kari

cdilobda gaerkvia os maleTis pozicia saqarTvelos mimarT.

imave wels daiwyo sazavo mo la parakeba, romlis drosac

Sahis warmomadgeneli gansakuTrebiT gamohyofda saqarT-

velos sakiTxs. anonimi venecielis TqmiT, `Se Tanxmdnen im

1 kacitaZe d., dasax. naSr., gv.1322 svaniZe m., dasax. naSr., gv. 77.

pirobiT, rom erTis yvela qveSevrdomi da moxarke pativce-

muli iqneboda meores mier. sulTanma suleimanma sityva

misca Sah Tamazs, rom arc exla da arc zavis dadebis Sem-

deg araviTar zians ar miayenebda saqarTvelos~1. maSasa dame,

Sahs saqarTvelo Tavis qveSevrdom da moxarke qveynad mi-

aCnda da sulTnisganac moiTxovda am Tavisi uflebis aRi-

arebas.

Uungrel diplomats anTal veranCiCs mxedvelobidan ar

gamorCa qarTveli politikosebis saqmianoba iran-osmaleTs

Soris sazavo molaparakebis CasaSlelad. 1554 wlis 19 de-

kembris angariSSi igi werda: ̀ qarTveli mmarTvelni sparsel-

Ta mxareze gadavidnen da yovelmxriv iRwvian rom CaSalon

zavis dadebis saqme. amitomac sulTanma miiRo gadawyvetile-

ba daiwyos omi qarTvelT winaaRmdeg, Tuki qarTvelebi xels

ar aiReben TavianT Tavxedur ganzraxvaze da maT mxares ar

gadavlen~2.

1555 w. 29 maiss amasiaSi daido sazavo xelSekruleba,

romliTac dasrulda iran-osmaleTis xangrZlivi omi. magram

zavma bolo ar mouRo `Serigebul~ saxelmwifoebs Soris

winaaRmdegobas da maT agresias kavkasias qveynebSi. amasiis

zavi gadaiqca am ori agresoris dapyrobiTi politikis axa-

li etapis amosaval punqtad3. iran-osmaleTis agresiis mori-

gi etapi gamoixateboda aRmosavleT saqarTvelos dapyrobis

cdebSi. òsmalebi da iranis jarebi drodadro Tavs esxmod-

nen qarTul miwebs, raTa `SeexsenebinaT~ 1555 wlis

xelSekrulebis pirobebi~4. irani amis ganxorcielebas cdi-

lobda amasiis zavis pirobebis dacviT, osmaleTi _ misi

gauqmebis gziT.

1 Alberi E., Op. cit., I, p. 265.2 tardi l., anTal veranCiCis moxsenebiTi baraTebi, gv. 139.3 CoCievi v., kaxeTis samefos sagareo politikis istoriidan XVI s. 60-

ian wlebSi. Tsu Sromebi, t. 118, 1967, gv. 243.4 Новосельцев А. П., Ук. труд, c. 118.

154 155

amasiis sazavo xelSekrulebam karga xniT gansazRvra

saqarT velos bedi. amasiis zavis Semdeg amierkavkasiaSi da,

kerZod, saqarT veloSi Seqm nili viTarebis amsaxveli weri-

lobiTi wyaroebi sakmaod mravladaa moR weuli. magram maTi

avtorebisaTvis yovelTvis gasagebi ar aris saqarTveloSi

mimdinare movlenebi. wyaroebSi umetesad `saqarT veloa~ nax-

senebi, rac aZnelebs imis garkvevas, masSi romeli samefo an

samTavroa na gulisxmevi. aqve isic unda aRiniSnos, rom qarT-

veli xalxis brZola da moukideblobis SenarCunebis an aRd-

genis mizniT ucxoel damkvirveblebs xSirad sworad ar

esmiT: Tu qarTvelebi Sahs ebrZvian, maSin maT miiCneven os-

maleTis sulTnis qveSevrdomebad an mo kavSireebad, xolo

Tu piriqiT xdeba, maSin Sahis momxreebi hgoniaT. wyaroebis

amgvari tendencia arTulebs sinamdvilis dadgenas.

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos samefoebisa da saTavadoebis

damokide buleba amasiis zavisadmi erTnairi ar iyo. saTava-

doebis didi nawili, savaraudoa, zavis momxreni iyvnen, rad-

gan zavis Sedegad qarTlisa da kaxeTis samefo xelisufleb-

is winaaRmdeg brZolaSi iran-osmaleTis mxardaWeris imedi

hqondaT. rac Seexeba qarTlisa da kaxeTis mefeebs, maTTvis

amasiis zavi miuRebeli iyo, radgan amieridan maT naklebad

SeeZloT iran-osmaleTis winaaRmdegobebis gamoyeneba Tavi-

anTi damou kide blobis SesanarCuneblad. roca iran-osmaleTi

erTmaneTTan brZolas Sewyvetdnen, maSin qarTvelebis saSi-

nao saqmeebSi ufro energiulad Cae reodnen.

qarTveli politikosebisaTvis kargad iyo cnobili, rom

sparseTi da osmaleTi erTmaneTs saqarTveloSi gabatonebi-

sTvisac ebrZodnen. amitom isini yvelafers akeTebdnen, raTa

ori dampyrobeli erTmaneTs ar morigeboda saqarTvelos

xarjze, SenarCunebuli yofiliyo maT So ris dapirispireba.

osmaleTTan brZolaSi damarcxebuli da dasustebuli

sparseTi myarad ver grZnobda Tavis poziciebs aRmosavleT

saqarTveloSi, amitom misi sagareo politikis mTavar ubnad

aq arsebuli ori qarTuli saxelmwifo rCeboda. radgan sa-

survel Sedegs ver miaRwia, Sahs xSirad uxdeboda Seiara-

Rebuli Zalis gamoyeneba yizilbaSebis winaaRmdeg amxe drebul

qarTlis samefos dasamorCileblad. aRmosavleT saqarT-

veloze iranis Setevis saqmeSi gansakuTrerbiT aqtiurobda

yarabaxis gamgebeli Sahverdi-sulTani.

osmaleTi fxizlad adevnebda Tvals movlenebis ganvi-

Tarebas aR mosavleT saqarTveloSi da yovel xelsayrel vi-

TarebaSi iseT STabeWdilebas qmnida, TiTqos am regionze

droebiT ambobda uars da misTvis sul erTi ar iyo, Tu ra

xdeboda iq.

1556 w. 18 seqtembers sulTan suleiman II kanunis acnobes,

rom Sah Tamazma TavrizSi gaamzada 70 aTasi meomari da gan-

zraxuli hqonda saqarTveloze Tavdasxma1. amasTan dakavSire-

biT `romis saRmrTo imperiis~ im perators ferdinands, misi

agenti konstantinopolidan werda, rom Sahis saqarTveloze

galaSqrebis mizezi qarTvelebis mier sulTnisaTvis mxar-

daWeraao. iqve naTqvamia, roca qarTvelebma Sahis samzadisis

Sesaxeb Seity ves, maSinve sulTans daxmareba sTxoves. isini

moiTxovdnen, rom sulTans saqarTvelos mezobeli sanjayebi

daexmare bina mTTvis.

imave wlis 21 seqtembers suleiman II-m werilebi gaug-

zavna iranis mosazRvre yvela sanjays da qarTvelebisaTvis

dauyovnebliv daxmareba ubrZana. sulTnis am gankargulebam

miTqma-moTqma gamoiwvia. yvelas egona, rom kvlav omi daiwye-

boda2.

italiur wyaroSi aRniSnul saparseT-osmaleTis daZabu-

li viTare bis da sulTnis mier gatarebuli RonisZiebebis

Sesaxeb unda iyos iabrahim fe Cevis cnobaSic: `fadiSahs mox-

senda, rom gzadabneuli Sahi saqarTveloSi ramdenime fadi-

1 Tardy L., Rapports diplomatiques sur la Gèorgie entres les annèe 1550 et 1570. `Bedi Kartlisa~, v. 34, Paris, 1976 , p.102.

2 Ibidem.

156 157

Sahiseul cixes Seesia. oTxi aTasi ianiCris da sruliad

rumeliis, anatoliisa da yaramaniis laSqrisa da yvela bo-

luqis jaris sardal-spasalarad dainiSna saxelovani didi

veziri da gaigzavna [saqarTveloSi]... rodesac yizilbaSebma

[Seityves], rom didi veziri islamis laSqriT movida da

Zlevamosili jariT [saqarTvelos] mfarvelobas uwevso, ori

dRis savali erT dRes gairbines da Sin mo kurcxles _ didi

veziri ki misdami rwmunebuli laSqriT uavgustoes jars

SeuerTda~1.

saqarTvelos, kerZod, samcxis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT

iran-os maleTs Soris daZabuloba, savaraudoa, aisaxa vaxuS-

tis TxzulebaSi iq, sadac naTqvamia sulTan suleimanis da

Sah Tamazis saqarTvelos samxreT sazRvarTan misvlaze da

daTariRebulia 1556 wliT. `Semdgomad movida sulTani

suleiman, aRaSena kari, mosrna urCni, ukuniqca da dadga

basians q ~sa C~fnv qar. s~md. mas moudga SahTamaz da dadga

artans. xolo sulTani suleiman warvida stambols~2.

1556 wlis 25 noembers stambolSi Cavida ori qarTveli

didebuli, romlebsac davalebuli hqondaT, sulTnisTvis

gadaecaT saCivari Sahis mo qmedebis gamo. maT ganacxades, rom

yoveldRiurad Sahisagan Seviwroe bas ganicdian da mas mzad

hyavs didi armia saqarTveloze Tavdasasxme lad.

savaraudoa, zemoT dasaxelebuli despanebi svimon I-is

mier iyvnen gagzavnilni.

svimon I saqarTvelos erT-erTi gamorCeul mefeTagania.

mis sax elTan dakavSirebulia XVI saukunis meore naxevarSi

qarTveli xalxis dampyroblebis winaaRmdeg gmiruli brZo-

lis araerTi saintereso epi zodi. igi uaRresad popularu-

li iyo dasavleT evropaSi da mis Sesaxeb bevric daiwera.

svimon I, qarTlis gmiri mefe luarsab I-is (1534-1556)

vaJi iyo. qarT veli istorikosis mixedviT, `luarsab mefe

1 ibrahim feCevi, gv. 31.2 qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 717.

mamacobazed naqebia yovels saqarTvelos mefeTa da TavadTa

zedan ZveliT axlebamdisin. TavaT kargi sardari iyo da

merme gulovani, uxvi da uSurveli, msmevel-mWmeveli, samar-

Tliani, yma-morCili. omSi koxta da uSiSari, Tanac magari

qristiani~. aseTi mama zrdida ufliswul svimons1.

svimon I -ma mZime memkvidreoba miiRo. yizilbaSebTan br-

ZolaSi daiRupa mamamisi luarsab I. Sah Tamazma ganizraxa,

Seupovari luarsabis sikvdilis Semdeg mainc, daemorCilebi-

na qarTlis samefo, romelic kavkasiaSi yizilbaSebis yvela

mowinaaRmdegis dasayrdens warmoadgenda. axalgazrda qarT-

lis mefem, rogorc Cans, sworad Seafasa arsebuli mdgo-

mareoba da Tavisi samefos gadarCenis mizniT osmalebTan

dakavSireba scada2. qarTvel elCebs stambolSi pasuxi ver

gasces3 da, albaT, iqve urCies aseT serizul sakiTxze

mosalaparakeblad adrianopolSi wasuliyvnen.

qarTvel politikosebs gacnobierebuli hqondaT, rom

rodesac osmaleTi yuradRebas dasavleTisken gadaitanda,

maSinve iwyeboda iranis gaaqtiureba amierkavkasiaSi. osmale-

Tis zraxvebis codna maT saSualebas miscemda sworad da

moxerxebulad waremarTaT TavianTi urTierToba iranTan.

1556 wlis 6 dekembers erTi qarTveli elCi didvazirs

rosTem faSas Sexvda. rogorc molaparakebidan irkveva, el-

Cma icoda osmaleTis jaris marcxi ungreTSi imave wlis

1 mefis dabadebis ori gansxvavebuli TariRi gvaqvs: 1531/1532 (1531/1532

weli gamoangariSebulia is elCis ter-iakobis mier veneciis saxelmwifo sab-

WoSi 1597 wels naTqvamidan, rom mefe 65 wlisa ariso. dawvr. ix. qvemoT) da

1537 weli (javaxiSvili iv., dasax. naSr., gv. 256). radgan gamefebisas (1556 w.) svimoni 19 wlisa da jerac ucolSvilo iyo, upiratesoba unda mivaniWoT 1537 wels, radgan saqarTveloSi vaJis qorwinebis asa kad, rogorc wesi, 18 weli

iyo miCneuli da ufliswuls ucolod didxans ar dastovebdnen. amitom misi

dabadebis welad unda CaiTvalos 1537. svimoni 1559 wels daqorwinda kaxTa

mefe levanis asulze, nestan darejanze. 2 Documents privitoare la istoria Romanilor, v. II , par. II, Bucuresti, 1891 ,

p. 3533 Ibidem.

158 159

gazfxulze. amitom didvazirTan Sexvedrisas man kategoriu-

lad moiTxova ecnobebinaT misTvis, apirebda Tu ara sul-

Tani momaval wels ungreTSi wasvlas. gakvirvebulma vazir-

ma ikiTxa: ratom ainteresebda qarTvel elCs es sakiTxi?

elCma upasuxa: osmaleTTan dakavSirebul yvela qarTvels

afiqrebs sulTnis mosalodneli gamgzavreba ungreTSi da iq

omis gaCaReba. amiT isargeblebs Sahi da brZolas dauwyebs

qarTvelebs1.

didvazirma scada daerwmunebina qarTveli elCi, rom os-

maleTis mTavroba cdilobda mSvidobianad moegvarebina urT-

ierToba ungreTTan, magram mefe ferdinandi Tu mainc samx-

edro moqmedebas daiwyebs da sulTani ungreTSi wava, aseT

SemTxvevaSi is yovel Rones ixmarda, rom qarTvelebma da

osmaleTis sxva mokavSireebma zarali ar ganicadon2.

1557 wlis dasasruls iranis elCi sulTnis kars ewvia

da osmaleTis umaRles moxeleebTan molaparakeba gamarTa.

iranSi dabrunebis win elCi sulTanma da didvazirma miiRes.

maT, sxva sakiTxebTan erTad ganixiles saqarTvelos sakiTx-

ic. elCma ukmayofileba gamosTqva imis gamo, rom sulTani

keTilganwyobilebas iCens im qarTvelebis mimarT, romlebic

irans esazRvrebian, e. i. saqarTvelos im nawilebis (qarTli,

kaxeTi, aRmosavleTi saaTabago) mimarT, romlebic amasiis

sazavo xelSekrulebiT iranis xeldebulad gamocxadda. man

moiTxova, rom maT Sahs Zveleburad xarki gadauxadon. elCis

amgvar moTxovnaze sulTanma upasuxa: radgan qarTvelebi

sulTnis moxarkeni gaxdnen, amitom sulTani valdebulia,

daicvas isini. amasTanave sulTanma elCs imis garantia misca,

rom àr dauSvebda Sahis samflobeloebze qarTvelebis

Tavdasxmebs~3.

sulTanma daufaravad daadastura Tavisi miznebi aR-

1 Tardy L., Op. cit., p.103.2 Ibidem, p.104.

3 Ibidem.

mosavleT saqarTvelos mimarT. amgvarad, molaparakeba uSede-

god damTavrda da Sahma gadawyvita Tavisi interesebi iara-

RiT daecva. ukve 1557 wlis dekemberSi sparselebi

saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg moqmedeben. italiur wyaroSi, ar

Cans, konkretulad, sad SeiWrnen yizilbaSebi. amis garkveva-

Si dagvexmareba hasan rumlus erTi cnoba, saidanac vigebT,

rom Sahverdi sulTan ziad oRli da suleiman-beg baiaTi

qarTlSi SeiWrnen. mtris simravlisa Tu moulodneli Tav-

dasxmis gamo mefem mTebs Seafara Tavi. `Raziebma goris,

suramisa da sabaraTianos velaieTi daarbies, soflebi da

mxareebi aaoxres. yanebi da xeebi mwife xiliT Zirianad amo-

glijes [miwidan] da gamarjvebulni uamravi nadavliT gan-

jaSi dabrundnen~1.

qarTlisa da kaxeTis mesveurebs kargad esmodaT, rom

sakuTari ZaliT yizilbaSebis mogeriebas ver SesZlebdnen.

osmaleTi mxolod bundovan dapirebas iZleoda. realuri

daxmareba arsaidan Canda. amitom maT ganizraxes, iranis sa-

pirispirod iseTi Zala gamoeZebnaT, romelic Sahs aiZuleb-

da, SeeCerebina an, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, Seesustebina agresia

qarTuli samefoebis mimarT. qarTvelma diplomatebma aseT

Zalad ruseTi miiCnies da kavkasiisa da axlo aRmosavleTis

politikaSi misi Cabma scades.

XVI s. 50-ian wlebSi ruseTis mefe ivane IV-m did war-

matebas miaRwia. man daipyro jer yazanis (1552 w.), Semdeg

astraxanis (1556 w.) saxanoebi. faqtobrivad, mTeli vol-

gispireTi kaspiis zRvamde moskovis samefos xelSi aRmoCnda.

man Crdilo kavkasiaSic moikida fexi. qarTvelebi cdilobd-

nen kontaqti daemyarebinaT gaZlierebul moskovis saxelmwi-

fosTan.

1557 wels moskovSi Cavida yabardos gavleniani mTavre-

bis elCoba da ivane IV-s yirimis saxanosa da osmaleTisagan

dasacavad mfarveloba sTxoves. Cans, qarTvelebi Tvals ad-

1 hasan rumlu, gv. 35.

160 161

evnebdnen Crdilo kavkasieli mTavrebis moskovTan urTier-

Tobis dawyebas da am saqmeSi xelsac uwyobdnen. kavkasiaSi

da maxlobel aRmosavleTSi mesame Zalis, Tanac marTlma-

didebeli qristianulis, gamoCena, maTi varaudiT, gaadvileb-

da yizilbaSebTan da osmalebTan brZolas. albaT, qarTlis

mefisagan uflebamosilni iyvnen yabardos mTavarTa elCebi,

rodesac ivane IV-s ganucxades, rom CvenTan erTad aris

saqarTvelos mTavari da mTeli saqarTvelo da moskovis

mTavarma mis mimarTac mowyaleba gamoiCinoso1.

ruseTis poziciebis kavkasiaSi gantkicebisaTvis farTe

asparezi iSleboda. amitom iyo, rom, rogorc wyaroebidan

Cans, yabardos mTavrebi saqarTvelos mbrZaneblebTan, TavianT

samxreT mezoblebTan erTad wyvetdnen aseT sapasuxismgeblo

sakiTxs. `yabardoelTa da qarTvelTa es moqmedeba, _ aRniS-

navda T. bocvaZe, _ rasakvirvelia, saSamxlo-daRestnis yura-

dRebas ar SeiZleboda gamoparvoda, ramdenadac igi mis wi-

naaRmdeg reseT-yabardo-saqarTvelos bloks gulisxmobda,

rac rasakvirvelia, misTvis ar iyo xelsayreli. jer erTi,

aRniSnuli bloki barierad imarTeboda amxanad daaxloebul

Turq-yirimxansa da saSamxlo-daRestans Soris, meore, aSkar-

ad aZlierebda mis metoqeebs da mezoblebs saqarTvelo-yab-

ardosa da, mesame, am bloks ar SeiZleboda ar emoqmeda

saSamxlos ekonomikur interesebze, mis vaWrobaze volga-

astraxanis did magistralze~2. sainteresoa, ratom cdi-

lobdnen qarTveli politikosebi Ta vianTi survili mosko-

vis mefisaTvis sxvaTa piriT ecnobebinaT da ratom ar

agzavnidnen sakuTar warmomadgenlebs?

1 Сношения России с Кавказом. Материалы, извлеченные из Московс-кого Главного Архива Министерства иностранных дел Сергеем А. Белокуро-вым, вып. I (1578-1613), М., 1889, с. 4; Полное со б рание русских летописей, т. XIII, I-я половина, СПб., 1904, с. 284.

2 bocvaZe T., Crdilo kavkasiis xalxebi ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTo-

baSi (XVI-XVII ss.). `saqarTvelos feodaluri xanis istoriis sakiTxebi~, II, Tb., 1972, gv. 32-33.

qarTveli politikosebi frTxilobdnen. isini darwmu-

nebuli ar iyvnen Seswevda Tu ara ruseTs Zala, aqtiurad

Careuliyo kavkasiis saqmeebSi. vai Tu moskovTan urTier-

Toba unayofo aRmoCeniliyo, daxmareba ver SesZleboda da

yizilbaSebi kidev ufro gaRizianebuli yvnen. am sa kiTxis

awondawonisas mxedvelobaSi imasac miiRebdnen, rom qarTl-

kaxeTis aseTi moqmedebiT ukmayofilo darCeboda osmaleTic

(os maleTi xom mtru lad Sexvda moskovis saxelmwifos war-

matebebs volgispireTSi), romelic, rogorc zemoT iTqva,

qarTlsa da kaxeTs Tavs mfarvelad aCvenebda da yizilbaSe-

bis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad aqezebda. yovelive zemoaRniSnu-

lis gamo iyo, rom saqarTvelos mefeebi jerjerobiT niada-

gis mosinjviT kmayofildebodnen.

Sah Tamazi I darwmunda, rom osmaleTi saqarTveloSi

iranis in tere sebs ewinaaRmdegeboda, magram sulTani zavis

darRvevas ar fiqrobda. os maleTis amgvari orWofuli mdgo-

mareobiT isargebla Sah Tamazma da daiwyo brZola saqarT-

veloze ucilobeli batonobisaTvis.

TanamedroveTa mixedviT, 1558 wlis martSi qarTvelebi

uTanasworo brZolas awarmoebdnen yizilbaSebTan.. amis gamo

maT TavianTi elCebi gaugzavnes sulTans da daxmareba sTx-

oves. Sah Tamazis varaudi gamarTlda: sulTanma qarTvelebs

uari uTxra jariT daxmarebaze1, ramac qarTlis samefosa da

osmaleTs Soris urTierTobis gamwvaveba gamoiwvia.

1559 w. osmaleTSi daiwyo dinastiuri brZola: sulTani

suleimani da ufliswuli selimi (SemdegSi selim II, 1566-

1574) ufliswul baiazids ebrZodnen. am brZolaSi aqti-

urobdnen qarTvelebic, savarudoa, qarTlis samefodan, rad-

gan mefe svimoni suleimanis politikiT ukmayofilo iyo. man,

mra valgzis Txovnis miuxedavad, yizilbaSebis winaaRmdeg br-

ZolaSi sulTnisgan daxmareba ver miiRo. ufliswuli bai-

1 Tardy L., Op. cit., p. 104-105.

162 163

azidi ki cnobili iyo Tavisi daudegari xasiTiT da, sava-

raudo iyo, rom gamefebis Semdeg igi amasiis zavs

daarRvevda. mefem, maSindeli mravali damkvirveblis msgavsad,

baiazidis SesaZleblobebi sworad ver Seafasa da mas dau-

Wira mxari. erTi wyaros mixedviT, baiazids qarTvelebis

mxridan daxmarebis imedi hqonda. iqidanve vigebT, rom sul-

Tanma baiazidis dasaSineblad da misTvis daxmarebis gawevis

mosaspobad, jari mzadyofnaSi moiyvana da saqarTveloze

galaSqreba brZana1.

1559 w. 1 marts konstantinopolidan venaSi gagzavnil

moxsenebaSi naTqvamia baiazidsa da qarTvelebs Soris urT-

ierTobaze. sulTans ufliswul baiazidze Tavdasxma gaunaz-

raxavs, magram xma gauvrcele biaT, rom qarTvelebze salaSqrod

midiso2. amgvari xmebis gavrceleba usafuZvlo ar iyo da

daijerebdnen kidec, radgan yvelam icoda, rom bai azidis

dasaxmareblad midiodnen qarTvelebisa da qurTebis razmebi,

rom lebic sursaT-sanovagiTac amaragebdnen taxtis pretend-

entis jars3.

vidre baiazidi Zalebs moikrebda, mas ufliswuli se-

limi uzarma zari jariT Tavs daesxa da daamarcxa. baiazidma

aRmosavleTisaken, yizil baSTa saxelmwifos sazRvrebisaken

daixia4. igi basianSi mivida da Sahs mo ciquli gaugzavna,

romelmac ganacxada: `sulTan-baiazidi basians movida da ga-

momgzavna imis gasagebad, SahTan rom mivide Seminaxavs Tu

arao~5. Sahma es momenti sulTanze politikuri zewolis

karg saSuale bad CaT vala. Sah Tamazis amgvari ganzraxvis

Sesaxeb sulTnis kars ac noba èrTma qarTvelma batonma,

1 Ibidem, p. 105.2 Ibidem, p. 105.3 Ibidem, p. 106.4 Шараф-хан Шамсаддин Бидлиси, с. 204.5 Sah Tamazis saubari osmaleTis elCebTan. sparsuli teqsti gamosacemad

moamzada, Targmna, SeniSvnebi da winasityvaoba daurTo k. tabataZem, Tb., 1976 , gv.54.

sulTnis megobarma~, romelsac miu weria, rom Sahma bai azidi

mxolod mzakvruli mizniT Seifarao1.

Sah Tamazma baiazids yazvinSi misvlis neba misca. igi

didi zeimiTa da saCuqrebiT miiRes. male devnili ufliswu-

li da misi mxleblebi mixvdnen, rom Sahs mxolod Tavisi

interesebi hqonda da xelsayrel mo mentSi `stumrebs~ sul-

Tan suleimans gadascemda. maT ganizraxes Sahze Tavdasxma

moewyoT da baRdadSi, SirvanSi an saqarT veloSi gaqceuli-

yvnen2. magram SeTqmuleba gamJRavnda da yvela, daaxloebiT

10 aTasi kaci Seipyres, maTi nawili gawyvites, nawili Sei-

wyales da Sahis samsaxurSi Seiyvanes, xolo baiazidi da

misi oTxi vaJi daatusaRes.

1560 w. Sah Tamazs sulTnis mociqulebi exlnen, rom-

lebmac didZali saCuqrebis sanacvlod baiazidi da misi

Svilebi moiTxoves. Sahi amaze ar dasTanxmda. man ufliswu-

li heidarisaTvis sagamgeblod baRdadis gada cema moiTxova.

sulTani am moTxovnas ar dasTanxmda. Sahs ar surda os-

maleTTan urTierToba gaerTulebina da 30 aTasi era yuli

Tumnis Rirebulebis saCuqrebis sanacvlod osmaleTidan

Camosul jalaTebs ufliswuli baiazidi da misi vaJebi gad-

asca3. 1562 wlis 21 seqtembers isini yazvinSi sikvdiliT

dasajes.

moRweuli cnobebi uflebas gvaZlevs vifiqroT, rom

qarTvelebi baiazidTan iyvnen Sahis sawinaaRmdego SeTqmule-

baSi. Saraf-xan bidlisis mixedviT, baiazidi xom saqarT-

veloSi apirebda gaqcevas. kidev ufro say uradReboa 1561

wlis 4 noembris moxseneba, romelic vanidan miRebul in-

formaciaze dayrdnobiTaa dawerili, saidanac vigebT, rom

Sahma did jars mouyara Tavi da ganzraxuli hqonda saqarT-

1 Tardy L., Op. cit., p. 106.2 Sah Tamazis saubari osmaleTis elCebTan, gv. 205.3 Шараф-хан Шамсаддин Бидлиси, с. 206-208.

164 165

veloSi (al baT, qarTlSi) Se Wra, radgan qarTvelebma baiaz-

ids mxari dauWires1.

svimon I da misi TanamebrZolebi mosvenebas ar aZlevdnen

yizil baSebs arc qarTlSi da arc mis gareT. rogorc Tana-

medrove evropuli wyaroebidan Cans, qarTlis samefos brZo-

las garkveuli mniSvneloba hqonda maSindeli axlo aRmosav-

leTis did politikaSi.

svimon mefis mTavari amocana iyo ganTavisufleba Tbili-

sisa, sa dac yizilbaSTa garnizoni idga. magram am miznis

ganxorcieleba sxva qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis daxmarebis

gareSe SeuZlebeli iyo. qarTlis samefos mdgomareoba gaum-

jobesda 1559 wels, roca svimon I kaxTa mefe levanis asulze

daqorwinda. es faqti mianiSnebda aRmosav leT saqarTveloSi

ori qarTuli samefos antiiranuli koaliciis Seqm naze.

svimon I iaraRiT xelSi ebrZoda yizilbaSebs, mefe le-

vani ki, ofi cialurad Sahis vasalad iTvleboda. albaT kax-

eTis mefe levans gulisxmobda romis papisa da veneciis

respublikis elCi Sah Tamazis karze, vinCenco deli alesan-

dri, roca ambobda, rom Sahze `damokide bu lia erTi qris-

tiani mefe, qarTvelebis batoni, mas yovelwliurad uxdis

ociaTas dukats. misi saxelmwifo kaspiis zRvis maxlo-

bladaa. es mefe os maleTTan omis SemTxvevavSi Sahs unda

emsaxuros aTi aTasi ax algazrda da mamaci cxenosniT~2.

rogor mZime tvirTad awva kaxeTis same fos sefianTa sax-

elmwifosadmi morCileba, kargad Cans isqander munSis Tx-

zulebidan3. marTalia, isqanderi XVI s. 80-iani wlebis da-

sawyisisaTvis arsebul mdgo mareobaze laparakobs, magram

maSin kaxeTis yizilbaSebisadmi damokide bulebaSi imave sau-

kunis 50-iani wle bidan bevri araferi Seicvleboda.

1 Charrière, II, Op. cit., p. 679.2 Alberi, II, Op. cit., p. 126.3 isqander munSi, gv. 37.

mefe levans Sahisadmi ukmayofilebis safuZveli hqonda.

garda zemoaRnisnuli mZime gadasaxadisa da valdebulebisa,

rac qveynis ekonomikur mdgomareobas aqveiTebda, Sah Tamazi

Tavisi politikuri zegavleniTac aSfoTebda kaxeTis samefo

kars. ai, rogoraa Camoyalibe buli sulTnis mier levan I-

saTvis gagzavnil sapasuxo werilSi (1564 w.) kaxeTis mefis

Sahisadmi wayenebuli braldebebi: `SevityveT, rom Seni

Svilebidan erT-erTi RviZli Svili, mouklavs udanaSau-

lod1, xolo meore vaJi, saxe lad iese, romelmac islami

miiRo, dapatimrebulia2 da Zveli droidan mom dinare Cveuleb-

isa da azris sawinaaRmdegod SemoRe buli gadasaxadebis gad-

axdis Rone dahkargeT, xolo tanjvis moTmena autaneli

gaxda. ambob, rom maTi ganzraxvaa saqarTvelos mospoba, Sem-

deg ki islamis qveynebSi Se Wra da Tavdasxma, ris gamoc

samyaros Rirsebamosili Cveni zRurblisagan daxmarebas da

Semweobas iTxovT~3.

sulTnis werilSi gadmocemuls isic unda davumatoT,

rom kaxeTis samefom XVI s. 60-ian wlebSi Sahis ̀ wyalobiT~

teritoriuli danaklisic ganicada. yizilbaSebma kxeTis

samefos Camoaciles md. samuris zemo welze waxuris qris-

tianuli qveyana, romlis mflobeli Sahis mfarvelobis qveS

gamocxadda. Sah Tamazma kargad icoda Tu ra didi mniS-

1 1554 w. osmalebis azerbaijanSi SeWrisas levan mefis erTi vaJi, romel-

ic Sahs ax lda, gaurkvevel viTarebaSi daiRupa (Sah Tamazis saubari osmaleTis

elCebTan, gv. 50). kaxTa mefes, albaT safuZveli hqonda, rom Tavisi Svili Sah

Tamazis mier ùdanaSaulod moklulad~ CaeTvala.

2 levan mefem, qarTlSi yizilbaSebis ukanaskneli Semosevis dros (1556

w.) Sahs daxmareba ar gauwia da SiSobda, rom Sahi amis gamo Surs iZiebda. SurisZiebis Tavidan asacileblad man, 1558 wels, Tavisi vaJi iese didi saCu-qrebiT yazvins gagzavna (qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 575). igi Sahma gaamahmadiana 1559 wels da levan mefis tax tis mociled amzadebda. magram iesem Sahs imedi

ver gaumarTla. man 1562 wels islami uaryo da gaqceva scada, magram Seipyres da imave wlis 23 dekembers alamutis cixeSi Casves (hasan rumlu, gv. 35).

3 CoCievi v., kaxeTis samefos sagareo politikis istoriidan XVI s. 60-

ian wlebSi, gv. 257-258.

166 167

vneloba hqonda kaxeTisaTvis dasaxelebul olqs. albaT, ami-

tom afrTxilebda Sahi 1562 wels kaxeTis mefes, rom wax-

uris batoni aravin Seawuxoso1.

amgvarad, zemoaRniSnul mizezTa gamo, kaxeTis samefoc

iseve uk mayofilo iyo iranisa, rogorc qarTlis samefo. am

ori qarTuli samefos erTmaneTTan dakavSireba ganpirobebu-

li iyo garTulebuli sa gareo vi TarebiT.

iv. javaxiSvilma levan I-sa da svimon I-is damoyvreba

dadebiTad Seafasa: `kaxT batonis leon mefis siZobam svimon

mefes saSualeba misca, aramc Tu mtris Semosevisagan kaxe-

Tis mxriT uzrunvelyo filiyo, aramed Tavisi ganzraxvis

(Tbilisis ganTvisufleba – e. m.) gansaxorcieleblad meS-

veli jaric mieRo~2.

svimon mefe didi omisaTvis emzadeboda. isqander munSisa

da hasan rumlus gadmocemiT, mefes mravali damxmare razmi

miuvida3.

kaxTa mefem, misTvis Cveuli sifrTxiliT, piradad ki ar

miiRo monawileoba yizilbaSTa winaaRmdeg qarTlis omSi,

aramed Tavisi ufrosi vaJi giorgi gagzavna kaxelTa razmiT.

amiT mas saSualeba eqneboda, saWi roebis SemTxvevaSi, SahTan

Tavi emarTlebina. niSndo blivia, rom isqander munSis ver

gaurkvevia giorgi `mamis nebarTviT Tu TviTneburad~ mivida

mefis dasaxmareblad4.

rogorc isqander munSi werda svimoni „mamis^wesisamebr,

urCobisa da winaaRmdegobis gzas daadga da cxraas samocda

rva (1560/1561) wels Tbilisis dasapyrobad Tavisi samyo-

feli adgilidan (goridan) daiZra5. magram qarTvelTa brZo-

la Tbilisis ganTavisuflebisaTvis marcxiT dam Tavrda. 1561

1 dumbaZe m., aRmosavleT kaxeTis (saingilo) istoriidan, Tb., 1953 , gv. 8.2 javaxiSvili iv., dasax. naSr., gv. 257.3 isqander munSi, gv. 23; hasan rumlu, gv. 36.4 isqander munSi, gv. 23.5 iqve

w. 6 aprils muxaTgverdTan mraval qarTvelTan er Tad daiR-

upa giorgi ufliswulic. gancdil marcxs isic daemata, rom

svimon mefes Tavisi Zma daviTi (SemdgomSi dauT-xani) ga-

nudga da qarTlis taxtis dapyroba isurva. igi 1562 wels

yazvinSi Cavida, gamahmadianda da Sah Tamazis `Svilis~ wode-

buleba miiRo. isqander munSis mixedviT, `samoTxeSi damkvi-

drebulma Sahma (Sah Tamazi _ e.m.) mas (dauT-xans _ e. m.)

miualersa, wvrTna, Svilobis wodebis pa tiviT gamoarCia da

Tbilisis velaieTi da is adgilebi, romlebic maRali di-

vanis mflobelobaSi iyo, mas uwyalobes. da Tumca erTxans

sasaxlis erTi amiri Tbilisis cixis quTvali da dauT-xanis

lala da saxelmwifo saqmeebis gamge iyo~1.

Zvelma qarTvelma istorikosebma mkacri Sefaseba misces

dauT-xanis Ralats: „da ra ixila Zmaman mefis svimonisaman

daviT saqme ese (marcxi mefisa _ e.m.) ... da aman gansca Zma

da queyana TÕsi da warvida yaenTan, da mivida Sah-TamasTan yazmins, da gahyvnes ramdenime Tavadni, aznaurni da msaxurni,

gaTaTrda da uwodes dauTxan. da mun didad pativsca Sah

Tamaz da uwoda Zmad TÕsad da aswavla rjuli mahmadisa, da

gagzavna Tfilissa da raodeni adgili epyra saqarTvelosani,

da moumcno sulTansa ganZisasa Semweoba misi, da movida

dauTxan tfilissa, da daipyra tfilisi“2. dauT-xanis moq-

medeba da misi Sedegebi, ufro vrclad da isqander munSis

naTqvamTan ufro miaxloebuli, mocemulia axali qarTlis

cxovrebis mesame teqstSi: „xolo iyo urwmesi Zma mefisa

svimonisi, saxeliT daviT, da Semoswyra Zmasa TÕssa svimons, da warvida Sah Tamaz yaenis karsa, yaeni yazmins iyo... didad

pativ-ces da Svilobis rayami uboZes... da cota xans ukan

hgmo RmerTi da gaTaTrda, da uwodes saxelad dauTxan... da

qalaqisa da somxiT-sabaraTianos mefoba misces, da rayamSi

SvilobiT Caweres, da mestumre Tan gaatanes, da didis pa-

1 iqve

2 qarTlis cxovreba, II , gv. 367.

168 169

tiviTa da morWmiT gaistumres. da weliwadSi TÕTos napiris xans mefis daviTis mcvelad Tavisis laSqriT mouyenebdnen

qalaqis cixeSi“1.

farsadan gorgijaniZe ramdenime damatebiT cnobas gvawvdis,

rogorc daviTis ise misi Tanmxlebebisadmi Sahis karze mopy-

robis Sesaxeb: yaeni yazvins iyo roca batoniSvili daviTis

mosvla moaxsenes. am ambavma yaeni didad gaaxara da karis

didebulebi miageba. daviTis amalaSi baraTaSvilebi Warbobd-

nen. „viTamz [daviTi] mefis svimonisagan Semamwyrali iyo,

amisTvis ufro didi pativni dasdves da Svilobis rayami

uboZes. mejlisSigan yaenman axlos moisva da viTac âemwifes qveS moufines da sasTauli daudves da misi Tavadni mejlis-

Sig msxdomT alag alag Sva da Sva Causxes. cotas xans ukan

daaTaTres da saâemwifo iaraRi yovlia risimeTgan uboZes

samefos da miss TavadebTa da aznaurTa cxeni, iaraRi, xa-

laTi da saâarjo uboZes, batonymianaT rac miecaT cxra

aTasis Tumnisa yofiliyo. qalaqi [Tbilisi] da somxiT saba-

raTianos mefobac misces da rayamSi Sviloba Cauweres da

mestumre gaatanes da didis morWmiTa da pativiT

gaistumres“2.

sainteresoa, rom isqander munSis mixedviT, Sahma daviTi

`Svilobis wodebis pativiT gamoarCia~. `Svilis~ wodebis

miniWeba niSnavda, rom daviTi Sahis moxele gaxda `xanis~

(dauT-xani) saxelwodebiT, e.i. daviTi Sahis moxele da ara

qarT lis mefe gaxda. qarTul wyaroebSi, kerZod, qarTlis

cxovrebis pirvel teqstSi sweria, rom Sah Tamazma daviTs

Tavisi Zma uwoda. amasve aRniSnavs isqander munSi3, romlis

1 iqve, gv. 512. ix, agreTve, qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 407.2 farsadan gorgijaniZis istoria. s. kakabaZis gamocema. `saistorio moam-

be~, nakv. II, 1925, gv 218. hasan rumlus cnobnebze dayrdnobiT dadgenilia, rom daviTi yazvinSi mivida 1561 wlis 25 dekembers, TbilisSi dabrunda 1562

wlis 30 agvistomde. hasan rumlu, gv. 64, Sen. 92.3 isqander munSi, gv. 28.

cnobasac unda emyarebodes beri egnataSvili. Tavisi Sinaare-

siT `Zmoba~ `Svilobisagan~ mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba samox-

eleo aparatis ierarqiaSi. `Zmoba~ `Svilobaze~ maRla idga.

Cvens istoriografiaSi kargad Seswavlilia svimon I-sa

da dauT-xanis erTmaneTTan brZola. svimoni ar scnobda Sa-

his marionetis uflebas qvemo qarTlsa da Tbilisze da

yizilbaSebs ebrZoda yvelgan. dauT-xanis yizilbaSebTan

mimxroba arc sulTnis karisaTvis iyo misaRebi. dauT-xanis

gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi Sahis poziciebi aRmosavleT saqarT-

veloSi ganmtkicdeboda. sulTani Sahis `kuTvnili~ saqarT-

velos saqmeebSi aqtiurad ar ereoda, magram, rogorc wy-

aroebidan ikveTeba, sulTnis agentura yvelafers akeTebda,

raTa qarTlis mefes yizilbaSebisa da maTi momxre Tavadebis

winaaRmdeg brZola ar Seenelebina. 1562 wlis 5 noembers

konstantinopolSi mivida Sah Tamazis elCi, romelic sul-

Tanma 9 noembers miiRo. elCis vizitis oficialuri mizani

yazvinSi dasjili ufliswul baiazidis piradi nivTebisa da

iaraRis sulTnisaTvis gadacema iyo. imave dros, elCs sam-

duravi unda eTqva, radgan misi waqezebiT qarTvelebi Tavs

daesxnen Sahis qveSevrdomebs da brZolis dros didi zarali

miayenes1.

aseTive ukmayofileba gamosTqva yizilbaSTa axalma el-

Cobam qarTvelebis moqmedebis gamo 1563 wlis aprilSic.

werilis mixedviT, `babilonis [baRdadis] sanjayma iCivla

qarTvelebisa da Turqmanebis mier sparselebisadmi Cadenili

usamarTlobis Sesaxeb da im zaralis anazRaureba moiTxova,

romelic maT sparseTis samefos miayenes~2.

amave periodSi qarTveli politikosebi kvlav Seecadnen

urTierToba daemyarebinaT moskovis saxelmwifosTan da am

saqmeSi, savaraudoa aqtiurad Caeba svimon mefec. maT mosk-

1 Tardy L., Op. cit., p. 106.2 Ibidem.

170 171

ovTan dakavSireba moindomes inglisis `moskovis kompaniis~

agentis entoni jenkinsonis saSualebiT. saqarTvelosTan

urTierTobis dmyarebis iniciativa jenkinsonisgan wamovida,

rasac biZgi misca Semdgomma garemoebam. jenkinsonis yazvinSi

yofnis dros Sahis karze imyofeboda qarTveli ufliswuli,

romlis saxels ingliseli negocianti ar gvamcnobs. masTan

gacnobis Semdeg jenkinsoni saqarTvelosTan kavSiris dam-

yarebiT dainteresda. igi arc imas aRniSnavs, qarTveli

ufliswuli romeli samefodan iyo. mkvlevarTa erT nawils

igi svimon I-is Zma daviTi hgonia, me ki ueWvelad mimaCnia,

rom igi aleqsandere II kaxTa mefis vaJi iese iyo. am isto-

riul pirovnebaze SeiZleba ufro vrclad iTqvas.

* * *

iv. javaxiSvilma 1548 wlis mcxeTis sigelze dayrdno-

biT daadgina, rom, kaxTa mefes da mamia gurilis asuls

TinaTins yoliaT (CamoTvlilia ufros-umcrosobis mixed-

viT): giorgi, iese, aleqsandre, elimirza1. giorgis cixedid-

Tan brZolaSi (1561 w.) daRupvis Semdeg, iese, levanis Svi-

lebs Soris „uxucesad“ Seiqmna.

vaxuSti batoniSvilis mixedviT, iese Sahs pirvelad ma-

masTan er Tad SirvanSi ewvia. Sahma levan mefe male ukan

gaistumra, iese ki samcxes waiy vana. samcxis dalaSqvris

Semdeg, Sahma „warmouvlina ie sec levans niWiTa“2. levan me-

fis da ieses SahTan stumroba unda momxdariyo 1554

wels3.

1 javaxiSvili iv., dasax. naSr., gv. 231. levan mefis saxlobis Ses-

axeb dawvr. ix. iqve, gv. 226-235. vaxuSti batoniSvilis gadmocemiT, levanis

pirveli vaJi iyo aleqsandre (SemdegSi kaxTa mefe aleqsandre II ). mefisa da

dedofal TinaTinis gayris Semdeg Zmebi dedasTan izrdebodnen. qarTlis cxov-

reba, IV, gv, 570, 572.2 iqve, gv. 575.3 tabataZe k., dasax. naSr., gv. 172.

qarTlSi yizilbaSebis ukanaskneli Semosevis dros (1556

w.) le van kaxTa mefe Sahs ar daexmara da SiSobda, rom Sahi

amis gamo Surs iZiebda. konfliqtis Tavidan asacileblad

levan mefem „waravlina Ze TÕsi iese winaSe yeenisa ZRuniTa da tyÕTa qal-yrmiTa da auwya TÕsi ara risa Se codeba“. le-

van mefem iese yazvins gagzavna 1558 wels1. sparseli is-

torikosis hasan rumlus mixedviT, Sah Tamazma iese gaamah-

madiana 1559 wels: „amave wels isa-xani, saqarTvelos mmarT-

velis levanis Svili, islamis miRebiT gabednierda da qveynis

safarvelma Sahma mas wyalobis TvaliT dauwyo cqera“2. yazi

ahmed Rafaris da buda’yazvinis cnobiT, ieses islami miuRia

1560 wels.3 Saraf-xan bidlisi ufro konkretulia da am-

bobs, rom gamuslimanebis Semdeg Sahis divanma sagamgeblod

gadasca Saqis vilaieTi da mas ewoda isa-xani4.

XVI s. sxva sparseli istorikosis buda’yazvinis cno-

biT, iese mamas gadaudga, Sahis karze mivida da islami mi-

iRo, rac aseve 1560 wels momxdara5.

iv. javaxiSvilis mixedviT, 1561 wels mosalodneli iyo,

rom levan mefes cixedidis brZolisa da giorgi ufliswu-

lis daRupvis Semdeg, iese yazvinSi gaegzavna. levanis mier

gagzavnil mZevalsa da saCuqrebs Sahis guliswyroma unda

daecxro. iv. javaxiSvils saeWvod miaCnda ieses gamus limaneba

Sah Tamazis dros6.

1 qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv, 575.2 hasan rumlu, gv. 35.3 gelaSvili n., dasax. naSr., gv. 102-103.4 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, с. 205.5 hasan rumlu, gv. 64, Sen. 88.6 javaxiSvili iv., dasax. naSr., 233. cixedidis brZolaSi yizilbaSebis

tyveobaSi Cavarda msxvili Tavadi zaza-begi („saqarTvelos erTi pativcemul

amiraTagani“), ram denime aznaurTan erTad da Sahis karze gagzavnes (hasan

rumlu, gv. 36). brZolaSi datyvevebul qarTvel didebuls isqander munSi

jajana-begad moixseniebs (isqander munSi, gv 23 ). eWvs ga reSea, rom jajana-begi igive zaza-begia. v. fuTuriZis varaudiT, es unda iyos saxlTuxucesi zaza

fanaskertel-ciciSvili (iqve, gv. 151, Sen. 34.)

172 173

Sahi cdilobda levan mefisaTvis taxtis mocile

Seemzadebina da ieses did pativSi amyofebda. don xuan de

persias mixedviT, Sah Tamazma gadawyvita aleqsandres nacv-

lad kaxeTis taxtze aeyvana aleqsandres Zma, gamuslimanebu-

li iese, `magram es aqti sparseTis mefis mxridan Tavidanve

ganwiruli gamodga~1. hasan rumlus mixedviT, iese sax-

elmwifos yvela amirasa da didebulTa Soris uwarCineb-

ulesi gaxda. yovelwliur saxar jod 6 aTasi Tumani, samar-

Tavad olqi da sxva mravali wyaloba daumtkices. Saraf-xan

bidlisi ufro vrclad gadmogvcems ieses aRzevebasa da

Sahis mimarT gamoCenil mis ùmadure baze~. misi TqmiT, eS-

makisagan cdunebulma, qarTveli aznaurebis STagonebiT, iesem

ganizraxa yazvinidan saqarTveloSi gaqceuliyo, ma Sin, roca

is gandidda yizilbaS amirebsa da didebulebze metad mej-

lissa da sakrebuloebSi, roca xelm wife mas SvilobiT

moix seniebda, roca is Caricxes did SaxzadeebSi, yovelwli-

urad Saqis olqidan, sxva adgilebidan da saxelmwifo

xazinidan fulisa da naturis saxiT iRebda 7 aTas Tumans.

magram iesem Sahs ver gau marTla. misi ganzraxvis Sesaxeb

Sahis kars acnoba misma axlo mego barma alah-Tay Cerqezma2.

hasan rumlus TqmiTac, `zogierTi matyuara da urwmuno

SfoTis amtexis mier motyuebulma da SecdomaSi Seyvanilma,

man moulodnelad uaryo islamis rjuli da gaqceva daapira~3.

1 Relaciones Don Juan de Persia. Dirigidas a la Magestad Catholica de Don Philippe III. Rey de las Espaňas, y seňor nuestro. Divididas en tres libros, donde se tratan las cosas notables de persia, la genealogia de sus Reys, guerras de persianos, Turcas, y Tartaros, y las que vido en el viaje qve hizo àEspaňy su conuersion, y la otros dos Cavalleros Per sianos. Aňo 1604. Con privilegio. En Valladolid por Juan de Bestillo: en la calle de Samano, p. 68 r. uluR beg baiaTi, sparseli didebuli, Sah abasma 1599 wels daniSna espaneTSi gagzavnili elCobis mdivnad. man

qris tianoba miiRo, dairqva don xuan de persia (misi naTlia iyo dedofali

margarita avstrieli) da espaneTSi darCa. don xuanis dRiurebis safuZvelze

daiwera misi `relacioni~, romelSic say uradRebo cnobebia saqarTvelozec.

2 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, с. 208-209.3 hasan rumlu, gv. 37.

iese ufliswulis aseTi moqmedeba uaryofs buday’ yazvinis

naTqvams, TiTqos iese nebayoflobiT mivida Sahis karze da

Tavisi surviliT gamusli manda. imave dros istorikoss imis

Cvenebac unda, rom iese Sahsac atyuebda: marTalia islams

eziara, magram guliT mainc qristiani darCa. amis gamo igi

daasmines. Sahma misi gaCxreka brZana. ieses ubeSi jvari da

xati upov nes, risTvisac Sahis brZanebiT is Seipyres da

alamuTis cixeSi Casves1. is alamuTis cixeSi CausvamT 1562

wlis 26 dekembers2.

1562 wlis 20 noembers jenkinsoni Sah TamazTan audi-

enciis dros gaecno qarTvel ufliswuls, „romelis vinaobis

dadgena _ rogorc v. gabaSvili fiqrobda _ Zneli araa. esaa

iese ufliswuli, levan kaxTa me fis Ze“3. sawinaaRmdego

mosazreba gamosTqva j. stefnaZem. misi azriT, ufliswuli

iese Sah TamazTan jenkinsonis audiencias 1562 wlis 20

noem bers ver daeswreboda, radgan iese 1562 wels alamuTis

cixeSi daamwy vdies4. am mosazrebidan gamomdinare, j. stefnaZe

cdilobs daamtkicos, rom Sahisa da jenkinsonis Sexvedras

svimon I -is Zma daviTi (SemdgomSi qarTlis gamgebeli dauT-

xani) unda daswreboda5. ase fiqrobs i. tabaRuac.

sakiTxis daviT XI-is sasargeblod gadasawyvetad es ar-

gumenti, iese rom maSin alamuTis cixeSi iyo gamomwyvdeuli,

ver gamodgeba. sa kiTxavia, iese 20 noembramde (Sah Tamazisa

da jenkinsonis Sexvedris dRe) daapatimres Tu mis Semdeg?

Cemi azriT, gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes hasan rumlus

1 Sah Tamazis saubari osmaleTis elCTan, gv 85. 2 hasan rumlu, gv. 37.3 gabaSvili v., qarTuli diplomatiis istoriidan (saqarTvelo da an-

tiosmaluri koaliciebi XV-XVII ss.). „masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis

istoriisaTRvis“, nakv. 31, Tb. 1964 , gv. 71.4 stefnaZe j., anton jenkinsonis mier moxseniebuli qarTveli uflis-

wulis vinaobisaTvis. „saqarTvelos, kavkasiis da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis

istoriis sakiTxebi“, Tb., 1968 , gv. 207.5 iqve, gv. 211.

174 175

erTi cnoba, romelidanac vigebT: „am wels (1561/62), rabi

os-sanis Tvis Cvidmets daviT-begi (qarTlis mefe – e.m.)

luarsabis Svili, ramdenime aznauriT saqarTvelodan yazvins

movida [da] muslimani gaxda. rjulis safarvelma Sahma

Tbilisis gamgebloba mas uwyaloba“1. hasan rumlus am cnoba-

ze dayrd nobiT r. kiknaZem gamoikvlia, rom daviTi 1561 wlis

25 dekembers mivida yazvins da TbilisSi dabrunda 1562

wlis 30 agvistos2. amgvarad daviTi, romelic 30 agvistos

TbilisSi iyo, 20 noembers Sahis sasaxleSi ver iqneboda.

iese ki dapatimrebmde (26 dekemberi) sasaxleSi iyo da qarT-

vel ufliswulTagan mxolod mas SeeZlo jenkinsons

Sexvedroda. swored ieses unda ecnobebina saqarTveloSi

jenkisonis da misi kompaniis interesebisa da misi mogzau-

robis mimarTulebis Sesaxeb3.

davubrundeT ieses dapatimrebis sakiTxs. sainteresoa

Sahis karze aRzevebuli iese ratom cdilobda samSobloSi

dabrunebas da is kvlav, marTalia farulad, mainc qristi-

anad rCeboda, ra Tqma unda, aseT rames Tu marTla hqonda

adgili? ieses amgvari moqmedebis axsna scada zogierTma

mkvlevarma.

k. tabataZis azriT, iesem samSobloSi gaqceva mas Semdeg

ganizraxa, roca Seityo, rom yizilbaSebTan brZolaSi daiR-

upa misi Zma giorgi. mas Sahis SurisZiebisa SeeSinda da

yazvinidan gaqceva scada4.

n. gelaSvili iziarebs k. tabataZis mosazrebas da Tavis

1 hasan rumlu, gv. 37. 2 iqve, gv. 64-65, Sen. 92-93. 3 am bolo dros gamoqveynda l. uruSaZis statia, romelSic `qarTvel

ufliswulSi~ kvlav daviT luarsabis Zea danaxuli. unda aRiniSnos, rom mkv-levari ar gascnobia zemoT dasaxelebul arc erT wyaros da gamokvlevas da

iseT STabeWdilebas qmnis, TiTqos is pirveli dainteresda jenkinsonis cnobiT.

ix. uruSaZe l., entoni jenkinsonis ̀ sparseTSi mogzaurobis~ cnobebi saqarTve-

los Sesaxeb. `qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba~, XI, Tb., 2006 , gv. 155-157. 4 tabataZe k., dasax. naSr., gv. 171.

mxriv damatebiT varaudobs, rom SeiZleba mas surda „saqarT-

veloSi Tavis moZ meTa mxardamxar ebrZola yizilbaSebis

winaaRmdeg“1.

me ki mgonia, rom ieses saqarTveloSi gaqcevis survili

ganpirobe buli unda yofiliyo ufrosi Zmis _ giorgis

daRupvis ambis gagagebiT. amis Semdeg taxtis memkvidre,

wesiT, is unda yofiliyo. magram, savarau doa, Sahi sul

sxvagvarad fiqrobda: iese manamde hyoloda iranSi, vidre

ufro xelsayreli dro ar iqneboda misi kaxeTSi gasamefe-

blad. isic savaraudoa, rom iranSi, Sahis karTan axlos

myofi ieseTi yovelTvis SeiZleboda kaxeTis samefo karze

zemoqmedeba.

iesem TiTqmis 15 weli tyveobaSi gaatara. is 1576 wels

svimon I -Tan er Tad gaaTavisufla Sah ismail II -m da didi

pativic miago, rac kargad ga moCnda ismailis xeldasxmis

zeimze maTTvis miCenili sapatio adgilebis mixedviT2.

isqander munSis cnobiT, „samoTxeSi damkvidre buli Sahis

Zmis saam-mirzas asuli sulTan-mohamed-xudabendem isa-xans

(iese batoniSvili – e. m.) misca da Saqis mmarTvelad

ganawesa“3. amgvarad, xudabende aleqsan dres sawinaaRmdego

tradiciul politikas atarebs. SaqSi, kaxeTis sazRvarTan

myof ieses yovelTvis SeeZlo aleqsandre II-is sawinaaRm-

dego saqmianobis gaCaReba.

Tomazo minadoi iransa da kaxeTis samefos Soris urT-

ierTobis gafuWebis umTavres mizezad, Sahis mier aleqsan-

1 gelaSvili n., dasax. naSr., gv. 104-105. 2 Morley W. H., A descriptive Catalogue of the Historial Manuscripts… pre-

served in the librari of the Royal Asiatic Society, London, 1854, #136 , p. 335; Alves P . Fr. M., Catalogo des Manuscritos de Simancas re speitantes a Histori Portuguesa. In: O Insti tuto, v. 82, serie 4, Coimbra, 1931 . Fr. M., Catalogo des Manuscritos de Simancas respeitantes a Histori Portuguesa. In: O Instituto, v. 82, serie 4, Coimbra, 1931~ , p. 479; Hinz W ., Schah Esmail II . Ein Beitrage zur Gescichte der Safaviden, Berlin, 1933, S. 62.

3 isqander munSi, gv. 28.

176 177

dre mefis winaaRmdeg ieses gamoyenebis mcdelobas miiCnevda:

aleqsandre „odesRac sparseTis gvirgvinis Zalian Tav-

dadebuli msaxuri iyo, magram im droidan, rodesac Tamazi

araswori gzebiT Seecada misi samflobeloebis CamorTmevas

da mis adgilas misi Zmis ieses dayenebas, romelic SeuerTda

ra sparselebs, Tamazsa da satanas, gaZlierebuli usindiso-

biT cdilobda amis miRwevas. [aleqsandrem] sparseTis imedze

yofnas Tavi mianeba, gaxda orpiri da nei traluri, gamarjve-

buli iaraRisadmi daTmoba da Zlieri sulis winaSe modreka

daiwyo“1.

iran-osmaleTis meore omis dawyebisTanave aleqsandre

II -m saerTo ena gamonaxa osmaleTis jarebis sardal lala

mustafa faSasTan da mas cxenosanTa razmi sTxova Tavisi

mtris, Saqis gamgeblisaTvis angariSis gasasworeblad. os-

malo mxedarTmTavarma daakmayofila aleqsandres Txovna da

1200 mxedari misca. iesem gaqceviT uSvela Tavs2.

1582 wels, mohamed xudabendesTan miRweuli SeTanxmebis

Sedegad, rodesac qarTlisa da kaxeTis mefeebma Sahis yvela

moTxovna daakmayo files, ,,TviTonac moiTxoves Sahis mfar-

velobis qveS myofi TavianTi Zmebis (aleqsandrem ieses, svi-

1 Minadoi T., Historia della guerra fra Turchi et Persiani. Descritto in qvatro libro da Gio. Tomaso Minadoi: Caminciando dall’anno MDLXXVII, nel qvale furo li primi muomenti di lei, freqvendo per tutto l’anno MDLXXXV. Alla San tita di N. S. Sisto V. Pontifi ce Ottimo Massimo. Con privilegio. In Roma. Nella Stamperia di Jacomo Tornerio, et Bernardino Donangeli. MDLXXXVII, p. 53. jovani tomazo minadoi, veneciis saelCos eqimi konstantinopolSi XVI s. meore naxevarSi.

man dagvitova uZvirfas esi cnobebi 1578-1590 wlebSi sparseT-osmaleTs Soris

mimdinare omisa da saqarTvelos teritoriaze warmoebuli brZolebis Sesaxeb.

omis msvlelobis dros is alepoSi cxov robda da mas Tavisi profesia saSu-

alebas aZlevda, gascnoboda mraval iseT pirovnebas, maT Soris qarTvelebsac

(erTgan is aRniSnavs, rom saqarTveloSi momxdari erT-erTi ambis siswore

àra erTma, aramed CemTan axlos myofma da samkurnalod mo sulma ramdenime

qarTvelma damimowma~. p. 100), romlebic kargad erkveodnen mimdinare omis

am bebSi. t. minadois naSromSi didi adgili daeTmo saqarTvelos politikur

mdgomareobas, qarT veli xalxis yizilbaSebis winaaRmdeg brZolas.

2 Alberi E., Op. cit.,. p. 444.

monma ki _ dauT-xanis) saqarTveloSi da toveba da piroba

dades, rom „Zmebs Cinebulad moepyrobodnen, veragobas ar

Caidendnen da orive TavianTi samflobeloebidan TavianT

Zmebs gark veul adgils miuCenda, raTa mosvenebiT ecxovraT

da arseboba ar gaZnelebo daT“1. SemdegSi isqander munSi

aRniSnavs, rom Zmebis Taobaze nakisri val debuleba arc svi-

mon I -ma da arc aleqsandre II -m ar Seas rules „orive maTi

daRupvis saqmes Seudga da Cqara maTi sikvdilis am bavi mTel

qveyanas gaagebines. raki Sesaferisi dro ar iyo, amitom

aseTi moqmedebisaTvis is ini aravin gakicxa“2.

ieses (isa-xani) Sesaxeb amis Semdeg araferia cnobili. is,

sava rau doa, mokluli iqna, magram osmaleTTan omis pirobeb-

Si, rodesac iranisaTvis mniSvneloba hqonda Tu vis mxares

iqneboda kaxeTis samefo, Sahis karma aleqsandre mefis moq-

medebis Sefasebisagan Tavi Seikava. SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom

viTarebiT isargebla aleqsandre II -m da Tavi dan moiSora

Sahis karis „mudmivi“ kandidati kaxeTis taxtze _ iese,

romlsac moralurad da adaT-wesebiTac ufleba hqonda pre-

tenzia ga moeTqva kaxeTis taxtze. is xom ufrosi Zmis gior-

gis daRupvis Semdeg ufrosi gaxda Tavis Zmebs Soris. iese,

rom Ddidi xnis ganmavlobaSi ty veobaSi ar yofiliyo taxti

masze gadavidoda. aleqsandreze zemoqmede bis am mniSvnelovan

saSu alebas Sahis kari moxerxebulad iyenebda. ase rom,

SeiZleba marTali iyos aleqsandres mier ieses mokvdineba.

1 isqander munSi, gv. 37.2 iqve. vaxuSti batoniSvilis mixedviT, iese kaxeTSi dabrunda 1580 wels.

is qristianad gamouSvia mohamed xudabendes, magram mcire xnis Semdeg gardacv-lila. qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 579.

178 179

* * *

davubrundeT entoni jenkisonis cnobebis ganxilvas.

1563 wlis 10-16 aprils jenkinsoni SamaxiaSi imyofe-

boda, roca masTan mivida `saqarTvelos mefis~ warmomad-

geneli. `SamaxiaSi mewvia saqarTvelos mefis warmomadgeneli

erTi somexi, romelmac aRmiwera [qarTveli] mefis saSineli

mdgomareoba, rom igi moqceulia or mrisxane tiransa da

Zlier xelmwifes Soris, sulTansa da Sahs Soris, romleb-

sac ganuwyvetliv ebrZ vis~1.

sainteresoa, romeli samefodan iyo somexi vaWari. am

sakiTxiT Ta vis droze dainteresdnen i. cincaZe da v. gabaS-

vili da ivaraudes, rom jenkin sonis mier dasaxelebuli

`saqarTvelos mefe~ kaxeTis mefe levani iyo2.

jenkinsonis cnobebs rodesac vukvirdebi, vrwmundebi,

rom `saqarT velos mefe~ unda iyos svimon I3. im dros mx-

olod svimoni awarmoebda ganuwyvetel brZolebs yizilbaSe-

bis winaaRmdeg, rac ar iTqmis levanze, romelic Tana-

medroveebSi cnobili iyo rogorc mSvidobismoyvare (Znelia

mis mier gadaxdili brZolis dasaxeleba 50-60-ian wlebSi)

da frTxili diplomati. am sakiTxze saubrisas unda gavix-

senoT i. cincaZis mosazreba: àr SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom

qarTlis politikosebs ruseTTan kaxeTis urTierToba ga-

moeparaT, isini, udavod, saqmis kursSi iyvnen, magram ufro

lodinis taqtikas adgnen. SesaZlebe lia, ruseTis Zlierebas,

rogorc TurqeT-iranis damTrgunav Zalas, skeptikurad uc-

1 Hacluyt R., Voiages. In eigth volumes, v, II. Introduction by John Masefeld, New York, 1962 , p. 24-25; Английские путешественники в Мoсковском госу-дарстве. Перевод с анг лийского Ю. В. Готье, Л., 1937, с. 211.

2 gabaSvili v., dasax. naSr., gv. 71-72; cincaZe i., dasax. naSr., gv. 278-282;

3 jenkinsonis `mogzaurobis~ rusul enaze mTargmnels i. v. goties miaC-

nda, rom jenkinsoni `saqarTvelos mefe solomons~ gulisxmobda. Tu gotie

qarTlis mefe svimon varau dobs, maSin misi mosazreba misaRebia.

qerodnen im periodSi. aseT Zalaze dayrdnobas arsebuli

mdgomareobis gauareseba rom mohyveboda, maTTvis aSkara

unda yo filiyo~1.

moyvanil mosazrebas ver gaviziareb. qarTlis politiko-

sebs, rogorc ukve gacnobili wyaroebidan kargad Cans, amasi-

is zavis Semdeg arc dro da arc saSualeba hqondaT ̀ lodinis

taqtikas~ dasdgomodnen. amgvari politika kaxeTis samefosa-

gan ufro mosalodneli iyo. kaxeTis mefes, rom iranisadmi

ukmayofilebis mizezi hqonda, amis Sesaxeb ukve iTqva, magram

mtrobas jer axdilad ver amJRavnebda. ase rom, kaxeTis poli-

tikosebs ufro unda ezrunaT, rom moufiqrebeli nabijis

gadadgmiT mdgomareoba ar gaerTulebinaT, risi Sedegi levan

kaxTa mefes SeeZlo iolad warmoedgina. magram ar gamovr-

icxav, rom kaxeTis mefe ar monawileobda amgvar diplomatiur

dazvervaSi. Cemi az riT, svimoni da levani SeTanxmebulad mo-

qmedebdnen, gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg, rac isini damoyvrdnen.

isini erTmaneTs uziarebdnen mopovebul informacias (am

SemTxvevaSi iese batoniSvilis mier gamogzavnils jen kinsonisa

da misi interesebis Sesaxeb). sad hqonda levan mefes imis ga-

rantia, rom Sahi ver gaigebda qarTveli mefis mociqulis

jenkinsonTan dakavSirebis Sesaxeb? am ingliselis cnobebi-

danve viciT, rogori eWviT ucqerodnen Sahi da aRmo savleT

amierkavkasiis saxanoebis mbrZaneblebi evropeli qristianebis

saqarTvelosTan urTierTobas. es garemoeba, ra Tqma unda,

icoda `saqarTvelos mefemac~, romelic bodiSs uxdida jen-

kinsons imis gamo, rom werilobiT da specialuri warmomad-

genlis xeliT ar acnoba Tavisi sur vilis Sesaxeb, radgan

saeWvo iyo, rom mis mier gagzavnili kaci mSvidobianad miaR-

wevda daniSnulebis adgilamde. sifrTxilis mizniT da

garTulebebis Tavidan acilebisaTvis, jenkin sonmac Tavisi

mosazrebebi `saqarTvelos mefes~ zepirad SeuTvala2.

1 cincaZe i., dasax. naSr., gv. 325.2 Hacluyt R., Voiages. In eigth volumes, v, II, p. 25.

180 181

qarTvelebi usafuZvlod rom ar frTxilobdnen, amaSi

jenkinsoni TviTonac male darwmunda, roca `saqarTvelos

mefisaTvis~ saWiro rCe vis misacemad saqarTveloSi eduard

klarki gaagzavna. magram saqarT velos sazRvarTan misuli

klarkis qristianoba roca gairkva, igi iZ ulebuli gaxda

ukan gabrunebuliyo1.

savaraudoa, rom saqarTveloSi kaxeTis ufliswulis

ieses meSveo biT dawvrilebiT informirebulni iyvnen entoni

jenkinsonis Sesaxeb, romelic kargad erkveoda ruseTis

mdgomareobasa da iteresebSi. ase rom, qarTvelebma mas

SemTxveviT ar mimarTes.

qarTvel mefes, upirveles yovl isa, ainteresebda jenkin-

sonis azri: SeeZlo Tu ara ruseTis mefes saqarTvelosaTvis

daxmareba gaewia gareSe mtrebTan brZolaSi da arsebobda Tu

ara amgvari mxardaWeris imedi. Tu daxmarebis imedi arse-

bobda, maSin romeli gziT SeiZleboda elCis gagzavna mosk-

ovSi. jenkinsonma mociquli daarwmuna, rom moskovis xelm-

wife saqarTvelos aucileblad daexmareboda da elCi

Cerqezebis qveyanaze gavliT gaegzavnaT, radgan ivane IV maTi

mefis asulze daqorwinda2.

jenkinsonis naTqvamSi uzustobaa. 1561 wels ivane IV-m

colad SeirTo yabardos mbrZaneblis (jenkinsonis TqmiT,

CerqezeTis mefis) temriuk idaroviCis asuli kuCena, romelsac

moskovSi maria daarqves3. es qorwineba didi politikuri mniS-

vmelobis aqti iyo. yabardos mniSvneloba ruseTis kavkasiur

politikaSi gaizarda. ra Tqma unda, yabardos mbrZanebeli

dainteresebuli iyo saqarTvelos ruseTTan da kavSirebiT.

saqarTvelos ruseTTan dakavSireba ̀ moskovis kompaniis~

intere sebSic Sedioda. kompania kaxuri nedli abreSumis ba-

zris dauflebas cdilobda. aRniSnuli kompaniis agentis

1 Ibidem.2 Ibidem.3 Смирнов Н. А., Политика России на Кавказе в XVI-XIX, М., 1958, с 13.

artur eduardsis mier 1566 wlis 26 aprils Semaxiidan

gagzavnil moxsenebaSi naTqvamia, rom gazafxulze SemaxiaSi

nedli abrereSumis Sovna mxolod mcire raodenobiT SeiZle-

boda. `misi Sovna SeiZleba saqarTveloSi, magram mis

Sesasyidad xalxis gagzavna ver SevZeliT, _ swers edu-

ardsi, _ radgan Tavidanve davkargeT dro. roca Cven gvey-

oleba warmomadgenlebi, romlebic SeZleben mTeli gazafxu-

lis ganmavlobaSi aq darCenas, maSin SesaZlebloba gveqneba

Sevisy idoT pirveli xelidan, uSualod soflelebisgan,

romlebsac moaqvT gasayidi aqac da sxva adgilebSic~1.

jenkinsons, Tavisi kompaniis interesebidan gamomdinare,

miznad hqonda uSualod daemyarebina kavSiri saqarTvelos

abreSumiT mdidar raionebTan. mas amis ganxorcieleba ganz-

raxuli hqonda maSin, roca eduard klarki gagzavna `saqarT-

velos mefis dasaxmareblad~. jenkinsonma mas pirdapir daav-

ala, rom mefesTan molaparakebisas mieRwia, rom mis sam-

flobeloebSi inglisel vaWrebs Tavisufali saqmianobis

ufleba hqonebodaT2. magram, rogorc iTqva, klarkma, misgan

damoukidebeli mizeze bis gamo, saqarTveloSi ver SeaRwia.

qarTuli nedli abreSumis dauflebis erT yvelaze saimedo

saSualebad Canda saqarTvelos ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvla.

Tu es ase moxdeboda, maSin `moskovis kompaniis~ agentebs,

romlebic moskovis saxelmwifoSi vaWrobis monopoliuri

ufle biT sargeblobdnen, win veraferi daudge bodaT. am mosaz-

rebidan gamomdinare, savaraudoa, jenkinsonma saqarT velos

mefis warmomadgenels ruseTisagan seriozuli daxmarebis

imedi misca da iqve ar SeiZleboda gadakvriT mainc ar eTqva

`moskovis kompaniis~ interesebzec. imis varaudic SeiZleba,

rom jenkinsonma moskovSi dabrunebis Semdeg `moskovis kom-

paniis~ mesveurebma zegavlena moaxdines rusTa mefeze da

saqarT velosTan kavSiris saWiroebaSi daarwmunes.

1 Hacluyt R. Voiages. In eigth volumes, v, II, p. 38.2 Ibidem, p. 25.

182 183

jenkinsonTan gagzavnili mociquli mefesTan dabrunda da

moaxsena ingliselebis qarTuli abreSumiT dainteresebisa

da maTi az ris mniSvnelobaze ivane IV-is kavkasiur poli-

tikaSi. isic cxadi gaxda, rom ingliselebi mzad iyvnen

qarTvelebisaTvis garkveuli mxardWera gaewiaT moskovis

karze. amis Semdeg svimon da levan mefeebi unda

SeTanxmdebuliyvnen, moskovSi kaxeTis mefis elCi wasuliyo.

kaxeTi xom abreSumiT yvelaze mdidari samefo iyo saqarT-

veloSi.

1563 wels moskovSi gaigzavna kaxeTis samefos elCoba,

romlis SemadgenlobaSi iyvnen iakobi, dionise da viRac

somexi. elCoba moskovSi darCa 1564 wlis noemberamde1. el-

Cebs moskovSi kmayofilebiT Sexvdnen da kaxeTs mfarveloba

aRuTqves. mfarvelobis gamoxatulebis niSnad kaxeTSi gamog-

zvnes damxmare razmi, romlis nawilebi kaxeTis cixeebSi

idga 1565-1572 wlebSi da daRestnelTa Tavdasxmebisagan

icavda. amaze metis gakeTeba maSin moskovis mTavrobas ar

SeeZlo, radgan TviT ruseTs uaRresad gar Tulebuli saSinao

da sagareo mdgomareoba hqonda. amiT isargebles iranma da

osmaleTma da ruseTs Seuties. osmalebma rusebis garnizoni

CerqezeTidan gandevnes, xolo iranisagan Tavdasxmis muqaram

aiZula le van mefe rusTa razmi kaxeTidan daeTxova.

svimon mefe ebrZoda qarTlSi iranis dasayrdens dauT-

xans. man 1567-1568 wlebSi diRomTan da samadlosTan brZo-

lebSi dauT-xani daamarcxa, magram Tbilisis ganTavisufleba

mainc ver SesZlo, radagan dauT-xans mezobeli yizilbaSuri

saxanoebi exmarebodnen.

qarTlis samefos brZola svimonis meTaurobiT mosvene-

bas ar aZlevda iranis Sahs. man am problemis erTxel da

samudamod gadawy veta ganizraxa. 1569 wels Sahma Saqisa da

yarabaRis laSqars Tavi mouyara ganjaSi, saSamxlos razmebi

daiqirava da qarTls Seusia. qarTlis mefes uRalata aznau-

1 Тивадзе Т. Г., Ук. труд, с. 243.

rma kaxaber yorRanaSvilma da mters meg zuroba gauwia. al-

geTis xeobaSi farcxisTan qarTvelTa laSqarma Seu tia aTjer

met mters da gaaqcia. mefe daedevna gaqceulT, mcire razmiT

sakmaod gaSorda ZiriTad laSqars da mtris garemocvaSi

aRmoCnda. moRalate yorRanaSvilma, ro melic piradad ic-

nobda mefes, yizilbaSebs masze miuTiTa. am dros erT-erTma

moRalatem mefes Subi hkra da cxenidan Camoagdo. mteri

miesia Tav ganwirulTa mcire gunds da svimonis TanamebrZolebi

amowyvita, mefe ki daaty veva. mefe yazvinSi gagzavnes. 10

wlis ganmavlobaSi qarTlis gamgebeli dauT-xani iyo.

osmaleTi iranis winaaRmdeg gadamwyveti brZolisaTvis

emzadeboda da mTeli amierkavkasiis dapyrobas fiqrobda. os-

maleTs amis miRweva xel sayreli komunikaciebis gareSe ar

SeeZlo. mas sakmao gamocdileba hqonda imisa, iranTan omis

dros, rogor gasaWirSi aRmoCndeboda xolme osmalTa jari.

Zneldeboda misi gadayvana da sursaT-sanovagiTa da iaraRiT mo marageba.

amgvari mdgomareobis mowesrigebas sulTani selim II

iranTan meore omis dawyebamde karga xniT adre, 1567 wlis

dasasrulidan Seudga. sul Tanma TavisTan mosalaparakeblad

miiwvia dadianis vaJi, raTa mas SeTanxmeboda osmaleTis

jaris samegrelos teritoriaze gatarebis Sesaxeb iranTan

omis dros. am gegmis ganxorcieleba sulTans esaxeboda

Semdegnairad: jars osmaleTidan samegrelos Savi zRvis san-

apiromde xomaldebiT gadai yvandnen, Semdeg odiSis samTav-

ros teritoriaze gavliT Crdilo-dasavleTidan daartyamda

yizilbaSebs1. sinamdvileSi, aR niSnuli gegmis ganxorcieleb-

isas pirvel dartyma odiSis samTavrosa da imereTis samefos

unda ganecada. amitom dadianma, albaT, yvelaferi iRona,

raTa Tavi daeR wia am saxifaTo wamowyebidan. Cans osmaleTma

garkveul dromde moTmineba arCia da am gegmis ganxorciele-

ba Semdegi saTvis gadasdo.

1 Tardy L., Op. cit., p. 110.

184 185

amgvarad, amasiis zavis Semdeg irani da osmaleTi yovel

Rones xmarobdnen, raTa poziciebi ganemtkicebinaT TavianT

wilxvedril saqarTveloSi. magram iranis mdgomareoba

sruliad sxvagvari iyo, vidre osmaleTisa. irans Seupovar

winaaRmdegobas uwevda qarTlis samefo. irans arc kaxeTis

samefo uerTgulebda.

osmaleTs dasavleT saqarTveloSi raime seriozuli dab-

rkolebis gadalaxva ar uxdeboda. iranTan zavs osmaleTi

dasavleTis saqmeebis mo sagvareblad iyenebda. igi xeldebuli

qarTuli samefo-samTavroebisa gan xarkisa da jaris garkveu-

li kontigentebis miRebiT kmayofilde boda. zavis periodSi

iranTan diplomatiuri urTierTobisas, osmaleTi yovelTvis

xazs usvamda im garemoebas, rom misTvis axlobeli iyo aR-

mosavleT saqarTvelos sakiTxi da zogjer iq Tavisi gav-

lenis gavr celebis mizniT mis damcveldac ki gamodioda.

qarTl-kaxeTis politikosebi kargad xedavdnen, rogori

wi naaRmde gobebi darCa iransa da osmaleTs Sori dazavebis

Semdegac imave saqarTvelos sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, iTval-

iswinebdnen saerTaSoriso vi Tarebas (samxreT-aRmosavleT

evropaSi osmaleTi avstriasa da ungreTs ebrZoda) da

Crdilo kavkasiaSi (ruseTis gasvla kaspiis zRvaze da misi

kavkasiisaken waweva) da sakuTari politikuri kursi

SeimuSaves. am etapze orive dampyrobeli (iran-osmaleTi)

erTnairad miuRebeli iyo. Tumca isic naTelia, rom iran-

osmaleTis meore omis dawyebamde qarTveli politikosebi

osmaleTisaken ufro ixrebodnen, osmaleTis iranTan da-

pirispirebas lamobdnen.

6. iran_osmaleTis omi da saqarTvelo

(1578-1590 ww.)

Sah Tamazis gardacvalebis Semdeg (1576 w.) sefianTa

saxelmwifoSi daiwyo brZola sxvadasxva feodalur dajgufe-

bebs Soris xelisu flebis xelSi CagdebisaTvis. TiToeuli

dajgufeba Tavisi miznis miRwevis saSu alebas sasurveli kan-

didatis (ufliswulis) gamefebaSi xedavda1. iranis saS inao

garTulebani xelsayrelad CaTvala osmaleTis karma.

1577 wlis bolos sulTanma murad III-m gadawyvita daew-

yo omi iranis winaaRmdeg. 1578 wlis 2 ianvars man jaris

sardloba miando lala mustafa faSas da arzrumis gziT

galaSqreba ubrZana. anonimi ve necielis TqmiT, sardals dae-

vala `Sirvanis samefo da sparseTis megobari qarTvelebis

provinciebi daepyro~2. osmaleTis laSqris Semadgenlobasa

da raodenobaze gansxvavebuli cnobebia. sinamdvilesTan ax-

los unda iyves zemoxsenebuli anonimi venecielis cnobebi.

igi, marTalia, pirdapir ar as axelebs osmalTa jaris raode-

nobas, magram imdenad dawvrilebiT CamoTvlis jaris nawi-

lebs, rom ad vilad xerxdeba miaxloebiTi raodenobis (110

aTasi) dadgena3.

italiuri wyarodan irkveva, rom lala mustafa faSis

umTavres amocanas amierkavkasiis dapyroba Seadgenda da igi

ar moerideboda 1555 wlis amasiis darRvevas. osmalTa jari

jer isev arzrumSi idga, roca iranis elCebi osmalo sardal-

Tan mividnen da molaparakeba gamarTes zavis pirobebis dacvi-

sa da mSvidobis SenarCunebis Sesaxeb. magram ama siis zavis

pirobebi osmalebs aRar akmayofilebda, radgan am zaviT orad

gayo fili saqarTvelos dasavleT nawilze irani formalurad

1 ix. Sesabamisi Tavi.

2 TurqeT-sparseTis omi da qristiani qarTvelebi. 1577-1581. italiuri-

dan Targmna, Sesavali, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo e. mamisTvaliSvilma, Tb. 1987, gv. 18.

3 iqve.

186 187

scnobda os maleTis uflebas, osmaleTi ki iranis uflebas

aRmosavleT saqarTveloze. maT samcxe-saaTabago gavlenis sf-

eroebad gainawiles. axla osmaleTs mTeli saqarTvelos

dapyroba surda. Tavisi moqmedebis gasamarTleblad sulTnis

kari sxvadasxva mizezs asaxelebda. ibrahim feCavis TqmiT,

`jer kidev dazavebasa da mSvidobaze iyo laparaki, ma gram _

ambobdnen isini (osmalebi), _ saqarTvelos begTagan zogi-

erTebi urCoben; amitom Cven maT dasamorCileblad mivdivar-

To~. rogorc Cans, osmalebis saqarTveloSi Se moWra aRniS-

nuli mizeziT yizilbaSebs zavis darRvevad miaCndaT.

osmalebma maSinve kontrbraldeba wauyenes: yizilbaSebi Turq-

menTa tome bis cxvarsa da aqlemebs itacebeno1.

imave ibrahim feCeviT, roca sazavo molaparakebidan

araferi ga movida, yizilbaSebma gadawyvites iaraRiT daecvaT

TavianTi gavlenis sferoSi arsebuli qarTuli olqebi. os-

malebma es miiCnies `zavisa da mSvidobis~ darRvevad. frangi

diplomati Juie Tavis mefe anri III-saTvis gagzavnil mox-

senebaSi SeniSnavda, miuxedavad imisa riT das ruldeba es

molaparakeba, `mustafa faSa mainc wava qarTvelebis

dasamoneblad~2. anonimi venecielis TqmiT ki, Tu irani ar

miiRebs osmalebis mier wayenebul pirobebs, maSin saqarT-

velo dapyrobili iqneba3.

Oomis dawyebis win sulTnis karma werilebi daugzavna

yizilbaSTa saxelmwifos yvela, didsa Tu patara mbrZaneb-

lebs, osmaleTisadmi mor Cileba gamoecxadebinaT. maT Soris

visac werilebi daegzavnaT, iyvnen qarTveli mefe-mTavrebic:

imereTis mefe giorgi II, samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos

gamgebeli _ gurieli, samegrelos mTavari _ dadiani, kaxe-

Tis mefe _ aleqsandre II da lipartiani4.

1 ibrahim feCevi, gv. 38.2 Charrière, III, p. 740.3 TurqeT-sparseTis omi da qristiani qarTvelebi, gv. 22.4 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Труды Мустафи Али-Эфенди как источник по

истории Азербайджана конца XVI века. Диссертация на сойсканиу ученной

saomari moqmedebis dawyebis win, lala faSas mier qarT-

veli mefe-mTavrebisaTvis gagzavnili werilebidan gansa-

kuTrebiT yuradRebas ipy robs imereTis mefisaTvis gagzav-

nili werili. lala faSa imereTis mefes mouwodebs

Seasrulos patronymuri valdebuleba da sulT nisadmi erT-

guleba Sirvanis, azerbaijanisa da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

winaaRmdeg mowyobil laSqrobaSi monawileobiT daamtkicos1.

lala mustafa-faSa aleqsandre kaxTa mefes swerda: `... Cven-

ma fadiSahma umaRlesi brZanebiT daamtkica laSqroba Sir-

vanze, gurjistansa2 da azerbaijanze da me, ara raobas,

uZleveli armiiT magzavnis am qveynebSi. ramdenadac Tqven

xarT Cveni fadiSahis morCili msaxuri, saWiroa xeli Seu-

wyoT gurjistanis be gebs, varazas Svilebs3 (varaza ogul-

lari), levans, gan sakuTrebiT qaixos ros Ze yvaryvares

damjereblobas da morCilebas... roca maTgan miviRebT mor-

Cilebis werilebs, Cvenc Cvenis mxriv vTxovT fadiSahs maTs

Sewyalebasa da mfarvelobas... sardalma aseTive werili

gaugzavna aleqsandres siZes, arzrumis vilaieTis SavSeTis

sanjaybegs aTabag ahmed-begs~ _ naTqvamia ali-efendis `nus-

reT-nameSi~4.

Llala mustafa-faSa rom seriozulad iyo daintereseb-

uli saqarT veloTi da aq seriozuli samxedro operaciebis

warmoebas apirebda, Cans pasinis (?) begis, mirza ali-beis

vaJisaTvis gagzavnili werilidan. os maleTis jarebis mTa-

varsardali adresats sTxovda, rom Tu is osmalTa jarTan

степени кандидата ист. наук, Тб., 1985, с. 51-52. am sadisertacio naSromze mim-iTiTa cnobilma Turqologma, qalbatonma cisana abulaZem, risTvisac did

madlobas movaxseneb.

1 iqve, gv, 176.2 rogorc werilis Sinaarsidan Cans, gurjistanSi samcxe-saaTabago igu-

lisxmeba.

3 Uunda igulisxmebodes varaza SalikaSvilis vaJi kokola, romelic

aTabagis winaaRmdeg gamodis, radgan misi mama varaza dedisimedma moakvlevina.

dawvr. ix. aqve, gv. 390-392. 4 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 52-53.

188 189

SesaerTeblad saqarTvelos gziT wavidoda, ma Sin mas dawvr-

ilebiT aewera yvela punqti sadac mas gavla mouxdeboda da

werilobiT ecnobebina mTavarsardlisaTvis1. osmalebma ganizraxes kavkasiaSi omis warmoebis placdar-

mad yarsi gadaeqciaT. magram es strategiuli mniSvnelobis

qalaqi wina omis dros nangrevebad iqca. amasiis zavis mixed-

viT, misi aRdgena orive mxares ekrZaleboda. axla ki os-

malebma didi siswrafiT daiwyes yarsis aRdgena. rogorc

savaraudoa, osmaleTis sardlis mowodebebs zogierTi qarT-

veli mmarTveli maSinve gamoexmaura da kars momdgar mters

garkveuli daxmarebac aRmouCina. Aamas aRniSnavda 1578 wlis

20 maisis werilSi sa frangeTis mefe anri III-saTvis gagzav-

nil werilSi Juie. lala faSas qarT veli elCebi ewvivnen da

Tan miiyvanes 5 aTasi kaci yarsis simagris aRdgenisas os-

malebis dasaxmareblad2. savaraudoa, is ini SavSeTis da ba-

sianis gamahmadianebuli qarTveli feodalebis3 an imereTis

mefis mier gagzavnili xalxi iyo. don xuan de persias TqmiT,

guriis mTavari da misi vaJi osmalebis jarSi imyofebodnen4.

Mmustafa-faSam sivasSi miiRo dadianisa da gurielis

morCilebis sigelebi da aqedanve upasuxa maT5. 1578 wlis 2

ivliss ki, roca mustafa-faSa Cermikis sadgoms (arzrumidan

17 km-ze) uaxlovdeboda, miiRo Tormeti morCilebis sigeli,

maT Soris iyo sigelebi daRestnidan da saqarTvelo dan6.

imave dReebSi sardalma miiRo kidev erTi sasiamovno Set-

yobineba yar sis sanjay-begis qurTi iusuf-begisagan. iusuf-

begi Tavis razmiT Tavs daesxa sofel janbaz Cukuris7, daa-

1 Тамже, с. 54.2 Charrière, III, p. 753.3 CoCievi v. maxlobeli aRmosavleTis saerTaSoriso urTierToba XVI-

XVII sau kuneebSi, gv. 174.4 Don Juan de Persia, p. 67.5 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 58.6 Тамже, с. 60.7 Migive Cildir Cukuru, mdebareobs Cildiris tbis CrdiloeTiT.

marcxa am mxaris brZanebeli mahmud-xani varazas Ze,

gaanadgura misi jaris didi nawili, aTasze meti ki daatyve-

va. man qarTveli tyveebi gaagzavna CermikSi, sadac im dros

imyofeboda lala Mmustafa-faSa1. Aarzrumis beglarbegi

bexrem-faSam, erevnisa da naxWevnis gamgeblis Toqmak-xanis

braldebaze, rom osmalebma janbaz Cukurze TavdasxmiT daar-

Rvies amasiis sazavo xelSekruleba, aseTi ganmarteba misca:

janbaz Cukurze Tavdasxma moxda mas Semdeg rac qarTvelebma

ulus-TurqmenTa cxvris fara gaitaces. amas garda sxva ms-

gavsi incidentebic xdeboda am mxridan, amitom sar dali

mustafa-faSa gurjistanis vilaieTis dasapyrobad movida2.

baxram-faSa im qarTvelebis dasjas moiTxovda, romleb mac

mehmed-aRa da misi amxanagebi aiZules eWamaT Roris xorci.

dam naSaveebis dasjisa da gatacebuli cxvris faris dabrune-

bis SemTxvevaSi faSa Tanaxma iyo Sua mavloba ekisra samSvi-

dobo molaparakebis dasawye bad3. rogorc Cans, os malebi mzad

iyvnen lokaluri xasiaTis incidenti mo laparakebiT moegva-

rebinaT, maSin rodesac saqarTveloze Tvdasxma sruliad

kanonierad miaCndaT, radgan ìsini (qarTvelebi) urwmunoni

arian da uari sTqves sulTnis mfarvelobaze. Tavidan isini

fadiSahs emorCile bodnen, Semdeg ki, sxvadasxva areulobis

Semdeg, sawinaaRmdego (se fevide bis) mxares gadavidnen. Aami-

tom isini ganekuTvnebian imaT ricxvs vinc unda moaqcion da

maTi ganadgureba da gaZarcva daSvebulia SariatiT~4

31 ivliss lala faSam arzrumSi samxedro aRlumi gama-

rTa, ro mel sac erTi yizilbaSi tyve daaswro, raTa mas sa-

kuTari TvaliT exila os maleTis jaris siZliere. anonimi

1 Oosmalo sardlis sixaruli gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom mahmud–beg

varazas Zes bralad edeboda gasul zamTars osmaleTis sofelze Tavdasxma, romlis drosac ram den ime muslimani daatyveva da aiZula isini eWamaT Roris

xorci. Тамже.2 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 62-63.3 Тамже, с. 634 Тамже, с. 64.

190 191

venecielis Tanaxmad, aRlumis dam Tavre bis Semdeg lala

faSam tyve didad daasaCuqra, gaaTavisufla da Tan gaatana

is werili, romelSic saqarTveloze Tavdasxmis aucile-

blobaze iyo naTqvami1.

meore dRes (1 agvisto) osmaleTis jarma arzrumi da-

tova2 da saqarT velosken gaemarTa. saqarTvelos sazRvari

gadalaxes oriode dRis Semdeg. 2 an 3 agvistos isini mniS-

vnelovan simagresTan mividnen, romelic iranisa da saqarT-

velos sazRvarze mdebareobda3. Aaqve miiRo sardalma imere-

Tis (baSiaCuki) mefis giorgi II-is elCi saCuqrebiTa da

morCilebis weriliT. manAaqedanve gaugzavna qarTvel mefes

sapasuxo werili, romelSic naTqvami iyo: `yovel dRe vuax-

lovdebiT artaans. amitom miiReb Tu ara Cems werils maS-

inve gamoeSure Cvens mxares Seni kargad aRWurvili qveSevr-

domebiTa da TanamzraxvelebiT... Tu dedisimedi da daud-xani,

ro melTa miwebi Cvens Soris mdebareoben, Cvens winaaRmdeg

imoqmedeben, maSin Cvenc Cveni mxridan SevutevT da maT mi-

webs udabnod gadavaqcevT...~4

osmalTa jari saqarTvelos teritoriaze SeiWra. qarTu-

li wyaroe bidan cnobilia, rom pirveli cixe, romelic os-

malebs samcxis teritoriaze SexvdaT, iyo mgelcixe. igi

osmalebma ori dRis brZolis Semdeg 1578 w. 7 agvistos

aiRes. 8 agvistos daipyres kokola SalikaS vilis5 mamulebi,

romlebic òsmaleTis armiis gzaze mdebareobda~6. si-

namdvileSi, osmalebis mier kokolas da, saerTod, SalikaS-

vilebis ma mulebisadmi interesi, ganpirobebuli unda yo-

filiyo Sahis karTan maTi siaxloviT, razec SemdgomSi

1 TurqeT-sparseTis omi da qristiani qarTvelebi, gv. 22.2 sxva cnobiT, osmalebma arzrumi datoves 23 agvistos ix. svaniZe m.,

dasax. naSr., gv. 103.3 TurqeT-sparseTis omi da qristiani qarTvelebi, gv. 22.4 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 62.5 Turquli wyaros mixedviT, varaza oRlu kaikud-xani.

6 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 68

dawvrilebiT iTqmeva. imave dRes maT daipyres da gaZarcves

vale. meore dRes (9 agvisto) osmalebmis xelSi aRmoCnda

ax Cis qvabis, Tmogvis, xerTvisis, Cildiris, axalqalaqis1 da

eni-kales(?) cixeebi2. samcxis aTabagis da yvela didebulis

mier osmalebisadmi mor Cilebis gamocxadebis Semdeg, lala

mustafa faSa qarTlis samefos dasamorCileblad wavida.

manmade man werili gaugzavna daud-xans da da morCileba

mosTxova, magramM qarTlis gamgebelma osmalo sardals ar

upasuxa3. Tbilisisaken mimaval osmaleTis jars didi dax-

mareba gauwia aTabagis Zmam manu Carma, romelmac Tavis Tavze

aiRo megzuroba4. osmalebi mosaxleo bas ik lebdnen, riTac

did ukmayofilebas iwvevdnen. qarTveli xalxi maSinve aRsdga

SemoWrili mtris winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. mtris sim ravle

pir dapir Sebmis saSualebas ar iZleoda, amitom partizanuli

brZola gaC aRda. osmalTa jars fexdafex misdevda qarTvelTa

razmebi da did zians ayenebda. minadois da don xuan sparse-

lis mixedviT, partizanul brZolis meTaurebi iyvnen iusu-

fi5, dauT-xani da aleqsan dre6. maT TavianT mamulebSi Sekribes

jari da sa dac moixelTebdnen mters musrs avlebdnen.

1578 wels ki, iranTan omis dawyebis Semdeg, roca na-

Teli Seiqmna amierkavkasiaSi samxedro operaciebis sirTule,

sulTanma angariSi aRar gauwia Tu rogor Sexedavda dadiani

osmalebis daufarav agresias. arqan jelo lambertis mixed-

viT, sulTanma foTi daipyro da mdinare rionis zRvasTan

SesarTavTan kunZulze cixe aaSena. sainteresoa, rom lamber-

1 manuCarma, qarTuli wyaros cnobiT, lala faSas Tmogvis cixe da kokola Sali-

kaSvilisaTvis CamorTmeuli axalqalaqi gadasca 17 agvistos. „mesxuri matiane“, gv. 49.2 Тамже. 3 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 744 Don Juan de Persia, p. 68v.5 m. svaniZis gamokvleviT, iusufi imereTis mefe giorgis (1564-1585) vaJi

iyo. svniZe m., saqarTvelo-osmaleTis urTierTobis istoriidan, gv, 141-142.6 Mminadois TqmiT, es iyo kaxeTis mefe aleqsandere II, xolo don xuan

sparselis mixedviT ki – manuCaris Zma yvaryvare IV, romelic evropul

wyaroebSi aleqsandred moix senieba.

192 193

tis mSvenivrad esmoda osmalebis moqmedebis mizani: àmis

mizezi is iyo _ am bobs lamberti _ rom im xanebSi Turqebis

sulTani amurati omobda iranelebTan. man aiRo Tbilisi da

apirebda mTeli iranis dapyrobas. am saqmis Sesasruleblad

mas undoda saqarTvelos gza gaex sna TavisTvis da daeWira

am gzis gasaRebi _ qalaqi quTaisi, raTa jer zRviT da mere

fazisiT Cqara da naklebi zaraliT gaegzavna Tavisi ja rebi

iranisaken~. osmalebi TavianTi galerebiT ahyvnen md. rions

da qu Taisisken wavidnen. magram qalaqis maxloblad, mdi-

naris Seviwrovebis adgilas TofebiT SeiaraRebulma

qarTvelebma iseTi cecxli gauxsnes momxvdurT, rom isini

iZulebuli gaxdnen ukan gabrunebuliyvnen da amis Semdeg

foTSi is cixe aaSenes romelzec lamberti aRniSnavda1.

iranis morCili dauT-xani xedavda, rom Tbilisis dacvas

ver SeZlebda, miuxedavad imisa, rom is kargad gamagrebuli

iyo2. Semdgomi brZolis gagrZelebisa da Tavisi jaris gad-

arCenis mizniT man mTeli SeiaraReba waiRo da qalaqi da-

tova3. lala faSas ki imedi hqonda, rom daviTsa da mis jars

1 osmalebis mier aSenebuli foTis cixe SemdegSi odiSis mTavar levan

II dadians daungrevia da iqidan 25 zarbazani wauRia. arqanjelo lamberti, samegrelos aRwera, Targmani italiuridan al. Wyoniasi. meore gamocema l.

asaTianis winasityvaobiT, re daqciiT da SeniSvnebiT, Tb., 1938, gv, 172.2 evlia Celebis aRweriT, TbilisSi `cicabo kldeze erTmaneTis pirdapir

ori cixea... maT Soris mdinare mtkvari miedineba. radganac erTi kldidan meore

kldeze didi xidia [gadebuli], erTi cixidan meoremde advilad gadaisvleba.

didi cixe mdi nare mtkvris samxreTiTaa da patara cixe _ CrdiloeTiT... didi

cixis garSemoweri loba eqvsi aTasi nabijia, magram Zveli naSenia. kedlis

simaRle samoci wyrTaa. samocdaaTi burji da sami aTasi qonguri aqvs. erTi

xidiani kari aqvs. Txrili ara aqvs. mdinare mtkvars erTi wylisTvis gankuT-

vnili, xvreliani koSki gadahyurebs; alyis dros iqidan iklaven wyur vils...

patara cixe... erT cicabo gorakze dgas. oTxkuTxa, patara cixea. xidis TavSi patara karia... patara cixe did zRudeze mtkicea. cixis koSkebs sami aTasi

mecixovne icavs~. (evlia Celebis `mogzaurobis wigni~. Turqulidan Targmna, komentarebi da ga mokvleva daurTo g. fuTuriZem. nakv. I, qarTuli Targmani, Tb., 1971 , gv. 295).

3 Don Juan de Persia, p. 69r.

TbilisSi moimwyvdevda da mospobda. amitom, mTavarsardalma

Tbilisis alyaSi moqcevis mizniT, win gauSva osman faSa 5

aTasi mxedriT. osman faSas Tbilisi dacarielebuli daxvda,

magram didZali qoneba da sursaT-sanovage moipova. 24 agvis-

tos TviT sar dalic mivida da Tbilisidan 3 milis daSore-

biT dabanakda, raTa jars qalaqi ar daezianebina. radgan

Tbilisis moqalaqeebs mtkvarze xidi daengriaT, os malebma

qalaqTan uzarmazari xeebi daWres da xidi aRadgines. lala

faSam SirvanSi wasvlis win Tbilisisa da mTeli qarTlis

(`manuCaris samflobeloebamde~) gamgeblad daniSna vinme me-

hmed bei, romelic faSas rangSi aiyvana. mas Caabares 10 aTasi

mxedari da qveiTi jariskaci, samasi ianiCari, 36 qvemexi, sa-

brZolo masala da erTi wlis samyofi sursaT-sano vage1.

29 agvistos, paraskevs, sulTnis brZanebiT, TbilisSi

or adgilas safuZveli Caeyara or meCeTs, xolo sardlis

brZanebiTa da surviliT, md. mtkvris meore napirze safuZ-

veli Caeyara kidev erT meCeTs2. Sahis karze gasagebi iyo, rom dauT-xans osmalebisadmi

winaaRmde gobis gawevis unari ar Seswevda da Sah muhamed

xudabendem qarTlis tax tze svimon mefis dabruneba ganiz-

raxa. igi Sah Tamazs alamuTis cixeSi ga momwyvdeuli hyavda

1569-1576 wlebSi.

1 TurqeT-sparseTis omi da qristiani qarTvelebi, gv. 24-25. alis gadmo-

cemiT Tbilisis beglarbegad daniSnuli mehmed begi iyo kastomanis sanjaybegi, romelsac 20 aTasi mebrZoli dautoves da 150 aTasi axCa. Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 74-75.

2 i. hameri `nusreT-nameze~ miTiTebiT ambobs, rom osmalebma TbilisSi 2

eklesia meCeTad gadaakeTeso, rac simarTles ar Seefereba. Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 75.

194 195

* * *

XVI saukunis, gansakuTrebiT svimon I -is mefobis droin-

del saqarTvelosa da piradad mefeze, sakmaod bevri iwere-

boda dasavleT vropaSi. tyveobidan dabrunebuli mefe, gad-

auWarbeblad SeiZleba iTqvas, gadaiqca osmaleTis winaaRmdeg

brZolis meTaurad. amitom didi iyo mis mimarT interesi

osmaleTis imperiis winaaRmdeg brZolis mosurne evropaSi.

im masalebidan, romelSic aisaxa svimon I-is pirovneba da

misi saqmianoba, gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva jovani Tomazo

minadois TxzulebaSi Semonaxuli cnobebi, romlebSic sak-

maod dawvrilebiT, Tumca qarTuli da sparsuli wyaroebi-

sagan gansxvavebulad da sruliad axali cnobebis damatebiT,

gadmocemuli aqvs svimon mefis cxovrebis saintreso momen-

tebi, romelTa gaTvaliswineba aucilebelia.

ai rogor agviwers minadoi svimonsa da daviTs Soris

Camovardnil uTanxmoebas, daviTis gamahmadianebas, yizil-

baSebis mier svimonis datyvevebas, mis urTierTobas ismail-

mirzasTan... minadoi, rodesac laparakobs yarsisa da Tbili-

sis damakavSirebeli gzis Sesaxeb, aRniSnavs: „aqedan Tu

gavyvebiT aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT, movxvdebiT ufro

somxeTSi, vidre iveriaSi, gansvenebuli luarsabis miwebze,

axla rom ekuTvniT or Zmas _ daviTsa da svimons, fizi-

kurad da sulierad Rirseul memkvidreebs mamis saxelis da

samflobeloebisa, Tumca Semdeg maT uxeSi laqa miicxes sar-

wmunoebis gamocvliT da SeibRales qebis Rirsi saxeli.

gansakuTrebiT es exeba svimons, romelmac samxedro saqmis

codniT, poeziaSi gacnobilma1 da Tavisi filosofiuri

1 Mminadois naTqvami, rom svimoni poezias icnobda, dasturdeba os-

malo is torikosis mustafa na’ima-s (1655-1715) erTi cnobiT. ufro metic, na’imas mixedviT, svimoni sakmaod kargi poeti yofila (jiqia s., epizodi XVI saukunis erTi cnobis ganmarteba (na’ima-s erTi cno bis ganmarteba). masalebi

saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis is toriisaTvis, nakv. 31, Tb., 1954 , gv. 56, 58). is daxelovnebula robaiebis TxzvaSi. ro bai sparsul klasikur saleqso for maTa

ganaTlebiT Tamazis Svilis [ismailis] wyaloba da masTan

siaxlove daimsaxura iranSi tyved yofnis dros, romlis

Sesaxebac vilaparakebT. magram rogori gmiri unda iyos ada-

miani, rom SesZlos SeinarCunos brwyinvaleba da ar Caqres

im codvebiT dacemis Semdeg, orivem rom Caidines, rac gaxda

mizezi imisa, rom TiToeuli maTgani darCa qonebas, samflo-

belos da pativs moklebuli. maT dakarges qristes uwmind-

es saxelTan urTierTobis ufleba.

luarsabma, anderZiT, samefoSi Tavis memkvidred svimoni

daniSna mxolod imitom ki ara, rom is wlovanebiT ufrosi

iyo, aramed imis gamoc, rom ufro Rirseuli iyo Tavis am

Zma daviTze. es ukanaskneli ver urigdeboda aseT gadaw-

yvetilebas, swyuroda dideba da batonoba, ar miaCnda svi-

moni memkvidred da cdilobda igi qveynidan ganedevna, iara-

RiT mieRwia imisTvis, rac mamis survilma ar arguna... roca

svimoni darwmunda Zmis borot ganzraxvaSi, raki ver xe-

davda winaaRmdegobis daZlevis sxva saSualebas, [Sah] Tamazs

mouTxro saqmis viTareba da Sewevna da dacva sTxova. Tamazma

uyuradRebod ar dastova [is Txovna] da gadawyvita svimo-

nisaTvis esiamovnebina. man 4 aTasi cxenosani gagzavna da

maTs meTaurs ubrZana, daviTi cocxali Seepyro da iranSi

moeyvana. Tu is sarwmuneobis Secvlaze ar daTanxmda, maSin

Soris erT-erTi uZvelesi da saintereso saxeobaa. es aris oTxstriqoniani

miniatu ruli leqsi, mtkiced gansazRvruli saleqso sazomiTa da gariTmvis

normebiT (kotetiSvili v., robais struqtura. Tsu Sromebi, t. 250, aRmosav-leTmcodneoba, Tb., 1985, gv. 5). na’ima-s moyvanili aqvs mefis mier iedikuleSi

patimrobisas gamoTqmuli erTi ro bai, romelSic mefe Tavis uiRblo gan vlil

cxovrebaze mosTqvams:

`gamanadgura bedma, romelsac vemduri;

amisaTvis damcireba ganmvicade xalxis TvalSi,Tumca [saqme] wamivida Zlier cudad (mZimed),madloba gamCens, [rom axla mdgomareoba] Semimsubuqda~

mefis am robaize mis Tanamedrove heqim Celebis aseTnairad upasuxia:

èrTi goris cixis aRebisaTvis Sen,axla, uyure, mecixovne gaxdi ÁedikuleSi~. jiqia s., dasax. naSr., gv. 56, 58.

196 197

mas scnoben Tavisi samflobeloebis uflebebSi, rogorc

aRiarebul qveSevrdoms da ara rogorc Tavisufal moxarkes.

Tu igi amaze daTanxmda, maSin svimoni gadaayeneT, sarwmunoe-

bis gamocvlas nu daaZalebT da mis adgilas daviT dasviTo.

xolo Tu ki svimonic mzadyofnas gamosTqvams Tavis ZmasaviT,

maSin is Tavis uflebaSi datoveT, daviTi ki yazvins wamoiy-

vaneTo. meTauri saqarTveloSi wavida, daviTi swrafad Seipy-

ro, iaraRic ki ar gamouyenebia, moTxovna wauyena Tamazis

saxeliT. is maSinve daTanxmda: sarwmunoeba gamoicvala, wmin-

da naTloba windacveTiT Secvala, Tavisi Tavi cru winas-

warmetyvel muhameds usindisod miarTva nebayoflobiT

saCuqrad da uaryo (saTqmeladac ki SemaZrwunebelia) qveynis

mxsneli. Semdeg sparseli meTauri svimonTan mivida, uTxra,

rom mis dasaxmareblad movida da dapatimrebuli hyavs misi

mteri, magram svimons qveynis mfarveli Tamazis imedi nu

eqneba, Tu sarwmuneobas ar gamoicvlis. ase rom igi unda

gaxdes imave winaswarmetyvelisa da kanonis msaxuri, romel-

sac emsaxureba da emorCileba Sah Tamazi. Tu igi ase ar

moiqceva, maSin mis adgils misi Zma daikavebs, romelmac maS-

inve miiRo es winadadeba. svimoni mwared atirda Zmis dace-

maze da Zveleburi didi simtkiciT qristes uwmindesi

saxelisadmi erTguli darCa. man daTmo amqveyniuri samefo,

rom ar daekarga ciuri samefo da gaxda Sahis patimari...

sabralo svimoni waiyvanes TamazTan, romelic didxans

uCiCinebda mas, mieRo sparsuli wesebi. man ar uaryo mSob-

liuri sarwmunoeba da gagzavnes kahkahes cixeSi, sadac gad-

asaxlebaSi cxovrobda Tamazis Svili ismaili, romelic,

rogorc iTqva, [SemdegSi] Sahi gaxda. [svimonma] irCia droe-

biT cixeSi cxovreba, vidre gamoecvala Tavisi odindeli

qristes sarwmunoeba (Tumca cxovrobda masSi rogorc sqiz-

matikosi1) da TavisTvis moemzadebina maradiuli borkilebi,

1 sqizmatikosi – berZn. ganxeTqilebis Semomtani kaTolicizmsa da marTl-

madideblobas Soris. am SemTxvevaSi berZnuli marTlmadideblobis mimdevari.

usasrulod da Savbnelad Caketiliyo cecxlovan jojox-

eTSi. svimonis es Tavgadasavali Wkuis saswavlebeli unda

iyos imisaTvis, Tu ra saxifaToa dasaxmareblad an dasacavad

mosuli ucxoelis Careva sakuTar saqmeSi“1.

„kahkahaSi tusaRad yofnis dros svimons axlo urTier-

Toba hqonda Tamazis Svil ismailTan, romelic misma xsen-

ebulma mamam iq gadaasaxla da maTi [svimonisa da ismailis]

megobroba nel-nela mtkice savaldebulo siyvarulSi ganmt-

kicda. ase rom ramdenadac ismails uyvarda svimonis cxovre-

bis wesebi, imdenad svimoni ismailis sulis sidiadis aRta-

cebuli pativismcemeli xdeboda da am araCveulebrivma

urTierT siyvarulma [svimoni] bolos miiyvana iqamde, rom

svimoni (ar vici romeliRac sofizmiT motyuebuli Tu ra-

Rac alersiT moxibluli) Tavis sarwmunoebaSi ver gamagrda

da Tavisi megobris barbarosul crurwmenaSi gadavida2.

romelma mizezebma warmoSves svimonis sulSi es mosabruni,

1 Minadoi, p. 54-57. saintresoa, rom MMminadois Txzuleba gaxda mTavari

wyaro saqarTveloTi daintresebuli mravali evropeli avtorisaTvis. mag.

Mminadois monaTxrobs sityva-sityviT imeorebs petro biZaro Tavis 1601 wels

gamoqveynebul wignSi (Rerum Persi carum Historia, initia, Gentis, Mores, Instituta, resque gestas ad hoc usque tempora complectens. Auctore Petro Bizaro Santinate, Francofurti, 1601 , p. 534). Mminadois Txzulebis im adgils, sadac svimonisa da davi Tis dapirispirebis, Sah Tamzis mier maTi datyvevebis ambavia moTxrobili, don xuan de persia, minadois Txzulebaze dayrdnobiT, mokled gadmogvcems

Semdegnairad: `mTavarma luarsabma Tavisi [samTavro] ufros Svils svimons

dautova, xolo umcrosi Zma daviTi Sah Tamazis daxmarebiT, romelmac 4 aTasi

kaci miaSvela, samTavros dauyovnebliv daeufla. man sparseTis xelmwifis

ymadnaficad gamoacxada Tavi, qristianoba uaryo, gamahmadianda da dairqva

daudxani. Sah Tamazma igi maSinve Tbilisis batonad daniSna, misi ufrosi Zma svimoni ki, romelmac im periodSi qristianoba ar miatova, yoveli SemTx-

vevisaTvis daatyveva da kahkahahis cixeSi Caamwyvdia~ (Don Juan de Persia, p. 67v). minadois Txzulebis seriozuli gavlena emCneva Jan Sardenis Txzulebis

Sesabamis pasaJsac. Jan Sardenis mogzauroba sparseTsa da aRmosavleTis sxva

qveynebSi (cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb). frangulidan Targmna, gamokvleva da

komentarebi daurTo m. mgalobliSvilma, Tb., 1975 , gv. 301.2 gamuslimanebul svimons sulTan-mahmud-xani daarqves (isqander munSi,

gv. 28).

198 199

religiurad Zalian ganaTlebulis da Zalian mtkicesi,

romelsac ukve Sewiruli hqonda qoneba da Tavisufleba,

raTa SeenarCunebina berZnuli rjuli, es Zneli asaxsnelia.

magram samma mZlavrma biZgma gansazRvra es gardatexa: gamud-

mebulma patimrobam, romlidanac Tavis daRweva albaT ar

SeiZleboda Tu qristianad darCeboda; megobroba ismailTan,

megobroba, vityvi, romelsac SeuZlia Secvalos adamianis

bunebac, aramcTu mokvdavis rwmena; umaRlesi pativi, romel-

sac mas yoveldRe hpirdeboda ismaili misi taxtze asvlisas.

aseTnair ganwyobilebaSi iyvnen, roca Sah Tamazi gardaicva-

la da ismaili didi zeimiT miiyvanes yazvinSi, sadac aseve

sazeimod gamoacxades Tavisi mamis mTeli samflobeloebis

mefed. imaT Soris vinc Zvirfasni darCnen xsenebuli mefis

mexsierebaSi, Tavisi RirsebebiT darCa svimoni, romelic misi

xaTriT ukve windacveTili da mahmadiani gaxda. ase CarCa

[ismails] svimoni mexsierebaSi, rom surda misi avseba pa-

tiviTa da saCuqrebiT, bevrad gadametebuli imaze, ramdena-

dac [svimons] SeeZlo evarauda. xolo ismailis naadrevma da

moulodnelma sikvdilma is moitana, rom svimoni darCa

yovelgvari warCinebis gareSe da mxolod imiTi iyo kmay-

ofili, rom didad sasixarulo Tavisufleba moipova.

ismailis sikvdiliT svimoni sagonebelSi Cavarda da Tav-

isTvis fiqrobda: ra iqneboda misTvis ukeTesi, yazvinSi dar-

Ceniliyo da moecada axali mefis taxtze asvlisaTvis, Tu

gamgzavrebuliyo da dabruneboda mitovebul sarwmunoebas

da qveyanas. bolos, bevri fiqris Semdeg man gadawyvita da

umjobesad miiCnia, xelsayreli da ukeTesi uSiSroebisaTvis

dalodeboda axal xelmwifes da misi dacvisa da mfarvelo-

bis qveS gamoenaxa saSualeba Tavisi warTmeuli Rirsebis

dasabruneblad, vidre gaqceuliyo yovelgvari mxardaWeris

gareSe, Sejaxeboda mtrulad ganwyobili Zmis winaaRmde-

gobas da naadrevad daRupuliyo. amgvarad, man arCia darCe-

niliyo yazvinSi, imeds amyarebda imaze, rom sarwmunoebis

gamocvla, sworad rom vTqvaT, [mahmadianuri] rwmenis aRi-

areba, gamovlili patimroba da Tavisuflebis dabruneba, ma-

maci [kacis] saxeli, Tanamedrove mdgomareoba, axali mefis

winaSe erTgulebisa da morCilebis gamoCeniT is pativsa da

Rirsebas daimsaxurebda, Tu ki mudmivi da mtkice mxardaW-

eriT saqarTveloSi [osmalebis winaaRmdeg] omis gaZRolas

mas miandobdnen.

amgvarad, rodesac mahmadi1 gamefda da darwmunda Tbili-

sis dakargvaSi, [svimonma] sTxova neba mieca Sahis mfarvelo-

bis qveS dabrunebuliyo Tavis cudad dacul qveyanaSi. hpird-

eboda yovelgvari riskisa da gansacdelis miuxedavad ar

SeSindeboda da ar iTakilebda wvrilman [saqmeebs], Tu ki

amiT sargebels moutanda mahmads. axali xelmwife udidesi

siamovnebiT daTanxmda svimonis Txovnaze da igi daniSna xanad

mTeli im samefosi, romelsac qristianad yofnisas flobda.

[svimoni] saswrafod gaigzavna saqarTveloSi, aliyuli-xanTan

erTad, Turqebis jaris winaaRmdeg sabrZol velad...“2

svimon mefis dauT-xanTan dapirispirebis, sparselTagan

misi datyvevebis da saqarTveloSi dabrunebis ambavs don xuan

de persia mokled, magram ZiriTadad iseve gadmogvcems,

rogorc Tomazo minadoi. misi TqmiT, sparselebSi didi SeS-

foTeba gamoiwvia osmaleTis mier wamowyebulma omma. „aseTi

mdgomareoba rom iyo, kidev erTi ram moxda, ramac yvela

sparsels imedi gaucrua. dauT-xani, mas Semdeg rac gamahma-

dianda sparseTis momxre iyo, exla mas gadaudga da SemTxveva

mieca Tuara maSinve [sulTan] muradTan gaiqca. meorec: davi-

Tis Zma svimonic, romelic datyvevebuli iyo da didi xnis

ganmavlobaSi qristianad iTvleboda, cudi sazogadoebis

zemoqmedebiT da sxva borotmoqmed tusaRTa gavleniT, iseT

garemoebaSi Caayenes, rom iZulebuli gaxda uareyo da eR-

alata qristianobisaTvis, da uRalata kidec. Sahma mas Tav-

1 Sahi mohamed xudabende.

2 Minadoi, p. 128-130.

200 201

isufleba uboZa da xanis tituliT Tavis samflobelos

daubrunda. svimons Tavisi samsaxuriT sparselebisaTvis erT-

guleba rom daemtkicebina, aliyuli-xans SeuerTda da Turqe-

bis mier waRebuli ramdenime qvemexi ukan daibruna. [svimoni]

3 aTasi mxedriT mTel saqarTveloSi dana vardobda“1

gansxvavebuli cnobebi gagvaCnia svimon mefis tyveobidan

ganTavisuflebisa da samSobloSi dabrunebis Sesaxeb. doro-

Teoz kaTalikosis itriis eklesiisadmi Sewirulobis si-

gelSi svimon mefis damatyvevebelic da gamanTavisuflebelic

Sah Tamazia. amis Semdeg „moxeda mowyalebaman RmrTisaman da

movida mefeT-mefe batoni suimion tyuebidaRman“2. farsadan

gorgijaniZe sruliad garkveviT ambobs, rom „sidamdisin Sah

Tamaz yaeni cocxal iyo, mefe [svimoni] alamudis cixeSi iyo

da ra yaeni micvala da misi Svili Sah ismeil gaâemwifda, maSin mefe alamudiT yazmins moayvanina da kargis pativiT

inaxevda... Sah xudabandam... mefe gaaTaTra da rac masTan

daWirulni Tavadni da aznaurni iyvnen, mousxmevina da yve-

las cxeni iaraRi gaukeTes da xalaTi da saâarjo misces da mefes svimons... saqarTvelos mefoba misces da rayami ZmobiT

misweres da mehmandari gaatanes...“3 beri egnataSvilis mixed-

viT, „ismailma gamoiyvana mefe sÕmon alamuTis cixidame da

miiyvana misTana“. „parizis qronikis“ mixedviTac, „dasves

yaenaT Sah ismail da mefe sviumon alamutis cixiTgan gam-

oiyvana, yazmins miayvanina da saqarTvelos batonoba misca“4.

ismail II -is mier svimon mefisa da ufliswul ieses alamu-

Tis cixidan ganTavisuflebas aRniSnavs mahmud naTanzi5.

1 Don Juan de Persia, p. 75 r-v. 2 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, III . saeklesio sakanonmdeblo Zeglebi

(XI-XIX ss.) teqstebi gamosca, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo i. doliZem, Tb., 1970 . saeklesio sakanonmdeblo Zeglebi (XI-XIX ss.) teqstebi gamosca, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo i. doliZem, Tb., 1970, gv 354.

3 farsadan gorgijaniZe , gv. 219

4 parizis qronika , gv. 45.5 gelaSvili n., dasax. naSr., gv 139.

isqander munSis mixedviT, „isa-xan qarTveli, levan-xanis

Svili da svimon-xani, luarsabis Ze, oriveni alamuTis cix-

eSi rom iyvnen dapatimrebulebi, ismail-mirzam gamouSva“.

xolo sulTan-mohamed-xudabandem svimons „Zmis“ bednieri

wodebuleba mianiWa da saqarTveloSi daabruna1.

Sah ismail II -is mefobis istoriis mkvlevaris v. hincis

mixedviT, ismailma 1578 wlis Semodgomaze svimoni saqarT-

veloSi gamoistumra2. germaneli istorikosi amjerad m. bro-

ses eyrdnoba, romelic Tavis mxriv eyrdnoboda vaxuSti

batoniSvilis zemoTmoyvanil cnobas3, romelic simarTles

ar asaxavs. ufro sandoa beri egnataSvilis Txzulebis is

adgili, sadac naTqvamia, rom mefe svimon Sah-mohamed xud-

abendem daabruna saqarTveloSi da osmalebis winaaRmdeg br-

Zola daavala4. j. T. minadois mixedviTac, svimon mefe isev

iranSi imyofeboda, rodesac ismail II mokvda. minadois sak-

maod dawvrilebiT aqvs aRwerili ismailis sikvdiliT

gamowveuli svimonis gancda, beri egnataSvilis Txzulebis

cnobas kidev ufro amagrebs „karmelitebis arqivis“ is wer-

ili osmaleTis jarebis sardalma lala mustafa faSam Sah

mohamed xudabendes rom gaugzavna da daTariRebulia 1578

wlis ivlisiT. am werilis mixedviT, 1578 wlis ivlisSi

ismail II cocxali aRar iyo. gamodis, rom man imefa 1576

wlis maisidan 1578 wlis ivlisamde. maSin ra vuyoT Saraf-

xan biTlisis cnobas, romlis mixedviT ismaili gardaicvala

seqtemberSi5, xolo islamis enciklopedias Tu davujerebT,

_ noemberSi6.

1 isqander munSi, gv, 28.2 Hinz W., Op. cit., S. 613 Brosset M., Collections d’Historiens, v. I , St. Petersbourg, 1874 , St. Pewters-

borg, 1874 , p. 555.4 qarTlis cxovreba, II , gv. 372.5 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, c. 233.6 Enziklpädie des Islam, II , Leiden-Leipzig, 1927 , Leiden-Leipzig, 1927, S.

582-583.

202 203

Saraf-xan bidlisi mohamed xudabendas miawers svimonis

tyveobidan ganTavisuflebas, misTvis Tbilisis olqis da

misi mimdebare mxareebis mmarTvelobis boZebas da saqarT-

veloSi gagzavnas1. aseTive cnoba daculia „mesxur matiane-

Si“: osmalTa sardali lala mustafa faSa qarTlSia (1578

w.), rodesac sparseTidan brundeba svimon I . „qarTlis mefe

patroni suimon tyuŠ iyo; yaenma [mohamed xudabendem]

gamouSua“2. SedarebiT vrcelia vax uSti batoniSvilis naTq-

vami svimon me fis samSobloSi dabrunebis Ses axeb. isic aRniS-

navs SalikaSvilebis qalis da svimonis Sexvedras da Sem deg

amatebs: is yvelaferi xom misces, rac daudxanisaTvis gad-

acemuli hqondaT, „mis zeda daurTes cxra aTasi Tumani da

tyueni yovelni saqarT velosani, mun datyveve bulni“3 mina-

doi, rogorc iTqva, svimon mefis patim robidan ganTavisu-

flebas ismails, samSobloSi gamoSvebas ki mohamed xudaben-

des miaw erda. don xuan de persiasTan sruliad gaurkvevelia,

ro meli Sahi rogor moepyro mefes. Jan Sardeni gvamcnobs,

rom svimoni mo hamed xudabendem gaanTavisufla cixidan da

samSobloSic man daabruna, magram TariRs (1582 w.) araswo-

rad gadmogvcems4.

ganxilul wyaroTa cnobebis da zogierTi dokumentis5

monaceme bis Sejereba sarwmunos xdis, rom svimon mefis pa-

timrobidan gan Tavisufleba ismail II -is, xolo samSobloSi

dabruneba Sah-mohamed xuda bendes wyaloba iyo.

zogierTi wyaros mixedviT svimon mefe iranis tyveobaSi

narkotiks mieCvia. mas aseTi midrekileba ismail-mirzasTan

urTierTo bisas unda gasCenoda, rasac sacnaurs xdis Tomazo

1 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, c. 236.2 samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi, gv. 50.3 qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv 411.4 Sardenis mgzauroba, gv. 302.5 Morley W.H., A descriptive Catalogue of the Historial Manuscropts… # 136,

p. 335; Francesco Manuel Alves, Catalogo des Manuscritos… p. 479; Hinz W,Op. cit., S. 62.

minadois mier sakmaod maRalfardovnad gadmocemuli alamu-

Tis ori tusaRis urTier Toba.

svimon I rom narkotikis momxmarebeli iyo, amas aRniS-

navdnen, qar Tuli da rusuli wyaroebi. beri egnataSvilis

TqmiT, „raJams daetyueve bina yaensa sÕmon mefe cixesa ala-

mutisasa, maSin gaswyoboda Triaqis Wa masa da Rvinis smasa

da mieriTgan ewyoboda Triaqsa. da maSinca, gorisjuars rom

mivida, Wama Triaqi da gamxiarulda. gaixeda gorisaken da

naxa, rome axali mwuanili amosuliyo da gazafxulis piric

iyo. odes gamxiarulda, mounda afioni, viTarca wesia afion-

isd mWamelTagan mohndomeba saWmlisa risame“1.Õ vaxuSti ba-

toniSvilis gadmocemiTac svimon mefe Triaqs „daCueul iyo

patimrobasa Sina“2.

kaxTa mefe aleqsandres, imisaTvis raTa xeli SeeSala

ruseTis mier qarTlis samefosTan kavSiris damyarebisaTvis,

yovelTvis cdilobda svimon mefe ruseTis elCebis TvalSi

daemcirebina, mas me fis tituliT arasodes moixseniebda,

cdilobda daesabuTebina, rom svimoni beci politikosia,

osmalebTan gamudmebuli omebis Sedegad qveyana daRupvamde

miiyvana da, amasTan erTad, afionsac eweva da aseT kacTan

urTierTobas azri ara aqvso3.

kahkahes Tu alamuTis cixeSi xangrZlivma patimrobam

svimon me fisaTvis ukvalod arc sxva mxriv Caiara.

isqander munSis mixedviT, rodesac svimon mefe saqarT-

velodan yazvinSi miiyvanes, „ramdenime xans uavgustoes

sasaxleSi hyavdaT, rom iqneb islamis didebiT Seimososo“.

magram svimonma Sahis imedi ver gaamarTla, qristianobas ar

Tmobda da amis gamo alamuTis cixeSi ga moketes, sadac im-

1 qarTlis cxovreba, II , gv. 378. afioni da Triaqi _ orive opiumia. ber-Znulad opiumi niSnavs yayaCos wvens.

2 qarTlis cxovreba, IV , gv. 417.3 Cношения России с Кавказом. Матерялы, извлеченные из Московско-

го Главного Архива Министерства иностранных дел Сергеем Белокуровым, вып. I , M., 1889 , c. 221-222.

204 205

yofeboda Sah Tamazis sikvdilamde. ismail-mirzam is cixidan

gamoiyvana. mxolod mohamed xudabendes dros „islamis bed-

niereba moipova... survilebSesrulebuli saqarTveloSi

wavida“1. farsadan gorgijaniZe TiTqmis sityvasityviT imeo-

rebs isqander munSis naTqvams da svimonis ga muslimanebas

mohamed-xudabendes damsaxurebad Tvlis2.

Tomazo minadoi svimon mefis gamuslimanebas, rogorc iTq-

va, kahka hes cixeSi ismailTan siaxloviT xsnis3. es rom mar-

Tla ase yofiliyo, maSin Sah Tamazi mas cixeSi ratom da-

tovebda. Sahi xom misgan mxolod sarwmunoebis Secvlas

moiTxovda. amdenad marTali unda iyos isqander munSi, romel-

ic svimon mefis gamuslimaneba Sah-mohamed xudabendes miaw ers,

romelmac mxolod amis Semdeg gamouSva mefe saqarTveloSi4.

safuZvliani ar meCveneba eWvi imis Sesaxeb, rom SeiZleba svi-

moni islamis miRebis ga reSe daabrunes Tavis samefoSi da

osmalebis winaaRmdeg brZolis meTaurobac mas miandes.

Zalze sainteresoa v. hincis naSromSi daculi ramdenime

cnoba, romlebic svimon mefis samSobloSi dabrunebas da misi

rwmenis sakiTxs asaxavs. v. hincis mixeviT ismail II-is saqarT-

velos mimarT da mokide buleba Semoifargla svimonisa da

ufliswuli ieses ganTavisu flebiT, romlebsac osmaleTis

winaaRmdeg brZola daavala. maTi gan Tavisufleba da samSob-

loSi dabruneba moxda im pirobiT, rom isini SeinarCunebdnen

Siitur rwmenas, romelic Sah-Tamzis dros miiRes. mog vianebiT,

iesem co lad SeirTo `sefevidi princesa~ (Sahis Zmis saam-mi r-

zas asuli), rac misi Semdgomi warmatebis sawindari gaxda.

svimon mefes, romelsac, v. hincis TqmiT, islamis miRe-

bis Semdeg mahmuds eZaxdnen, 9 aTasi Tumani da iranSi myofi

yvela qarTveli tyve ga motanes da 1578 wlis Semodgomaze

1 isqander munSi, gv. 25.2 farsadan gorgijaniZe , gv. 219.3 Minadoi, p. 128.4 isqander munSi, gv. 28.

samSobloSi gamouSves. Tavis samefoSi dabrunebul svimons

seriozuli winaaRmdegoba Sexvda samRvdeloebisa da kar-

iskacebis mxridan. maT mefes mosTxoves dabrune boda qris-

tianobas. svi monma daakmayofila es moTxovna. roca me fis

mier islamis uaryofis am bavi iranSi Seityves, mis am moq-

medebaze reagireba ar moaxdines im piro biT, rom qarTlis

mefe kvlav Sahis va salad darCeboda1.

v. hincis naTqvamidan eWvs iwvevs ismail II-is mier svimon

mefis saqarTveloSi gamoSveba. svimonis uflebebSi aRdgena

dakavSirebuli iyo osmalebis mier amierkavkasiaSi didi omis

gaCaRebasTan. es ki Sah mohamed xudabendes mefobis dasaw-

yisSi moxda.

safiqralia, rom svimon mefem muslimanoba moCvenebiT

miiRo, sam SobloSi dabrunebisTanave uaryo da kvlav qris-

tianoba aRiara. man kargad icoda, rom osmaleTTan omis gamo

irans seriozuli proble mebi hqonda amierkavkasiaSi da, gan-

sakuTrebiT ki, qarTlis samefoSi, sa dac qarTvelebi osma-

lebs xSirad yizilbaSebTan erTad ebrZodnen. me fes isic

kargad es moda, Sahis kari mis mimarT pretenziebis da ukmay-

ofilebis gamomJRavnebas moerideboda, radgan igi saqarT-

veloSi mis Semcvlels ver moZebnida. ax lad dabrunebuli

svimonis mimarT arsebuli opoziciis Sesaxeb xmebi ki, ufro

sparselTa gasagonad gavrcelebuli unda yofiliyo.

itriis eklesiis gujarSi, romelic e. TayaiSvilma 1578-

1600 wle biT daaTariRa, naTqvamia: `Sah Tamazis sikvdilis

Semdeg `moxeda mowyalebaman R~Tisaman da movida mefeT-mefe batoni suimion tyueo bidaRman. cotaodeni safase manc gauCi-

na monastersa. mraval-mca arian welni cxovrebisa misi sani.

movides kidev urumni da rac Zala hqonda, ganwirulis

laSqriT wina aRudga~2.

1 Hinz W., ., Op. cit., S. 66.2 TayaiSvili e., saqarTvelos siZveleni, III, tf., 1910, gv. 124, �155.

206 207

* * *

vidre Sirvanis gzas daadgeboda, lala faSam ganizraxa

kaxeTis samefosTan urTierToba gaerkvia. miRebulia, rom

saqarTveloSi SemoWris win osmalo sardals aleqsandre II-

isaTvis werili gaugzavnia da damorCileba da islamis miRe-

ba mouTxovia. mefem osmalebs xarkis gadaxda aRuTqva, magram

morCilebis sanacvlod kaxeTis samefos mier winaT dakar-

guli teritoriebis dabruneba da qristianad darCena isur-

va. sabolood SeTanxmebisTvis miuRweviaT. osmaleTsa da kax-

eTis samefos Soris damokidebulebis politikuri forma

moxarkeobis safuZvelze damyarebula: aleqsandre II-s yovel-

wliuri xarki unda exada da sulTnis mowodebis Tanave

monawileoba mieRo osmalTa laSqrobebSi1.

me ki mgonia, rom osmaleTsa da kaxeTis samefos Soris

amgvari SeTanxmeba, moxda maSin, roca osmalTa jari kaxeTis

sazRvars miadga, roca lala faSam mTeli simwvaviT igrZno

qarTvelebTan omis warmoebis sirTule da igi iZulebuli

gaxda daTanxmeboda kaxeTis mefis pirobebs. erTi ga remoebac:

osmaleTsa da kaxeTis samefos Soris marTlac rom yo filiyo

SeTanxmeba iran-osmaleTis meore omis dawyebis win, maSin xom

aleqsan dre valdebuli iqneboda Tavisi jariT monawileoba

mieRo os malebis mier samcxis an qarTlis dapyrobaSi. amg-

vari moqmedeba maSin mo sTxova lala faSam aleqsandre mefes,

roca kaxeTis sazRvarTan SeuTanxmda da misi moTxovnisTanave

Tavisi jariT wahyva Sirvanis laSqrobaSi. kaxeTis mefesa da

lala Mmustafa faSas Soris SeTanxmeba, rom namdvilad im

drosa da kaxeTi samefos sazRvarTan moxda amas adas turebs

alis `nusreT-namec~. kerZod, masSi naTqvamia, rom 30 agvis-

tos os maleTis jarma Tbilisi dastova da md. iorTan gaC-

erda. Aiq mivida kaxeTis mefe aleqsandre II-is veziri ioram

1 svaniZe, dasax. naSr., gv. 116-119.

begi da mefis morCilebis werili mii tana. Oori dRis Semdeg,

1 seqtembers, orSabaTs TviT mefec mivida Tavisi jariT. Mmo-

laparakebis Semdeg man miiRo Tavisi mamis samflobeloebze

ufleba im pirobiT, rom gadaixdida jizias da monawileobas

miiRebda samxedro laSqrobaSi1.

kaxeTis samefosTan urTierTobis mogvarebas didi mniS-

vneloba hqonda osmaleTis saxelmwifosaTvis, radgan lala

faSa SiSobda, rom wi naaRmdegobas waawydeboda. ai ras gad-

mogvcems anonimi venecieli: `gen eral [lala faSas] SirvanSi

wasvla hqonda ganzraxuli, magram erTi mefis2 qvey ana unda

gaevlo, romelic dabrkolebas uqmnida. amitom gadawyvita

sanjay-begi kaitasi3 gaegzavna elCad. mas [mefe] unda daerwmu-

nebina, rom generlisaTvis morCileba gamoecxadebina. sanacv-

lod mefobis SenarCunebas hpirdeboda, Tu ki yoveli ojaxi

TiTo cexins gadaixdida, xolo mefe [gen erals] scnobda

Tavis siniorad. samagierod mas nurafris SiSi eqneboda~4.

minadois da don xuan de persias mixedviT, Tbilisidan

gasul lala faSas kaxeTis mefis mociqulebi Seegebnen da

TavianTi mefis sax eliT mor Cileba gamoucxades. osmalo

sardalma elCebi kargad miiRo. is didad na siamovnebi darCa

aseTi morCilebiT, elCebi ukan gaistumra da aleqsandre

mefe TavisTan miiwvia5. don xuan de persia damatebiT

gvacnobebs, rom aleqsandre mefe osmalebs gamyolebis mice-

masac dahpirda. isini megzurobas gauwevdnen osmalTa jars

kaxeTis mefis samflobeloebze gavlisas. mustafa faSam

aleqsandre mefes sapatio xalaTi gaugzavna damyarebuli

kavSiris niSnad6.

1 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 752 alaqsandre II.

3 kaitas faSa sasaxlis samsaxurSi dawinaurda da iyo sxvadasxva Tanamde-

bobaze. daiRupa yizilbaSebTan brZolaSi.

4 TurqeT-sparseTis omi da qristiani qarTvelebi, gv. 25.5 Minadoi, p. 85.6 Don Juan de Persia, p. 69v.

208 209

jovani miqeli, marTalia, aRniSnavs, rom Sirvanisken mi-

maval lala mustafa faSasTan kaxeTis mefis elCebi mividnen

da uZvirfasesi saCuqrebi miarTveso1, magram molaparakebis

Taobaze arafers ambobs. petro biZaros gadmocemiT, lala

faSasTan misul aleqsandre mefis mociqulebs didZali

saCuqrebi miutaniaT da maSinve morCileba gamoucxadebiaT2.

ibrahim feCevi aRniSnavs, rom mefe aleqsandresTan ̀ sardlis-

agan gagzavnili rwmunebulebi mividnen da gulis mosana-

direblad [Tan moi tanes] werilebi~. ibrahim feCevi iqve im-

asac ambobs, kaxTa mefem ra val de bulebebi ikisra: ìs iRebs

Tavis Tavze ixados weliwadSi xaraja: ocdaaTi iuqi abre-

Sumi, 10 lamazi QWabuki da 10 broltaniani qalwuli, 10

frTa ispiris mimino da [agreTve masSi], rom is iqneba Tavi-

si qveynis mmarTveli beglarbegis saxelwodebiT~3. vfiqrob,

ibrahim feCevi sworad ar gadmoscems osmaleTsa da kaxeTis

samefos Soris damyarebuli urTierTo bis pirobebs. Tu am

osmalo istorikoss davujerebT, gamodis, rom 1578 wels

aleqsandre mefe sulTnis moxele (beglarbegi) gaxda, rac

ar das turdeba osmaleT-kaxeTis Semdgom urTierTobaSi. kax-

eTis mefe, yvelafridan Cans, mxolod moxarke gaxda da ara

moxele. isic saeWvoa, os maleTis jaris sardals, romelic

amierkavkasiaSi xan grZlivi omisaTvis emzadeboda, moxarke

qveynisagan miminoebi da Savardnebi moeTxova. mas fuli da

sursaTi sWirdeboda. sinamdvilesTan axlos unda iyos anoni-

mi venecielisa da alis mier gadmocemuli sa xelSekrulebo

pirobebi.

anonimi venecielis mixedviT, osmalTa banakSi kaxeTis

mefis mo ciqulebi ki ar mividnen, aramed lala faSam gagza-

vna kaitas-begi, romelsac aleqsandre mefe unda daerwmune-

bina, rom sxvebis msgavsad masac moexara qedi. lala faSa

1 Alberi, Op. cit., II, p. 264.2 Bizarus P ., Persicarum rerum historia in XII libres, Antverpiae, 1583, p. 6343 ibrahim feCevi, gv. 42.

samagierod aleqsandres hpirdeboda yovelive imas, rac ze-

moT iTqva.

anonimis gadmocemiT, lala faSam kaxTa mefis mociquli

gaistumra da TviTonac mTeli jariT ukan mihyva. mesame

dRes igi miadga mdinare kaprs1, sadac karvebis dadgma br-

Zana, raTa mefe aleqsandresTan gagzavnili elCs dabrunebas

dalodeboda. imave dRes dabrunda elCi mefe aleqsandresTan

erTad, romelmac mdidruli saCuqrebi miitana da mSvidoba

iTxova2. rogorc Cans, mefe Tanaxma iyo osmalebis mier

wamoyenebul pi robebze da SeTanxmeba gaformda. `zavi daido.

meore dRes generali jar Tan da zemoxsenebul mefesTan er-

Tad gaemgzavra da gzad SirvanSi laSqrobis Sesaxeb

eTaTbireboda~3. osmaleT-kaxeTis urTierTobis am mo ments

ufro naTels xdis alis gadmocema, romlis mixedviT, md.

iorTan aleqsandre mefe4 Tavisi 3 aTasi meomriT mivida da

or sanjaybegTan erTad adidebul mdinareze gadavida Saqisa

1 albaT, md. iori. qarTlis cxovrebis mesame teqstidan (qarTlis cx-

ovreba, II, gv. 523) da vaxuSti batoniSvilis Txzulebidan (qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 578) viciT, rom mefe aleqsandre II lala faSas sarTiWalasTan miegeba, romelic md. ioris napiras mde bareobs. ibrahim feCevi lala faSas dabanakebis

adgilad md. kafuris napirs asax elebs. s. jiqias gamokvleviT md. kafuri igive

md. ioria. ibrahim feCevi, gv. 44, 122.2 yuradRebas imsaxurebs mustafa selianiqis cnobac kaxeTis mefisa da

dide bulebis osmalTa banakSi misvlis Sesaxeb. `gzaSi saqarTvelos SeZle-

buli da saxelovani aznaurebi da qristianTa xalxis aleqsandre levanis

Zed wodebuli xani Tavisi qveSevr domebiT movida. Rirseuli sardlis cxenis

Cliqebis mtvers emTxvivnen da mis keTilganwyobas miaRwies. Semdeg maT islamis

laSqrisaTvis uxvi sursaTi mozides da sruli samsaxuri gaswies. fuTuriZe

g. mustafa selianiqi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. Tsu Sromebi, t. 91, Tb., 1960 , gv. 263-264.

3 TurqeT-sparseTis omi da qristiani qarTvelebi, gv. 25.4 `zagemisa da geremis (Weremi-e. m.) gamgebeli levend-xani~, ra Tqma unda,

kaxTa mefe aleqsandre II levanisZea. rogorc g. fuTuriZe aRniSnavda, osmalo

avtorebi kaxeTis mefeebs levan-xanis Zes an aleqsandre-xanis Zes uwodeben.

evlia Celebis `mogzaurobis wigni~. Turqulidan Targmna, komentarebi da

gamokvleva daurTo g. fuTuriZem. nakv. II, ga mokvleva, komentarebi, Tb., 1973, gv. 103, Sen. 16.

210 211

da misi olqis dasapyrobad, mTavarsardali da mTeli jariT

adidebul mdinares moerida da Siraqis velze dabanakda1.

arasworia minadois naTqvami, TiTqos: 1. aleqsandre mefem

sxvadasxva mizeziT Tavidan aicila SirvanSi laSqrobaSi

monawileoba da lala faSas dahpirda rom sxvagan yvelgan

eaxleboda. 2. TiTqos kaxeTis mefem lala faSas sTxova,

roca osmalTa laSqri Sirvanidan mobrundeboda da kaxeTis

samefos teritoriaze gaivlida, mefes undoda maTTvis je-

rovani pativi eca2.

minadois TqmiT, aleqsandre mefisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli

iyo sisxlis Rvris magier saqmis mogvareba diplomatiis

gziT3. ase gvix asiaTebs aleqsan dres isqander munSic:

àleqsandre xani ki, romelic cbieri da windaxeduli kaci

iyo, Tavisi saqmis sikeTes Caukvirda da osmalebisaTvis me-

gobrulad Tavis moCveneba amjobina, lala faSas ba nakSi

nuzli da saveri gagzavna da morCileba gamoucxada. es ga-

remoeba lala faSas guldajerebis mizezi Seiqmna~4.

anonimi venecielis cnobebs lala mustafa faSas mier

aleqsandre mefesTan elCis gagzvnis Sesaxeb eTanxmebian ibra-

him feCevi da vaxuSti ba toniSvili, maSin rodesac evropuli

werilobiTi wyaroebi, garda zemoT dasaxelebuli itali-

urisa, duman. es principuli mniSvnelobis sa kiTxia: urTier-

Tobis damyarebis iniciativa aleqsandre mefisgan ki ar mo-

dioda, aramed osmaleTis jarebis mTavarsardlisagan,

romelic imave dros sulTnis meore veziric iyo, imaze mig-

vaniSnebs, rom osmalebi an gariSs uwevdnen aleqsandres

pozicias amierkavkasiaSi gaCaRebuli omis dros. ibrahim fe-

Cevi wers: àleqsandresTan amas winaT sardlisagan gag-

zavnili rwmunebulebi mividnen da gulis mosanadireblad

1 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 75-762 Minadoi, p. 86.3 Ibidem, p. 47.4 isqander munSi, gv. 30.

[Tan moi tanes] werilebi. movida ambavi, [aleqsandre mefem]

amasTan dakavSirebiT Tavisi qveynis warCinebulebi moixmo,

saxelovani aznaure bisagan Seadgina amala da samefo banakSi

wasasvlelad moemzadao. Tanaxmad sa fadiSaho wesisa, mTeli

islamis jari Tavisi ZlierebiTa da didebiT Semoegeba maT~1.

vax uSti batoniSvili kidev ufro axlos midis anonimi ve-

necielis naTqvamTan: `Semdgomad gamovida ra lala-faSa...

tfilisidam ezraxa aleqsandres, xolo man aRuTqva misvla

mis Tana da warhyvesca spiTa Sirvans, ukeTu dautoes kaxeTi

uvnod. aman mosca piri mtkice da miegeba saTisWalas aleqsan-

dre spiTa lala-faSas da waruZRua Sirvans, xolo lala-

faSam aRiRo Sirvani, Saqi, urCni mosrna da aRaSena cixe

Sirvans, Seayena mcvelni TBsni da dasua faSa...~2

kaxeTis mefe aleqsandres mier osmalebisaTvis gamocxa-

debuli mor Cileba mxolod qveynis aoxrebis SiSiT ar iyo

nakarnaxebi. mas iran-os maleTis omis dawyebamde iranTan ukve

cudi urTierToba hqonda. yizilbaSebs ar moswondaT aleqsan-

dres damoukidebeli sagareo politika. minadois da don

xuan de persias mixedviT, Sah Tamazma gadawyvita aleqsan-

dres nacvlad kaxeTis taxtze misi Zma, ga mahmadianebuli

iese aey vana3. kaxeTis mefem icoda Sahis ganzraxvis Ses axeb

da radikalurad Secvala iranTan urTierToba. aleqsandres

osmalebTan morigebaze gavlena moaxdina Sah xudabendes mier

ieses aR zevebam. igi Saqis xanad daniSnes da colad SerTes

Sah abasis Zmis saam-mirzas asuli4. SaqSi, kaxeTis sazRvarTan

mjdom ieses yovelTvis SeeZlo aleqsandres sawinaaRmdego

saqmianobis gaCaReba.

aleqsandre mefes arc osmalebi eprianeboda. igi Tavisi

samefos sruli damoukideblobisaTvis iRwvoda. lala faSam

1 ibrahim feCevi, gv. 42.2 qarTlis cxovreba. IV, gv. 578.3 Minadoi, p. 86; Don Juan de Persia, p. 68r.4 isqander munSi ieses SecdomiT ali-xans eZaxis. isqander munSi, gv. 28;

Dorn B., Erster Beitrag zur Geschichte der Georgien, St.-Peterburg, 1845, S .20.

212 213

icoda kaxTa mefis amgvari ganwyobileba. minadois TqmiT,

lala faSam sulTans miswera, rom aleqsandrem sulTnis

jari kargad miiRo Tavis samflobeloebSi da isic acnoba,

xma dadis Turq mefuraJeebsa da jarze TavdasxmebSi misi

xeli unda erioso1.

aleqsandrem, rogorc gamWriaxma politikosma da dip-

lomatma, CaTre vas Cayola amjobina da SirvanSi laSqrobidan

sargeblis miReba ganizraxa. amis Sesaxeb aRniSnavs anonimi

venecieli: mefe aleqsandrem oTxi dRis mgzavrobis Semdeg

lala faSas sTxova misTvis mieca cxenosanTa razmi, raTa

angariSi gaesworebina Tavisi mtrisaTvis, Saqis gamgeblisaT-

vis. lala faSam daakmayofila aleqsandres Txovna da 1200

mxedari misca2. ra Tqma unda, lala faSas ecodineboda, rom

Saqis gamge beli kaxTa mefis ufrosi Zma, yizilbaSebis mier

aRzevebuli iese _ isa-xani iyo. ibrahim feCevi ise war-

mogvidgens aleqsandres Saqze galaSqrebas, rogorc lala

faSas davalebis Sesrulebas, Tumca mokled, magram is eve

agviwers osmalTa laSqrobas Saqze (wyaldidoba, gzis

sirTule), rogorc anonimi venecieli3. anonimi damatebiT

gvamcnobs, rom Saqis gamge belma gaqce viT uSvela Tavs, gar-

nizoni da qalaqi ki bedis anabara miatova4.

igive ambavs sakmaod gansxvavebulad gadmogvcems ali:

aleqsandre mefe da masTan erTad gagzavnili sanjaybegebi

(mirza ali-bei da axmed-bei), roca Saqis misadgomebTan

mividnen, qalaqis gamgebeli ahmed xani (sxva wyaroebiT _

iese, igive isa-xani) azerbaijanSi gaiqca. qarTvel-osmalTa

jarma qalaqi ubrZolvelad daikava. Qqalaqis dapyrobisTa-

nave misi gamge bloba Mmustafa faSam aleqsandres vaJs er-

ekles uboZa. lala faSam Sirvani da areSi daipyro. aRmosav-

1 Minadoi, p. 1052 TurqeT-sparseTis omi da qristiani qarTvelebi, gv. 25.3 ibrahim feCevi, gv. 44.4 TurqeT-sparseTis omi da qristiani qarTvelebi, gv. 25. sayuradReboa,

rom jovani miqeli arafers ambobs aleqsandres SaqSi laSqrobaze.

leT amierkavkasiaSi dapyrobili olqebis gamgebloba osman

faSas Caabara da SaqSi wavida Ses axvedrad mefe aleqsan-

dresTan, romelmac es qalaqi aiRo. magram lala faSas mefe

iq aRar daxvda. sardals moaxsenes, rom mefe kaxeTSi (za-

gemSi) dabrunda1. samagierod SaqSi imyofeboda aleqsandres

vaJi erekle (Imrese). lala faSam èrekle daniSna am qalaq-

is sanjayad da weliwadSi 10 aTasi cexini dauniSna

jamagirad~2. anonimi venecielis es cnoba osmaluri do-

kumenturi wyaroebiTac dasturdeba3. ibrahim feCevic aRniS-

navs erekles SaqSi misvlas lala mustafa faSasTan da am

faqtis Semdegnair axsnas iZleva: ̀ mamis (aleqsandres _ e. m.)

mier gaweuli samsaxuris sanuqfod es eÁaleTi eboZa da

daeniSna levanis Zes erekle mirzas. mas Semdeg rac yadi da

cixisTavi daniSna da sxva saWiro masala moamzada, igi (eÁa-

leTi) sa fadiSaho saxelmwifos SeuerTes~4.

osmaleTis divanis gadawyvetilebiT, dapyrobil teri-

toriebze Camoyalibda 4 sabeglarbego: 1. Sirvanis eialeTi

2 milioni axCiT gadaeca ozdemir-oRlu osman-faSas. 2.

Tbilisi 1 milioni axCis wliuri SemosavliT mis beglar-

begs ferhjad-faSas. 3. gurjistanis sabeglarbego ojakli-

kis saxiT gadaeca levan-xanis Zes aleqsandre-xans (aleqsan-

dre II). 4. soxumis sabeglarbego 800 aTasi axCiT gadaeca

haider-faSas5.

Sirvanis sabeglarbego, Tavis mxriv administraciulad

1 iqve, gv. 32. vaxuSti batoniSvilis mixedviT, aleqsandre mefe lala

faSas ax lda SirvanSi laSqrobaSi. lala faSa `merme ukumoiqca, Semovlo

mtkuris piri da mihyva aleqsandre araguamde, mereme gamouteva aleqsandre da

mivida kaxeTs mSBdobiT~ (qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 578). vaxuStis monaTxro-bi sinamdviles ar asaxavs.

2 TurqeT-sparseTis omi da qristiani qarTvelebi, gv. 32.3 svaniZe m., dasax. naSr., gv. 116.4 ibrahim feCevi. gv. 44. osmalo istorikoss erekle levan mefis vaJi

hgonia. Oos malebis mier SaqSi gatarebul RonisZiebebze gadmogvcems alic. ix.

Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 81. 5 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 86.

214 215

daiyo 13 sanjayad. meTerTmete iyo Saqis sanjayi, romelic

gadaeca erekle aleqsandre II-is Zes1.

qarTuli naratiuli literaturidan Cans, rom erekle

ufliswuli Tavidanve osmaluri orientaciisa iyo2 da SemTx-

veviT ar unda misuliyo SaqSi lala faSasTan. is xom vax-

uSti batoniSvilis mixedviT 1574 wels gaqceula stam-

bolSi3. Tu movlenebis Semdgom ganviTarebas gaviTvalis winebT,

safiqrebelia, rom erekle mamis survilis winaaRmdeg mo-

qmedebda, magram aleqsandre amas xmamaRla ver ityoda, Svils

imis gamo ver dasZ raxavda, rom is osmalebTan karg urTier-

TobaSi iyo. lala faSas ecodineboda mama-Svilis aseTi urT-

ierT damokidebuleba da, al baT, ami tomac ar gahkvirvebia

aleqsandres mier Saqis mitoveba da kaxeTSi dabruneba.

aleqsandres arc is esiamovneboda, rom mis mier dapyrobili

Saqis sanjaybegad lala faSam erekle daniSna, xolo TviT

Saqi ki os maleTis samflobeloebs SeuerTa. Llala Mmustafa

faSas, rogorc Cans afiqrebda kaxeTis samefos reaqcia Saqis

sanjaybegad erekles daniSvnis gamo.

lala faSam erekles saxiT osmaleTis moxele daniSna,

romelic jamagirs osmaleTis xazinidan iRebda. erekle ma-

misagan damoukidebeli xdeboda imis gamoc, rom lala faSam

Saqi kaxeTs ki ar daumorCila, ara med Sirvanis sabeglar-

begos4. amiT unda yofiliyo ganpirobe buli misi brZaneba,

rom qarTvelebs ekraZalebodaT Sirvanis teritori aze Tav-

dasxma, mosaxleobis Zarcva-xocva5. Saqis sanjayi xom Sir-

vanis sa beglarbegoSi Sedioda. magram ar gauvlia did xans,

rom erekles es Tanamdeboba CamoarTves. Ooficialurad er-

ekles gadayeneba moxdaOimis gamo, rom os malebs miemxro

1 Тамже, с. 86-87.2 `xolo Ze misi erekle gauarSivda aleqsandres da warvida stambols~.

qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv. 370; qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 576.3 qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. .576.4 svaniZe, dasax. naSr., gv. 120.5 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 91.

Seqis erT-erTi mmarTvelis Svili mirza omari, romelic

daniSnes Seqis sanjaybegad1. savaraudoa, erekles Saqidan

mocileba moxda aleqsandres kaxTa mefis moTxovniT, an

moTxovnis gareSe, magram misi sur vilis gaTvaliswinebiT.

Tumca aleqsandres osmalebisadmi damokidebule baSi ukve

aRaraferi Seicvala, razec migvaniSnebs Semdgomi periodis

mov lenebi.

Sirvan-azerbaijanis dapyrobis Semdeg (1578 wlis 8 oq-

tomberi), lala faSam saqarTveloze gavliT arzrumSi dab-

runeba gadawyvita da kaxeTisaken ga mobrunda. man ramdenime

Sikriki gagzavna aleqsandre mefesTan, raTa mas sursaT-

sanovage moemzadebina osmaleTis jaris saWi roebisaTvis2.

kaxeTis sazRvarTan miaxloebul osmalTa jars aleqsan-

drem Tavisi xalxi Seageba pirutyviT, puriT, xiliTa da

sxva produqtebiT. kaxelebma TavianTi mefis saxeliT bodiSi

moixades, rom igi avadmyo fobis gamo pi radad ver miegeba

lala faSas3. albaT, aleqsandres ase surda gamoexata Tav-

isi ukmayofileba lala faSas mier SaqSi gatare buli

RonisZiebebis gamo. sardals sxva gza ar hqonda, aleqsan-

dres ZRvniTa da bodiSiT unda dakmayofilebuliyo. raTa

kaxeTis samefosTan urTierToba kidev metad ar gamwvavebu-

liyo, igi sikvdiliT dasjiT daemuqra Tavis meomrebs:

èkrZalebaT aleqsandres qveyanaSi visime simSvidis darRve-

va, rom yoveli TqvenTagani Tavaziani da zrdilobiani unda

iyos~4. lala faSam aleqsandres xalxidan gamcile blebi aiy-

vana, zagems samxreTiT gauara da Tbilisisaken pirdapiri

gziT gaeSura5. miuxedavad mkacri gafrTxilebisa, osmalo

jariskacebma kaxeTis soflebze gavlisas, mainc `generlis

une barTvod xelT igdes monebi, pirutyvi da gadawves asamde

1 Тамже, с. 92.2 Alberi, Op. cit., II, p. 454.3 Minadoi, p. 99.4 Alberi, Op. cit., II, p. 455; Minadoi, p. 99.5 TurqeT-sparseTis omi da qristiani qarTvelebi, gv. 33.

216 217

sofeli~. lala faSam mogvianebiT gaigo amis Sesaxeb da br-

Zana mTavari damnaSaveebi moeZebnaT da Camoexr CoT. aleqsan-

drem lala faSas miswera, momxdaris gamo nu Sewuxdeboda,

radgan oms axlavs amgvari arasasia movno movlenebi. Sem-

dgomSi aRsdgeba gadamwvari soflebi. `generalma upasuxa,

rom mas aravisTvis miucia amis neba. man mravali saCuqari

gaug zavna mefes, mis colsa da Svilebs _ va Jebsa da qalebs~1.

roca kaxelma megzurebma os malTa jari mokle da mSvidobi-

ani gziT TbilisTan miiy vanes, lala faSam isinic didad

daasaCuqra da ukan gaistumra2.

* * *

1578 wlis 26 noembers lala faSa TbilisSi dabrunda3.

oasmalTa garnizoni SimSilisagan imdenad ukiduresobamde

iyo misuli, rom ZaRlisa da katis xorciT ikvebe boda. avad-

myofobas bevrisaTvis musri gaevlo. rogorc minadois Seu-

tyvia, osmalTa garnizoni aseT mdgo mareo baSi imitom aRmoC-

nda, rom jariskacebi qarTvelebis SiSiT ver be davdnen

qalaqidan gasvlas da sursaT-sanovagis mopovebas4.

lala faSa TbilisSi oTxi dRe darCa. man jari gausia

Tbilisis axlomdebare soflebs da saSinlad aiklo, garni-

zoni sursaTiT da fu liT moamaraga5. 24 oqtombers daiwyo

Zlieri grigali, romelmac os malebis mgzavroba Seaferxa.

didi Tovlis mosvlis miuxedavad, jarma gza gaagrZela. Sim-

Silisa da sicivis gamo Tbilisidan goramde mravali jariska-

ci daiRupa6. goris sanjaybegma lala faSas SesCivla, rom

1 Minadoi, p. 99.2 TurqeT-sparseTis omi da qristiani qarTvelebi, gv. 33. 3 Minadoi, p. 99-100.4 Ibidem, p. 100.5 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 93; Minadoi, p. 100.6 TurqeT-sparseTis omi da qristiani qarTvelebi, gv. 33.

qarTlis mefe, Tbilisis adrindeli mflobeli, romelic

mravali wlis ganmavlo baSi sparseTSi tyveobaSi iyo, exla

Sahma gaanTavisufla, Tavi Sefarebuli aqvs maRal mTebSi,

saidanac did zians ayenebs Turqebsa da maT mokavSireebs1.

lala faSa iZ ulebuli gaxda mTeli Tavisi jariT sami dRe

gorTan gaCerebuliyo da svimon mefis winaaRmdeg cxenosani

razmebi gaeg zavna, magram osmalebma verc mefes da verc mis

razmebs ver miagnes.

ali-efen dis TqmiT, gorSi movida imereTis mefe giorgi

II–is Zma mamia da mor Cileba gamoacxada2. Aaqve movida kaxe-

Tis mefis kaci saxelad emin-aRa3, ma gram ali-efendi arafers

ambobs am ukanasknelis lala faSasTan viz itis mizanze. sa-

varaudoa, aleqsandre mefes raRac pretenziebi hqonda os-

malebis mimarT da amitom unda gaegzavna sardals misTvis

`saamuri~ werili. Llala mustafa faSa kaxeTis mefes mis-

wera, Tbilisis beglarbe gis ahmed-faSis razmebis da sifax-

iebis, ziamebis da Tbilisis dasacavad da tovebuli sxva

jariskacebis razmebis gaerTianebis aucileblobaze. man

aleqsandres sTxova, agreTve, yoveli Rone exmara daud-

xanis os malebis admi morCilebaze dasayolieblad. sardalma

goris sanjaybegad daniSna husein-begi da arzrumisken ganagr-

Zo gza4. osmalTa jaris arier gardi TiTqmis mudmivad ganic-

dida svimon mefis razmebis Tavdasx mas. osmalebma qarTlSi

didi zarali ganicades. svimon mefem lala faSas 5 aTasze

meti mebrZoli moukla, mostaca arkebuze biT datvirTuli

mravali aqlemi, fuli, sursaT-sanovage da sxv.5 minadois

gadmocemiTac, Tbilisidan ga suli osmalTa laSqari qarT-

velTa razmebis mudmiv Tavdasxmebs ganicdida. minadois, naTq-

1 iqve.

2 m. svaniZis gamokvleviT mamia giorgi mefis Svili iyo da ara Zma. svaniZe

m., saqarTvelo-osmaleTis urTierTobis istoriidan, gv. 142.3 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 93.4 Тамже.5 TurqeT-sparseTis omi da qristiani qarTvelebi, gv. 33-34.

218 219

vamis sailustraciod, oriode ma galiTic mohyavs. misi

monaTxrobidanac Cans, rom yvela am razmebis mo qmedebis

koordi nacias svimon mefe axdenda. mefis mier osmalebisaT-

vis mi yenebul did zaralze gadmogvcems alic. misi TqmiT

osmalebis arzrumSi dabruneba, si namdvileSi uwesrigo ukan-

daxevaSi gadaizarda. osmaleTis jaris sardali awyurSi gaC-

erda. Aaq mustafa faSasTan Sesaxvedrad movida yvaryvare

aTa bagisa da manuCaris deda dedisimedi1. sardalmaAaqve mi-

iRo svimon mefis wer ili, romelic acnobebda, rom Tu gor-

is (e. i. Sida qarTlis) mmarTvelad daniSnavda, maSin os-

malebis mxares gadavidoda. sardalma uariT upasuxa, im

motiviT, rom goris gamgebeli ukve daniSnuli iyo2.

oqtombris damdegs3 lala faSa manuCaris samflobeloSi

Sevida, jayelTa ojaxis wevrebTan molaparakebis Semdeg,

yvaryvare IV da manu Cari, stambolSi gaagzavna da imave wlis

21 dekembers ukve arz rumSi iyo4. Aar vici ramdenad Seefer-

eba ali-efendis es cnoba (svimon mefis wer ilis Ses axeb)

sinamdviles, magram Tu es marTla ase iyo, maSin lala faSas

seri zul politikur SecdomasTan gvaqvs saqme. Mman jerovnad

ver Seafasa iranis tyveobidan axlad dabrunebuli svimon

mefis pirovneba da misi SesaZleblobebi da upiratesoba mis

Zma daud-xanTan urTierTobis mogvvarebas mianiWa, romlis

partizanuli brZola osmalebis winaaRmdeg saxeze iyo.

1578-1579 wlebis mijnaze yizilbaSebma isargebles os-

malTa Ziri Tadi SeiaraRebuli Zalebis amierkavkasiidan gas-

vliT da daiwyes um niSvnelovanes qalaqebsa da cixe-simagreeb-

Si Cayenebul osmalTa garnizonebze Tavdasxmebi. maT aiRes

areSi da Sirvanis gamgebel osman faSas Seuties. 25 aTasma

yizilbaSma warmatebas miaRwia5. safrangeTis me fes, rogorc

1M dawvr. ix. qvemoT.

2 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 94.3 samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi, gv. 50.4 TurqeT-sparseTis omi da qristiani qarTvelebi, gv. 345 Sengelia n., osmalo istorikiosis munejim-baSis cnobebi lala mustafa

Tavisi agenti 1579 wlis 16 ianvars acnobebda, osman faSam

daxmareba sTxova kaxeTis mefe aleqsandres, romelsac ev-

aleboda, saWi roebis SemTxvevaSi jerovani daxmareba aR-

moeCina SirvanSi myofi os malebisaTvis. aleqsandres meTau-

robiT misulma kaxelTa razmebma saqmes ver uSveles1. mxolod

yirimis xanis mehmed gireis 40 aTasiani jaris misvlam ix-

sna osman-faSa. yizilbaSebi damarcxdnen da se riozuli danak-

lisiT ukan daixies2. gamarjvebulebma didi nadavli ig des

xelT. amis Sem deg yirimis xanis jaris erTi nawili ukan

gabrunda, xolo meore nawili ki _ 15 aTasi kaci, xanis Zme-

bis _ Razi gireisa da adil gireis meTaurobiT, osman faSas-

Tan darCa, magram yizilbaSebTan brZolaSi damarcxdnen3.

lala mustafa faSa Semdegi wlis kampaniis dawyebasTan

da kavSire biT sxvadasxva gegmebs saxavda. marTalia, man sul-

Tan murad III-s gasul wels amierkavkasiaSi warmoebuli

samxedro operaciebi ise dausaxa, TiTqos iq adgilobrivi

mosaxleoba sabolood damorCile buli iyo, si namdvileSi,

saqarTvelosa da SirvanSi Cayenebul garnizonebs qarT velebi

da yizilbaSebi Zlier aviwroebdnen. viTareba os malebisaTvis

sul ufro iZabeboda. ali-efendis TqmiT Tbilisis cixeSi

mxolod 500 kaci darCa. damcvelebma daxmarebisaTvis lala

mustafa faSas mimarTes, magram man amis gakeTeba ver SesZlo,

qarTvelebi mola parakebis winaaRmdegni iyvnen. maT gadaketes

Tbilisis cixesTan mis asvleli yvela gza. sardlis yvela

cda mirza ali-begis saSualebiT SeetanaT sursaT-sa novage,

warumateblad damTavrda. imave dros imamyuli-xanis 10 aTa-

siani armia movida qarTvelTa dasaxmareblad da oTxi Tvis

ganmavlobaSi al yaSi hyavdaT Tbilisi. osmalebs daumTavr-

faSas am ierkavkasiis qveynebSi laSqrobis Sesaxeb. ̀ qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba~, II, 1968, gv. 139.

1 Charrière, III, p. 775.2 Ibidem, p. 775; Sengelia n. osmalo istorikiosis munejim-baSis cnobebi,

gv. 139

3 Sengelia n., dasax. naSr., gv. 140.

220 221

daT produ qti. maT daiwyes cxenis, aqlemis, joris xorcis

Wama. gamoCndnen iseTe bic, vinc qalaqis Cabarebas moiTxovd-

nen, magram isini mtkvarSi gadayares. oTxi Tvis bolos Tbi-

lisSi sursaTi TiTqmis aRar iyo. 1 qila xorbali Rirda

1000 axCa, 1 qila qeri – 500, aqlemi – 20 aTasi, saforane

cxeni – 10 aTasi, viri _ 7 aTasi dirxemi, ZaRli _ 2 aTasi

axCa1.

kritikul mdgomareobaSi Cavardnili Tbilisis dasax-

mareblad mustafa faSam 12 aTasiani laSqriTa da didZali

sursaTiT zulyadris beglarbegi Mmustafa faSa gagzavna. man

imdeni SesZlo, rom Tbilisi alyisagan gaanTavisufla da

gardauval daRupvas gadaarCina Tbilisis gamgebeli mehmed

faSa da Tbilisis cixis 500 damcveli. Mman citadelis me-

Taurad daniSna Cerqezi kasim bei. Mmisi meTaurobis qveS ga-

davida se mender begis, arabkeris mmarTvelis sinan begis,

Corumis begis divane bekir begis razmebi da sifahTa 500

kaci. Mmagram male qarTvel-yizilbaSTa Tavdasxmis SiSiT se-

mender begma Tavisi jariT datova cixe da mcire xanSi Cer-

qezi kasim begis gankargulebaSi mxolod 50 kaci darCa, roca

lala mustafa faSam amis Sesaxeb Seityo, saswrafod gagza-

vna ahmed faSa sursaT-sanovagiT. roca ahmed faSam dmanisis

viwrobebs miaRwia, mis jars Tavs daesxnen svimon mefisa da

imam yuli-xanis razmebi. AdaWrilma ahmed faSam gaqce viT uS-

vela Tavs. Mmisi meomrebis didi nawili daiRupa, xolo sur-

saTi qarTvelebsa da yizilbaSebs CauvardaT xelSi2.

Llala Mmustafa faSam ganizraxa Tbilisis damcvelTa

Sevseba da sursaTi gaegzavna. Aamgvari davalebis Sesrule-

baze uari sTqves diar beqris beglarbegma behrem faSam da

sxva faSebma. Bbolos saeqspedi cio jaris meTaurad dainiSna

damaskos beglarbegi husein faSa. miuxedavad imisa, rom os-

malebs eeWvebodaT alyaSemortymuli Tbilisis SenarCu neba,

1 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 120.2 Тамже, с. 121.

mainc gamgeblad dainiSna ahmed faSa. igi cnobili iyo rogorc

haji bin-zade. Bbahram faSa, romelmac uari Tqva Tbilisis

damcvelTa dasax mare blad wasvlaze, Tanamdebobidan gad-

aayenes da diarbeqiris beglar begad dainiSna rizvan faSa. igi

husein faSasTan da qurTTa razmebTan erTad wavida saqarT-

veloSi. qarTvelT ganuwyveteli Tavdasxmebis miuxedavad,

osmalTa jari meaTe dRes Tbilisis kedlebTan mivida, da-

tova sursaTi da drois imave monakveTSi yarsSi dabrunda.

iqve miiRes cnoba, rom Mmustafa faSas jari, romelic adre

gaigzavna Tbilisis das axmareblad da svimon mefisa da imam

yuli-xanis winaaRmdeg sabrZolve lad, ganadgurda. roca igi

TbilisTan mivida da iqve dabanakda, jarma qar Tuli so-

flebis Zarcvas mi hyo xeli. Mmustafa faSam ver gabeda qarT-

velebTan da yizilbaSebTan Sebma da yarsis mimarTulebiT

gabrunda. osmalebs Tavs daesxnen qarTvelebi da ga anad-

gures1.

sulTanma yirimis xans mehmed gireis daavala Tavisi

jariT wasu liyo amier kavkasiaSi da osmalTa jars daxmare-

boda. arsebobda omis ga naxlebis meore gegmac, romelic

Tavrizze Setevas iTvaliswinebda. ma gram es gegma angariSga-

sawev dabrkolebebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. gzis sirTul esTan

er Tad savaraudo iyo jaris xifaTSi Cavardnis saSiSroeba.

am mxriv sulTnis kars gansakuTrebiT afiqrebda saqarT-

velos sakiTxi. mi nadois Tanaxmad, sulTani `Sors iyo im

azrisagan, rom saqarTveloze dayrdnoba SeiZleboda, gansa-

kuTrebiT daudis mzakvreobisa da svimonis mosvlisa eS-

inoda, radgan xom SeiZleba, rodesac laSqari Tavrizisaken

gaeSureba, ma Sin mas orive mxridan daartyan qarTvelebma da

sparse lebma?~2 sulTanma lala faSas werilobiT daavala,

rom arzrumidan saqarTvelosken mimaval gzaze cixe-simagree-

bis asaSeneblad yvelaferi moemaragebina, raTa gazafx ulze

1 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 122.2 Minadoi, p. 123.

222 223

daewyo farTo Seteva saqarTveloze1. lala faSam mTeli

mondome biT mohkida xeli samzadiss da osmalTa yvela sam-

flobeloSi gankar gulebebi gagzavna mSeneblobis ostatebis

Sesakrebad, didZali Tanxebis Segrovebac daiwyes2. arzrumSi

Tavs iyrida axal-axali Zalebi. yvelafri dan Canda, rom

lala faSa gadamwy veti laSqrobisaTvis emzadeboda.

1579 wlis dasawyisSi, anonimi venecielis relaciis

mixedviT, mTa varsardalma arzrumSi SemaSfoTebeli werili

miiRo. Tbilisis beglarbegi mehmed faSa acnobebda, rom 40

aTasma yizilbaSma yarax anis meTaurobiT, alya Semoartyes

qalaqs da Tu droze ar daex marebodnen, garnizoni SimSiliT

daiRupeboda3. werilSi naTqvami iyo, rom aseTive mdgo mareoba

iyo gorSic, romelic svimonma al yaSi moaqcia4.

lala faSam saswrafod gagzavna ori aTasi mxedari

Tbilisisa da goris dasaxmareblad, magram didi Tovlis

gamo maT ver SesZles daniSnulebis adgilamde misvla da

iZulebulni gaxdnen ukan dabrunebu liyvnen. lala faSam mx-

olod werilis gagzavna SeZlo, romliTac gan sacdelSi Ca-

vardnilebs amxnevebda da simtkicisaken mouwodebda.

bolos da bolos SimSilma da qarTvelebis sistematur-

ma Tavdasx mebma Tavisi gaitana da goris osmalTa garnizoni

danebda. svimon mefis brZanebiT, cixisTavis garda yvela

daxoces, cixisTavi SikrikiviT Se moses, uyurebo da ukudo

1 Ibidem, p. 123-124.2 Ibidem, p. 124.3 TurqeT-sparseTis omi da qristiani qarTvelebi, gv. 36. ibrahim feCevis

mixedviT, yizilbaSTa sardali imamyuli-xani iyo da 10 aTasi meomari hyavda (gv.

54). petro bi Zaros TqmiT, am dros svimoni dabrunda iranidan, masTan erTad movida 6-7 aTasiani jari aliyuli-xanis meTaurobiT. maT daevalaT saqrT-

veloSi Semavali xeobis Caketva, raTa osmalebi iq ar Sesuliyvnen (Bizarus P ., Op. cit., p. 635).

4 farsadan gorgijaniZiT, Tbilissa da gors svimon mefem Semoartya alya

(farsa dan gorgijaniZe , gv. 223). Turqi avtorebis mixedviT, svimonma yizil-

baSebTan erTad Se moartya alya Tbiliss 1579 wlis 30 marts (svaniZe m.. dasax.

naSr., gv. 137)

jorze Sesves da lala faSasTan gagzavnes momxdari ambis

misatanad. svimonma cixe miwasTan gaaswora. Sida qarTlis

saqmeebis mogvarebis Semdeg, mefe yizilbaSTa dasaxmareblad

gaeSura. mas TbilisTan gautarebia mTeli ivnisis Tve1.

lala faSa sagonebelSi Cavarda. mdgomareoba qarTlSi

uaRresad garTulda. Tbilisi saswrafo daxmarebas iTxovda.

pirvel rigSi saWiro iyo imis gadawyveta, rogori saxiT

daxmarebodnen Tbiliss. lala faSa pi radad rom gaZRoloda

jars, maSin aRmoCndeboda, rom man moatyua sul Tani murad

III, mTeli saqarTvelo Tqveni erTguli da morCiliao2. ami-

tom man 1579 w. 1 ivliss sakmaod didi jari3 gagzavna Tbili-

sis dasaxmare blad. jars mihqonda didZali sursaT-sanovage.

3 ivliss lala faSam gaiara hasan-yala da 10-Si yarsSi

mivida, iqve dabanakda da am qalaqis ga magrebas Seudga. mas

gadawyvetili hqonda yarsi saqarT velosken mimavali gzis

gasaRebad gadaeqcia. yarsi-Tbilisis gzis dacvas, iran-os-

maleTis mTeli omis ganmavlobaSi, SeiZleba iTqvas,

osmalebisaT vis gadam wyveti mniSvneloba hqonda da isini

arafers zogavdnen, raTa am gziT jaris gadayvana da sursa-

Tis gadatana Seuferxeblad ganxorciele buliyo. magram os-

malebma es ver SeZles. qarTlelebi mosvenebas ar aZlevdnen

gzad mimaval da cixeebSi Seketil osmalebs, ganuwyvetliv

esxmodnen mtris aRals (amis amsxveli cnobebi uxvadaa evro-

pul da aR mosavlur wer ilobiT wyaroebSi). iSviaTi ar iyo

SimSiliT sikvdilis SemTxvevebi os malTa jarSi.

1 TurqeT-sparseTis omi da qristiani qarTvelebi, gv. 36-37.2 Minadoi, p. 133-134.3 osmaluri wyaroebiT, lala faSam 12 aTasiani saeqspedicio korpuss

saTaveSi zulyadris beglarbegi mustafa faSa Cauyena (svaniZe m., dasax. naSr., gv. 137). osmalo is torikosis munejim baSis mixedviTac, lala faSas 12 aTa-

siani korpusi gaugzavnia, magram saTaveSi edga maraSis beglarbegi mustafa.

(Sengelia n., dasax. naSr., gv. 141). anonimi ve necielis TqmiTac, jaris meTauri yofila maraSis beglarbegi, magram jaris raodenoba 20 aTasi mxedriTa da 1500 ianiCriT ganisazRvreboda (TurqeT-sparseTis omi da qristiani qarTve-

lebi, gv. 37). 18-20 aTasi meomaria MminadoisTanac (Minadoi, p. 134).

224 225

mustafa faSam Tbilisis garnizoni did gaWirvebaSi ixi-

la: mxolod 700 mecixovne darCeniliyo1. man garnizoni

Seavso, Cerqez kasim beis meTaurobiT 500 kaci datova da 17

seqtembers yarsisaken gae Sura2.

mcire xnis Semdeg lala faSam Tbilisidan kvlav SemaS-

foTebeli cnoba miiRo. garnizoni uars ambobda iq darCe-

naze3. gairkva, rom mustafa faSas wasvlisTanave qarTvelebma

Tbiliss kvlav alya Semoartyes, ramac qalaqis damcvelebSi

panika gamoiwvia. lala mustafa faSas isic aSfoTebdam rom

araferi ismoda ahmed faSas Sesaxeb da gadawyvita Tbi lisSi

sursaTi kidev gaegzavna. man moamzada 2 aTasi iuqi sanovage

da misi waReba daavala diarbeqiris valis da qurTebis be-

gebs. magram dasax ele bulma moxeleebma uari sTqves davaleb-

is Sesrulebaze4. ra Tqma unda, maTi uari gamowveuli iyo

saqarTveloSi mosalodneli xifaTiT. amis Semdeg am amo-

canis Sesruleba lala faSam diarbeqiris beglarbegs _ beh-

rem faSas da didi veziris mehmed sokolus vaJs, maraSis

beglarbegs _ hasan faSas daavala5. yarsidan wamosuli didi

jaris Sesaxeb qarT velebma da yizilbaSebma 18 seqtembers

Seityves. qarTvelebs svimon mefe meTaurobda, yizilbaSebs _

ali yuli-xani. maTi 8 aTasamde mebrZoli Tbilissa da dman-

iss Soris gzas icavda, raTa os malebisaTvis Tbilisis dax-

marebis saSualeba ar miecaT. isini aseve Tvalyurs adevnebd-

nen Sim SiliT Sewuxebuli osmalebis qalaqidan ga mosvlas,

raTa maSinve gaenad gurebi naT6.

mzveravebma svimon mefes da ali yuli-xans acnobes, rom

os maleTis jari dmanisisaken miemarTeboda da maSinve mters

1 ibrahim feCevi, gv 57. 2 svaniZe m., dasax. naSr., gv. 138. 3 TurqeT-sparseTis omi da qristiani qarTvelebi, gv. 38.4 Sengelia n., solaq-zade saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. „wyaroTmcodneoba~, IV,

Tb., 1973, gv. 114.5 svaniZe m., dasax. naSr., gv. 1386 Minadoi, p.

dmanisis xeo baSi Causafrdnen. mokavSireebma, Tavdapirvelad,

seriozul warmatebas miaR wies, mravali mteri gaanadgures

da didi nadavlic xelT igdes. ma gram me same dRes, roca

isini xelaxla Tavs daesxnen mters, gare mocvaSi aR moCndnen

da seriozuli zarali ganicades. osmalebma ali yuli-xani

daatyveves da seqtembris bolos daubrkoleblad Tbiliss

miaRwies, sa dac saSineli mdgomareoba daxvdaT: `bevri mom-

kvdariyo. Sim Silma isini im zo mamde miiyvana, rom sWamdnen

ara mxolod mdare xarisxis cxenis xorcs, aramed cxenebisa

da cxvrebis tyavebsa da ZaRlebs~1.

hasan faSam TbilisSi mdgomareoba moawesriga, garnizo-

nis moTxov niT Tbilisis beglarbegi mehmed faSa gadaayena da

mis adgilas daniSna haji begi ziad ahmad faSa. amis Semdeg

igi imave dmanisis gziT yarsisaken wavida. roca dmanisis

xeobas miuaxlovda, mowinave razmebma acnobes, rom svimon

mefes Zlieri artileriiTa da sakmaod didi jariT xeobis

yeli gadauketia. hasan faSam SebrZoleba ver gabeda da ali

yuli-xans Tavisu flebis miniWebas dahpirda Tu is uxifaTo

gzas aswavlida. yizilbaSi sardlis gamcemlobis wyalobiT

osmalTa jaris ZiriTadma nawilma mSvidobianad daaRwia

Tavi. svimon mefe mainc daewia mtris arier gards da gaanadgu-

ra. man xelT igdo mravali tyve, cxenebi da Tbilisidan

wa moRebuli mTeli xazina2.

Tvals rom gadavavlebT 1579 wels kavkasiaSi osmalebis

saomar op eraciebs, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom maT gaWirvebiT

SeZles poziciebis SenarCuneba. daiwyo zamTari da sulTnis

karze darwmunebiT aravin icoda, saqarTvelosa da aRmosav-

leT amirkavkasiaSi osmalTa garnizonebi SeZlebdnen Tu ara

Tavis gatanas. rogorc 1578 wlis Semodgomaze, ise ax lac,

sulTnis brZanebis Tanaxmad, 1579 wlis oqtomberSi yirimis

xanis meh med gireis jari SirvanSi SeiWra da daexmara Sir-

1 Ibidem, p. 137. 2 Ibidem, p. 138-140.

226 227

vanisa da naxWevnis gamge bels _ osman faSas. aRmosavleT

amierkavkasiaSi yirimis xanis jaris Ses vla maSinve acnobes

lala faSas. macnes uTqvams, rom yirimis xani Tavisi oTxi

ZmiT, vaJiSviliTa da 200 aTasi cxenosniT Sirvanis same-

foSi mivida. imaTgan 50 aTasi gagzvna kaxeTis mefe aleqsan-

dres samflobe loebSi qalaq zagemis gasaZarcvad. yirimis

xanis amgvari moqmedebis mizezi is yofila, rom roca,

sparselebisagan garemoculma osman faSam kaxTa mefes dax-

mareba sTxova, man uari SeuTvala da ganucxada: àRar sur-

da Turqebis mokavSireoba, sparselebi ukeTesni ariano~1.

1579 wlis oqtombris dasawyisSi yirimis xanis, daruban-

dis gziT, SirvanSi Sesvla, sxva avtorebTanac dasturdeba.

isini yirimis xanis jaris raodenobas 10 aTasi kaciT gansz-

Rvraven2. magram imis msgavsi cnoba, ro melic anonimma

venecielma kaxeTis samefosTan dakavSirebiT dagvitova, sxva

wyaroebSi ar gvxvdeba. miuxedavad amisa, anonimis cnoba mainc

serio zul yuradRebas imsaxurebs. Cemi azriT, igi Seicavs

si namdvilis elements. ar vici sxva SemTxveva, garda erTisa

(1579 w. dasawyisi), rodesac osman faSam aleqsandre kaxTa

mefes sTxova da kidec miiRo daxmareba3. SeiZleba varaudi,

osman faSam SemdegSic mimarTa aleqsandre kaxTa mefes, ma-

gram is ise uxalisod da mcired daexmara, rom mas daxmare-

baze uaris Tqmad CauT vales. rogorc zemomoy vanili

amonarididan Cans, yirimis xani kaxeTis wi naaRmdeg osman

faSas wauqeze bia. osman faSa SirvanSi iyo fexmoucvlelad

da, albaT, mas garkveuli cnobebi eqneboda aleqsandre mefis

antiosmalur ganwyo bilebaze. axla, roca mas saSualeba

mieca, TaTarTa xanis xeliT Suri eZia, gamoiyena kidec es

momenti. Tavisi mTeli rigi warumateblobis mizezad

kaxelebis gan daxmarebis ar gawevac dasaxeldeboda. lala

1 TurqeT-sparseTis omi da qristiani qarTvelebi, gv. 39.2 ibrahim feCevi, gv. 57-58; Sengelia n., dasax. naSr., gv. 142.3 Charrière, Op. cit., III, p. 775.

mustafa faSam ise daasrula 1579 wlis saomari operaciebi,

rom Zlivs SeZlo qarTlsa da SirvanSi Zveli poziciebis

SenarCuneba. qarTlis same fosa da aRmosavleT amierkavka-

siaSi ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis cecxli gizgizebda. amave

periodSi sabolood gamoikveTa svimon mefis saxe, rogorc

ganmaTavisu flebeli brZolis meTaurisa. yovelive amis gamo

da mesame veziris xoja sinan faSas mcdelobiT, sulTan mu-

rad mesamem 1580 wlis TebervalSi lala mustafa faSa gad-

aayena da mesame veziri sinan faSa aRmosavleTis jarebis

mTavarsardlad daniSna. Mmale is didvaziric gaxda.

osmalebs esmodaT, rom svimon mefes saqarTvelosa da,

saerTod, am ierkavkasiaSi mtkice dasayrdeni hqonda. osmale-

Tis mTavrobam gadawyvita qarTlSi winaaRmdegobis Sesasus-

teblad da mefis iranelebisagan Camocilebis mizniT, mis

mimarT daTmobaze wasuliyo. niadagis mosinjva daevala mTa-

varsardlis movaleobis Semsrulebels (sinan faSa jer kidev

ar Sesdgomoda Tavisi movaleobis Sesrulebas) xusrev fa-

Sas. man qarTlis mefes werili gaugzavna, romelSic, saku-

Tari mTavrobis sax eliT, bodiSs ixdida qarTlis samefos

CamorTmevis gamo. svimon mefe Tu moiTxovda `wyalobis

xelSekrulebas~ da daxmarebas aR mouCenda Tbi lisSi mdgom

os maleTis jars, maSin mas qarTli `sa fadiSaho livas~ sax-

iT gadaecemoda.

mefe SeTavazebul pirobebze Tu daTanxmdeboda, maSin is

iqneboda ara qarTlis mefe, aramed osmaluri provinciis _

livis moxele, faSa. ufro metic, TbilisSi darCeboda os-

malTa garnizoni. ma Sasadame, os malebi qarTlSi 1578 wels

gauqmebuli xelisuflebis aRdgenas ar apirebdnen, magram

mzad iyvnen svimoni ecnoT mis gamgeblad òsmaluri we-

sisamebr~1.

ra Tqma unda, svimon mefe amgvari pirobebiT osmalebs

ver Seurigde boda da molaparakebis dawyebas azri ar hqonda.

1 svaniZe m., dasax. naSr., gv. 206.

228 229

1580 wlis 17 Tebervals sinan faSa stambolidan gavida1 da

8 maiss arzrumSi mivida2. iranSi fiqrobdnen, rom osmalTa

jaris axali mTavarsardali Setevis mimar Tulebas Secvlida

da Tavrizze wavidoda. movlenebis amgvarad gan vi TarebisaTvis

yizilbaSebma mzadeba daiwyes da svimon mefis dasaxmare blad

qarTlSi razmebi gagzavnes, raTa Tavrizisken mimavali mtri-

saTvis qarTvelebsa da yizilbaSebs erToblivad daertyaT.

mokavSireTa laSqari 13 aTas kacs Seadgenda3.

Sahis karze gaiges Tuara sinan faSas arzrumSi misvlis

Sesaxeb, maSinve svimon mefes daukavSirdnen da sTxoves, rom

roca osmalebis yarsSi misvlas gaigebda (es niSnavda, rom

osmalebi saqarTveloze midi od nen), maSinve ganjaSi mdgomi

yizilbaSe bisaTvis ecnobebina da isini mis dasaxmareblad

gremze gavliT wavidodnen4.

15 ivniss sinan faSa yarsSi mivida, sadac Sah xudabendes

elCi dax vda. mas Tan hqondaT yofili mTavarsardlisaTvis

gadasacemi werili. elCi uflebamosili iyo Sahis saxeliT

sulTanTan zavi daedo5. Sahis elCs mak sud-xans davalebuli

hqonda `mSvidobis Camogdeba suleiman–xanis dros dawesebu-

li sazRvrebiT~6. sinan faSam elCs mousmina da stam bolSi

gais tumra7. gamgzavrebis dRes sinan faSam elCis `pativsace-

mad~ aRlumi moawyo, romelmac yizilbaSebze didi STa-

beWdileba moaxdina8. aRlumis Sem deg sinan faSa qarTvelTa

alyaSi mo qceuli Tbilisis dasax mareblad wavida9.

1 ibrahim feCevi, gv. 60.2 TurqeT-sparseTis omi da qristiani qarTvelebi, gv. 40.3 Minadoi, p. 158-160.4 Ibidem.5 TurqeT-sparseTis omi da qristiani qarTvelebi, gv. 41. ibrahim feCevis

mixedviT, sinan faSam yizilbaSTa elCi maksud-xani diarbeqiris vilaieTSi, CemriqSi miiRo (ibrahim feCevi, gv. 60).

6 ibrahim feCevi, gv. 60.7 TurqeT-sparseTis omi da qristiani qarTvelebi, gv. 41.8 ibrahim feCevi, gv. 63.9 TurqeT-sparseTis omi da qristiani qarTvelebi, gv. 41

1580 wlis 4 agvistos iranis elCi stambolSi mivada,

sadac didi zeimiT miiRes. rogorc ibrahim feCevi ambobs,

Sahs undoda osmalebi daeyoliebina aRdgeniliyo 1555 wlis

amasiis zavis pirobebi, e. i. mowi naaRmdegeebi daubrunebodnen

im sazRvrebs, romelic zavis dade bisas hqondaT. osmaleTi,

romelmac didi saxsrebi da adamianTa resursebi Seswira

amierkavkasiis dapyrobas, ra Tqma unda, iolad ar daTmobda

wlebis ganmavlobaSi didi gaWirvebiT mopovebul terito-

riebs. stam bolSi maksud-xans ganucxades, rom `miwa, romel-

sac sulTnis cxenis floqvebi Seexo, mas ekuTvnis~1. maksud–

xani iranSi xelcarieli dabrunda.

svimon mefem, SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad, yizilbaSebs acnoba,

rom os malebi Tbilisisaken miemarTebodnen. yizilbaSebi,

marTlac, movidnen da mis jars SeuerTdnen. qarTlis mefem

osmalebTan pirdapir Setakebas Tavi aarida da musrs av-

lebda moalafe razmebs. 1580 wlis ivlisSi sinan faSam

dmanisi gaiara da imave Tvis bolos TbilisSi mivida.

Tbilisis garnizoni qalaqgareT gavida da axal sardals

migeba. imave dros mas saCivari warudgines Tbilisis gamgeb-

el ahmed faSaze, ro melic meomarTa xelfasebs iTvisebda.

sinan faSam igi gadaayena da mis adgilas daniSna simon I-is

Zma giorgi, romelmac islami miiRo da musli manuri saxeli

iusufi dairqva2. amis Semdeg sinan faSam Tbilisis mida-

moebSi moTareSe qarTvelTa razmebis winaaRmdeg jari gagza-

vna safetis sanjaybegisa da damaskos ianiCrebis aRas meTau-

robiT. svimon mefe maT moulodnelad Tavs daesxa da ori

aTasamde osmalo gawyvita3.

sinan faSa TbilisSi Tavs mSvidad ver grZnobda. Mmas

acnobes yizilbaSTa jaris Tbilisisken wamosvlis Sesaxeb.

1 Hammer J., Op. cit., S. 492.2 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 123. giorgi (iusufi) m. svaniZis

varaudiT, imereTis mefe giorgis Svilia. svaniZe m., saqarTvelo-osmaleTis

urTierTobis istoriidan, gv. 141-142.3 Don Juan de Persia, p. 72; Hammer J., Op. cit.,S. 492.

230 231

igi im faqtmac SeaS foTa, rom aleqsandre kaxTa mefe, romel-

ic osmalebs TavianT morCil msaxurad miaCndaT, sardalTan

ar gamocxadda1. samagierod TbilisSi si nan faSasTan mividnen

kaxeTis mefis elCebi. sinan faSam isini kargad miiRo, radgan

mas acnobes, rom aleqsandre mefe garnizons daexmara: fuli

da sursaTi gaugzvna.

elCebma TavianTi mefis saxeliT bodiSi moixades, rom

igi avad myo fobis gamo sardals piradad ver eaxla erT-

gulebis dasamtkice blad. na siamovnebma sinan faSam aleqsan-

dres oqroqsovili tanisamosi, kverTxi da Zvirfasi qvebiT

moWedili xmali gaugzavna. aqve iyo megobrobisa da siyva-

rulis gancxadebiT aRsavse werilic2.

sinan faSas werili mravalmxriv sainteresoa. igi aleqsan-

dre me fes, viTomda sxvaTa Soris, sityvas Camougdebs iran-

osmaleTs Soris dazave baze. aqve gamoCnda sinan faSas namd-

vili damokidebuleba aleqsandre sadmi, rogorc osmaleTis

orgulisadmi: radgan Sen orives, iransa da osmaleTs mego-

brob, naTqvami iyo werilSi, SegiZlia gauge brobis mowes-

rigeba da orive xelmwifis morigebao3.

sinan faSasaTvis sruliad naTeli gaxda kaxeTis mefis

pozicia iran-osmaleTis omis am etapze. faSas TbilisSi

yofnis dros osmalebma Seipyres iranis Sahis jaSuSi, romel-

sac aleqsandresa da svimonisaTvis gadasacemi werilebi aR-

moaCnda. Sahi aleqsandres uTvlida, rom is Tavisi jariT

wasuliyo sinan faSas banakisaken, sadac TviTonac mivi doda

mTeli Tavisi jariT, osmalebs alyaSi moaqcevdnen da gaanad-

gurebdnen. Sahi me fes avalebda daekavebina darubandis vi wro

gasasvleli, raTa gaqceul mters iq ver gaevlo4.

sinan faSam rodesac werilebi gaxsna, moulodneli Tav-

1 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 125.2 Minadoi, p. 171-172.3 Ibidem, p. 172.4 TurqeT-sparseTis omi da qristiani qarTvelebi, gv. 41.

dasxmis SiSma Seipyro. ra Tqma unda, Znelia imis dadgena,

werilebSi naTqvami si namdviles Seefereboda Tu sabrZolo

eSmakoba iyo. is ki cnobilia, rom sinan faSam maSinve, Su-

aRamisas, banakis aSla da yarsisaken wasvla brZana. osmaleb-

ma ise iCqares, rom TiTqmis mTeli artileria, daaxloe biT

90 qve mexi, xelT igdes qarTvelebma, romlebic uecrad Tavs

daesxnen aforiaqebul mters1.

sinan faSa dmanisze gavliT mcire xanSi yarsSi mivida.

Tumca os malebs es gza Zalze Zvirad daujdaT. Aadgilo-

brivi qarTveli da azer baijaneli mosaxleoba namdvil par-

tizanul oms awarmoebda2

anonimi venecielis gadmocemas Sahis mier aleqsandre

mefisaTvis werilis gagzavnis Sesaxeb adasturebs XVI sau-

kunis Turqi istorikosi mustafa ali3.

am saintereso sakiTxis garkvevaSi kidev meti sinaTle

Seaqvs ibra him feCevis. `swored am xanebSi gavarda xma, _

ambobs feCevi, _ gzadab neuli Sahi Tavisi samociaTasiani4

boroti laSqriT emzadeba Tavs dae ces [Cvens] jars da is-

lamis jaris Zliereba Seaneloso... Sahs erTi ori werili

hqonda aleqsandre mefisaTvis gagzavnili. gaiZvera reaÁTa-

gans werili rom mihqonda, ramdenime [Cveni] asqeri Semoxvda

win da [werili] samefo banakSi waikiTxes. [werili] dakav-

Sirebuli iyo islamis laSqri saTvis oinebis mowyobasTan~5.

qarTlidan gaqceuli osmalebi dmanisTan dabanakdnen.

bunebrivia, sursaTi akldaT da maragis Sevsebas adgilo-

brivi mosaxleobis gaZarc viT fiqrobdnen. magram amis ga-

keTeba axla ioli ar iyo. patar-patara rzmebis gagzavna maT

srul ganadgurebas niSnavda. qarTvelTa jars terorizire-

1 iqve.

2 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 125.3 Hammer J., Op. cit., S. 492.4 anonimi venecieli azviadebs yizilbaSTa laSqris raodenobas. misi TqmiT,

Sahs gamzadebuli hyavda 150 aTasi mxedari.

5 ibrahim feCevi, gv. 61-62.

232 233

buli hyavda osmalebi. gaWirvebam mainc Tavisi gaitana da 10

aTasi cxeno sani banakidan saalafod gavida, magram TiTqmis

arc erTi maTgani aRar dabrunda1.

osmalebi dmanisidan yarsSi mividnen 8 seqtembers. sinan

faSam am qalaqSi didi garnizoni da saWurveli datova.

yarsSi mcire xniT Ses ve nebis Semdeg, 1580 wlis oqtombers,

igi arzrumSi mivida2.

arzrumSi jari did ukmayofilebas gamosTqvamda gaWia-

nurebuli omis, mudmivi xifaTisa da sursaT-sanovagis nak-

lebobis gamo. oms dasas ruli ar uCanda. sinan faSas azriT,

omis damTavreba aucilebeli iyo. amitom man Sahsa da qarT-

lis mefes acnoba, Tu isini TavianT elCebs stambolSi gag-

zavnidnen, zavis dadebis SesaZlebloba arsebobda.

sinan FfaSas wamowyebam Sedegi gamoiRo da 1581 wlis 7

Tebervals arzrumSi mividnen Sahisa da qarTlis mefis el-

Cebi. Sahis elCi nabuT-aRa gamocdili diplomati da stam-

bolSi adre namyofic iyo. sinan faSam igi pativiT miiRo.

iranis elCma sinan faSasTan saubarSi ga nacxada, rom `mSvi-

dobianobis dasamyareblad ZalaSi unda darCes suleiman-

xanis [dro indeli] xelSekrulebaSi daTqmuli zavi da mSvi-

doba. igive iyo naTqvami sulTnisaTvis gadasacem

weri lebSic3.

amgvarad, Sahi araviTar daTmobaze ar midioda. man icoda,

rom omi mZime tvirTad awva osmaleTsac. misi varaudiT,

sulTani daTmobaze wavi doda da omamdeli mdgomareobis aR-

dgena moxerxdeboda. rac Seexeba qarTlis mefis elCs, igi

svimon I-saTvis Tavis samflobeloebis memkvidreobiT gamge-

blobaSi gadacemas moiTxovda, samagierod qarTlis mefe

yovelwliuri xarkis saxiT 100 aTasi dukatis gadaxdas

1 Minadoi, p. 174. i. hameri ganadgurebul jaris meTaurad mustafas anu samcxis aTabag manuCars Tvlis da imave Mminadois cnobas imowmebs (Hammer J., Op. cit., S. 492). sinamdvileSi Mminadoi halabis faSa muyafis asaxelebs.

2 ibrahim feCevi, gv. 63-64.3 iqve, gv. 64-65

hpirdeboda da Tavis vaJsac mZevlad aZlevda1.

ar vici Cavida Tu ara svimon mefis elCi stambolSi.

radgan amis Semdeg qarTveli elCi aRar Cans, savaraudoa,

sinan faSam igi uariT gaistumra. qarTvel elCs stambolSi

vxedavT 1582 wlis zafxulSi ufliswul meh medis (SemdegSi

mehmed III, 1595-1603) win dacveTis zeimis misalocad. zeimSi

monawileoba miiRes mravali qveynis wargzavnilebma. maT So-

ris iyvnen kaxeTis da samegrelos warmo madgenlebic2. magram

qarTlis mefis elCis am zeimSi monawileoba srulebiTac ar

niSnavda qarTlsa da osmaleTs Soris sazavo mola parakebis

gagrZelebas3. mefis elCis wasvla stam bolSi sulT nisaT vis

misalocad da saCuqrebis misarTmevad, mxolod feoda luri

eTikis garkveuli normebis dacva iyo. Sahis elCma nabuT-

aRam stambolSi TiTqmis mTeli weli dahyo.

sinan faSam iranis elCis stambolSi gastumrebis Semdeg

TviTonac iq dabrunebis ufleba iTxova. igi imdenad dain-

teresebuli iyo iranTan zavis dadebiT, rom saWirod CaTva-

la Tvalyuri edevnebina mo laparakebis msvlelobisaTvis da,

albaT, SeZlebisdagvarad, zegavlenis moxdenasac Seecdeboda.

magram movlenebi sul sxvagvarad ganviTarda. sulTani Sahis

elCTan Sexvedras ar Cqarobda, radgan misTvis cnobili iyo

Sahis moTxov nebi.

sinan faSa frontis xazze wasvlas aRar fiqrobda.

mTavarsard lis uflebamosileba mas nominalurad hqonda. aR-

mosavleTis jaris sardlad mehmed faSa dainiSna, romelsac

arzrumis faSis tituli mianiWes da masve dauqvemdebares

yaramaniis faSa, aTabagi manuCari, arz rumis mTeli laSqari

da yvela sanjaxi. sul Seikriba 25 aTasi meomari.

svimon I, marTalia, mTeli mondomebiTa da TavdadebiT

ebrZoda os malebs, magram Sahma icoda, rom qarTvelTa Tav-

1 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с 126; Hammer J., Op. cit., S. 493.2 fuTuriZe g., mustafa selianiqi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 266.3 svaniZe m., dasax. naSromi, gv. 145-146.

234 235

dadeba Sahis taxtis amaR lebisaTvis ki ar xdeboda, aramed

TavianTi qveynisa da samefos gadarCe nisaTvis. Sahis karze,

albaT, imasac fiqrobdnen, rom viTarebis Secvlis SemTxveva-

Si, svimon mefis pozicia sruliad sxvanairi, irani saTvis

arasasurveli gaxdeboda. amitom, vidre gvian ar iyo, saWi-

rod CaTvales, svimon mefe mtkiced miejaWvaT Sahis taxtze.

Sahis karze gadawyvites misi asuli colad SeerTo Sah

xudabendes, `rom mis (svimonis – e. m.) me go brobaze guli

savsebiT mSvidad hqonodaT~1. svimon mefem Sahis wi nadadeba

garegnulad did bednierebad miiCnia, magram yve lafers akeT-

ebda, raTa es qorwineba ar Semdgariyo. mefis amgvar moqmede-

bas isqander munSi mxolod religiuri motiviT xsnis. iv.

javaxiSvili savse biT samarTlianad aRniSnavda, rom mefes

Sahis moTxovna mZevlis warT mevad miaCnda, riTac Sahs surda

misTvis momavalSi politikuri moqmede bis Tavisufleba

Seez Ruda2. amitom igi Sa his moTxovnis dakmayofilebas ar

Cqarobda. erTxans yizilbaSebi momxdarma ambebma daakaves da

ganzraxuli qorwinebisaTvis ar ecalaT. SirvanSi yirimeli

TaTrebi Sei Wrnen, magram yizilbaSebma maTi damar cxeba Se-

Zles, Tumca osmalebis gandvna ki ver moaxerxes. Sirvani

kvlav osmalebs darCaT3.

SirvanSi samxedro operaciebis dasrulebis Semdeg, Sahi

darwmunda, rom svimon mefe moTxovnas nebiT ar asrulebda.

Aamitom, roca saqarT veloSi pirveli veziri mirza salmani

20 aTasi kaciT gaigzavna. mas kaxeTis samefos sakiTxis mog-

varebac daevala. aleqsandre II iZulebuli Seiqmna, yovel-

wliuri xarkis gadaxda ganeaxlebina da Tavisi asulis

1 `svimon-xanis qaliSvili misi udidebulesoba qveynierebis gamgebelisa-

Tvis co lad moeyvanaT~ (isqander munSi, gv. 34). sxva cnobiTi svimon mefes qaliSvili mo sTxoves hamza mirzaze dasaqorwineblad (javaxiSvili iv., qarTve-li eris istoria, IV, gv. 271; svaniZe m., dasax. naSr., gv. 157).

2 javaxiSvili iv., dasax. naSr., gv. 271.3 isqander munSi, gv. 34-35.

ufliswul hamza mirzasaTvis miTxovebaze daTanxmda1.

isqander munSis mixedviT, Sahis yvela moTxovna svimon

mefesac daukmayofilebia. yizilbaSebma qarTlisa da kaxeTis

mefeebi erTmaneT Tan Seariges da jvarze daafices, rom Sahis

erTgulni iqnebodnen da erTo blivad ibrZolebdnen os-

maleTis winaaRmdeg. amis Semdeg qarTvel me feebs mZevlebi

gamoarTves, aleqsandres _ ufliswuli konstantine, svi mons

_ ufliswuli luarsabi2.

roca qarTvelma mefeebma yizilbaSebis yvela moTxovna

daakmayo files, axla TviTon moiTxoves Sahis mfarvelobaSi

myofi TavianTi Zme bis, aleqsandrem _ ieses (isa-xani), svi-

monma _ daviTis (dauT-xani) saqarT veloSi dabruneba da

piroba dasdes, rom `Zmebs Cinebulad moepyrobod nen, verago-

bas ar Caidendnen da orive TavianTi samflobe loebidan Tavi-

anT Zmebs garkveul adgils miuCendnen, raTa mosvenebiT ecx-

ovraT da arseboba ar gaZnelebodaT~3. gasagebia aleqsandres

da svimonis survili Sahis xeli dan daexsnaT maT sawinaaRm-

degod gamiznuli TavianTi Zmebi. isqander munSi Semdeg

qarTvel mefeebs usayvedurebs, rom arc erTma pi roba ar

Seasrula, òrive maTi daRupvis saqmes Seudga da Cqara maTi

sikvdilis am bavi mTel qveyanas gaagebines~4.

marTali ar aris isqander munSi, TiTqos am dros (1582

w.) Sah mo hamed xudabendes konstantine ufliswuli mZevlad

waeyvanos, radgan qar Tuli da rusuli wyaroebi savsebiT

damajereblad gvamcnoben, rom kon stantine ufliswuli mZev-

lad Sah Tamazma waiyvana. arc is cnobaa mar Tali, sadac

dauT-xanis sikvdilis Sesaxeb laparakobs (isa-xanze, amis

Semdeg, marTlac araferi viciT). dauT-xani kidev karga xans

asparezze Cans. igi osmalebs miemxro.

1 iqve, gv. 36.2 iqve.

3 iqve, gv. 37.4 iqve.

236 237

1581 wlis agvistos bolos arzrumidan wasuli mehmed

faSa ax alqalaqSi mustafa (manuCar) faSas Sexvda da sTxo-

va, rom osmalTa laSqari Tbilisisken waeyvana. osmalTa

jars gorTan svimon mefe elode boda. mis jarSi mravlad

iyvnen qarTulad Cacmuli iranelebi. rogorc iTqva, iranis

elCi nabuT-aRa am dros stambolSi iyo da sulTanTan audi-

encias eloda. amitom yizilbaSebi osmalebTan pirispir

brZolas eridebodnen da svimon mefes qarTulad Cacmulebi

exmarebod nen1. mefis os malebTan brZolis es momenti erTxel

kidev adasturebs Cems mier zemoT gamoTqmul azrs, rom

osmaleTsa da qarTlis samefos Soris sazavo mo la parakeba

CaSlili iyo da saomari mdgomareoba grZeldeboda. amave

dros, rogorc Cans, yizilbaSebs sulTanTan molaparakebiT

drois mogeba sur daT da, SeZlebisdagvarad, aRmosavleT

saqarTveloSi mtkiced fexis mokidebas cdilobdnen.

mehmed faSas qarTvelebTan brZolis gamarTva ar undoda.

mas gorTan mdinare mtkvari unda gadaelaxa da manuCars

rCeva sTxova. manu Carma faSas dilamde dacda urCia. magram

sardalma brZana, saswrafod gadasuliyvnen mdinareze, ris

gamoc osmalebma sastiki marcxi gani cades. svimon mefis

xelSi aRmoCnda mtris mTeli aRali da xazina. gadarCenili

jaris nawilma Tbilisamde miaRwia. TbilisSi, rogorc yov-

elTvis, didi gaWirveba iyo da xelcariel mehmed faSas sxva

araferi darCenoda rom jariskacebSi 30 aTasi dukati

Seegrovebina da kaxeTis mefesTan garnizonisaTvis puris,

cxvrebis da sxva sanovagis Sesasyidad xalxi gaegzvna2. os-

malTa imedebi verc Tbilisis faSam, ga mahmadianebulma qarT-

velma iusufma, gaamarTla. mehmed faSam igi gadaayena da mis

adgilze omar faSa daniSna3.

1 Minadoi, p. 184 -185.2 Ibidem, p. 193.3 Ibidem. svaniZe m., dasax. nasr., gv. 151

svimon mefem da aTabagma manuCarma gadawyvites osmalebi-

saTvis Tbilisis daxmarebis saSualeba ar miecaT1. maT daax-

loebas Sahis karze didi kmayo filebiT Sexvdnen. yizilb-

naSebis azriT, amis Semdeg iranis mdgo mareoba amier kavkasiaSi

mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesdeboda2. Semdgomma movle nebma naTe-

lyo, rom osmalebTan `Serigeba~ manu Caris xriki iyo3. mar-

Talia, sul Tanma manuCars Cildiris beglarbe goba aRudgina,

magram manuCarisaT vis amas raluri mniSvneloba ar hqonda.

mas kargad esmoda sulTnis zrax vebi samcxis mimarT. sul-

Tans saaTabagos nacvlad safaSos daarseba un doda. amitom

osmaleTsa da samcxes Soris `megobroba~ xan grZlivi ver

iqneboda.

osmaleTis agresia samcxeSi mxolod qarTvelebis da

Sirvan elebis damoukideblobas ar emuqreboda. igi kavkasiis

sxva xalxebisT visac saSiSi iyo. rogorc ibrahim feCevi gad-

mogvcems, saSamxlosa da daRestnis gamge blebma kavSiri daam-

yares qarTvelebTan, raTa erTo blivad ebr ZolaT os malebis

winaaRmdeg. kavkasiaSi antiosmalur kavSirs saTaveSi Caudga

iranis Sahi, romelmac samokavSireo jaris sardlad imamy-

uli-xani daniSna4. stambolSi jerovnad Seafases amierkavka-

siaSi Seqmnili mdgo mareoba da gadawyvites Crdilo kavka-

siaze gavliT gaegzavnaT laSqari, romelic darubandsa da

baqoSi mdgom os malTa garnizonebs daexmare boda5. imave dros

Tbilisis dasaxmareblad gagzavnili jari svi mon mefem mux-

ranis velze daamarcxa6. osmaleTis jaris darubandSi misv-

lam 1583 wlis gazafxulze, Sahis karze didi SeSfoTeba

1 Minadoi, p. 2042 Ibidem, p. 226.3 manuCar aTabagis osmalebTan urTier Tobaze dawvr. ix. qvemoT gv. 399-437.

4 ibrahim feCevi, gv. 69.5 Смирнов И. А. Рoссия и Турция в XVI-XVII вв., в двух томах. «Ученные

записки МГУ им. М. В. Ломоносова», вып. 94, М., 1946, т. I, XVI в., с. 126-127.6 svaniZe m., dasax. naSr., gv. 150-151.

238 239

gamoiwvia. Sahma ima myuli-xanis meTaurobiT 50 aTasiani jari

gagzavna. yizilbaSma sardalma maSinve qarTlisa da kaxeTis

mefeebs werilebi gaugzavna da is ini laSqrobaSi monawileo-

bis misaRebad miiwvia. ibrahim FfeCevTan ar Cans, mividnen Tu

ara qarTlelebi yizil baSTa dasaxmareblad. kaxeTis mefes ki

mcire razmi gaugzavnia. maT mTebSi siarulisas gza dabne-

viaT, gafan tulan da adgilobriv mosax leobas osmalTa SiS-

iT amouwyvetia, maTi mokveTili Tavebi ki osmalo sardli-

saTvis gaugzavnia. ferhad faSam, Ta vis mxriv, kaxeTis mefe

aleqsandres misi qveSevrdomebis Tavebi gaugzavna da Tanac

SeuTvala: `bednieri fadiSahis moxarakeebi rom xarT, es ras

niSnavso?~1

amgvarad, osmalebis aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi yofna

mxolod iaraRze iyo damyarebuli, rac, rogorc Cans, adg-

ilobriv mosaxleobaze yovelTvis qmediT gavlenas ar axden-

da. male osmalebma manuCaris `Se morigebis~ fasic iwvnies.

sulTnis braZanebiT, manuCars daevala Tbi lisSi 30 aTasi

dukatis mitana. roca manuCari Tbiliss miuaxlovda, mi-

nadois TqmiT, is svimon mefes Sexvda da xanmokle TaTbiris

Semdeg, manu Caris Tanmxlebi osmalTa razmi amowyvites,

xazina ki miiTvises2.

ferhad faSam ganizraxa manuCaris samflobeloebze eyara

javri. ma gram manamde aucilebeli iyo Tbilisis daxmareba.

man am rTuli amo canis Sesruleba qarTvelebTan da yizil-

baSebTan brZolebSi gamocdil hasan faSas (es is hasan faSaa,

romelmac yizilbaSTa sardali yuli-xani daatyveva) daava-

la, mas Caabara 40 aTasi dukati da 15 aTasi rCeuli me-

brZoli gaayola3. maT rigebSi iyvnen qurTistanisa da rume-

liis amirebi. dmanisis xeobaSi mimaval osmalebs Tavsdaesxa

qarTvelTa 500 kaciani razmi, romelTa Soris ramdenime

1 ibrahim feCevi, gv. 73. Sdr. svaniZe m., dasax. naSr., gv. 1582 Minadoi, p. 223-224.3 Ibidem, p. 224-225.

yizilbaSi amirac iyo. qarT velebma ara mxolod SeaCeres

osmalTa winsvla, aramed, rogorc Saraf-xan bidlisi gad-

mogvcems (is piradad monawileobda am brZolaSi da ga-

moCenili simama cisa da erTgulebisaTvis sulTanma daajil-

dova1), daamar cxes kidec. jaris narCenebi, misive TqmiT,

mxolod hasan faSas simtkicem ixsna. gadar Cenil jars, me-

ore dRes mxolod yizilbaSebi daesxnen, ma gram hasan faSam

maT winaaRmdeg Saraf-xan bidlisi gagzavna mcire raz miT,

romelmac mowi naaRmdegeTa meTauri ali-yuli begi daatyveva.

yizil baSebi gaiqcnen2. mar Talia, pirdapir ar aris naTqvami,

vin meTaurobda qarTvelTa im razms, romelmac osmalebi

daamarcxa, ma gram savaraudoa, rom es iyo manuCari. amis dama-

dasturebeli unda iyos osmalebis mier manuCaris

samflobeloe bis sastikad aoxreba, rasac sak maod dawvrilebiT

agviwers minadoi3.

1584 wlis gazafxulze ferhad faSam miiRo sulTnis

brZaneba nax Wevansa da Tavrizze SetevisaTvis momzadebis

Sesaxeb. imave dros, sulT nis miTiTebis Tanaxmad, saWiro

iyo qarTvelebisagan Seviwroebuli Tbi lisis daxmareba4.

Sahis kars mxedvelobidan ar gamorCenia osmalebis samxe-

dro samzadisi da naxWevanis dasacavad Tavrizis maxloblad

Tavi mouyara 30 aTasamde mebrZols. yizilbaSebis samzadisi

ferhad faSas gegmas arRvevda. man, amis Sesaxeb, saswrafod

acnoba sulTans da Semdgom brZanebas daeloda. sulTanma

ukve icoda, rom svimon mefe da aTabagi manuCari kvlav os-

malebis winaaRmdeg aRsdgnen, sastikad aviwroebdnen Tbili-

sis garnizons da Sahis daxmarebasac apirebdnen5. gaiTval-

1 Шараф-хан Шамсаддин Бидлиси, Шараф-наме, I. Перевод, предисло-вие, примечания и приложе ния Е. И. Васильевой, М., 1967 , с. 490.

2 Шараф-хан Шамсаддин Бидлиси. Шараф-наме, II. Перевод, предисло-вие, примечания и приложе ния У. И. Васильевой, М., 1976 , с. 245.

3 Minadoi, p. 225.4 Alberi, II, p. 285.5 Ibidem.

240 241

iswina ra qarTlisa da samcxis pozicia, sulTanma ferhad

faSas ubrZana, `gadas dos yvela saqme da Seudges dmanisze

da loreze gamavali gzebis mowes regebas~1. aseT viTarebaSi,

osmalebis Semdgom moqmedebisaTvis Tbi liss gansakuTrebuli

mniSvneloba eniWeboda.

ferhad faSam, yizilbaSTa yuradRebis modunebis mizniT,

xmebi gaavrcela, rom naxWevanze laSqroba energiulad dai-

wyo da saqarT veloze TavdsxmisaTvisac emzadeba. man jer

lores cixe aRadgina, Sig 7-8 aTasiani garnizoni 200 qve-

mexiT Caayena2, cixisTavad ki daniSna berZeni ali faSa3. sard-

alma mas daavala, xelsayrel SemTxvevaSi loredan 10 miliT

daSorebuli SaiTanyala (qajTacixe) gaemagrebina4. TviTon

ferhad faSa mTeli jariT wavida dmanisisaken, romelic

qarTvelebma nangreve bad aqcies, raTa es umniSvnelovanesi

cixe-simagre osmalebs aRar ga moeyenebinaT. ferhad faSam

roca am cixis da dmanisis mida moebi daaT valiera, gonivru-

lad ar CaTvala misi aRdgena da mis max loblad, Zveli

nacixaris adgilas, axali aagebina5. mis kedlebze 200 mcire

zomis qvemexi daadgmevina, beglarbegad ki hasan faSa daniSna6. dman isis midamoebSi fer had faSam kidev erTi cixe daikava,

sadac 10 qve mexi dadga, xolo cixisTavad rustem faSa dan-

iSna7. ferhad faSam Tbi lisis dasaxmareblad dmanisidan rid-

van faSa 20 aTasi8 rCeuli da saukeTe sod SeiaraRebuli

mebrZoliT gagzavna. igi erTi dReSi TbilisSi mivida da

1 Minadoi, p. 226.2 Minadoi, p. 229. jovani miqelis mixedviT _ 100 qvemexi. Alberi, II, p.

286.3 ̀ moreas mirliva ali-beg bunavi daniSna lores beglarbegad~. Шараф-хан

Шамсад дин Бидлиси, II, c. 2464 Minadoi, p. 230.5 Saraf-xan bidlisis mixedviT, ferhad faSa dmanisis cixis agebas 40 dRe

moan doma. Шараф-хан Шамсаддин Бидлиси, II, c. 2466 arzrumis amir al-umara hasan faSa. Тамже.7 Alberi, II, p. 2868 Minadoi, p. 232. sxva cnobiT 12 aTasi. Alberi, II, p. 286.

garnizons saWiro daxmareba aRmouCina. maSin, roca ridvan

faSa TbilisTan idga, mis banakSi svimon mefis dam terebuli

Zma dauT-xani mivida da osmalebs samsaxuri SesTavaza1. Tbi-

lisis saqmeebis mogvare bis Semdeg ridvan faSa dmanisSi

gabrunda da dauT-xani Tan wai yvana. svimon mefe, mstovrebis

saSualebiT, Tvalyurs adevnebda osmalTa jaris moZraobas.

don xuan de persias TqmiT, ridvan faSas banakSi Sepa ruli

mefis mstovrebi daud-xans daurwmune bia, rom osmalTa jari

mcire iyo. imave avtoris mixedviT, svimon mefes dauT-xanis

motaceba ganuzraxavs2. mstovrebis mier mefesTan mi tanili

cnoba ridvan faSas jaris raodenobis Sesaxeb, swori ar iyo.

si namdvileSi mas bevrad meti jari hyavda. miuxedavad amisa,

ridvan faSas qarTvelebis SiSi hqonda da ferhad faSas

damatebiT kidev 10 aTasi kaci sTxova3. yalbi informaciiT

waqezebuli svimon mefe manuCar Tan da sxva oTx qarTvel

didebulTan erTad4, 4 aTasi mebrZoliT5 os malebs dauxvda.

Tavdapirvelad qarT velebis winaaRmdeg 6 aTasi osmalo idga,

magram brZola gaCaRda Tu ara, borcvis ukan Casafrebuli

osmalTa mTavari Zala Tavs daatyda qarT velebs. mefes cxeni

moukles, magram igi sakuTarma si mamacem gadaarCina. qarTve-

lebi sruli ganadgurebidan ferhad faSas mier ridvan faSas

das axmareblad gagzavnili 10 aTasiani jaris gamoCenam ix-

sana. osmalebma is ini qarT velTa damxmare jarad miiCnies da

daibnen. amiT isargebles qarTvelebma da brZolis vels gae-

calnen. ridvan faSam ferhad faSas ba nakSi sakmaod didi

nadavli miitana, magram yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo mis mier

miyvanili dauT-xani. dauT-xanis osmalTa banakSi misvlaze

sainteresod cnoba dagvitova mustafa selianiqma. igi am-

bobs: dauT-xani èxla Tavisi xuTi begisa da misi erTi

1 Minadoi, p. 232 2 Don Juan de Persia, p. 85v.3 Minadoi, p. 233.4 Alberi, II, p. 286.5 Minadoi, p. 233.

242 243

mamaci Svilis TanxlebiT mis aR matebuleba sardal ferhad

faSasTan movida. aq mas sTxova, rom momeciT saSualeba mi-

vaRwio bednierebis zRurbls (stambols), radganac saqarT-

velos gasaRebi me var da maRali RmerTis wyalobiT aReba

da dapy roba CemiT SeiZlebao~1.

zamTris moaxloebis gamo, ferhad faSa iZulebuli gaxda

yarsSi an arzrumSi dabrunebuliyo. manamde ki manuCaris sam-

flobeloebis ak leba undoda da javaxeTisken gaeSura. magram

axalqalaqisa da alTun yalas (oqroscixe) mosaxleoba gax-

iznuliyo da sursaTic ver iSova, ris gamoc jari did

gasaWirSi aRmoCnda2. don xuan de persias da minadois mixed-

viT, amis Semdeg osmalebi axalcixisken wavidnen, magram isic

dacariele buli daxvdaT. minadois TqmiT, osmalebma axalcix-

eSi adamianebisa da pirutyvisaTvis sakvebi blomad iSoves3.

don xuani ki sruliad sawi naaRmde gos ambobs: iq igive mdgo-

mareoba daxvdaT, rogoric axalqalaqsa da alTunyalaSi4.

ferhad faSam axalcixeSi cixis ageba ganizraxa, magram

ganawameb jars amis gagonebac ki ar surda da saqme amboxe-

bamde mivida. ferhad faSas mokvliT daemuqrnen. is iZule-

buli gaxda artaans wasuliyo5.

don xuan de persias da minadois TqmiT, manuCar aTabagis

razmebma gzad mimaval osmalebs didi zarali miayenes.

qarTvelebma ferhad faSas oTxTvala gaZarcves. mis pirad

nivTebTan (Zvirfasi qvebiT moWedili xmlebi, fari, kaparWi

da bewveuli) erTad, gaitaces misi say vareli mxevali qali6.

minadoi ki fiqrobda, rom es Caidines ukmayo filo ianiCreb-

1 fuTuriZe g. mustafa selianiqi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 268.2 Don Juan de Persia, p. 86r.3 Minadoi, p. 236.4 Don Juan de Persia, p. 86r.5 Minadoi, p. 240; Don Juan de Persia, p. 86v; Шараф-хан Шамсаддин Бид-

лиси, II, c. 2466 Don Juan de Persia, p. 86v.

ma, raTa ferhad faSasTvis saxeli gaetexaT1. manuCaris par-

tizanuli razmebi musrs avlebdnen osmalTa jars, yvelas

xocavdnen, vinc jars mcireodeni manZiliT CamorCeboda. jo-

vani miqelis TqmiT, ase daemarTa 3 aTas Turqs, romlebic

didi Tovlis gamo ZiriTad Zalas CamorCnen da qarTvelebma

amowyvites2.

ferhad faSam gaiTvaliswina saqarTveloSi Seqmnili

mdgomareoba da mizanSewonilad CaTvala dauT-xani swrafad

gaegzvna sulTnis karze. dauT-xanis stambolSi misvlis ori

gansxvavebuli TariRi gvaqvs. mustafa selianiqis mixedviT,

dauT-xani 1584 wlis noemberSi didi zeimiT miiRes stam-

bolSi3, xolo fugeris gazeTis `koresponden tis~ informa-

ciiT _ 1585 wlis 20 ianvars4. fugeris gazeTma informacia

dauT-xanis stambolSi misvlis Sesaxeb miiRo 28 ianvars.

masSi naTqvamia: dauT-xani 20 kaciani amaliT stambolSi

mivida da sulTans Tbilisis beglarbegoba sTxova. samagi-

erod igi sulTans dahpirda, rom darwmunebis, motyuebis an

Zalis gamoyenebis gziT qarTvelebs sulTnis qveSevrdomebad

gaxdida. dauTx anma erTgulebis damtkicebis mizniT, stam-

bolSi Tavisi vaJi dastova. man sul Tans gaacno, agreTve

sefianTa saxelmwifos savalalo mdgomareoba da Tavrizze

Seteva urCia.

sulTans awyobda dauT-xanis svimon mefesTan dapirisp-

ireba, ami tom misi yvela Txovna Seiwynara. `mis Svilsa da

amalas sapatio xalaTebi uboZa, TviT dauT-xans maraSis be-

glarbegoba eboZa da 992 wlis zul-ka das pirvel ricxveb-

1 Minadoi, p. 243.2 Alberi, II, p. 286.3 fuTuriZe g., mustafa selianiqi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 268.4 Tardy L., Le Roi Svimon Ier á la lumére des sources d’ Europe Centrale

contem poraines de son époque, I partie. `Bedi Kartlisa. Revue de Kartvélolodie~, vol. XXXI, Paris, 1973 , p. 188-189. l. tardis qar Tul enaze gamocemul wignSi 2

ianvaria. ix. misi, ungreT-saqarTvelos urTierToba XVI saukuneSi, gv. 144.

244 245

Si1 sardalTan gagzavnil iqna maRali brZaneba, rom [dauT-

xani] eaxlos mis aRmatebulebas sardals da ojaklikis

wesiT ebo Zos saqarTvelos da misi Zmis [svimonis] is miwebi,

romlebic sardalma daipyro~2.

dauT-xanis svimonTan dapirispirebiT sulTani saqarT-

veloSi an tiosmaluri Zalebis gaTiSvas fiqrobda. misi var-

audiT momxreebi daud-xansac gamouCndebodnen, magram ganme-

orda adrindeli mdgomareoba: dauTx anma verc Sahs

gaumarTla Tavisi proiranuli da verc sulTans Tavisi

proosmaluri politikiT. man dasayrdeni ver hpova qarTlis

Ta vadaznaurobaSi. osmaleTis mxares misma gadasvlam qarTl-

Si saxalxo moZ raoba ki ar gaxrwna, aramed moxda TviT

dauT-xanis izolacia qarTlis patriotul ZalebSi3.

Znelia imis Tqma, gaiziara Tu ara sulTanma dauT-xanis

rCeva, os malebs TavrizisTvis SeetiaT. manamdisac rom hqon-

daT maT aseTi ganzraxva, amaze ramdenjerme iTqva kidec.

erTi ram cxadia, rom os malebma laSqrobis mimarTuleba

Secvales. 10 aprils osmalTa laSqari didvaziris, osman

faSas meTaurobiT, arzrumisa da erevnis gavliT Tavrizisken

wavida4. imave dros, saqarTvelos samxreT sazRvreb Tan mdgom

jars ebrZana, daewyo Seteva saqarTveloze. meTaurobi iyvnen

lores be glarbegi hasan faSa da arzrumis beglarbegi ali

faSa. maTTan erTad iyo daud-xani, romelic umaRlesi mrCev-

lis movaleobas asrulebda5.

saerTo SetevisaTvis samzadisisas, osmalebma daiwyes

umTavresi strategiuli punqtebis gamagreba, maTi sursaT-

sanovagiTa da samxedro saWurvliT momarageba. osmalebi

1 1584 wlis noembris pirveli naxevari.

2 fuTuriZe g., mustafa selianiqi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 268.3 ibrahim feCevi, gv. 77.4 Tardy L., Le Roi Svimon Ier, 31, p. 189; Шараф-хан Шамсаддин Бидлиси,

II, c. 247. 5 Tardy L., Op. cit, p. 189.

goris cixis gamagrebas gansakuTrebiT cdilobdnen1. mTavar-

sardalma ferehad faSam ìm mxares, e. i. saqarT velos sazR-

varze rac cixeebi iyo, saWiroebisda mixedviT, zogs (cixes)

jari daumata, zogSi ki SesakeTebeli adgilebi SeakeTa da

araviTari nakli (cixeebSi) ar dautovebia~2.

1584 wlis adreul gazafxulze saqarTveloSi, gansa-

kuTrebiT gorSi Seqmnili gamwvavebuli mdgomareobis gamo,

ferhad faSam cixis aRdgeni saT vis specialurad gagzavna

Tavdapirvelad 884 jariskaci. rogorc ali-efendi wers,

adre lala Mmustafa faSas dros datovebulma dam cvelebma,

qarTvel Ta da sefevidebisagan Sewuxebulebma, daxmareba sTx-

oves sardals. gaiTvaliswina ra goris damcvelTa gaWirveba,

sar dalma iq damatebiT kidev gaagzavna 200 jariskaci. amgvari

gadawy vetilebis miReba is aiZula manuCaris yizilbaSebis mxa-

res gadasvlam. cixe aRadgines 27 dReSi. Cans amboxebul manu-

Cars osmalTa mier dapyro bili ramdenime cixe gauTavisu f le-

bia kidec, romlebsac osmalebi kvlav iaraRiT daeuflnen3.

osmalebma lores aRdgenis Semdeg aRadgines damanisi da

amis Sem deg ferhad faSa gorTan mivida. Mman am vilaieTis

dacva Caabara heidar faSas4.

goris cixeSi moiyara Tavi osmaleTis kavkasiis jaris

ZiriTadma Zalebma. aqedan RamiT Tavs esxmodnen da iklebdnen

Sida qarTlis mosax leobas. osmalebi `Semoesivnen saqarT-

velos goridan sami-oTxi man Zilis siSoreze. uamravi da

usazRvro nadavli iSoves da tyveebi wa moasxes, ise, rom

xuTi aTasi komli, _ mTeli tomis mosaxleoba, gamoirekes

da Tan wamoyvanes, sxva Zvirfas nivTebs ki dasasruli ar

uCanda~5.

1 m. svaniZe fiqrobs, rom goris cixis gamagreba-aSeneba ferhad faSas me-ored sardlobis dros (1587 w.) moxda. svaniZe m. dasax. naSr., gv. 160.

2 ibrahim feCevi, gv. 77.3 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 133.4 NТамже, с. 134.5 ibrahim feCevi, gv. 77.

246 247

osmaleTis jaris goris midamoebSi sastik moqmedebaze

gadmogvcems agreTve ali-efendic. vidre sardali gorSi im-

yofeboda, misma jarma 5 aTasi adamianis saxli gaZarcva,

mravali daatyveva, mravals Tavi mohkveTa, daungria sacx-

ovrebeli da Zalian bevri naZarcvi waiRo1.

Mmehmed faSa goridan TbilisSi wavida, sadac sami dRe

darCa. Mmas TbilisSi miutanes kaxeTis mefe aleqsandres

xarki, romelic Sedgeboda 30 iuqi abreSumis, ramdenime mona

kacisa da qalisa da sxva sagnebisagan. sardlis brZanebiT

Tbilisis cixe SeakeTes, amis Semdeg waiRo kaxelebis mier

gadaxdili xarki da arzrumSi wavida gamosazamTreblad2.

1585 wlis aprilis dasasruls osman faSam arzrumidan

Sikriki gag zavna sulTanTan da damatebiTi SeiaraRebuli

Zala iTxova3. rogorc Cans, mas qarTvelTa mosalodneli

Tavdasxma Zlier afiqrebda. osman faSa iranis sazRvars uax-

lovdeboda da saomari operaciebisaTvis emzadeboda, rodesac

mas acnobes, rom alepos beglarbegma hasan faSam da klisas

san jaybegma ali begma gasul zamTars brZola gaumarTes

qarTvelebs loresa da dmanisis maxloblad. am brZolaSi

daiRupa os malTa jaris didi nawili, maT Soris lores be-

grlarbegi ali faSa, xolo alepos beglarbegma hasan faSam

brZolis velidan erTi muWa jariskacebiT gaqceva SeZlo. am

brZolaSi didi danaklisi qarTveleb mac ganicades4.

1584 wlis zamTarSi, osmalebma qarTvelebTan brZolaSi

sxvaga nac ganicades marcxi. veneciis konsulis pietro miqe-

les mier siriidan gag zavnili relaciidan5 vigebT, rom hasan

1 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 1352 Тамже. ibrahim feCevis gadmocemiT: `levan xanis Svilis _ aleqsandre

xanis Svilze dadebuli iyo [xaraja] ocdaaTi Áuqi abreSumi da ramdenime

ymawvili da ubadlo [silamazis] mxevali; aiRes da waitanes. Kkidev ramdenime

ispiris mimino da ramdenime bala bani waiyvanes~. ibrahim feCevi, gv. 77-78. 3 Tardy L., Le Roi Svimon Ier, 31, p 190.4 Ibidem.5 relacia veneciis senatSi waikiTxes 1584 w. 8 dekembers.

faSas Tan axlda 7 sanjay begi Tavi anTi jarebiT. xuTi san-

jaybegi qarTvelebma mokles, ori ki, daaty veves. hasan faSa

mxolod rva kaciT gaiqca1.

qarTvelTa warmatebulma moqmedebam seriozuli dab-

rkoleba Seu qmna erevanTan dabanakebul osman faSas did

armias. igi susrsaTis se riozul naklebobas ganicdida da

imedovnebda, rom momaragebis gaumjobesebis Sem deg samxedro

operaciebis gagrZelebas kvlav SeZlebda. man stambolSi

ramdenime kaci gagzavna da sulTans acnoba, rom sursa-

Tis nakleboba jars gaxrwnis saSiSroebas uqmnida. arsebuli

siZneleebis gamo daiwyo dezertiroba, jariskacebi adgilo-

briv mosaxleobas iklebdnen2. aseTma mdgomareobam osman faSa

aiZula arzrumidan yarsis mimarTulebiT wasu liyo da am

qalaqis Crdilo aR mosavleTiT hasan-kalaSi dabanakebuliyo.

osmalTa jaris gadaadgileba CvenTvis imdenad sainteresoa,

ramdenadac aq mTavarsardalma miiRo iranis Sahisa da qar-

Tlis mefis elCebi, rom lebsac samSvidobo molaparakebis

gamarTva evalebodaT3.

molaparakebis dros Tavs iCens erTi gansakuTrebiT sain-

tereso mo menti: iranisa da saqarTvelos delegaciebi mola-

parakebas cal-calke, magram erTmaneTTan SeTanxmebulad awar-

moebdnen. qarTlis samefos elCo bas saTaveSi edga `maRali

Tanamdebobis saeklesio piri~, romelmac osman faSas acnoba

qarTveli mefe-mTavrebis survili `mSvidobisa da keTilme-

zoblobis~ Sesaxeb. sulTnis kari gaWianure buli omis das-

rulebis momxre iyo da osman faSas TviTonac gamouTq-

vams survili saomari mo qmedebis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb. igi ara

marto qarTvelebis moTxovnaTa dak mayofilebis, aramed maTi

yvela mtrisagan dacvis imedsac iZleoda. sardlis amgvar

enTuziazms, vfiqrob, qarT velTa warmomadgenlebi didi six-

1 Berchet, p. 70.2 Tardy L, Le Roi Svimon Ier, 31, p 1903 Ibidem, p. 191.

248 249

aruliT ar Sexvdebodnen, radgan os man faSam imis garantiad,

rom qarTvelebi os malebTan urTierTobaSi mSvidobasa da

keTilmezoblobas daicavdnen, svi mon mefes ori vaJis sulT-

nis karze mZevlad gagzavna mosTxova1. os malebs mefis vaJe-

bis stambolSi wayvaniT, misi gauvnebely ofa undodaT.

movlenebis Semdgomi ganviTarebidan irkveva, rom sazavo

mola parakeba, rogorc iranelebTan ise qarTvelebTan uSede-

god damTavrda da saomari moqmedeba ganaxlda. osmalebma

Tavrizis mimarTulebiT daiwyes Seteva, magram yizilbaSebis

da qarTvelTa winaaRmdegobas waawydnen da didi danaklisi

ganicades2. miuxedavad amisa, 1585 wlis seqtemberSi os malebma

Tavrizi mainc aiRes. amis Semdeg yizilbaSebi, marTalia, br-

Zolas ganagrZobdnen, magram maTi roli kavkasiis frontze

uaRresad Sesustda. am garemoebam osmaleebis qarTl-kaxeTis

wi naaRmdeg gaaqti ureba gamoiwvia.

osmaleTis moZaleba xifaTs uqmnida kaxeTis samefos,

romlis mes veurebma osmalTa Semosevebi aqamde sxvadasxva

xerxiT aiciles. osmalebi Tvals xuWavdnen aleqsandre II-is

moCvenebiT morCilebaze. igi sarge blobda osmalebis qar-

Tlisa da Sirvanis saqmeebSi CaflobiT da maT xarksac ki

aRar uxdida. axla, rodesac osmalebma SedarebiT myarad

igrZnes Tavi, ibrahim feCevis mixedviT, kaxeTis samefo ai-

Zules 1578 wels dadebuli xelSekrulebiT nakisri xaraja

gadaexada. àleqsandre xanze dadebuli iyo xaraja: ocdaaTi

Áuqi abreSumi da ramdenime ymawvili da ubadlo [silamazis]

mxevali, [aiRes da] wari tanes. kidev ramdenime ispiris mimino

da ramdenime kidev balabani waiyvanes~3.

kaxeTis mefem droulad Seafasa Seqmnili viTareba. vidre

os malebi radikalur RonisZiebas gaatarebdnen, maT manamde

miarTva xarki. ma gram saqarTvelos sxva mxareebSi osmalebs

1 Ibidem. 2 Ibidem.3 ibrahim feCevi, gv. 78.

iaraRiT uxdebodaT TavianTi pre tenziebis dakmayofileba.

imave ibrahim feCevis Txzule bidan irkveva, rogor Seicvala

osmaleTis damokidebuleba daumorCile beli saqarT velos

mimarT. osmalebma, faqtobrivad, xeli aiRes qarTlis mimarT

inkorporaciis politikaze. memkvidreobiTi samflobeloebis

gamgeblebad isini tovebdnen adgilobriv Tvadebs, romleb-

sac va saluri damokide buleba unda eRiarebinaT da xarkis

gadaxda ekisraT.

1586 wels osman faSa mokvda da aRmosavleTis jarebis

mTavar sard lad ferhad faSa meored dainiSna. man `saqarT-

velosaken zedized jari gagzavna da adre damorCilebulTa-

gan xaraja da baJi aaRebina. dasturi miecaT mmarTvelo-

bisa~. arasworia am osmalo istorikosis Semdegi gancxadeba:

àgreTve movida simon cbieris gadasaxadi da baJi. maTi

(svimon I da aleqsandre II _ e. m.) morCileba da daqvemde-

bareba dadginda~1. svimon mefe osmalebs gadasaxads rom ar

miarTmevda da arc morCilebas aRiarebda, es kargad Cans im-

droindeli sxva sando wyaroe bidan. svimon mefe erTaderTi

iyo, osmalebis winaSe qedi rom ar moixara. osmalebis mier

Tavrizis aRebis miuxedavad, svimon mefe 1585 w. Tavs daesxa

lores da es umniSvnelovanesi strategiuli punqti daipy-

ro2. 1586 wlis 14 marts fugeris gazeTi Tavis mkiTxvels

acno bebda, rom ferhad faSam marcxi ganicada arzrumsa da

vans Soris. amave dros qarTvelebi Tavs daesxnen Tbiliss,

gors, yarss da osmalebis mier dapyrobil sxva mniSvnelo-

van cixe-qalaqebs da ise Seaviwroves is ini, rom osmalo

jariskacebma dezertiroba daiwyes da vinc axerxebda, arz-

rumSi garboda3. damowmebuli es oriode cnoba erTxel kidev

adasturebs svimon mefisa da qarTlelebis qedmouxrelobas

osmalebis mier iranze warmatebuli Setevis Semdegac.

1 iqve.

2 qronikebi, II, gv. 423.3 Tardy L., Le Roi Svimon Ier, 31, p. 192.

250 251

amave dros samcxis aTabagma manuCarma scada osmalebTan

mSvido bis damyareba, magram warumateblad1. misi diplomati-

uri kontaqti sulTnis kar Tan, evropaSi gaiges qarTvelebsa

da osmalebs Soris separatuli zavis dadebad. amgvari azris

warmoSobas, albaT, xels uwyobda qarTvelebis saqmianobac.

safiqrebelia, manuCari da svimoni dainteresebulni imiT Tu

rogori pasuxi movidoda satambolidan da vidre viTarebaSi

ar gaerkveodnen, osmalebTan brZolaze Tavs ikavebdnen. roca

Tavrizis dasax mareblad mimavali osmaleTis jari yizil-

baSTa da qarTvelTa laSqars waawyda, qarTvelebma brZolas

Tavi aarides da ukan daixies2. qarTvelTa amgvari moqmedeba

ki sxvadasxva mosazrebas da varaudss warmoSobda saqarT-

velo-iranis urTierTobaze.

iTqva, rom svimon mefe, manuCar aTabagi da Sahi dainter-

esebulni iyvnen osmaleTTan zavis dadebiT. magram qarTvele-

bi da sparselebi sazavo molaparakebis mimarT sxvadasxvag-

var damokidebulebas iCendnen.

iranTan sazavo molaparakebis dawyebis iniciativa fer-

had faSam gamoamJRavna. is iranis taxtis memkvidre ham-

za mirzas daukavSirda. zavis dadebaze irani mxolod im

SemTxvevaSi daTanxmdeboda, Tu osmaleTi Tavrizze uars

ityoda. samagierod irani scnobda iranis yvela dapyrobas3. Cans, rogor Seicvala iranis pozicia osmaleTTan zavis

sakiTxSi. aqamde irani yovelTvis amasiis zavis mixedviT

gansaz Rvruli mdgomareobis aRdgenas moiTxovda, axla igi

mzadaa uari sTqvas TiTqmis mTel amierkavkasiaze da imiTac

kmayofili darCeba, osmalebi Tavrizs Tu mainc dauTmobd-

nen. magram sulTani arc imaze iyo Tanaxma, rasac Sahis kari

moiTxovda. ferhad faSam hamza mirzas mosTxova mas Tavisi

1 ix. aqve, `samcxe-saaTabago da iaran_osmaleTi~.

2 Ibidem, p. 193.3 Рахмани А.А. «Тарих-и Алам арай-и Аббаси» как источник по истории

Азербайджана, Баку, 1960 , с. 75.

vaJi heidar-mirza stambolSi gaegzavna, raTa sulTans mis-

Tvis Tavrizi gadaeca1. es ki gulisxmobda, rom marTalia,

sulTani irans dau brunebda Tavrizs, magram misi gamgebeli

sulTnis vasali unda yo filiyo. hamza mirza yizilbaSi

amirebis SeTqmulebis msxverpli gaxda 1585 wels. sazavo

molaparakeba Sewyda.

qarTvelebi ukmayofilo unda yofiliyvnen iranis mier

warmoe buli sazavo molaparakebis dros wamoyenebuli pi-

robebiT. irani tovebda qarTlis samefosa da samcxe-saaTaba-

gos bedis anabara. aseT vi TarebaSi, ra Tqma unda, qarTvelebi

damoukideblad Seecdebodnen osmaleTTan sazavo molaparake-

bis dawyebas. irani Tu separatul zavs dadebda osmaleTTan,

es kidev ufro gaarTulebda aRmosavleT saqarT velos ise-

dac garTulebul mdgomareobas. iaranis warmomadgenlebTan

molaparakebis Semdeg, ferhad faSam sulTans sakuTari xe-

liT wauRo Sahisa da hamza mirzas werilebi, romlebiTac

isini zavis dadebas moiTxovdnen2.

rogorc iTqva, irani da osmaleTi molaparakebis dros

saqarT velos sakiTxis ignorirebas axdenda. amitom qarTveleb-

ma isargebles droebiTi simSvidiT da svimon mefem mters

axali dartyma miayena. 1586 wlis dasasruls, rogorc evro-

puli wyaroebi gvamcnoben, mefem Tbilisi aiRo. svimon mefis

mier Tbilisis aRebis Sesaxeb arsebuli ev ropuli wyaroebi,

erTi SexedviT Zlier saeWvod Cans, radgan iran-os maleTis

omis aseTi mniSvnelovani mo menti aRmosavlur wyaroebSi ar

aisaxa. magram evropuli wyaroebis san doobas adasturebs

erTaderTi qarTuli werilobiTi Zegli _ `wigni qronikoni

Zvelisa da axlisa~, romelSic vkiTxulobT: `1586 q . q~ks sod svimon mefe da qalaqis faSa asan faSa Seibnen tabax-

melas. mefes gaemarjva, da mokla xuTasi urumi da aiRo

1 Тамже.2 Tardy L., Le Roi Svimon Ier, 31, p. 193.

252 253

galavani Tbilisis qalaqis ukana cixe~1. svi monma xelT igdo

mra vali zarbazani, daangrevina osmalebis mier TbilisSi

daarsebuli zarbaznebis Camosasxmeli qarxana, ostatebi ki

Sahs gaugzavna. mefis mier Tbilisis aReba swrafad Seityves

evropaSi. Sari eris krebulis IV tomSi es cnoba daTariRebu-

lia 1587 wlis 27 ianvriT2, ma gram ufro zustia l. tardis

mier mopovebuli cnoba, romelic 1586 wlis 26 noembriT

TariRdeba3.

rogor did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen evropaSi svimon me-

fis mier Tbilisis aRebas, amaze metyvelebs is uwyveti in-

formaciis nakadi, ro mel sac fugeris gazeTi beWdavda. 1586

wlis 7 dekembers gazeTi ityobineboda, rom Tbilisi da mis

midamoebi dakavebuli hqondaT qarTvelebs da rom ferhad

faSam Tbilisis xelaxla dasapyrobad hasan faSa 15 aTasiani

jariT da ori beglarbegiT gagzavna. imave wlis 24 de-

kembris cnoba damatebiT siaxles Seicavda. Tbilisis aRebi-

sas svimon mefes beglarbegi dautyvevebia4.

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs 1587 wlis 22

ianvris in for macia stambolidan. masSi, svimon mefis mier

TbilisTan mopovebuli gamarjvebis aRniSvnasTan erTad naTq-

vamia, rom stambolSi `mividnen Tbilisidan gaqceulni, rom-

lebic hyvebodnen, Tu ra dRe ayara Turqebs qarTvelebis mefe

svimonma. svimonTan moskovidan mosula 6 aTasi karabineri.

mas gadauketia uReltexilebi da cixe-simagreSi gamoketili

omar faSa Znel mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda, radgan yvela gza

daxSuli hqonda~5.

1 saqarTvelos istoriis qronikebi XVII-XIX ss. teqstebis ganosacemad

moamzada, ga mokvlevebi da ganmartebebi daurTo avT. ioselianma, Tb., 1980, gv. 341.

2 Charriére E., Negociations de la France dans le Levant et correspodences, memoires et actes diplo matiques, IV, Paris, 1853, p. 578.

3 Tardy L., Le Roi Svimon Ier, 31, p. 193.4 Ibidem.5 Ibidem, p. 194.

qarTlis samefosa da osmaleTs Soris omis damTavreebis

win kavkasiaSi friad angariSgasawevi movlena moxda. 1587

wels kaxeTis samefom moskovis mefis mfarveloba miiRo. os-

malebs es faqti serio zul garTulebebs uqadda ara marto

saqarTveloSi, aramed mTel amierkavkasi aSi. amitom osmale-

Tis mTavrobam gadawyvita, radac ar unda dajdomoda qar-

Tlis samefos da samcxe-saaTabagos winaaRmdegoba gaetexa.

imave dros osmaleTs iranisTvisac unda Seetia. stambolSi

Se muSavebuli gegmis mixedviT, Seteva warimarTeboda sami mi-

marTulebiT: Cikali faSa gailaSqrebda yazvinze, jafar faSa

_ Tavrizidan arde bilze, ferhad faSa _ saqarTveloze1.

ferhad faSas SedarebiT mcire jari gamouyves, rac maS-

indel damkvirveblebSi eWvs iwvevda, rom igi saqarTveloSi

raime warmatebas mi aRwevda. osmaluri wyaroebis mixedviT,

ferhad faSam Tavisi jaris nakle boba yarsisa da baTumis

sabeglarbegoebidan gamowveuli jariT Seavso. osmalebs

guriis mTavaric exmareboda2. imave osmaluri wyaroe bidan

irk veva, rom ferhad faSam jer aWara daipyro da mTeli

ZaliT daiwyo brZola aTabag manuCaris winaaRmdeg. manuCarma

daxmareba Tavis simamrs, svimon mefes sTxova. igi maSinve

gaeSura, magram osmalebis goris dasapy robad wasvla gaigo

da iZulebuli gaxda ukan gabrunebu liyo. amis Semdeg os-

malebma advilad aiRes axalcixe, romelic kvlav Cildiris

sabeglarbe gos SeuerTes.

samcxeSi osmalebis warmatebam aTabagis mowinaaRmdege

feo dalebis gaaqtiureba gamoiwvia. osmalebi maTi daxmarebiT

manuCarisa da misi momxreebis samcxidan gandevnas cdilobd-

nen3. osmaluri wyaroebis sawi naaRmdego cnobebi Semogvi-

naxa venis nacionalurma biblioTekam. erT-erT moxsene baSi

naTqvamia: `didi xani ar aris, rac ferhad faSam ganiz-

1 Ibidem.2 svaniZe m., dasax. naSr., gv. 165.3 ix. qvemoT. gv. 435-436.

254 255

raxa saqarTveloSi, dmanisSi, cixe-simagris aSeneba, romelic

gamiznuli iyo qarTvelebis mier momzadebuli Semotevis

mosagerieblad. osmalebma daiwyes Tu ara damxmare jarebis

moyvana, qarTvelebma alya Semoartyes maT da mTlianad amow-

yvites. ramdenime aTasi Turqi brZolis velze darCa~1.

sayuradReboa is garemoeba, rom, miuxedavad marcxisa,

osmaleTis diplomatebi transilvaniaSi, moldaveTsa da

vlaxeTSi xmas avr celebdnen _ saqarTvelo damorCilebu-

liao. osmalebis aseT mtkicebas sruliad ewi naaRmdegeboda

aRmosavleTidan mosuli cnobebi. rogorc fugeris gazeTidan

vigebT, osmaleTis divans ganuxilavs qarTvelebis mier mi-

yenebuli zaralis raodenobis Sesaxeb. dadgenilebaSi naTqva-

mi iyo, rom osmalebs zemoaRniSnuli marcxis dros daukar-

gavT 15 aTasi mebrZoli, maT Soris daRupulan sinan faSas

vaJi xusrev faSa da arzrumis beglarbegi2.

moyvanili evropuli wyaroebis cnobebi qarTvelebis os-

malebTan brZolis epizodebs unda asaxvdes da ara omis

saerTo msvlelobas. erT ram faqtia, ferhad faSam did war-

matebas miaRwia. osmaleTma daipyro ganja, daimorCila yara-

baxi. qarTlSi da samcxeSi yvela strategiuli mniSvnelobis

cixe-simagre maT xelSi iyo.

osmaleTis warmatebebma aiZula qarTlisa da kaxeTis

mefeebi gadaesinjaT TavianTi politika osmaleTis mimarT.

kaxeTis samefos mdgo mareoba Zveleburad myari aRar iyo.

ruseTis imediT yofna aRar SeiZleboda. ruseTs am dros uaR-

resad garTulebuli sagareo da saSinao mdgomareoba hqonda.

gansakuTrebiT daZabuli iyo misi urTier Toba poloneTTan.

marTalia moskovis mTavroba kaxeTis mefes arwmu nebda, rom

molaparakebisa da sxva saSualebiT osmalebs kaxeTs ar daa-

Cagvrinebda, magram imave dros (1587 w.), moskovidan aleqsan-

dre mefes mainc urCevdnen gamoenaxa osmaleTTan saerTo

1 Tardy L., Le Roi Svimon Ier, p. 195.2 Ibidem.

ena. aleqsandre mefem osmaleTs xarkis gadaxda ganuaxla

weliwadSi 30 sapalne abreSumis saxiT1. mustafa seli aniqis

mixedviT: `kaxTa mbrZanebelma aleqsandre xan mac ikisra

yovelwli urad aTi aTasi oqros Rirebulebis saukeTeso

abreSumis gadaxda gadakveTili fasiT. morCilad Segvatyo-

bina, rom arsebul cixe-simagreebs siZneleebSi daexmareboda

da sakmaris sursaTs miawvdida~2.

am dros moxda erTi saintereso faqti, kerZod, kaxeTis

mefe aleqsandres vaJi erekle, cnobili wyaroebis mixedviT,

osamaleTSi gaiqca. gamoTqmulia eWvi, erekle ki ar gaiqca,

aramed kaxTa mefem, os maleTTan urTierTobis ganmtkicebis

mizniT, erekle sulTanTan gagzavna da mas iran-osmaleTs

Soris zavis dadebis saqmeSi Suamavlis roli unda Sees-

rulebina3.

* * *

kaxi ufliswulis proosmaluri orientacia cnobili iyo

misi os maleTSi gaqcevamde da misi amgvari moqmedeba saqarT-

veloSi, albaT, aravis gaukvirdeboda. jer kidav 1574 w.,

aleqsandre II-is gamefebisTanave, erekle `gaparviT warvida

winaSe sultnisa stambols (ityBan siamayiTa Zmisa TÂsisa

daviTisagan)~4. roca Sah Tamazma gaigo erekles amgvari moq-

medebis Sesaxeb, ieWva, SeiZleba igi aleqsandre me fem gagzavna

osmaleTSi. Sahi kaxeTis dasalaSqrad wamovida, magram mefem

SeZlo misi risxvis acileba5. aleqsandrem Sahs ufliswuli

kon stantine mdidruli ZRveniT gaugzavna da erekles Ses-

axeb acnoba, rom ùrCebiTa CemiTa warvida xvanTqarTana~ _

1 berZeniSvili n., ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis istoriidan XVI-XVII

sau kuneTa mijnaze. saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, IV, Tb. 1967, gv. 31.2 fuTuriZe g., dasax. naSr., gv. 270.3 berZeniSvili n., dasax. naSromi, gv. 31; svaniZe m., dasax. naSr., gv. 178.4 qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 576-577.5 qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv. 370; qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 576-577.

256 257

ibodiSebda kaxTa mefe. Sah Tamazi dakmayofilda aleqsandre

mefis SenaT valiT `da warvida samyofsa TÂssa, da Tan wariy-

vana konstantine yrma mcire mZevlisa msgavsad~1.

axali qarTlis cxovrebis mesame teqstiT, Sah Tamazis

mier kon stantine ufliswulis mZevlad wayvana unda momx-

dariyo 1575 wlis bolos an 1576 wlis dasawyisSi, radagan

istorikosi SeniSnavs, rom mcire xnis Semdeg Sah Tamazi

gardaicvalao da iZleva Tamazis ga radacvalebis TariRs _

1576 wlis 15 maisi, samSabaTi dRe.

konstantines mZevlad wayvanas sruliad gansxvavebu-

lad gadmog vcems isqander munSi. iv. javaxiSvilis varau-

diT, isqander munSis mier gadmocemuli ambavi, konstantine

ufliswulis iranSi mZevlad wayvanis Sesaxeb unda momxdari-

yo 1582 wels2. qarTuli naratiuli wyaros cnobas (konstan-

tine rom 1575 an 1576 wels waiyvanes iranSi) mxars uWers

iranSi moskovis elCis grigori vasilCikovis naTqvami. igi

moskovs acnobebda, rom konstantine jer kidev Sah Tamazis

dros waiyvanes mZevlad, raTa aleqsandre mefe iranis erT-

guli yofiliyo osmaleTis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi3.

konstantine ufliswulis mZevlad wayvanaze yuradReba

imitom ga vamaxvile, rom damajerebeli gavxado erekles Ra-

lati jer kidev iran-os maleTis meore omis dawyebis win.

rogorc Cans, erekle uprincipo pi rov neba iyo da maSindel

saerTaSoriso an kaxeTis samefos saSinao politikaSi misgan

raime seriozuli saqmes aravin eloda.

erekle ufliswuli, rogorc ukve iTqva, Semdeg (1578

w.) moulod nelad Cndeba aleqsandre mefis mier dapyrobil

SaqSi. erekle mamasTan erTad rom ar monawileobda am samx-

edro eqspediciaSi, aSkaraa. rogorc anonimi venecieli gad-

mogvcems, erekles misvlisTanave aleqsandres Saqi miutove-

1 qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv. 517.2 javaxiSvili iv., dasax. naSr., gv. 271.3 Сношения России с Кавказом, с. 564

bia da kaxeTSi dabrunebula. lala mustafa faSam erekles

Saqis sanjaybegoba da aTi aTasi cexini jamagirad dauniSna1.

safiqrebelia, erekle osmalebTan erTad movida saqarTvelo-

Si, rasac usiamovno STabeWdileba unda moexdina aleqsandre

mefeze (jer yizilbaSebma aleqsandres taxtis mociled iese

SaqSi dausves, axla osmalebi kaxT me feze zewolisaTvis

erekles gamoyenebas cdiloben). niSandoblivia, rom aleqsan-

dre II amis Semdeg movaleobas ki ixdida osmalo sardlebis

wi naSe, magram piradad maT aRarasodes Sexvedria.

amgvarad, aleqsandres erekles mZevlad an Suamavlad

gagzavna Tu surda, visTan ra hqonda dasamali. iranis Sahi

TviTon agzavnida mZevals osmaleTSi da kaxeTis mefes jer-

jerobiT ra uflebiT aukrZalavda, an erekles Suamavloba

raSi sWirdeboda, roca arc sulTani iyo iranTan zavis wi-

naaRmdegi, ris Sesaxebac ukve ramdenjerme iTqva.

aleqsandre mefes ruseTis mTavrobasTanac dasamali an

mosabodiSe beli araferi hqonda. moskovis xelmwife TviTon

urCevda aleqsandres, rom osmalebTan saerTo ena gamoenaxa.

im dros vin ar icoda, rom osmaleTTan saerTo enas mZev-

lisa da xarkis micemis gareSe veravin gamonaxavda. roca

ruseTis elCebma aleqsandre mefis karze erekles Sesaxeb

ikiTxes, karis kacebma auxsnes, rom Triaqis smam ufliswuls

goneba auria da Tavisi momxre aznaurebiT sulTanTan gaiqca.

SemdegSi erekles erT-erTi axlobeli ukan dabrunebula da

me fisaTvis mouxsenebia, rom ufliswuli bevrs cdilobda

sulTnis karze, magram verafers miaRwiao2. moskovis el-

Cebi mowmeni gaxdnen, aleqsandre mefesTan rogor movidnen

yabardos mTavris xotovis mociqulebi da Ta vianTi mTavris

asuli, erekles meuRle, ukan yabardoSi waiyvanes3.

1 TurqeT-sparseTis omi, gv. 32.2 Сношения России с Кавказом, с. 155-156. Sdr. javaxiSvili iv., dasax.

naSr., gv. 336.3 Сношения России с Кавказом, с. 168.

258 259

sava rudoa, erekle sulTnis karze iseT pirovne bad ar

miiCnies, romelzec dayrdnoba SeiZleboda. igi ucxoobaSi

gadaxvewili mokvda da aleqsan dre mefes amis dasturad

1590 wlis ianvris dasawyisSi erekles tansacmeli miutanes.

ereklesTan erTad gaqceulma misma Tanamzrax velebma sam-

SobloSi dabrunebis ufleba da xelSeuxeblo bis sigelebi

iTxoves1.

* * *

arc aleqsandre mefes da arc Sah abass ar sWirdeboda

erekles Suamavloba da arc misi osmalebTan `gaqcevis~ in-

scenireba iyo saWiro. yvela meomari mxare omis dasrulebisa

da sazavo xelSekrulebis dadebas uWerda mxars, magram Ti-

Toeuli maTgani cdilobda zavis pirobebi for mulirebuli

yofiliyo TiToeuli maTganisaTvis misaRebi SinaarsiT. 1588

wels osmaleTis imperiasa da qarTlis samefos Soris daido

zavi2. zavi yvelaze metad qarTlis samefos sWirdeboda. igi

mTeli aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi omis asparezad iyo qceuli,

ramac qveyana ganad gurebis piras miiyvana. svimon mefis br-

Zolas uSedegod ar Cauvlia. SeiZleba iTqvas, man aiZula

osmaleTis imperia xeli aeRo qarTlis gaosmalebisa da misi

sruli inkorporaciis ganzraxvaze. svimoni osmaleTTan zavs

sdebda ara sabolood, aramed droebiT, Sesvenebis, Zalebis

xelaxla mokrebisa da saerTaSoriso viTarebaSi momxdari

cvlilebebis axleburad SefasebisaT vis. mefe rom arsebul

mdgomareobasTan Seguebas ar apirebda, kargad Cans ùavgus-

toes xelSekrulebidan~ da selianiqis Txzulebidanac.

sazavo xelSekrulebas safuZvlad is principebi daedo,

1 Тамже, с. 186.2 zavis dadebis TariRi kidev ufro daazusta v. CoCievma. man isqander

munSis cnobebze dayrdnobiT daamtkica, rom zavi unda dadebuliyo 1588 wlis

1 seqtembramde. Co Cievi v. maxlobeli aRmosavleTis saerTaSoriso urTierToba

XVI-XVII saukuneebSi, gv. 194.

romleb zec, rogorc iskandr munSi aRniSnavs, erT dros

(1585 w.) hamza mirza da ferhad faSa SeTanxmdnen1. maSin

sazavo molaparakeba ver dasrulda hamza mirzas mokvlis

gamo. Tumca, im molaparakebis dros saqarTvelos sakiTxiT

osamaleTi da irani naklebad dainteresdnen.

svimon mefisaTvis gasagebi iyo, rom mas samefos da Tav-

isi bedic TviTon unda gadaewyvita. Zalian sainteresod

gadmogvcems isqandr munSi mefis mdgomareobas zavis dadebis

win: svimon mefe mudam Seupovrad ebrZoda os malebs, magram

sabolood Seafasa Tavisi mokavSire iranis mdgomareoba da

darwmunda, rom misgan daxmarebis imedi aRar unda hqone-

boda. damoukide blad brZola ukve mis Zalebs aRemateboda2.

sulTanma svimon mefes usayvedura, rom mas xelSekrule-

ba jer ar daemtkicebina da qarTlis mefe ferhad faSasTvis

micemul pirobas ukve arRvevda. amis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos

mesazRvre beglarbegebi werilobiT acnobebdnen sulTans3.

svimon mefis mier islamis jaris Sevi wroebas 1588 wlis

iv nisSi aRniSnavs mustafa selianiqi4. sulTani mefes mou-

wodebda Tavi Seekavebina amgvari moqmedebisagan, Tu ara samx-

edro moqmedebis ga naxlebiT emuqreboda. Tu osmaleTis jari

Seawuxebda svimon mefis qve Sevrdomebs, sulTani damnaSavee-

bis sastikad dasjas hpirdeboda5.

svimon mefem sazavo pirobebi jer ferhad faSasTan

SeaTanxma, rac faqtobrivad, zavis dadebas niSnavda. Semdeg

elCebi stambolSi gagzavna. elCobas meTaurobdnen: mefis

Zma vaxtangi, misi erTi naTesavi da siauS saakaZe, giorgi

saakaZis mama6. elCebi stambolSi Rirseulad miiRes. rogorc

1 isqander munSi, gv. 38.2 iqve, gv. 39.3 svaniZe m., jiqia s., saqarTvelo TurqeTis urTierTobis istoriidan

1588-1590 ww., `macne~, istoriis seria, #6, Tb., 1966, gv. 234.4 fuTuriZe g., dasax. naSr., gv. 271-272.5 svaniZe m., jiqia s., dasax. naSr., gv. 234-235.6 iqve, gv. 227-228..

260 261

`qarTlis mbrZaneblisadmi gacemuli uavgustoesi xelSek-

rulebidan~ Cans, sulTani murad III (1574-1595) friad

uwonebda svimon mefes osmaleTTan zavis dadebas: `Cems sa-

bedniero samefo taxts yovelmxrivi morCileba da gam gonoba

gamoucxade, misi moxarjeoba bed nierebis wyarod miiCnie da

zemox senebul sardals Seni wliuri xaraja gamougzavne da

amrigad erTgulad da gulwrfelad miendve da Se moafare

Tavi Cems uzenaes kars~1.

sazavo xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, osmaleTi qristianobiT

scnobda svimons qarTlis mefed, aRiarebda mis memkvidreo-

biT uflebas. igi da mou kidebeli unda yofiliyo Sinagan

mmarTvelobaSi.

qarTlis samefosa da osmaleTis imperias Soris sazavo

xelSek ruleba arsebuli mdgomareobis mixedviT daido. qar-

Tlis samefo orad gaiyo. is cixe-qalaqebi, romlebic osma-

lebs dapyrobili hqondaT, maT xelSi darCa, danarCen teri-

toriaze mefis xelisufleba vrceldeboda. xelismomweri

mxareebi sazavo xelSekrulebis sxvadasx vagvar interpre-

tacias axdendnen. teritoriuli zonebi xelSekrulebaSi

mtkiced dadgenili ar iyo. Zneli iyo imis garkveva, vis

ekuTvnoda os malebis mier dakavebuli cixe-simagreebis ir-

gvliv mdebare soflebi da saxnav-saTesi miwebi. mefes es

ukanasknelni Tavis sakuTrebad miaCnda da iqidan gark veul

gadasaxads _ ùSurs~2 iRebda, riTac osmalebs adgilobrivi

sursa TiT gamokvebis saSualebas uspobda da mZime mdgomare-

obaSi ayenebda. mu rad III SeSfoTebas gamosTqvamda imis gamoc,

rom qarTvelebi Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis saSualebas ar

aZlevdnen `cixeebSi mimaval-momaval mis jariskacebs, sur-

1 iqve, gv. 234.2 ùSuri~ gaiReboda baRebze, venaxebze, bostnebze, marcvleulis kul-

turebze, Taflze, Tevzis Weraze da sxv. Sengelia n., osmaluri gadasaxade-

bi da valdebulebani `gurjistanis vilaieTis didi davTris~ mixedviT. Tsu

Sromebi, #91, aRmosavleTmcod neo bis seria, II, Tb., 1960, gv. 298.

saTisa da xazinis damtareblebsa da gamvlel-ga momvlelebs~1.

qarTvelebis gagebiT, Tu cixeebi osmalebs ekuTvnodaT, gze-

bi qarTvelebisa iyo. aseT viTarebaSi, ra Tqma unda, mSvi-

doba didi xniT ver damyardeboda. marTalia, ùavgustoes

xelSekrulebaSi~ murad III svimon mefes dabejiTebiT sTx-

ovda, rom osmaleTis administraciasTan raime gauge brobis

SemTxvevaSi dauyovnebliv ecnobebina stambolSi da damna-

Saveni daisjebodnen. sinamdvileSi faruli da zogjer dau-

faravi omi mainc mimdinareobda.

qarTlis samefos osmaleTTan arapirdapiri omis gagr-

Zelebis mniSvnelovan magaliTs warmoadgens svimon mefis

ramdenime laSqroba dasapyrobad imereTis samefosi, romlis

Sidapolitikur cxovrebaze mniSvnelovani gavlena osmaleTs

hqonda.

XVI s. 80-ian wlebSi imereTis samefoSi sruli anar-

qia sufevda. erTmaneTze wakidebuli dadianisa da gurielis

brZolaSi imereli Ta vade bis erTi nawili monawileobda,

magram meore nawili, qveynis Sidapoliti kuri viTarebiT

da kars momdgari osmalebisagan dapyrobiT SeSfoTebulni,

svimon I-Si xedavdnen im liders, romelsac qveynis gadar-

Cena SeeZlo. ra Tqma unda, svimon mefe cdilobda imere-

Tis samefoSi arsebuli viTarebis saqmis kursSi yofiliyo.

svimons imereTze Tavisi gavlenis gavrcelebis SemTxvevaSi,

os malebTan brZolis dros, ro melic, zavis miuxedavad, mas

damTavrebulad ar miaCnda, Tavdacva da osmalebisagan dapy-

robili qarTuli miwebis ganTavisuflebac gauadvildeboda.

erTi SexedviT, qarTlisa da imereTis politikuri Zalebis

interesTa Tanxvedra Cans.

svimon mefe imereTis samefoSi mimdinare movlenebis pa-

siuri damkvirvebeli ar iyo. is daukavSirda iqaur gavlenian

Tavadebs da zogierTisgan Tanadgomis mtkice piroba miiRo.

amis Semdeg is Tavisi jariT imereTSi gadavida. levan mefem

1 svaniZe m., jiqia s., dasax. naSr., gv. 235.

262 263

(1583-1590) daxmarebisaTvis dadiansa da guriels mi marTa,

magram uari miiRo, svimon mefes ki zogierTi `zemouri~ miu-

vida. gofan TosTan (axlandeli Terjolis max loblad) br-

ZolaSi 1588 wels svimon I-ma le van mefe daamarcxa, ̀ daipyra

imereTi, gamouxuna mZevalni imerTa, wariyvanna igini da

warvida~, levanma isev dai bruna samefo taxti, magram Tavis

si mamr mamia dadian Tan brZolaSi damarcxda, tyved Cavarda

da SxeTis cixeSi tyveobaSi gardaicvala. gamefda rostomi

(1590-1605), romelsac da diani uWerda mxars da misi game-

febiT, Sesabamisad, odiSis mTavari Zlier deboda. rogorc

Cans rostomis gamefeba osmalebisa da maTi momxre guriis

mTavar giorgisaTvis miuRebeli iyo. guriis mTavari Tavs

daesxa mefes, gandevna da gaamefa misTvis da sulTnis kar-

isTvis sasurveli kan di dati bagrati, romelsac qveyana unda

emarTa gurielis vaJis mamias zedamxedvelobiT. vaxuSti ba-

toniSvilis TqmiT: ìxila gurielman giorgim saqme rost-

omisa, Seikribna spani, movida da moiyvana bagrat Ze Teimu-

razisa vaxtangis Zisa; ver wina Rudga rostom, waruxuna

quTaTisi da misca ba grats da TviT mivida saCinos; moiyvanna

osmalTa spani~1. ba grati os malebisTvis misaRebi kandi dati

iyo da amitom mis gamefebaSi Cildiris beglarbegi abdula-

hic Caeria. erT Turqul sabuTSi naTqvamia: `bakakis (bagra-

tis _ e.m.) saxelwodebis mefe imTaviTve Tavisi saqmianobis

Sesrulebas Seudga. igi bednierebis dedaqalaqs (stambols

_ e. m.) emor Cileboda da mis daqvemdebarebaSi iyo~2. svimon

mefe, bunebrivia, ar dauSvebda os malTa marioneti bagratis

game febas, isev gadavida imereTSi da quTai asi alyaSi moaq-

cia. beri egnataSvilTan svimonis imereTSi gadasvla 1593

wliT TariRdeba, maSin rodesac Turqul wyaroebi svimo-

1 qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 821.2 Sengelia n., xuTi dokumenti ̀ muhime davTrebidan~ svimon qarTlis mefis

Ses axeb. saiubileo krebuli miZRvnili SoTa mesxias dabadebis 90 wlisTavisad-

mi, Tb., 2006, gv. 379.

nis imereTSi gadasvlas, quTaisis alyas da sxv. 1591-1592

wlebis qveS aTavsebs. aRniSnuli sabuTi informaciuli xasi-

aTiisaa da 1591 wlis 10 agvistoTi TariRdeba da am wlis

pirveuli naxevris movlenebs asaxavs. sabuTidin irkveva, rom

svi mon mefes quTaisis alya gauxangrZlivda. imereTSi myof

osmaleTis warmo madgenlebs sakmaod intensiuri miwermow-

era hqondaT xelisuflebis sxvadasxva donis moxeleebTan

quTaisis cixis svimonisaTvis danebeba-ar danebebis Sesaxeb.

`Cildiris beglarbegs huqmi gaegzavna, werilobiT ec noba.

bakakis (bagrati _ e. m.) saxelwodebis meliqma quTaisis

cixe wyeul svimons ar misces. am mxareSi morCilebis arza

gamoigzavna. Cabarebis Tao baze gadawy vetilebis misaRebad,

saswrafod guliTadi erTguleba iyo saWiro. xse nebuli

cixis beglarbegma... Cabareba iTxova. guriis mefes pat iosani

huqmi gaegzavna. amasTan dakavSirebiT vbrZaneb, rom rodesac

igi moaRwevs, Senc amasobaSi uwindeburad dainiSne. guriis

mefem werilebis gagzavna sasargeblod miiCnia. am sakiTxze

sasiamovno Tadarigi daikaves. amasTanave igi informirebul

iqna... aRniSnuli bakakis (bagratis) saxelwodebis mefem

yvelaferi ga moiyena, yvelaferi ga akeTa Tu Tavdasxmebisas

mniSvnelovani daxmareba iqneboda, aRniSnuli cixe iarebs

moiSuSebda. xsenebuli ferhadisaTvis... damatebiT laSqro-

baSi monawileoba, didi sanaqebo saqme iqneboda. amgva rad,

Tadarigi daW eril iqna, mdgomareoba kvlav ucvleli darCa.

dawvrilebiT yvelaferi cnobili gaxdeba~1.

mefe bagratis, gurielisa da osmalo moxeleebis saqmi-

anoba, qu Taisis cixis svimonis mier daprobisagan gadasarCe-

nad, aisaxa sxva Turqul sabuTebSic, Cans, rom svimonma 1591

wels ver SeZlo dasaxuli miznis miR weva2, Sem dgom wels

ki, man, rogorc qarTuli wyaros mixedviT SeiZleba va raudi,

quTaisis cixe aiRo, bagrati Seipyro, `damZevla imereTi~ da

1 iqve, gv. 379-380.2 iqve, gv. 384, 390.

264 265

qarTlSi gabrunda1. amis Semdeg rostomma, manuCar dadianis

daxmarebiT aiRo qu Taisi da kvlav imereTis mefed Seiqmna.

es ambavi unda iyos asax uli Cildiris beglarbegisaTvis

gagzavnil huqmSi, romelSic aR niSnulia, rom imereTis me fem

da dadianma quTaisis cixe aiRes da misi SekeTeba-Seremon-

teba moaxdines: `saremonto saqmianoba gaswies da adgile-

bze mividnen. quTaisis cixeSi dabanakdnen. cixeSi mcvelebisa

da meT valyureebis Cayenebis Taobaze brZaneba gaica... karebi

moitanes, Tavis adgilebze Camokides... Sig warCinebulebi da

didebulebi Caayenes~2.@am warmatebis Semdeg unda yofiliyo,

rom `qurT emirTagan uwarCinebulesi emiri ilhaji 300 kac-

iT quTaisis cixeSi darCa. es cixe mas eboZa, Tumca amjerad

quTaisis cixis dacvaze uari Tqveso~. rogorc Cans, il-

haji da misi razmi goridan gadmoiyvanes quTaisis cnobili

movlenebis gamo da maT isev gorSi dabruneba undodaT. maT

hpirdebian, rom `wyeuli~ svimonis winaaRmdeg galaSqrebis

dro dadgeba, gorSi dagabrunebTo. il haji ukve daniSnuli

iyo goris damcvelad3.

beri egnataSvilis mixedviT, svimon mefe isev imereTSi

SeiWra rostomi daamarcxa, quTaisi aiRo, mZevlebi wamoiy-

vana da qarTlSi dabrunda. rostomma dadianis daxmarebiT

quTaisi da taxtic daibruna. svi moni isev gadavida imereTSi,

TiTqmis yvela mniSvnelovani qalaqi aiRo quTaisis CaTvliT,

magram sabolood ofSkviTis brZolaSi4 man rostom me fisa

da da dianis gaerTianebul ZalebTan marcxi ganicada da ros-

tomTan morigeba arCia5. amgvarad, mefis cdam, saimedo zurgi

hqoneboda dasavleT saqarTvelos mxridan, marcxi ganicada.

1 qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv. 376.2 Sengelia n., dasax. naSr., gv. 387,3 iqve, gv. 384.4 Cvens istoriografiaSi miRebulia obSkviTis brZolis TariRad 1590

weli, rac ganxiluli Turquli wyaroebis Semdeg sauTuod meCveneba.

5 farsadan gorgijaniZe , gv. 222; qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv. 375-377; qarT-lis cxovreba, IV, gv. 820-823.


urTierTobani da diplomatia

XVI s. 80-ian wlebSi

XVI s. 80-iani wlebis evropul wyaroebSi pirvel cnobebs

saqarT velos sagareo urTierTobebis Sesaxeb reCpospoli-

tis mefe iStvan ba toris (1576-1586) antiosmalur gegmebSi

vnaxulobT. iStvan batoris az riT, osmaleTis winaaRmdeg

brZolis dawyebamde aucilebeli iyo ruseTis dapy roba. am

gegmis ganxorcielebisaTvis igi mxardaWeras eZebda romSi,

ve neciis respublikaSi, avstriaSi, espaneTsa da iranSi.

romis papis azriT, espaneTi da poloneTi, romlebic

ruseTze gav liT unda dakavSirebodnen CineTsa da indoeTs,

kaTolikuri evropis dasayrdeni iyvnen. pap grigol XIII-s

(1572-1585) grandiozuli per speqtivebi esaxeboda polone-

Tis, litvis da Sveciis erToblivi frontiT ruseTze da

osmaleTis imperiaze SetevisaTvis1.

iStvan batori gamefebisTanave ruseTis winaaRmdeg omis-

aTvis samzadiss Seudga. romis papi Tvisi specialuri elCis,

cnobili diplomatis, iezuit posevinos saSualebiT yovel-

nair mxardaWeras ucxa debda batoris Teziss: moskovi Turq-

TaTrebis an poloneTis gav lenis qveS moeqceva. magram papis

kuriaSi, veneciasa da batoris karze icodnen, rom ruseTi

advili nadavli ar iqneboda. saWiro iyo ruseTisa da os-

maleTis erTmaneTTan dajaxeba da aseTi saSualebiT orives

dasusteba. amis Semdeg ruseTis dapyroba mis dasavlel me-

zoblebs sruliad gauad vildebodaT2.

poloneT-romis molaparakeba posevinos saSualebiT mim-

dinareobda. 1583 wlis 26 ianvars posevino komos kardi-

nals acnobebda kavkasiis frontze momxdar axal ambebs da

1 Винтер Э. Натиск контрреформации на Россию и польские королевские выборы 1575 и 1587 гг. Сб. «Международные связи России до XVII в.», М., 1961 , с. 407.

2 Тамже, с. 408.

266 267

osmalebis mier gancdili marcxis mniSvnelobaze. igi iqve

miuTiTebda, rom sasurvelia, papma iranis Sahi qristiani

xelmwifeebis saxeliT waaqezos, raTa mtkiced idges os-

maleTis winaaRmdeg. posevino imasac aRniSnavda, Tu ra didi

mniSvneloba hqonda ruseTze gamaval gzebs iranTan da kavka-

siasTan dasakavSireblad1.

iStvan bators imave wels kaxeTTan, qarTlTan da yab-

ardosTn samxedro kavSiris Sekvrac ki ganuzraxavs. es is

`qveynebi~ iyo, romle bic imisaTvis raTa Tavi daecvaT os-

maleTis imperiis agresiisagan, ruseTTan daaxloebas cdi-

lobdnen2.

1583 wels kavkasiaSi antiosmaluri koalicia marTlac

rom Seiqmna, amaze miuTiTebs ibrahim feCevi. misi TqmiT,

`Samxali da daRestnis sxva meliqebi da saqarTvelos Ta-

vadebi erTmaneTs dau kavSirdnen. eseni am bobdnen: es xalxi

(osmalebi – e. m.) TandaTan mravldeba; vidre eseni Sir vanis

qveynis Semdeg Cvens samemkvidreo samflobelomde movidod-

nen, Tu Cven droulad Tadrigi ar daviWireT, eWvi ar aris,

rom maTgan aoxreba Cvenc ar agvcdeba~3. radgan irani os-

maleTs ebrZoda, Sahma, imave feCevis gad mocemiT, mizanSe-

wonilad CaTvala, Tavis xelSi aeRo kavkasiis xalxebis

osmaleTis winaaRmdeg brZolis xelmZRvaneloba4.

1584 wlis 29 agvistos posevino komos kardinals kv-

lav acnobda batoris gegmas: batori zogierTi rusi mTavris

daxmarebiT sami wlis gan mavlobaSi daipyrobda mTel ruseTs

da astraxansac daeufleboda. amis Semdeg osmaleTi veRar

gabedavda kaTolikur evropaze Tavdasxmas. garda amisa, ba-

1 Pierling H., Le S. Siege, la Pologne et Moscau 1582-1587, Paris, 1885, p. 123-124.

2 Kuntze E., Les rapports de la Pologne avec le Saint Siège à l’à d’Ètienne Batori (Ètienne Batory, Roi de Pologne, Prince de Transilvanie), Cracovie, 1935, p. 204.

3 ibrahim feCevi, gv, 69.4 iqve. svaniZe m., dasax. naSr., gv. 148.

tori daukavSirdeboda CerqezeTs, saqarTvelosa da irans.

isini maSin amoqmeddebodnen, roca poloneTis mefe xelsay-

relad miiCnevda1.

1586 wels iStvan batori, Tavis mxriv, brwyinvale per-

speqtivas us axavda romis paps im didi sargeblobis Taobaze,

rasac papis kuria ruseTSi da kavkasiis xalxebSi, kerZod,

saqarTveloSi kaTolikobis gavrcelebiT miiRebda2. posevino

pap siqst V-s (1585-1590) da kardinal acolinos arwmuneb-

da, rom rusebi mzad arian uaryon TavianTi mefe da batori

scnon. papma poloneTis mefes daavala posevino molaparake-

bisaT vis moskovSi gaegzavna. im SemTxvevaSi Tu ruseTi uars

ityoda os maleTis winaaRmdeg saomrad mimavali poloneTis

jaris mis teritori aze gatarebaze, maSin papi iStvan bators

daTanxmdeboda daewyo omi moskovis saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg.

batorma papisagan avansad 25 aTasi skudi miiRo òsmaleTis

winaaRmdeg omisaTvis~. es, faqtobrivad, romis papis mier ba-

torisaTvis moskovis saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg omis dawyebis

nebarTvis mi cemas niSnavda, radgan eWvi ar iyo, rom mefe

Tevdore papis kompromisul winadadebas ver daeTanxmebo-

da. ruseT-reCpospolitis am daZabuli urTierTobis dros,

ruseTis teritoriaze poloneTis jaris SeSveba, raTa mas

kaspiis zRvis sanapirodan daertya osmaleTisaTvis, mosko-

vis mTavrobisaTvis miuRebeli iyo. moskovSi ise dac icodnen,

rom 1586 wlis damdegs Sliaxturma seimebma erToblivi

gadawyvetileba miiRes ruseTis winaaRmdeg omis dawyebis

Sesaxeb. magram batoris gegmebs ganxorcieleba ar ewera.

batori moulodnelad, 1586 wlis dekemberSi, gardaicvala.

reCpospolitaSi areuloba daiwyo, ruseTTan omis dawyebam

meore rigSi gadaiwia.

evropaSi gafacicebiT adevnebdnen Tvals iran-osmaleTis

omis msvlelobas. osmaleTis warmatebam, kerZod, mis mier

1 Pierling, Op. cit., p. 133-134.2 Ibidem, 161-162.

268 269

iranis um niSvnelovanesi qalaqis _ Tavrizis aRebam, udidesi

STabeWdileba moaxdina. veneciis respublikis agenti, am am-

biT SeSfoTebuli, iranidan gagzavnil saidumlo moxsenebaSi

Tavis mTavrobas acnobebda, rom osmaleTis winaaRmdeg omis

dros saqarTvelo serizul Zalas war moadgenda1.

sainteresoa, roca avstriis elCi moskovSi varkaCi 1589

wlis 11 ivniss dainteresda aRmosavleTSi antiosmalurad

ganwyobili qveynebis samxedro SesaZleblobiT, saelCo prika-

zSi CamouTvales, romeli qveyana ramden jars gamoiyvanda.

iqve naTqvami iyo, rom saqarTvelo Tavisi 50 aTasiani jariT

yizilbaSebTan erTad osmaleTis winaaRmdeg ibr Zolebda2.iseTi STabeWdileba ar unda Seiqmnes, TiTqos saqarT-

velos samefo-samTavroebi mxolod TavianT mezoblebTan

urTierTobiT izRudebodnen. maTi politikuri mesveurebic

dainteresebulni iyvnen evropisa da aRmo savleTis ambebiT

da maT Sesaxeb informacias agrovebdnen. bunebrivia, qarT-

vel politikosebs ainteresebdaT ra xde boda osmaleTis

mowi naaRmdege qveynebSi, rogori iyo antiosmaluri Zalebi.

aleqsandre kaxTa me fisaTvis informaciis mTavar wyaros,

ZiriTadad, ucxoeli da qarTveli vaWrebi warmoadgendnen.

rogorc Cans, igi xSirad evropaSi vaWrebis saxiT Tavis Se-

niRbul agentebs agzavnida3.

osmaleTisa da yirimis saxanos moZalebam kavkasiis

xalxebze, is ini dampyroblebis sapirispiro Zalis gamoZeb-

nis aucileblobaSi daarwmuna. naTeli iyo, irani aseT Zalad

1 Berchet, Op. cit., p. 291.2 Памятники дипломатических сношений Дреней России с державами

иностранными, ч. I. Сноше ния России с государствами европейскими, т. I, с 1488 по 1594 г., СПб., 1852 , с. 186.

3 mravlismetyvelia aleqsandre II-is mier ruseTis elCisaTvis SenaTvali:

«Царягорода и изо Фрянок торговые люди ко мне ездят, а мои люди торго-вые во Царьгород и во Фрянки ездят; а иное и яз посылаю для вестей будто с торгом на Гиляне да на Казбин и во Фрянки» (Сношения России с Кавказом, с.205).

veRar gamodgeboda. is Tavisi Tavsac veRar icavda. amitom

yuradReba gadatanili iqna moskovis saxelmwifoze, ro melic

kavkasiisa da kaspiis zRvis sanapiroebisaken mi iwevda. ruseb-

ma as traxani daipyres da iranTan pirdapiri savaWro kavSiri

daamyares. aseT viTarebaSi osmaleTis gabatoneba Crdilo

kavkasiaSi, amierkavkasiis dapy roba da iranis ganadgureba an

dasusteba ruseTis saxelmwifosaTvis mi uRebeli iyo. sulT-

nis kari mSvenivrad xvdeboda moskovis saxelmwifos mizans

da diplomatiuri manevriT cdilobda CaeSala misi urTier-

Toba iranTan da ruseTs iranis sawinaaTmdego kavSiri Ses-

Tavaza. 1586 wlis oqtomberSi osmalo vaWarma mehmedma rus

elCebs _ rodion birkinsa da petre pivovs ganucxada, rom

sulTani mzad iyo ruseTisaTvis daeTmo as traxani (ufro

sworad, osmaleTi scnobda ruseTis mier astraxanis dapy-

robas), Tu ruseTsa da osmaleTis imperias Soris anti-

iranuli SeTanxmeba daideboda1.

moskovis saxelmwifo amierkavkasiaSi mokavSireebis Zie-

bas iwyebs. moskovSi, saqarTvelos sxva samefoebTan Se-

darebiT, yvelaze meti informacia kaxeTze hqondaT. kaxeTi

farTod iyo Cabmuli abreSimiT saer TaSoriso vaWrobaSi.

kaxeTs moskovTan dakavSireba astraxanis gziT SeeZlo. es

gza gadioda daRestan saSamxloze, romlis mTavari sulTnis

vasali iyo. osmaleTis miTiTebiT, Samxlis razmebi iklebd-

nen kaxeTis sa sazRvro raionebs. amitom ruseTis Semosvlas

Crdilo kavkasiaSi kaxeTisaTvis sasicocxlo mniSvneloba

hqonda. Crdilo kavkasiaSi ruseTis jaris Cayeneba gamoiwvev-

da saSamxlos osmaleTis saxelmwi fosagan mowyve tas da mis

moqcevas or qristianul saxelmwifos Soris. amis Semdeg

misi alagmva advilad moxerxdeboda.

kaxeTTan urTierTobis ganaxleba ruseTma moiwadina.

mefe Tevdore ivanes Zis brZanebiT, astraxanis meTofeTa

asisTavma, tolmaCma rusin-danilovma, kavkasiaSi imogzaura

1 Тамже, с. 42.

270 271

da kaxeTsac ewvia. elCs, viTom, mxolod ruseTTan vaWrobis

sargeblianobis propaganda evaleboda, ma gram imave dros

igi zveravda astraxanidan saqarTvelosaken mimaval gzebs,

cdilobda gamoekvlia kaxeTs rogori ekonomikuri SesaZle-

blobebi gaaCnda da a.S. danilovma kaxeTis mefes Tavisi me-

fis werili gadasca. werilSi moskovis saxelmwifo kaxeTis

samefos politikur kavSirsa da mfarvelo bas sTavazobda1.

kaxeTis mefe aleqsandre II didi kmayofilebiT Sexvda Tev-

dore ivanes Zis winadadebas. `kaxeT-ruseTis urTierTobis

ganax lebisaTvis droc marjve iyo. irani osmaleTs daeZala

da Sahs kaxeTis `patronobis~ Tavi ara hqonda. osmaleTi ki

mo Zalade iyo da kaxeTis mefec saSualebas swored am mo-

Zaladisagan Ta vis dasacavad eZebda~2. aleqsandre II-m roca

danilovi gaistumra, Tan Tavisi elCebic gaayola, romleb-

mac 1586 wlis 9 oqtombers Tevdore me fes kaxeTis samefos

mfarveloba sTxoves.

moskovis xelmwifes kaxeTis samefo unda daecva yvela

mtrisagan, aego Tergze cixe da Sig didi jari Caeyenebina.

imave dros Tergidan kaxeTisaken saSamxloze gamavali gza

rusebs unda gaekontrolebinaT, raTa masze mogzauroba uxi-

faTo yofiliyo3.

kaxelebi ruseTis mTavrobas saSamxloze gamavali gzas

gark veuli gegmiT sTavazobdnen. marTalia elCebi moskovSi

amtkicebdnen, rom es gza yvelaze moxerxebuli da mokle

iyo (rac SeiZleba arc iyo simarTles moklebuli), magram

maT sxva rame hqondaT Cafiqrebuli: ruseTs jari Seey vana

1 Тамже, с. 12; berZeniSvili n., ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis is-

toriidan XVI-XVII saukuneTa mijnaze, gv. 11-12.2 berZeniSvili n. dasax. naSr., gv. 18.3 Tergidan kaxeTisaken midioda sami gza: 1. CerqezeTi-xevi-mTiuleTi-kax-

eTi, 2. sunja-saCaCano-xunZaxi, 3. kaxeTi-waxuri-yazi-yumuxi-yazaniCi-qiafir-yu-muxi-tarki-tiumeni-Tergis cixe. Полиевктов М. А., Экономичеслие разведки Московского государства в XVII в. на Кав казе, Тифлис, 1935, с. 28-31; berZen-iSvili n., dasax. naSr., gv. 18-19).

saSamxloSi, rac, ra Tqma unda, mSvidobianad ar moxdeboda.

T. bocvaZe fiqrobda, rom 1586 wels kaxeTis samefo kari

ruseTs ar sTxovda Samxalis winaaRmdeg Sewevnas, radgan

saSamxlo, kaxeTTan erTad, antiosmalur koaliciaSi iyo.

igi naTqvamis sabuTad iSveliebda imave wels Samxalis mier

moskovSi Tavisi elCis gagzavnas. elCma Samxalis sax eliT

mfarveloba da Tergze cixis Cadgma iTxova, raTa osmalebs

ar daes wroT da iq cixe ar CaedgaT. Semdeg mkvlevarma

is argumenti moiyvana, rom 1586 wels gagzavnil werilSi

aleqsandre mefe arafers ambobs Ter gis cixis aSenebisa da

saSamxloze gamavali gzis rusebis mier dakavebaze1. misive

TqmiT, kaxeT-saSamxlos urTierToba gafuWebula 1587 wels

kaxeTis mier xeldebulebis ficis miRebis Semdeg.

Cemi azriT, Samxalis mier elCis gagzavna moskovSi

srulebiTac ar niSnavda kaxeT-saSamxlos yofnas antios-

malur koaliciaSi. savarau doa, saSamxlo cdilobda kaxeT-

ruseTis urTierTobis CaSlas da undoda mosk ovis mTavro-

bisaTvis eCvenebina, rom kaxeTTan kavSiris ga reSe, saSamxlos

mxardaWeriT, Tergze cixis Cadgmac SeiZleboda da os maleTis

SeCerebac Tu is astraxanze gailaSqrebda. imis varaudic

SeiZleba, rom Samxali sulTnis miTiTebiT moqmedebda. Samx-

als drois mogeba undoda, vidre am ierkavkasiaSi osmaleTs

uWirda, manamde ruseTs moqmedeba ar daewyo. ruseTis Ses-

vla amierkavkasiaSi niSnavda os maleTis miznebis katastro-

fas am regionSi.

kaxeTis pozicia saSamxlos mimarT Tavidanve garkveulia.

kaxeTis mizania saSamxlos winaaRmdeg aamoqmedos ruseTi.

marTalia, 1586 wels gagzavnil werilSi (misi Sinaarsi

gadmocemulia `stateini spisokSi~ da mis sizusteze lpa-

raki ar SeiZleba) aleqsndre mefe arafers ambobs Samx alis

Sesaxeb da mxolod osmalebisagan dacvas iTxovs. werilSi

aleqsandre mefe uaRresad sqematurad, sul bolos (werili

1 bocvaZe T., dasax. naSr., gv. 39.

272 273

xom ZiriTadad, Tevdore ivanes Zis xotbis Sesxmaa) asaxe-

lebs osmalebs. is ini qristianobis mtrebi arian da sx-

vebTan erTad Cvenc vitanjebiTo1. ̀ stateini spisokSi~ Semdeg

aRniSnulia moskovis mTavrobas, mefis brZanebiT, qarTvelT

elCobis romeli wevrisaTvis ramdeni xarji unda gaeRo.

1587 wlis 3 aprils Tevdore ivanes Zem qarTveli el-

Cebis saqarT veloSi gaSveba da Tan Tavisi elCebis gayoleba

brZana. vidre qarTveli elCebi moskovs datovebdnen, manamde

isini, TavianTi mefis brZanebis Tanax mad, saelCo prikazSi

unda misuliyvnen da ganecxadebinaT, rom moskovis mefe Tev-

dore ivanes Zem kaxeTis mefe aleqsandre mfarvelobaSi unda

aiy vanos da kaxeTSi maTTan erTad Tavis elCebsac agzavnis.

marTlac, meore dRes (4 aprili) qarTveli elCebi sael-

Co pri kazSi mividnen, sadac zogad frazebSi gaimeores Tev-

dore mefis danabarebi. iq mxolod is daumates, rom ruseTis

xelmwife saqarTvelos da mefe aleqsandres qristianuli

rwmenisadmi erTgulebis gamo Tavis mfarvelo baSi miiRebda2.

roca laparakia zemoxsenebul werilze, masSi unda vigu-

lisxmoT mTeli rigi sakiTxebisa, romlebic maSin kaxeTis

samefos awuxebda. yovlad daujerebelia, rom qarTvel el-

Cebs xifaTiT aRsavse da xangrZlivi mog zauroba mxolod

imisaTvis moewyoT, rom xelmwifisaT vis saqebari sity vebi

eTqvaT. safiqrebelia, elCebma xelmwifesac da `saelCo

prikazsac~ moaxsenes osmaleTTan, iranTan da saSamxlosTan

TavianTi urTierTobis Sesaxeb da amis Taobaze moskovis

samefo karis mosazrebebic moismines. moskovSi amis Semdeg

Seadgines `ficis wigni~. am friad mniSvnelovan do kumentze

aleqsandre kaxTa mefe mxolod ra Rac gaurkveveli dapire-

bebiT xom ar moawerda xels?

da Tu ase ar iyo, maS ratom gamoTqvamda SemdegSi

qarTveli elCi yaflan vaCnaZe (1588 w.) sayvedurs imave

1 Сношения России с Кавказом, c. 11-12.2 Тамже, с. 11-13.

`saelCo prikazSi~, rom misma mefe aleqsandre II-m imitom

iTxova mfarveloba, rom igi xelmwifes daecva misi mtrisa-

gan, Samxlisagan. mxolod amitom SevefareT ruseTis mefes

da ara TurqeTs an iranso1. elCma kategoriulad moiTxo-

va saSamxloSi jaris gag zavna àleqsandres mtrobisa da

qristianTa sisxlisaTvis Suris saZieblad~2. moxeleebma da

boiarebma mefes moaxsenes qarTveli elCebis gan wyobilebisa

da maTi moTxovnis Taobaze. Tevdore ivanesZem elCebi Ta-

visTan miiwvia, sadac dumis, anu sabWos mdi vanma diakma

andrei SCelka lovma msmenelebs TiTqmis mTlianad gaaxsena

saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierToba moyolebuli 1586 wli-

dan: qarTvelebs rusTa xelmwifisaTvis yovelwliurad unda

eZliaT 50 oqroqsovili da aseTive Zvirfasi 10 xaliCa. sa-

magierod moskovis saxelmwifos kaxeTis samefo unda daecva

yvela mtrisagan, Samxlis winaaRmdeg unda gaegzavna jari da

gaewminda sa Samxloze gamavali gza3.

saSamxloSi cnobili iyo kaxeTis mefis antisaSamxlo

diploma tia da, bunebrivia, Samxali Seecdeboda misTvis xeli

SeeSala. roca cnobili gaxda kaxeT-ruseTis xelSekrulebis

Sesaxeb, Samxalma kxeTis winaaRmdeg moqmedeba gaaqtiura.

amis Semdeg rusTa jaris saSamxloSi Seyvana kaxeTis diplo-

matiis gadaudebel amocanad gadaiqca.

moskovis karze kargad esmodaT kaxelebis mizani. rogorc

ruseTis elCebis semion zvenigorodskis da diak torxis

moxsenebidan Cans, mosk ovis mTavrobas aleqsandres moTxovna

1 «И посли говорили , что государь их Александрь царь для того государю бил челом в подан ные, чтоб государь оборонил его от недруга его от Шевкаль-ского, а толко ныне государевы рати на Шевкала не будет, -ино и вперед от Шевкала Грузинской земле не будет без войны. А Грузинская земля потому государю и била челом, в поданстве учиналася; а ни х Турскому, ни х Кизы-лвашскому не при стали за то, что б им быти от своих недругов оборонену го-сударевою мило стью». Тамже, с. 61; javaxiS vili iv., dasax, naSr., gv. 296; bocvaZe T., dasax. naSr., gv. 42.

2 Сношения России с Кавказом, c. 613 Тамже, с. 62.

274 275

daukmayofilebia. elCebi amis Ses axeb kaxeTis mefes da mis

kariskacebs Seaxsenebdnen, rom mefe Tvdore `... во обороне держати хочет ото всех недругов и город на Терке для тебя и твоей земль для обереганья поставити государь велель и на недруга твоего, а на своего непослушника, на Шефкала князя государь наш по твоему челобитью рат свою хочет послати, чтоб впередь тебе, Александру царю, и твоей земле от Шевкала тесноты и убытков не било и дорога б от твоей земли ко государя нашего отчине к Терскому го роду очистити»1.

1587 wels moskovis elCebi kaxeTSi Camovidnen da 26

agvis tos mefe aleqsandres warudgnen. molaparakeba erT Tves

gagrZelda. 28 seqtem bers xelSekruleba gaformda. aleqsan-

dre II-m Tavis SvilebTan da dide bulebTan erTad ruseTis

mefis xeldebulebis fici miiRo. kaxeTis mefem piroba dado

samudamod ruseTis erTguli iqneboda da mfarvelis mimarT

mtrul moqmedebas arasodes Caidenda. ufro metic, aleqsan-

dre mefes Tavis memkvidreebTan erTad moskovis saxelmwifos

yvela mtris winaaRmdeg unda ebrZola. aseT SemTxvevaSi igi

Tavisi jariT astrax anisa da Tergis vo evodebs SeuerTde-

boda. kaxeTis samefos yovelwli uri gadasaxadis gadaxda

daekisra. Tavis mxriv, mefe Tevdore kaxeTis samefos yve-

la mtrisagan dai cavda. Tergisa da astraxanis voevodebs

daevalaT kaxeTis samefos dacva. `xolo Samxalis winaaRm-

deg gavag zavno Cemi laSqari da Cveni saxelmwi fodan Sens

qveynamde mimavali gza gavwmindo~ _ werda rusTa mefe2.

saqarTvelo-ruseTis damakavSirebel saSamxlos gzaze,

qarT veli politikosebis azriT, garkveuli wesrigi dam-

yardeboda maSin, roca iq ruseTis jari Cadgeboda. doneli

kazakebi, romlebic qarTvel da rus el Cebs acilebdnen

xolme, Tergze Sediodnen da saSamxlos, yirimis saxanos,

1 Тамже, с. 96.2 Тамже, с. XXXVII-XCIV.

osmaleTis imperias da am ukanasknelis yvela mo kavSires

did sazrunavs uCendnen. kazakebis TareSiT gansakuTrebiT

SeSfoTebuli iyo osmaleTi, radgan Crdilo kavkasiis gziT

(yirimi-da rubandi) sargebloba, faqtobrivad, SeuZlebeli

gaxda. dazaralebulni Ciodnen moskovis mefesTan, raTa mas

kazakebis `TviTneboba~ aRekveTa. magram osmaleTi, yirimis

saxano da sa Samxlo yovelTvis erTsa da igive pasuxs iRebd-

nen: «Живут на Терке воры беглые казаки безъ государева ведома»1.

cnobili ar aris, hqondaT Tu ara garkveuli gegma kazake-

bs an maT moqmedebas visi saidumlo xeli warmarTavda, roca

isini osmaleTsa da mis mokavSireebs ebrZodnen. am kiTxvaze

pasuxis gacema arsebuli wyaroebis safuZvelze SeuZlebe-

lia. cxadia, maTi moqmedeba stiqiuri, mxolod nadavlis

mopovebis surviliT ganpirobebuli ar iyo. savarau doa, rom

ka zakebsa da svimon mefes Soris kavSiri Tu ara, garkveuli

kontaqtebi mainc arsebobda. kazakebi Crdilo kavkasiis gzebs

uketavd nen amier kavkasiisaken mimaval osmalebs. amdenad, isi-

ni saqarTvelos dacvasac xels uwyobdnen da, erTxans, me-

fis daxmarebac scades (gavixsenoT Tbilisidan ltolvili

osmalebis mier stambolSi Catanili ambavi, mefes rusTa 6

aTasiani jari exmarebao). amaze miuTiTebs, agreTve, rusi

elCis semion zvenigorodskis erTi cnoba, ro melic 1586

wels ganekuTvneba. masSi naTqvamia, rom Tergis Tavisufali

kazakebi mcire xniT svimon mefesTan mividnen, magram qarT-

lis mefem is ini sam weliwad-naxevars2 TavisTan gaaCera da

ukan dabrunebis saSuale bas ar aZlevda.

1 Тамже, с. XXXVII.2 gaugebaria, ratom fiqrobda i. cincaZe, TiTqos kazakebi qarTlSi cxra

Tves darCnen (cincaZe i., Ziebani ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis istoriidan

(X-XVI ss.), Tb., 1956 , gv. 318), maSin rodesac wyaroSi naTqvamia: «Волние казаки, сшед с Терки реки, жили у зятя его (Александр II – Э. М.) у Семена, а Семен их держал у себя полчетверта года по неволе, а назад не отпустил» (Сношения России с Кавказом, c. 125).

276 277

maSasadame, kazakebi svimon mefesTan mividnen 1586 wels

da Tbi lisidan gaqceul osmalebs stambolSi es ambavi unda

CaetanaT. ra Tqma unda, stam bolSi Catanil cnobaSi uzusto-

bebia: jer erTi, daujerebe lia, rom saqarTveloSi 6 aTasi

kazaki gadmosuliyo. im pirobebSi 600 kacis gad mosvlac ki

didi ambavi iqneboda; da, meorec, _ saeWvoa, kazakebi saqarT-

veloSi mefe Tevdores gamoegzvna. rogorc rusi elCebis

cnobebidan irkveva, moskovSi, saerTod, araferi icodnen qar-

Tlis samefoSi kazakebis yofnaze da rusma elCebma mxolod

kaxeTSi Seityves. svimon mefisaTvis kazakTa razms imdenad

praqtikuli mniSvneloba ar hqonda, ramdenadac politikuri.

mas kazakTa razmi propagandisaTvis sWirdeboda: qveyana

gaigebs (da asec gaiges) mefes rusT xelm wife exmarebao.

amave mizniT sTxovda aleqsandre kaxTa mefe moskovel el-

Cebs kazakebi kaxeTSi daetovebinaT: «Толко б была cлава, что государевы руские люди у государия их, Олександра царя»1. am moments maSindel kavkasiaSi mimdinare politikur

ambebSi didi mniSvneloba hqonda. ruseTTan urTierTobis

garTulebas osmalebi da misi mokavSireebi eridebodnen.

qarTlidan kaxeTSi gadasuli kazakebi aleqsandre mefem

saSamx los sazRvarze cixeebSi Caayena. albaT, am RonisZiebas

garkveuli efeqti hqonda, radgan Semdeg zafxulSi kax-

eTis mefes kazakebis isev im cixeebSi dabruneba surda.

magram, rogorc maSindeli diplomatiuri urTierTo bidan

Cans, moskovis mTavroba xalisiT ar ekideboda kaxeTis mefis

amgvar moTxovnebs.

kaxeTis samefos mier ruseTTan urTierTobis damyareba

uaR resad mniSvnelovani faqti iyo mTeli kavkasiisa da axlo

aRmosav leTis masStabiT. gasagebi unda gamxdariyo, rom am-

ieridan is, visac moskovis saxelmwifosTan urTierTobis

garTuleba ar surda, kaxeTis samefos mi marT mtrul aqciebs

unda morideboda. osmaleTis politi kuri mesveurebi, al-

1 Тамже.

baT, bevrs swuxdnen im Secdomaze, rac maTi kaxeTisadmi

poziciaSi ga moxata da iq ruseTis gavlenis danergva moxda.

sulTnis karisaTvis gasagebi iyo, rom Tu igi droulad ar

gadawyveyda qarTlis sakiTxs, SeiZleboda iqac analogiuri

mdgomareoba gameore buliyo. sagulisxmoa, rom moskovel

elCebs _ rodion birkins, petre pivovs da stefane polux-

anovs pirdapiri miTiTeba hqondaT, rom Tu aleqsandre mefis

siZe an Zma xelmwifisagan mfarvelobis miRebis survils

ga mosTqvamda, elCebs is ini unda waexalisebinaT, rom maT

moskovSi TavianTi elCebi gaegzavnaT, mfarveloba eTxovaT

da xelmwife maT Txovnas Seiwynarebda1.

Cemi azriT, moskovis mTavrobas mxedvelobaSi hyavda,

aleqsan dre II-is siZe svimon I an aleqsandre mefis Zma

ufliswuli iese. xelmwife mxolod im pirobiT daakmay-

ofilebda erTis an meoris survils, Tu mfarvelo bis Txovnis

pe riodisaTvis isini aleqsandre mefesTan karg urTierTo-

baSi iqnebodnen.

svimon mefe, rogorc maSindeli werilobiTi wyaroebidan

Cans ufro orientirebuli iyo dasavleT evropaze da iranze.

man icoda, rom arsebuli mdgo mareobis mixedviT, qarTlis

samefosa da moskovis saxelmwifos Soris xelSekruleba

ver daideboda. svimoni miesalmeboda rusTa jaris qarTlSi

Semo savlas, magram saRi azri ukarnaxebda, rom ruseTidan

amgvari daxmarebis miReba ver moxerxdeboda. qarTlis samefo

saomar mdgomareobaSi iyo os maleTis imperiasTan da svimons

kargad es moda, rom ruseTis mier mfarvelobis sityvierad

gamocxadebas ra fasi eqne boda: es gamoiwvevda osmaleTis

mxridan omis kidev ufro gaaqtiure bas. dadebiTad arc Sahis

kari Sexvdeboda svimon mefis aseT nabijs. albaT, ruseTis

mTavrobac iTvalis winebda am mdgomareobas, magram igi iseT-

nairad awyobda saqmes, viTomc moskovSi svimonTan daaxloe-

baze arc fiqrobdnen da qarTlidan elCebi Tu Cavi dodnen

1 Тамже.

278 279

da raime garigeba mainc moxdeboda, mas Tavis gamarTlebis

saSu aleba yovelTvis eqneboda: qarT velebma TviTon gvTxoves

da Cvenc `qris tianobis siyvarulis gamo~ vcdilobT riTime

davexmaroTo. magram es `dax mareba~ svimon mefes Tavisi

qveynis dacvis saqmes ver gauadvilebda. ruseTi os maleTis

wi naaRmdeg oms ar daiwyebda. evropis zogierTi saxelmwifo

ki osmaleTs iaraRiT ebrZoda.

mefe iTvaliswinebda ra saerTaSoriso politikur viTare-

bas da imasac vis rogori urTierToba hqonda osmaleTTan

da Sesa bamisad, dax marebis miReba saidan ufro mosalodneli

iyo, umjobesad CaTvala dasav leTi evropisaTvis miemarTa.

man 1587 wels romis papTan da espaneTis mefesTan dax-

marebis saTxovnelad despanebi gagzavna. svimonis erT-erTi

didebuli ierusalimze gavliT romis papTan unda wasuliyo,

xolo espaneTis mefesTan ki vinme somexi vaWari aleqsandre

konstantinopolis gziT, romelsac èqvsi Sekvra qarTu-

li abreSumi~ mihqonda mefisaTvis mis arTmevad. qarTvelma

didebulma adresatamde ver miaRwia. is osmalebma Seipyres

papisaTvis gankuTvnili werilebiTa da saCuqrebiT. meore

elCi _ aleqsandre romSi mivida. radgan mas romidan ukan,

saqarTveloSi dabruneba hqonda ganzraxuli, igi espaneTis

mefis elCs graf de olivaress Sexvda da mas gaando svi-

monis winadadebebi. kerZod, qarTlis mefe mzad iyo papisa

da espaneTis mefis vasali gamxdariyo da yovelTvis iranis

erTguli mokavSire iqneboda. svimon me fis azriT, espaneTs

kavSiri unda daemyarebina samive qarTul same fosTan1.

Znelia imis dadgena svimon I imereTisa da kaxeTis me-

feebTan Se TanxmebiT gamodioda aseTi iniciativiT, Tu qarTv-

el mefeTa Soris misi pirvelobis demonstrireba iyo. svimon

1 luis xili fernandesi da xose manuel floristani, qarTveli mefee-

bis wer ilebi: svimon I-is qarTlidan filipe II-s da Teimuraz I-is kaxeTidan

filipe IV-s (Targ mani espanuridan). krebulSi: saqarTvelos urTierToba ev-

ropisa da amerikis qvey nebTan, II, Tb., 1995, gv, 197-198.

me fes rom pirvelobis pretenzia marTlac hqonda, kargad

gamoCnda 1588 wels mis mier imereTis samefos dapyrobis

warumatebel mcdelobaSi.

svimon mefis werilSi DCamoyalibebulma winadadebebma

gamocdili espaneli diplomati grafi de olivaresi (don

enrike de gusmani) aRmosavleTSi mokavSiris SeZenis Sesa-

ZlebobiT daainteresa. osmaleTis imperia xifaTs uqmnida

portugalielTa (portugalia am dros espaneTis samefos

SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda) dasaxlebebs aRmosavleT afrikasa

da hormuzze. grafma de olivaresma 1588 wlis 5 Tebervals

Tavis mefes, filipe II-s miswera: `me mgonia davarwmuno papi,

rac SeiZleba male da dos kavSiri qristianul (qarTvel –

e.m.) mefeebTan, raTa isini gaer Tiandnen TurqeTis winaaRmdeg

im mxridan; rom aqedan gamodis aseve kavSiri sparseTTanac,

romelsac mxars vuWerdiT aqamdec; rom yovelive es ukeT

rom gakeTdes, saWiroa gaigzavnos kaci im despanTan erTad

an misi wasvlis Semdeg, raTa damyardes kavSiri svimon-

Tan, aleqsandresTan da baSiaCukTan1 Turqebis winaaRmdeg

da aseve, raTa Tqvenma udidebuleso bam gagzavnos kaci amave

mizniT Tavis disSvilTan, poloneTis mefesTan da moskovis

mefesTan, raTa isini SeuerTdnen maT da Seqmnan didi Zala

TurqeTis wi naaRmdeg; aseve gaigzavnos mision erebi, rogorc

svimoni iTxovs, raTa maT xalxs aswavlon qristianuli su-

liskveTebiT~.

grafma de olivaresma Tavisi mosazreba aRmosavleTSi

mokavSiris SeZenis SesaZleblobaze gaacno kardinal sankta

severinas da isini im daskvnamde mividnen, rom kargi iqneboda

svimon mefesTan ori despani gaeg zavnaT _ erTi konstanti-

nopolze gavliT, meore poloneTisa da moskovis gavliT,

1 igulisxmeba imereTis mefe levani (1583-1590). baSiaCuki osmalebisa da

sparse lebisaTvis imerelTa ganzogadoebuli saxelia da niSnavs `TavSiSvelas~.

es saxeli imerlebs Searqves fafanakis tarebis gamo. dawvr. ix. mamisTvaliSvi-

li e., saqarTvelo hans Siltbergeris `mogzaurobis wignSi~, gv. 115, Sen. 25.

280 281

romelic iqaur mefeebsac moelaparakeboda. oli varesma au-

dienciis dros papi marTlac daarwmuna, rom sasargeblo

iqneboda svi mon mefisaTvis mxardaWera. amis Semdeg, man Tav-

isi mosazre bani werilobiT Camoayaliba da Tavis mefes gaug-

zavna1. magram papsa da es paneTis samefo kars saqarTvelos

dasaxmareblad an masTan diploma tiuri urTierTobis dasam-

yareblad qmediTi nabiji ar gadaudgiaT.

svimon mefe kvlav osmaleTis uzarmazari imperiis

pirispir rCe boda. osmalebma saukeTesod icodnen qarTlis

samefo rogor seriozul rols asrulebda iran-osmaleTis

omSi, amitom masTan morigeba gadawy vites. 1588 wels qarT-

lis samefosa da osmaleTis imperias Soris daido zavi.

qarTlis samefos omidan gamosvlam iranis damarcxeba da-

aCqara. irani osmaleTTan omSi ruseTis gamoyenebas Seecada.

jer kidev 1587 wels moskovSi iranis Sahis mohamed hoda-

bandas elCi andi-begi Cavida, romelic daxmarebis sanacvlod

osmalebis mier dapyrobil baqosa da darubands sTavazobda.

ruseTi aseTi ekonmikuri da strategiuli mniSvnelobis pun-

qtebis xelSi Cagdebis perspeqtivis mimarT gulgrili ver

darCeboda. 1588 wels moskovis mTavrobam gadawyvita Ter-

gisa da as traxanis jarebi iranis dasaxmareblad gaegzavna,

samagierod yizil baSebi baqosa da darubands, ganTavisufleb-

isTanave, ruseTs gadas cemdnen. moskovis mTavrobam Tavisi

elCi aseTi pirobiT gaagzavna iranSi2. magram iranSi momx-

darma sasaxlis karis gadatrialebam da Sah abaz I-is (1587-

1529) gamefebam, molaparakeba CaSla.

moskovis mefis mfarvelobaSi kaxeTis samefos Sesvlam

da saSamxlo-daRestnis xelyofisagan mis dasacavad Crdi-

lo kavkasiaSi si magreebis Cadgmis cdam irani SeaSfoTa.

aRmosavleT sqarTvelos samefoebi Sahs Ta vis vasalebad mi-

1 luis xili fernandesi da xose manuel floristani, dasax. naSr., gv. 198.2 Веселовский Н., Памятники дипломатических и торговых сношений

Московской Руси с Пер сией, I, СПб., 1890, с. 60-61.

aCnda. Sahis karisaTvis gansakuTrebiT miuRebeli iyo kaxeT-

ruseTis kavSiris Sekvra da maTi erToblivi brZola Samx-

lis wi naaRmdeg. saSamxlos Tu ruseTi daipyrobda, maSin is

uSualod daamyarebda kavSirs aRmosavleT saqarTvelosTan.

magram irani, jer-jero biT amas ver gaaprotestebda, vidre

misi yvelaze saSiSi mteri osmaleTi iyo.

osmaleTi avstriasTan omisaTvis emzadeboda da irans

zavi SesTa vaza. Sah abazi zavis dadebas ar Cqarobda da

cdilobda osmaleTTan mo laparakeba orive maTganze (ru-

seTsa da osmaleTze) zewolisaTvis gamoeyenebina. ruseTi

iran-os maleTis dazavebis winaaRmdegi iyo. iran-osmaleTs

Soris arsebuli wi naaRmdegoba ruseTs kavkasiaSi winsvla-

Si xels uwyobda. osmaleTi, Tavis mxriv, cdilobda ar

dadebuliyo xelSekruleba iransa da ruseTs Soris, radgan

maTi SeTanxmeba, Tavisi arsiT antiosmaluri iqneboda. os-

maleTis diplomatia amas ver dauSvebda da Sahs zogierTi

dapyrobili teritoriis dabrunebas Sepirda. Sah abasma, sx-

vadasxva sagareo faqtoris gaTvalis winebiT, gadawyvita ru-

seTTan diplomatiuri urTierToba gaegrZelebina. man Tvisi

mamis mier ruseTi saTvis SeTavazebuli proeqti Secvala da

Ta vis elCebs _ butak-begs da andi-begs 1589 wels sul

sxva proeqti gaatana moskovSi. proeqtis mixedviT, ruseTis

jarebi baqosa da darubands unda Semodgomodnen, xolo ira-

ni, Tvis mxriv, SirvanSi SeiWre boda. mokavSiree bis gamarjve-

bis SemTxvevaSi ruseTi kaspiis zRvis Crdilo sanapiroze

gabatonde boda, irani ki, samxreT-dasavleTze. amgvarad, Sah

abasis axali pro eqtiT, ruseTs osmaleTTan omi unda daewyo

da baqo da darubandi Tvisi ZalebiT daepyro1.

1589 wels moskovSi ukve cnobili iyo iran-osmaleTis

sazavo mola parakeba. 3 ivlisis oficialur moxsenebaSi,

1 tivaZe T., iranTan politikuri urTierTobis sakiTxi ruseTis saxelmwi-

fos sagareo politikaSi XVI-XVII saukuneTa mijnaze. Tsu Sromebi, 113, is-toriul mecnierebaTa seria, Tb., 1965, gv. 185.

282 283

avstriis imperatorisa da un greTis mefis elCi Tevdore

ivanes Zis karze, mikloS varkaCi werda, rom iransa da os-

maleTs Soris sazavo molaparakeba mim dinereobso1. es ki,

ruseTis mxriv, ufro frTxili politikis gatarebas moiTx-

ovda. miT umetes, roca cnobili gaxda isic, rom sazavo

mola parakebis dros os maleTi mTeli amierkavkasiis Senar-

Cunebas moiTxovda. zavi Tu amgvari pi robebiT daideboda,

maSin ruseT-iranis molaparakeba azrs hkargavda2.

ruseT-iranis urTierTobaze dakvirvebisas, yuradRebas

iqcevs erTi garemoeba: ruseTi da irani ar exebian, ufro

sworad gverds uvlian kaxeTi sakiTxs, viTom aseTi ram arc

arsebobs. mosk ovSi kargad icodnen, rom kaxeTi iranis mox-

arke qaveyana iyo da amis daviwyebas arc iranSi fiqrobdnen.

kaxeTis mefis warmomadgenlebma, 1589 wlis 20 noembers

Tavi anTi mefis saxeliT, moskovis elCebs moaxsenes, rom

winaT kaxeTis samefo yizilbaSTa mokavSire iyo, rogorc

os maleTis ise sxva saxelmwifoebTan omis dros. àxla yiz-

ilbaSebis Sahi ganuwyvetliv migzavnis elCebs, raTa mas-

Tan erTad viyo osmalebis wi naaRmdeg; xolo sulTani mo-

ciqulebs mig zavnis didi muqariT, mimdinare wels Tavisi

jaris gamogzavna surs Cems winaaRmdeg da cixeebi unda

Cadgas Cems qveyanaSi, radgan me mas CamovSordi da (ruseTis

_ e. m.) didi xelmwifis mfarvelobaSi Sevedi. amJamadc

sulT nis mociqulebi CemTan arian da mimdinare wlis xarks

mTxoven... aseve TavdasxmiTa da Cemi miwe bis dapyrobiT memu-

qreba Samxali~3.

moskovis xelmwifis elCebs ise unda gaegoT aleqsan-

dre me fis SenaTvali, rom kaxelebi ruseTis mfarvelobaSi

SesvliT mraval usiamovnebas gadaeyara, magram ra gamovida,

1 Tardy L., Le Roi Svimon Ier á la lumére des sources d’ Europe Cen trale con-temporaines de son époque, I partie. `Bedi Kartlisa. Revue de Kartvé lolodie~, vol. XXXII, Paris, 1974 32, p. 151.

2 tivaZe T., dasax. naSr., gv. 185.3 Сношения России с Кавказом, c. 173-174.

xelmwife aseT sabediswero mdgomareobaSi Cavardnil kax-

eTis samefos mxolod dapirebebs aZlevs.

moskovSi jerovnad afasebdnen kaxeTis mniSvnelobas Sem-

dgomi peri odis ruseTis kavkasiur politikaSi. iranTan

diplomatiuri urTierTobis dros kaxeTze dumiliT, ru-

seTi irans agrZnobinebda, rom Sa his saqme ar iyo, suver-

enul kaxeTTan misi TanamSromloba rogor warimarTeboda.

irani, Tavis mxriv, garkveul dromde, Tvals xuWavda kaxeT-

ruseTis urTierTo baze. an ra unda eTqva iranis mTavrobas

moskovis sawinaaRmdego. mis mi zans, amjerad xom kavkasiaSi

ruseTis, rogorc os maleTis metoqis, Semoy vana Seadgenda.

kaxeTze sityvis Camogdeba irans mxolod usiamovno mdgo-

mareobaSi Caayenebda. Wkviani politikosi Sah abazi imasac

iTvaliswinebda, rom saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, kaxeTs iran-

ruseTs Soris Suamvloba SeeZlo.

rac Seexeba osmaleTs, marTalia, igi kaxeTs emuqreboda

mosk ovTan misi urTierTobis gamo, magram realurad igi

kaxeTis samefos winaaRmdeg ver gamovidoda. kaxeTze Tav-

dasxma ruseTTan mis urTierTobas kidev ufro daZabavda.

arsebul situaciaSi osmaleTis mTavroba aseT nabijs ver

gadadgamda.

kaxeTis kavSirs ruseTTan Tu imgvari garTulebebi mo-

hyva, rogorc ukve iTqva, maSin kaxelebi ratom ar wyvetdnen

moskovTan urTierTobas? sinamdvileSi kaxeTis mdgomareoba

iran-osmaleTis omis dasasruls ar gauaresebula. kaxeTis

mniSvneloba misi ruseTTan daaxloebis Semdeg kidev ufro

gaizarda. ise Canda, rom kavkasiaSi ruseTis Semomyvani kax-

eTi iyo da mis or mZlavr muslimanur mezobels am garemoe-

bisaTvis angariSi unda gaewia. kaxeTis samefo kari kargad

afasebda Tavisi rolis amaRlebas kavkasiasa da axlo aRmosav-

leTSi da yoveli RoniT cdilobda ruseTTan urTierTobis

gagrZelebas. saSamx los sakiTxic kaxeTs Tavis sasargeblod

mxolod ruseTTan kavSirSi SeeZlo gadaewyvita. Tumca kaxeT-

284 285

ruseTis urTierToba jer-jerobiT mxolod elCe bis misvla-

mosvlaSi gamoixate boda. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda

kaxeTs ruseT-iranis urTierTo baSi. rogorc n. ber ZeniSvili

aRniSnavda: àseT pirobebSi SemuSavda kaxeTis mefis karze

is diplomatiuri formula, romelic mTeli ori sau kunis

ganmavlobaSi araerTxel wamouyenebiaT saqarTvelosa da

iran-ruseTis urTierTobaSi qarTvelebsa da rus moRvaweebs

(petre I, vaxtang VI, Teimuraz II, erekle II): saqarTvelo

(moskovis xeldebuli) ruseT-iranis mosaSuale~1.

moskovSi iTvaliswinebdnen kaxeTis samefos antios-

maluri koaliciis SeqmniT dainteresebas da 1589 wels

saqarTveloSi ga mogzvnil zvenigorodskisa da antonovis

elCobas daevala aleqsandre kaxTa me fisaTvis moexsenebina

ruseTis poziciaze, rogorc osmaleTTan ise sxva qveynebTan

urTierTobaSi. kerZod, elCebma ganacxades ruseTsa da irans

Soris mimdinare samegobro molaparakebis Sesaxeb, rac os-

maleTis wi naaRmdeg erTobliv moqmedebasac iTvaliswinebda,

rom imave osamleTis wi naaRmdeg erToblivi omis warmoe-

bisaTvis ruseTis mefes poloneT-litvis samefo gvirgvins

sTavazoben2. imis Tqmac ar daviwyebiaT, rom antios maluri

kavSiris Sekvris mizniT moskovSi TavianT elCebs agzavnid-

nen `romis saRvTo imperiis imperatori~, romis papi, espan-

eTis mefe da veneciis respublika3.

rusi elCebi aseTi zogadi gancxadebiT unda Semofargluli-

yvnen da molaparakebis dros aqcenti kaxeTis samefosaTvis

gansakuTre biT mtkivneul sakiTxze _ saSamxlo-daRestanze

unda gadaetanaT. ra Tqma unda saSamxlo-daRestnis sakiTxis

gadaWriT qarTvelebi didad dainterese bulni iyvnen, magram

1 berZeniSvili n., dasax. naSr., gv. 35.2 litvisa da poloneTis feodalebi poloneT-litva-ruseTis uniiT

cdilobdnen gaexsnaT gza aRmosavleTSi eqspansiisaTvis. Tevdore ivanes Zis

karze xvdebodnen polo neT-litvis feodalebis zraxvebs da molaparakeba CaiS-

ala.

3 Сношения России с Кавказом, c. 97-98.

maT isic kargad esmodaT, rom igi osmaleTis sakiTx Tan mt-

kiced dakavSirebuli iyo da mTeli molaparake bis dros am

problemis erTobliobaSi gadawyvetas cdilobdnen.

mefe Tevdores karze rom ruseT-saqarTvelos urTi-

erTobas did politikur mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen da amas

antiosmalur moR vaweo baSi miiTvlidnen, kargad Cans mik-

loS varkaCis erTi Canaweridan. igi am bobs, rom saqarTve-

los mefis elCebi moskovSi Cavidnen da dabejiTebiT moiTx-

oves osmaleTis winaaRmdeg daxmareba. maT dapirdnen, rom

ganusazRvreli vadiT miscemdnen 18 aTas jariskacsa da

artile rias, ma gram im pirobiT, rom qarTvelebi moskovis me-

fis uzenaesobas aRiarebdnen da xarksac gadauxdidnen. meore

dRes (1589 wlis 4 ivlisi) mefem qarTveli elCebi piradad

miiRo, mowyaleba gamoiCina da saqarT velos mefes 10 wlis

xarki apatia1. varkaCi qarTveli elCebis moskovel diplo-

matebTan molaparakebas da mefesTan audiencias piradad ar

daswrebia. amis Sesaxeb yvelaferi saelCo prikazSi acnobes,

varkaCis mxedvelobaSi aqvs 1588-1589 wlebSi kaxeTis mefis

elCebis _ yaflanis, kiriles da yurSitas moskovSi saqmi-

anoba. maT Samxalis winaaRmdeg 20 aTasiani jaris gagzavna

moiTxoves. rusTa jars kaxelTa jaric SeuerTdeboda da

erToblivad imoqmedebdnen. elCebma am moTxovnaze Tanxmoba

miiRes2. savaraudoa, rom Samxalis wi naaRmdeg jaris gag-

zavnas, moskovis karze, miiCnevdnen rogorc antios malur

moqmedebas da, garkveuli gagebiT, es asec iyo. amis Sesaxeb

ami tomac acnobes antios maluri koaliciis SeqmniT dainter-

esebul varkaCs. rac Seexeba am ukanasknelis naTqvams ruseTis

xelmwifis mier kaxeTisaT vis xarkis pa tiebis Sesaxeb, razec

saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierTobis amsaxveli sxva masalebi

arafers ambobs, albaT, moskovis mTavrobas surda ucxoeli

diplomatebi daerwmunebinaT, rom antiosmalurad ganwyobil

1 Tardy L., Le Roi Svimon Ier, 32, p. 151.2 Сношения России с Кавказом, c. 58-59.

286 287

erT morwmune kaxeTis samefos ekonomikur SeRavaTebsac vuw-

evTo. 1589 wlis 16 oqtombers zvenigorodski da antonovi

qarTvelebs moaxsenebdnen (ukve meramdened), rogor iRwvis

ruseTis xelmwife saSamxlos dasamor Cileblad. mefe aleqsan-

dres diplomatebi, TavianTi mefis miTiTebiT, vi Tom sxvaTa

Soris gaixseneben, rom winaT mraval qveyanaSi qris tianuli

rwmena iyo, magram yvela is qveynebi osmalebma daipyres da

gaamahmadianes da qristianebad mxolod CvenRa davrCiTo. es

mcire istoriuli eqskursi maT imitom dasWirdaT, rom el-

Cebi daerwmunebinaT ruseTis mier saSamxlos dapyrobis au-

cileblobaSi. roca rusebi saSamxlos daipyroben, saqarTve-

lo zurgs moidgams da mTeli ZaliT osmaleTs SeebrZoleba.

gan vizraxavT Tu ara osmaleTTan omis dawyebas, eubnebodnen

kaxeTis mefis kariskacebi ruseTis elCebs, Samxali maSinve

qurdulad, moulodnelad Tavs daesxmis kaxeTis ganapira

soflebs da iZulebuli vxdebiT ganzraxvaze xeli aviRoT1.

rusi elCebi TiTqos ver xvdebodnen saiT umiznebdnen

qarT veli politikosebi. maSin mefe aleqsandrem zvenigor-

odski da antonovi Tavis Tan daibara da ganucxada: àmJamad

osmaleTis sulaTani Cemzea ganrisxebuli, radgan (ruseTis

– e. m.) did xelmwifes mfarveloba vTxove; sulTani mwers,

rom am zafxuls Tavisi jari unda gamogzavnos Cems wi-

naaRmdeg~. elCebi exla iZulebulni gaxdnen, marTalia isev

zogadad, ma gram saimedod eTqvaT: radgan Cvenma xelmwifem

Tavis mfarvelobaSi agiy vana, igi yvela mtrisagan dagicavs.

garda amisa, moskovSi yvela qristianuli saxelmwifos el-

Cebi Cavidnen, raTa xelmwifes sTxovon, monawileoba mii-

Ros osmaleTis winaaRmdeg omSi. isini gaerTiandebian da

osmaleTs gaanadgureben. amitom Cveni xelmwi fis xeldebul

qarTvel mefes arafris SiSi unda hqondes2.

mefe aleqsandres warmomadgenlebma _ solomonma da

1 Тамже, с. 163.2 Тамже, с. 169.

tarsam rus elCebs sxva mxridan Seuties: stambolidan erTi

Cveni mociquli dabrunda da ambavi moitana, rom osmalebis

floti espanelebma da frankebma gaanad gures, amitom Cvens

mefes surs, Tavisi elCebi romis papTan, espaneTis mefesTan

da imperatorTan gagzavnos da maT acnobos, rom Cven ruseTis

mfarvelobaSi SevediT. maT elCebs isic sTxoves, Ta vianT

mefes moaxsenon amis Taobaze, raTa man aleqsandres elCebi

Tavisi saxelmwifos teritoriaze gaataros1. am diploma-

tiurma svlam sasurveli efeqti moaxdina. moskovis elCebi

SeSfoTdnen. maT ar esiamovnaT aleqsandre me fis survili

Tavisi elCebi evropaSi gaegzavna. vin icis ra davalebiT

wavidodnen TavianTi mfarveliT ukmayofilo el Cebi. maT saC-

qarod gancxa des: Cveni mefis TxovniT aRsdgnen qristianuli

saxelmwifoebi osmaleTis winaaRmdeg. Cvenma xelmwifem yve-

la im qveyanaSi acnoba, rom aleqsandre mefe Tavis xelde-

bulad gamoacxada. gancvifrebulebma elCebma ikiTxes: sxva

raRa unda Tqven mefeso?2

qarTvelebi mixvdnen, rom mizanSi gaartyes da elCebis

eWvis kidev ufro gaZlierebas Seecadnen. maT kiTxvaze pas-

uxis gacemis magier gaagrZeles: Cveni mefe sul RmerTs

evedreba, rom ruseTis xelmwife da yvela qristiani mefe

osmaleTze erTad aRdgnen. sxvaTa Soris isic dau mates: Cven

wignebSi gviweria, rom osmaleTis daRupva axlo momavalSi

unda moxdes da Tanac darubandis mxridano. maT kiTxvis sax-

iT isic dau mates: osmaleTis winaaRmdeg mebrZolni (espan-

eTis mefe, imperatori, romis papi da sxv.) darubandis gziT

mosvlas Tu SeZlebeno3. amgvarad, qarT velma dip lomatebma

ruseTis mefis elCebs moagones reCpospolitis mefe batoris

gegma, romelic kaTolikuri saxelmwifoebis mxardaWeriT,

swored da rubandis gziT, ruseTis dapyrobis Semdeg, miznad

1 Тамже, с. 205.2 Тамже, с. 205-206.3 Тамже, с. 206.

288 289

isaxavda osmaleTTan oms. n. berZeniSvili werda: `kaxeT-

Si, mas Semdeg rac konstantinopolSi Turqebi gabatondnen

da dasavleTis saqarTvelosTan urTierToba gawy vites, Se-

muSavebulia azri-imedi (SeiZleba vifiqroT, roca astraxans

mo suli moskovi imierkavkasiaSi fexis SemodgmiT osmaleTs

daupirispirda), rom saqristianos xsna dasavleTidan ki ara,

darubandis karze gamosvliT movao~1. me ki mgonia, rom kaxe-

TSi kargad icodnen (wignebSi amokiTxuli hqondaT) batoris

gegma. isic safiqrebe lia, rom bators saqarTvelosTan ufro

mWidro kontaqtebi hqonda, vidre cnobilia dReisaTvis. ase.

rom aR niSnuli gegma kaxeTSi ar SeumuSavebiaT, magram igi

kaxelebisaTvis mis aRebi iyo.

amgvarad, qarTveli politikuri moRvaweni ruseTis

warmo madgenlebs afrTxilebdnen, rom ruseTi osmaleTis

winaaRmdeg brZolis sadaveebs Ta vis xelSi Tu ar aiRebs,

maSin osmaleTis Setevam evropaze, SeiZleba Zalebis iseTi

dajgufeba warmoSvas, romelic ruseTis saerTaSoriso mgo-

mareobas gaarTulebs. axla ki, rogorc iqna, mosk oveli

elCebi saqmianad alaparakdnen: im saxelmwifoebs, romlebic

Tqven axseneT, darubandis Ses axeb gagonilic ki ara aqvT,

Cven ki iq vdgevarT da, saWi roebis SemTxvevaSi, mdinare

volgisa da kaspiis zRvis saSualebiT da rubandis kedlebTan

swrafad misvla SegviZlia. garda amis, tiumenidan 5-6 dReSi

qveiTi jaris moyvanasac SevZlebTo. qarT velebsac es undo-

daT. maT maSinve Seagebes: Cven kargad viciT, rom ruseTi

darubandTan yvelaze ax losaa da misi jari mova Tu ara am

um niSvnelovanes cixe-qalaqTan, aleqsandre mefis da Sah aba-

sis jari erT maneTs mdinare alazanze SeuerTdeba, dascxeben

da sul advilad gaanTavisufleben osmaleTis mier dapyro-

bil qalaqebs. rusma elCebma kaxelebis aRtkinebas zomiere-

bis la gami amosdes. maT saua bari Semdegi azriT daasrules:

1 berZeniSvili n., dasax. naSr., gv. 41-42.

ruseTi imdenad Zlieria, rom misi yvelas eSinia. imedi ar

dakargoT da, roca dro mova, yvelafers gavakeTebTo1.

moskovis saxelmwifos da kaxeTis samefos politika os-

maleTis sakiTxSi TanxmobaSi ver modioda. ruseTis fiqriT,

osmaleTi kaxeTs xels ver axlebs, radgan igi moskovis

xelmwifis xeldebulia. ruseTi ver gaiziarebs kaxeli

politikuri moRvaweebis gegmas os maleTTan omis dawye bis

Sesaxeb. rusi diplomatebi qarTvelebs agrZnobinebdnen, rom

osmaleTTan omis dawyebis dro jer ar damdgara. kaxeTma

unda moicados da Tavisi moqmedebiT osmaleTi ar unda

gaagulisos, rasac SeiZleba os maleTis mxriv samxedro

aqciebi mohyves, amas ruseTis xelmwife ver dauS vebs, moxde-

ba ruseT-osmaleTis konfliqti, rac Tanamedrove etapze

ruseTisaTvis sasurveli ar aris.

kaxeTis samefosaTvis daxmareba rom ruseTis intereseb-

Si iyo, amis sailustraciod aleqsandre mefem, saqarTvelos

warsuli gaix sena: saqarT velo winaT erTiani samefo iyo, ma-

gram Cvenma papispapam igi sam nawilad gayo. erTi nawili Cems

siZe svimons ekuTvnis. magram man Tavisi samefo os malebTan

omSi daRupa. osmalebma mis samflobe loebSi cixe-sima greebi

Cadges da TiTqmis mTlianad daepatronen. kacma ar icis

momavalSi ra moxdeba2. rusma elCebma maSinve upasuxes: Seni

siZe mag dReSi imitom aris, rom Cvens xelmwifes mfarveloba

ar sTxova. magram Seni siZe Tu inebebs, maSin xelmwife Seni

xaTriT Seifarebso3. rogorc Cans, saubris am mimar TulebiT

warmarTva aleqsandres gegmaSi ar Sedioda. mas ar surda,

rom svimon mefe ruseTs dakavSireboda. aleqsandre mefe

rusebTan saubrisas yovelTvis cdilobda Tavisi siZe daem-

1 Сношения России с Кавказом, c. 206; berZeniSvili n., dasax. naSr. gv. 42.2 Сношения России с Кавказом, с. 169-170.3 gavixsenoT, rom rodion birkins, petre pivovs da stefane poluxanovs

jer kidev 1587 wels davalebuli hqondaT, svimon mefesTan urTierTobis dasamyareblad niadagi moesinjaT (Тамже, с. 170).

290 291

cirebina da mas mefobiTac ki ar moixseniebda. aleqsandres

mxolod Tavisi Tavi miaCnda saqarTvelos er TaderT da kano-

nier mefed. kaxTa mefis naTqvami svimon mefeze rus elCebs

ase unda gaegoT: svimoni beci politikosia, osmalebTan mud-

mivi omebis Sede gad qvey ana daRupvamde miiyvana. amas garda,

afiansac eweva da aseT kacTan urTierTobas azri ara aqvso.

aleqsandres kacebi merec, yovel xelsayrel SemTxvevaSi,

cdilobdnen rusi elCebi svimon mefis kaxeTisadmi mtrul

damokide bulebaSi daerwmunebinaT1.

aleqsandres surda rusi elCebisaTvis Caegonebina, rom

ara marto saqarTveloSi, aramed mTel kavkasiaSic ruseTi

mxolod mas unda daeyrdnos, magram man roca moismina rusi

elCebis pasuxi svimon mefis mi marT ruseTis samefo karis

azri, am sakiTxze saubari maSinve Sewyvita. mxolod elCebT-

an bolo Sexvedrisas, vidre aleqsandre mefe am sakiTxze

saubars ganaaxlebda Tavisi saTaTbiros wevrebic ki daiTx-

ova. rogorc Cans, maTac ar andobda Tavisi ocnebis sagans.

aleqsandrem winaT xom el Cebs qarTlis samefos mdgomareoba

gaacno, axla saubari dasavleT saqarTveloze wamoiwyo, rom-

lis mdgomareoba uaRresad muq ferebSi daxata (sainteresoa,

rom kaxeTis mefe, amjeradac gaurbis imereTis, rogorc same-

fos xsenebas. igi mxolod samegrelos axsenebs). misi TqmiT,

winaT iqac qristianebi cxovrobdnen, didi xani ar aris,

rac osmalebma daipyres da ZaliT gaamahmadianes. roca isini

dainaxaven, rom me ruseTis xelmwife micavs, isinic maSinve

daxmare bisaTvis mas mimarTaven da qris tianobas daubrunde-

bian, samagiero sikeTes ufali did xelmwifes miuzRavs2.

amgvarad, aleqsandre II ruseTis xelmwifes amierkavka-

siaSi warmate bis safuZvlad kaxeTis samefosadmi daxmarebas

usaxavs. kaxeTis magaliTze sxvebmac unda dainaxon, ruseTs

1 Тамже, с. 221-222.2 Тамже, с. 220; javaxiSvili iv., dasax. naSr., gv. 300-301.

erTmorwmune qristianebis admi rogori daxmareba SeuZlia.

osmaleTis gavlenisagan ganTavisufle buli qarTlisa da

dasavleT saqarTvelos ruseTTan dakavSirebis saSu aleba

kaxeTis samefo iqneba, romelic sxva qarTul samefoebTan

SedarebiT, mdidaric aris da mravalricxovani jaric hyavs.

igi, ruseTis daxmarebiT, mTel saqarTvelos erT samefod

gaaerTianebs1 (aleqsandre II moskovis me feebis admi gagzavnil

werilebSi Tavis Tavs xSirad mTeli saqarTvelos mefed

moixseniebda) da ruseTis es mokavSire kidev ufro ga-

Zlierdeba. samagierod osmaleTi dasustdeba. magram mosko-

vis samefo kari yovelTvis ar iziarebda aleqsandre mefis

sagareo politikur miznebs.


urTierTobani da diplomatia

XVI s. 90-ian wlebSi

1590 wels Sah abaz I iZulebuli gaxda osmaleTTan zavi

daedo. stam bolis zaviT man formalurad scno aRmosavleT

saqarTvelos, aR mosavleT somxeTis, Sirvanis, azerbaijanis

didi nawilis, luristanis didi nawilis da dasavleT iranis

mniSvnelovani qalaqebis _ hamadanisa da zenjanis os maleTis

xelSi gadasvla.

rogorc iTqva, vidre iran-osmaleTis zavi daideboda,

manamde qarTlisa da kaxeTis samefoebma osmaleTTan TavianTi

urTierToba mo ag vares. `qarTlma da kaxeTma ucxo saxelmwi-

foebTan urTierTobis unari SeinareCunes, ris gasauqmeblad

sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda saqarT veloze os maleTis ùflebis~

cnoba iranis mier, qarTuli samefoebi osmaleTis ùzenaeso-

1 iv. javaxiSvili aRniSnavda, rom rodesac aleqsandre II ruseTis

mfarvelobas mi marTavda, mas saqarTvelos gaerTianebis imedic eqneboda (java-

xiSvili iv., dasax. naSr., gv. 301).

292 293

bas~ droebiT urigdebodnen, magram imave dros diploma-

tiuri RonisZiebebiT saerTaSoriso movlenebze aqtiur ze-

gavlenas axdendnen~1.

moskovSi gasagebi iyo, rom iran-osmaleTis omis damTa-

vrebis Sem deg ruseT-iranis samxedro kavSiri mniSvnelobas

hkargavda. amitom ruseTma iranTan pasiuri Tanamegobrobis

politika irCia. imave dros igi cdilobda, Tavisi samxedro

poziciebi Crdilo daRestanSi ganemtkicebina da gavlena

gaeZlierebina saqarTvelosa da yabardoSi2. iran-osmaleTis

1590 wlis zaviT ZalTa Tanafardoba maxlobel aRmosav-

leTSi, mkveTrad Seicvala3. iranze gamarjvebis Semdeg, os-

maleTma agresia evropisken war marTa. gasagebia, rom iqauri

politikosebi kvlav iraniTa da saqarTvel oTi dainteresd-

nen, miT umetes, rom cnobili iyo iarani da saqarTvelo

omis ganaxlebisaTvis emzadebodnen.

kaxTa mefe aleqsandres Tavisi samefos keTildReobis

safuZvlad osmaleTis agresiisagan Tavdacva miaCnda. radgan

qarTli da irani os maleTs dauzavdnen, amitom, misi azriT,

evropis saxelmwifoebs omi manc unda gaegrZelebinaT.

aleqsandrem icoda ruseTis samefo karze boris godunovis

didi avtoritetis Sesaxeb da 1590 wels mas sTxovda moex-

dina gavlena mefeze, raTa evropis saxelmwifoebi osmaleTis

winaaRmdeg omSi Caeba. roca evropelebi osmalebs oms dauw-

yeben, daaskvnis aleqsandre II, maSin «и у Турского поход на нашу сторону порушитца и людей послати не учнет»4.

1593 w. 26 Tebervals fugeris gazeTSi gamoqveynebuli

informaciis mixedviT, Sirvanis gamgebeli hasan faSa stam-

bolSi imyofeboda, roca qarTvelebis da yizilbaSebis Sir-

vanze da darubandze Setevis Sesaxeb Seityo. sulTanma hasan

1 CoCievi v., maxlobeli aRmosavleTis saerTaSoriso urTierToba XVI-

XVII sau kuneebSi, gv. 207.2 Сношения России с Кавказом, c. 137-138.3 gabaSvili v., dasax. naSr., gv. 89.4 Сношения России с Кавказом, c. 232.

faSas Tavis sagamgebloSi dauyovnebliv dabruneba ubrZana

da, Tu saWiro oqneboda, trapizonis, yarsis, erevnisa da

samcxis beglarbegebisaTvis daxmareba eTxova. rogorc Cans,

os maleTis agresiis dasavleTis mimarTulebiT warmarTviT

isargebles iranma da qarTlis samefom da wagebuli omis

Sedegebis gamosworebas cdilobdnen. osmalebis kavkasiidan

balkaneTSi yuradRebis gadataniT SeSfoTebuli iyo yirimis

xani, radgan moskovis saxelmwifo sul ufro imtkicebda po-

ziciebs kavkasiaSi. yirimis xani sulTans sTxovda, rom gaer-

Tianebuli ZaliT aeRoT da daengriaT rusebis mier Cadgmuli

cixeebi1. imave gazeTis mixed viT, vidre hasan faSa SirvanSi

dabrunde boda, manamde qarTvelebs gaumarjviaT, magram gazeT-

Si araferia naTqvami raSi gamoixateboda es ga marjveba.

`romis saRvTo imperiasTan~ omSi Cabmul osmaleTis

saxelmwifos, qarTvelTa moqmedebam seriozuli sazrunavi

gauCina. sulTanma gadawy vita saqarTvelo-iranis sazRvarze

saswrafod daewyo cixe-simagreebis mSenebloba. osmaleTis

am RonisZiebis gamo iranma pro testi gamoTqva, radgan es

ewinaaRmdegeboda 1590 wlis stambolis zavis pirobebs2.

qarTvelebis osmalTa winaaRmdeg brZolis sxva magaliTis

Sesaxeb, garda zemoaRniSnulisa, cnoba ar gagvaCnia. amitom, Sei-

Zleba davuSvaT, rom saqarTvelosa da iranis agentebi an ofi-

cialuri pirebi, evropel diplomatebs araswor informacias

awvdidnen. amiT maT undodaT evropelebisaTvis gaegebinebinaT,

rom qarTvelebi kvlavv osmalebs vebrZviT da mokavSirebad

gviguleTo. amgvari moqmedebiT, isini garkveul diplomatiur

warmatebas aRwevdnen. antiosmalurad ganwyo bili evropis

qveynebisaTvis gasagebi unda yofiliyo, rom saqarTvelo da

irani stambolis zavis Seguebas ar fiqrobdnen. evropaSi, pir-

vel rigSi ki papis kuriaSi, gadawyvites osmaleTis aRmosav-

lel mowi naaRmdegeebs dakavSire bodnen. osmaleTsa da `romis

1 Tardy L., Le Roi Svimon Ier, 31, p. 196.2 Ibidem, p. 196-197.

294 295

saRmrTo imperias~ Soris omis dawyebamde papma klementi VIII-

m werili gaugzavna Sah abass da evropis antiosmalur ligaSi

Sesvla SesTavaza1. imave dros, man diplomatiuri urTierToba

ga naaxla iranTan, rac dasavleT evropaSi antiosmaluri koa-

liciis Seqmni saTvis samzadiss daemTxva2.

1593 wlis 15 ivniss osmaleTma Seteva ganaaxla `romis

saRmrTo imperiaze~. imperatori rudolfi da romis papi

antiosmaluri Zalebis da razmvas Seudgnen. 1593 w. 21 noem-

bers klementi VIII-m aleqsandre kumuloviCi ndobis sigel-

iTa da instruqciebiT aRWurva da aRmosav leTSi gaistum-

ra. kumuloviCs daevala osmaleTis winaaRmdeg aemxedre bina

tran silvaniis mTavari, moldaveTisa da vlaxeTis voevodebi,

poloneTis mefe, ruseTis mefe da Cerqezebi, romlebsac kav-

Siri unda SeekraT imperatorTan. sayuradReboa, rom kumu-

loviCs specialuri miT iTeba hqonda, megrelebis saSualebiT

dakavSireboda qarTvelebs3, e. i. qarTlis, kaxeTis da im-

ereTis samefoebs.

kumuloviCs moskovis mefe unda daerwmunebina, rom os-

maleTi ruseTs seriozul safrTxes uqmnida. Tu osmaleTi

daamarcxebda avstrias, un greTs, poloneTsa da litvas, ma-

Sin ruseTi dasavleTidan da samxreTidan alyaSi moeqceoda.

imisaTvis rom es ar moxdes, ruseTma unda waaqezos da yve-

lafriT daexmaros iransa da saqarTvelos, raTa maT omiT

daibrunon dakarguli teritoriebi. papis azriT, ruseTi fu-

liT unda daexmaros avstrias, xolo yirimeli TaTrebis ga-

nadgureba ruseTs SesaZleblobas miscems, gavides Savi zRvis

sanapiroebze, saidanac gaexsneba gza konstantinopolisaken4.

1 A Chronicle of the Carmelites in Persia, I, London, 1939, p. 68-69.2 gabaSvili v., dasax. naSr., gv. 91.3 Tardy L., Le Roi Svimon Ier, p. 31, 152.4 Древная российская вивлиофика, содержащая в себе собрание древнос-

тей российских, до ис то рии, географии и генеалогии российская касающийся. Изданная Николаем Новиковым, изд. II, ч.XII, М., 1789, с. 449-460; gabaSvili

v., dasax. naSr., gv. 92.

rogor seriozul Zalad hyavdaT warmodgenili ruseTi

evropaSi da rogor did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen osmaleT-

Tan mebrZoli imper ator ru dolfisaTvis mis daxmarebas,

amaze miuTiTebs dalmciis kunZul xvaris episkoposis pi-

etro Cadalanis pap klementi VIII-isaTvis gagazav nili wer-

ili. masSi naTqvamia, rom ruseTis saxelmwifos SeuZlia

brZolis velze gamoiyvanos 200 aTasi mebrZoli da sak-

maod didi raodenobis artileria. imave werilSi, marTalia,

dasaxelebuli ar aris, magram saqarTveloc na gulisxmevia.

werilis avtori dasZens, rom moskovis mefis Cabma anti-

osmalur ligaSi sasurvelia imitomac, rom mas mravali

erTmorwmune da momxre hyavs sulTnis evropul da aziur

samflobeloebSi1.

moskovis mTavroba papis gegmas sifrTxiliT moekida,

radgan os maleTTan urTierTobis gamwvavebas erideboda.

miuxedavad imisa, rom mosk ovSi cnobili iyo sulTnis roli

1591 da 1592 wlebSi yirimis xanis mier ruseTis terito-

riebis darbevaSi (1591 wels TaTrebma moskovamde miaRwies),

mainc ufro xelsayrelad miaCndaT, osmaleTTan moCvenebiTi

megobruli urTierTobis SenarCuneba. 1594 wels moskovis

elCi danila islenievi sulTans umtkicebda, rom ruseTma

irans uari uTxra osmaleTis winaaRmdeg daxmarebaze. amasve

amtkicebda yirimSi 1593 wels rusi elCi vanteevi2. magram

ruseTi SemTxvevas ar gauSvebda, rom diplomatiuri an fu-

lad saxsrebiT xeli ar Seewyo antiosmaluri Zalebisa-

Tvis.

romis papi iTvaliswinebda espaneTis saerTaSoriso av-

toritets, mefe filipe II-sTan Tavis karg urTierTobas

1 Описания путешествия в Mоскву посла Римского императора Hиколая Варкача с 22 июля 1593 года. «Чтения в обществе истории и древностей Рос-сийских при Московском университете», кн. IV, M., 1874 , c. X.

2 Кабaрдино-русские отношения в XVI-XVII вв. Документы и материалы в 2-х томах, М., 1957, т. I, XVI-XVII вв ., c. 197.

296 297

da cdilobda isic Caeba antiosmalur ligaSi. albaT misi

CagonebiT espaneTis mefe Sah abazs 1593 wlis dasasruls

urCevda uari eTqva stambolis zavze1.

1593 wlis 27 seqtembers moskovSi mivida `romis saRm-

rTo imperiis~ elCi nikolai varkaCi. mis misias Seadgenda

moskovis Cabma im antios malur koaliciaSi, romelSic unda

Sesuliyo avstria, romis papi, espa neTi, ve necia, italiisa

da germaniis samTavroebi2. avstriis karze iTvalis winebdnen

ruseTis dainteresebas osmaleTis dasustebiT (ruseTs xom

sis tematurad esxmoda osmaleTis vasali yirimis xani) da,

rogorc xvaris episkoposi pietro Cadalani paps swerda,

moskovis mefes garkveuli ufle bac ki hqonda pretenzia

waeyenebina bizantiis taxtze. imave dros mxedvelobaSi

iRebdnen, rogorc ukve iTqva, moskovis mefis SesaZleblobas,

osmaleTis winaaRmdeg daerazma irani da misi aRmosav leli

mezoblebi. ukidures SemTxvevaSi, moskovis mefisagan fin-

ansuri daxmarebis imedi mainc hqondaT. msgavsi precendenti

ukve iyo 1587 wels, rodesac varkaCma osmaleTTan omis mo-

tiviT 3 milioni guldeni waiRo3.

1593 w. 30 seqtembers varkaCs molaparakeba hqonda jer

mefe Tevdore ivanes ZesTan, Semdeg, 17 oqtombers boris go-

dunovTan. mefesTan meored Sexvedris dros, 22 oqtombers

varkaCma neba iTxova, moskovSi myof iranis elCTan _ haji

xosrovTan4 Tavisi warmomadgenlis meSveobiT mola parakebis

Sesaxeb. mefe daTanxmda. 23 oqtombers varkaCis msaxurTu-

1 Tardy L., Le Roi Svimon Ier, 32, p. 197.2 Ibidem.3 Описания путешествия в Mоскву посла Римского императора Hиколая

Варкача, c. IX-X.4 varkaCis mixedviT, haji xosrovi warmoSobiT litveli yofila. is ty-

veobaSi Cavarda da iranSi moxvda (Тамже, с. 22). haji xosrovs Tavisi warmoSo-bis Sesaxeb uTqvams as traxanis voevodasTan saubarSic. Бушев П.П., История посольств и дипломатических отношений Русского и Иранского государств в 1586-1612 гг. (По русским архивам), М., 1976, с. 180.

frosi qristofore uprugi haji xosrovTan mosalaparake-

blad wavida. aseve moiqca haji xosrovi. imanac Tavisi Tan-

mxlebi erT-erTi didebuli varkaCisTan mosalaparakeblad

gagzavna1.

ratom ar Sexvdnen erTmaneTs haji xosrovi da varkaCi?

cnobilia, rom avstrias antiosmalur koaliciaSi iranis

Cabma ruseTis Suamavlo biT surda. am ori qveynis warmo-

madgenlebis aseT dabal doneze Sexvedra, safiqrebelia,

moskovis samefo karis surviliT moxda da ai ratom: iransa

da osmaleTs Soris zaviT ukmayofilo moskovis samefo

kars, marTalia, iranis warmomadgeneli umtkicebda, rom es

mxolod droebiTi zavi iyo, ma gram rusebs ar sjerodaT.

rogorc haji xosrovis saubridan da moskovSi Camotanili

Sahis sigelidan Canda, irani amjerad moskovis saxelmwi-

fosTan diplomatiuri da savaWro urTier Tobis gagrZele-

bas fiqrobda. rusi diplomatebis azriT ruseTis iranTan

urTierToba osmaleTis wi naaRmdeg samxedro moqmedebaSi ar

unda gadazrdiliyo, maSin rodesac, iranis mxriv, aseTi mo-

qmedeba misaRebad miaCndaT2. moskovSi osmaleTTan urTierTo-

bis garTuleba ar surdaT. aq dRe-dReze elodnen osmaleTis

elCebs. albaT, SemTxveviTi ar iyo iranis elCis moskovidan

gaSveba 1593 w. 26 oqtombers. 31 oqtombers osmaleTis el-

Cebi moskovSi mividnen3.

haji xosrovis elCoba sainteresoa imiTic, rom 1593 w. 13

seqtem bers boris godunovi, iranis elCis masTan audienciis

dros, saqarT velos sa kiTxsac Seexo. boris godunovma aRni-

Sna, rom kaxeTis mefe aleqsandres TxovniT, moskovma Samxlis

1 Описания путешествия в Mоскву посла Римского императора Hиколая Варкача, c. 23. Sdr. Бушев П.П., Ук. труд, c. 188, sadac naTqvamia, rom iranisa da avstriis elCebi moskovSi erT maneTs Sexvdnen.

2 Бушев П.П., Ук. труд, c. 185-188.3 Описания путешествия в Mоскву посла Римского императора Hиколая

Варкача, c. 25.

298 299

winaaRmdeg didi jari gagzavna. rusTa jaris sardals andrei

ivanes Ze xvorostinins àleqsandre mefis da mTeli iv eriis

dacva~ daevala1. rogorc cnobilia, 1594 w. mowyobili es

laSqroba, romelSic kaxeTis mefis vaJs jariT monawileoba

unda mieRo, magram ar miiRo, marcxiT damTavrda2.

haji xosrovis moskovSi yofnisas pirvelad aRiZra kax-

eTis ufliswulis konstantines Sahis karidan daxsnisa da

misi moskovSi way vanis sakiTxi3. kaxeli ufliswulis sak-

iTxi, XVI s. 90-iani wlebis saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTier-

TobaSi, sul ufro aqtiuri xdeboda.

1593 w. Sah abasis elCis winaSe saqarTvelos da qarTveli

ufliswulze saubris dawyebiT, moskovSi saqarTvelos mi-

marT iranis poziciis garkveva surdaT. magram haji xosrov-

isagan bevri veraferi Seityves. igi moxerxebulad aridebda

Tavs am arasasiamovno saubars da gadakvriT agrZnobinebda,

rom aq iseTi araferia, romelic moskov-iranis urTierTobas

Seaferxebso.

haji xosrovis elCobiT Sah abasma mniSvnelovan warmate-

bas miaR wia: moskovis saxelmwifosTan diplomatiuri urTi-

erToba aRsdga, rasac Sahi osmaleTTan Semdgomi brZoli-

saTvis did mniSvnelobas aniWebda. moskovis mTavroba Sahs

hpirdeboda, rom xels Seuwyobda mis dakavSire bas avstria-

sTan, oRond irani osmaleTTan mSvidobian mdgomareobaSi

nu iqne boda. rogorc boris godunovi Sahs werda, am mizans

emsaxureboda misi Suamdgomloba varkaCisa da haji xosrovis

moskovSi molaparakebis gamarT visaTvis. moskovis mTavroba

saSualebas miscemda iransa da avstrias erT maneTisaTvis el-

Cebi gaegzavnaT ruseTze gavliT4. savarau doa, rom Sah abass

1 Веселовский Н., Ук. труд, с. 186-187; Бушев П. П., Ук. труд, c. 189. Sdr. tivaZe T., iran Tan politikuri urTierTobis sakiTxi, gv. 187.

2 berZeniSvili n., dasax. naSr., gv. 50-56, 70-72; bocvaZe T., dasax. naSr., gv. 51-52; Бушев П. П., Ук. труд, c. 240, 244, 255, 256, 296.

3 Веселовский Н., Ук. труд, с. 186; berZeniSvili n., dasax. maSr., gv. 64-70.4 Бушев П.П., Ук. труд, c. 191-194.

amis Semdeg gauCnda idea, evropasTan kavSiri osmaleTTan

omSi gamo eyenebina1.rogorc iTqva, habsburgebma osmaleTTan omis dawyebisTan-

ave Zlier gaaqtiures diplomatia antiosmaluri koaliciis

Sesaqmnelad. am sakiTxisaTvis didad iRwvoda habsburgebis

mokavSire transilvaniis mTa vari zigmund batori. man kav-

Siri Sekra vlaxeTis mTavar mixaisTan da moldaveTis mTavar

aronTan. am antiosmaluri kavSiris meTauri unda yo filiyo

zigmund batori2.

1594 wlis TebervalSi zigmund batori Tavisi razmebiT

mol daveTSi idga da molaparakebas awarmoebda Cerqezebis,

kazakebisa da polonelTa razmebis meTaurebTan, raTa isini

osmalebTan omSi daxmarebodnen. rogorc Cans molaparakeba

warumateblad dasrulda. imave wlis bolos papma kle menti

VIII-m Tavisi elCebi moldaveTsa da poloneTSi gagzavna,

papma maT samxedro daxmarebis sanacvlod fuli gaugzavna3. pa pis varaudiT, radgan moskovis mefes `yvelaze ukeTesad

SeeZlo werilebisa da elCebis saSualebiT dakavSireboda

Cerqezebs, qarT velebsa da sparselebs~, amitom mas unda

ezruna maT Seyvanaze antios malur ligaSi4.

moskovis saxelmwifoSi mcire cnobebi gaaCndaT axlo

aRmosav leTis, kerZod, iranis politikuri mdgomareobisa

da samxedro poten ciis Sesaxeb. saWiro iyo imis garkveva,

SeeZlo Tu ara irans omis gagrZeleba. 1594 w. 30 maiss

moskovidan iranSi gaigzavna andria zvenig orodskis elCoba,

romlis winaSe dayenebuli miznebi da amocanebi naTels xdis,

rom elCobas se riozuli roli unda Seesrulebina antios-

maluri koaliciis SeqmnisaTvis mola parakebis pirobebis Se-

muSavebaSi, mas aseve gavlena unda moexdina ara mxolod

1 Тамже, с. 201.2 Tardy L., Op. cit., p. 31, p. 153.3 Мохов Н., Очерки истории молдаво-русско-украинских связей, Киши-

нев, 1961 , с. 73-74.4 Tardy L., Op. cit., p. 153.

300 301

iranTan Semdgom urTier Tobaze, aramed osmaleTis sulTnisa

da yirimis xanis winaaRmdeg brZolazec1.

boris godunovi Tavisi sigeliT Sahs acnobebda impera-

tor ru dolf II-is mier espaneTis, veneciis da sxvaTa jare-

bis daxmarebiT 1593 wels os maleTze gamarjvebis Sesaxeb.

boris godunovi aseTive warmatebas usurvebda Sahs Tavis

mtrebze. bolos godunovi Sahs Txovda, rom yazvinSi mZev-

lad myofi kaxeTis ufliswuli konstantine gaeTavisuf-

lebina. boris godunovi iqve Sahs hpirdeboda, rom aleqsan-

dre mefe mZevlis gareSec iranis erTguli iqneboda2.

n. berZeniSvili moskovis mTavrobis mier qarTveli

ufliswulis moTxovnas miiCnevda ruseTis moxerxebul

cdad, `raTa Sahs moskov-kaxeTis mfarveloba-xeldebulebis

aqti, Tu oficialured ara, arapir dapir mainc ecno~3.

Sahis karze konstantine ufliswulis sakiTxis dayenebiT

moskovis mTavroba erTdroulad ramdenime mizans isaxavda.

jer erTi, ufliswulis sakiTxi, faqtobrivad, kaxeTis sak-

iTxi iyo. ruseTi konstan tine ufliswuls iranidan Tu

waiyvanda, es iranis mier kaxeTze ruseTis uflebis aRi-

areba, xolo iranis kaxeTze siuzerenobis dakargvis aRireba

iqneboda. moskovis moTxovna Sahma swored ase Seafasa. Sahs

SeeZlo gamahmadianebuli konstantine kaxeTis taxtis pre-

tendentad gadaeqcia, rac sabolood asec moxda. kaxeTis

taxtze mahmadian mefes ruseTi ver Seegueboda. swored ami-

Ti iyo gamow veuli Sahis karze moskovis elCebis aqtiuroba

konstantines xelSi Casagdebad. amave dros, rogorc boris

godunovis mier saqarT veloSi ruseTis elCis ivane vsevo-

lodskis xeliT gagzavnili sigelidan Cans, igi moiTxov-

da, rom amis Semdeg moskovTan SeTanxmebis gareSe kaxeTis

1 Бушев П.П., Ук. труд, c. 240.2 Памятники дипломатических сношений Дреней России с державами

иностранными, с. 216-217; Бушев П.П., Ук. труд, c. 242.3 berZeniSvili n., dasax. naSr., gv. 52.

mefes mahmadiani mbrZaneblebisTvis mZevali aRar mieca1. qris-

tianuli saxelmwifo ki saqarTvelos uSualo mezoblobaSi,

garda moax loebuli ruseTisa sxva aRar hyavda. maSasad-

ame, aleqsandre mefes mZevali mxolod mfarvelisaTvis unda

mieca.

osmaleTTan omis mosurne kaTolikuri saxelmwifoebis

diplo matebi iTvaliswinebdnen ruseTis pozicias osmaleT-

Tan urTierTobaSi da realurad afasebdnen mis interesebs

kavkasiasa da axlo aRmosav leTSi.

ruseTi dainteresebuli ar iyo habsburgebisaTvis iseTi

daxmareba gaewia, romelic balkaneTSi mis ganmtkicebas

waadgeboda. amgvari daxmarebisagan ruseTi yovelTvis Tavs

ikavebda. rac Seexeba ruseTis pozicias kavkasiisa da iranis

mimarT, aq yvelaferi garekveuli iyo. XVI s. bolo meoTxed-

Si moskovis mTavroba cdilobda fexis mokidebas kaspiis

zRvis sanapiroze, rac astraxanis dapyrobiT nawilobriv

SesZlo kidec. magram ruseTis iq gabatonebas mudmivad emu-

qreboda os maleTi. astraxanis dacvis aucileblobam ruseTi

kavkasiaSi miiyvana, saidanac kidev ufro sasurveli perspeq-

tiva gadaiSala: kavkasiaze ga mavali gzebis xelSi Cag debiT

axlo aRmosavleTTan da indoeTTan da kavSireba SeiZleboda.

antiosmalur ligaSi monawileoba ruseTisTvis sasarge-

blo rom iqneboda, amas aleqsandre kumuloviCi 1594 wlis

11 noembris werilSi Sem degnairad asabuTebda: moskovis mefe

`Sav da kaspiis zRvebs Soris gaxsnis gzas aziisaken da xels

gauwvdis Cerqezebs, megrelebs, qarT velebsa da aziis sxva

xalxebs~. kumuloviCi imasac iTvaliswinebda, rom adgilo-

brivi qristianuli mosaxleoba mxurvaled dauWerda mxars

ruseTis am nabijs2. saintersoa, rom kumuloviCis TqmiT,

ruseTi `daipyrobda mTel teritoriebs kaspiis zRvamde

da gadaiqceoda kaspiis zRvis Crdilo da dasavleTi sana-

1 Сношения России с Кавказом, c. 262.2 Tardy L., Op. cit., 32, p. 153.

302 303

piroebis absolutur baton-patronad, misi samflobe loebis

sazRvrebi saqarTvelomde gadaiWimeboda~1. aRniSnulidan

gamomdinare ruseTisaTvis ufro sasargebloa kavSiri iran-

Tan da saqarTvelosTan, raTa osmalebi kavkasiidan erTobli-

vad gandevnon.

1594 wlis 17 noembers poloneTis seimma antiosmalu-

ri ligis Seqmnis sakiTxi ganixila. miRebuli dadgenilebis

mixedviT, warmateba im SemTxvevaSi iqneboda mopovebuli, Tu

papi moskovis mefes imperatorTan daakavSirebda da maT mx-

ars dauWerdnen iranis Sahi da qarTvelebi2.

aleqsandre kaxTa mefes, evropasTan diplomatiuri

urTierToba, rom uSualod da moskovis saSualebiT hqonda,

amis Sesaxeb ukve iTqva. magram, rogorc irkveva, evropis

saxelmwifoebi antiosmaluri ligis Sesaqmnelad mxolod

aleqsandre II-sTan ar urTierTobdnen. isini gansakuTree-

biT dainteresebulni iyvnen, osmalebis winaaRmdeg dauRa-

lavi mebrZolis, qarTlis mefe svimon I-is ligaSi CabmiT.

svimon mefis kontaqtebi evropis qveynebTan xorcieldeboda

ruseTis gverdis avliT. cnobilia, rom zig mund batori

qarTvelebisa da Cerqezebis antiosmalur ganwyobilebaze

kargad informirebuli iyo Tavisi diplomatis matiaS kisis

saSualebiT. isic savaraudoa, rom ev ropeli diplomatebisa

da saidumlo agentebis saSualebiT warmoebda saqarTvelos

samefoebsa da evropis saxelmwifoebs Soris miwer-mowera.

1595 wlis 29 apriliT daTariRebul pap klementi VIII-

is instruqciaSi, romelic kumuloviCs moskovSi gaegzavna,

naTqvamia, rom is valdebulia wavides CerqezeTSi da iqi-

dan kavSiri daamyaros amierkavkasiis mefeebTan3. cnobili

ar aris SesZlo Tu ara man am davalebis Sesruleba, ma-

gram SiZleba dabejiTebiT iTqvas, rom misi an misi msgavsi

1 `Starine~, kniga XIV, Zagreb, 1882, p. 112-113.2 Ibidem, p. 122.3 Tardy L., Op. cit., 32, p. 154.

diplomat-agentebis saSualebiT moxda svimon mefis evropis

sax elmwifoebTan dakavSireba. saintereso cnobaa Semonaxuli

venecieli dip lomatis, alesandro malipieros 1596 wlis

relaciaSi. igi ambobs, rom qarTvel mefeebs `megobruli

urTierToba aqvT espaneTis mefesTan, romel Tanac werilebs

agzavnian ormuzsa da sxva adgilebze gamavali gzebiT~1.

antiosmalurad ganwyobili yvela saxelmwifosaTvis

naTeli iyo, rom qarTlisa da kaxeTis mefeebis Serigeba met

warmatebas moitanda. magram dgeboda kiTxva: visi inicia-

tiviT unda momxdariyo Serigeba _ ruseTisa Tu iranis. amas

principuli mniSvneloba hqonda. Tu reseTis diplomatia

gai marjvebda, maSin mosalodneli iyo svimon mefec ruseTis

mefis mfarvelobaSi Sesuliyo. ra Tqma unda, iranis Sahic

cdilobda aleqsandre II Tavis mxares gadaeyvana. aleqsan-

dre mefes, rogorc adre iTqva, saqarTvelos gaerTianeba

surda kaxeTis meTaurobiT. am amocanis Tavis sa sargeblod

gadawyvetas igi saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebis ruseTis

mfarvelobaSi SeyvaniT fiqrobda. Tevdore xelmwife 1596

wlis ivnisSi aleqsandre kaxTa mefes pasuxad swerda: «А что к нашему царьскому величеству писал еси в грамоте, что по нашему царьского величества повеленью з зятем своим с Симоном помирился еси вековым миром и начаешся Божь-ей милости, которые земли от вас отстали Мингрелская и Гуриелская и Мамучарская, чтоб вам их к себе про воро тит и под нашу царскую руку их привести»2.

moskovis mefe svimon pirvelTan urTierTobis damyare-

bisaken miis wrafoda da mas qarTlis mefesTan aleqsandres

Suamavloba ar akmayo filebda. igi aleqsandres imave wer-

ilSi miuTiTebda, rom roca Seni el Cebi moskovSi wamovlen,

maT wamohyvnen svimon mefis elCebic, raTa dadg indes «как ему вперед быти в нашем царьском жалованье под нашей

1 Berchet, Op. cit., p. 97.2 Сношения России с Кавказом, c. 267.

304 305

царьскою вы сокою рукою и во обороне от ваших недругов... и пожалеиаи их отпустим и своего по сла к нему пошлем»1. saeWvoa, aleqsandre mefes moswoneboda moskovis xelmwi fis

aseTi didi interesi qarTlis samefos mimarT da igi Seecde-

boda qarTlis samefos ruseTTan daaxloeba ar momxdariyo.

ibadeba kiTxva: ratom svimon mefe TviTon ar cdilobda

ruseTTan dakavSirebas?

svimon I iran-osmaleTis omis dros da mis Semdegac,

sicocxlis bolomde, proiranuli orientaciisa iyo. mas,

osmaleTTan samkvdro-sasicocxlo omis viTarebaSi, rodesac

yizilbaSebTan erTad osmalebis winaaRmdeg ibrZoda, saSu-

aleba ar hqonda, SahisaTvis miuRebeli sagareo politika

gaetarebina, ra Tqma unda, svimonisaTvis kargad iyo cnobili

Sa his ganwyobileba kaxeTis mefis ruseTTan urTierTobis

gamo. man kar gad icoda agreTve, aleqsandres im rTuli

diplomatiuri TamaSis Ses axeb, ro melsac igi SahTan da

moskovis xelmwifesTan antiosmaluri ligis Seqmni saTvis da

Tavisi saboloo miznis, saqarTvelos gaerTiane bisaTvis awar-

moebda. svimon I amitom erideboda moskovTan kontaqts. igi

evropis sax elmwifoebTan urTierTobis drosac, Sahis mi-

TiTebiT moqmedebda. swored Sahis moTxovniT unda yofili-

yo, rom mefe evropaSi gagzavnil werilebSi2 ruseTs ar

axsenebs, yvelgan laparakia mxolod qarTl-kaxeT-iranis

koaliciis Camoyalibebaze. marTalia, wer ilebSi arsad naTq-

vami ar aris koaliciis romelime wevris wamyvani rolis

Sesaxeb, magram adresatebisaTvis gasagebi iyo, rom samTa

kavSirSi irani pirveli unda yofiliyo. amgvarad, Sah abazi

evropel partniorebs warudgenda koalicias masSi ruseTis

1 Тамже, с. 268.2 TamaraSvili m., istoria kaTolikobisa, gv. 76-78, 605-607; saqarTvelos

siZveleni, II, e. TayaiSvilis redaqtorobiT, Tf., 1909, gv. 80-80; Macler F., Noticè de manuscrite armeniens. `Revue des Etudes Armeniennes~, t. I, fasc. I-II, Paris, 1920 , p. 73-78; Tardy L., Op. cit., p. 32, 157-158; gabaSvili v., dasax. naSr., gv. 94-99.

monawileobis gareSe, maSin, roca imave partniorebTan mi-

wer-mowerisa da molaparakebis dros ruseTi aRmosav leTis

antiosmaluri Zalebis damrazmvelad gamodioda. es ki niS-

navda imas, rom ruseTi, Sahis azriT, ar unda Careuliyo

kavkasiisa da axlo aR mosavleTis saqmeebSi, rom es region-

ebi iranis gavlenis sfero iyo. rogorc n. berZeniSvili

aRniSnavda, Sah abasi os maleTis winaaRmdeg sul sxva koali-

cias razmavda. yovel SemTxvevaSi, osmaleTTan omSi ruseTis

beladoba amierkavkasiaSi Sah abass gamoricxulad miaCnda~1.

iranis elCis, andi-begis molaparakeba moskovSi miznad

isaxavda kavkasiaSi ruseTis Semosvlis SeCerebas. Sahma am

molaparakebas antiosmaluri xasiaTi misca, magram mizani

sxva hqonda. Sahs mxolod Samx alis ruseTis gavlenis qveS

moxvedra ar aSinebda. mas gansakuTre biT rusTa jaris Sem-

dgomi winsavla daRestanSi da kaxeTis samefos ruseTTan

kavSiri afiqrebda. raTa kaspiispireTSi ruseTis SeWra Se-

Cerebuliyo, amisaTvis aucileblad miaCnda rusi xelmwifisa

da kaxeTis mefis SamxalTan Serigeba, Tundac amisaTvis ruse-

Tis su verenitetis cnoba sa Samxloze da Samxalis vaJis

moskovSi mZevlad gagzavna gamxdariyo saWiro. Sahi am miznis

misaRwevad mzad iyo rusT xelmwifes darubandis an baqos

gadacemas dapireboda. rogorc Cans, andi begma davalebas

warmatebiT gaarTva Tavi. ruseTis SeiaraRebuli gamosvla

saSamxlos wi naaRmdeg mxolod 10 wlis Semdeg, 1604-1605

wlebSi, moxda2.

manamde ki ruseT-iranis diplomatiur urTierTobaSi

qarTlis sa kiTxi garkveuli simwvaviT unda mdgariyo. ori

metoqe, sabolood, kom pro misul SeTanxmebaze wavida: er-

Toblivad emoqmedaT qarTl-kaxeTis Sesarigeblad. am sakiTx-

is mogvareba daevalaT stambolSi myof moskovisa da iranis

elCebs. rodesac osmalebma maTTvis micemuli da valebis Ses-

1 berZeniSvili n., dasax. naSr., gv. 70.2 Бушев П.П., Ук. труд, c. 222.

306 307

axeb gaiges, isini daapatimres, `radgan Turqebs aSinebdaT

kavSiri moskovsa, sparseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris, mi-

marTuli osmaleTis winaaRmdeg~1.

rogorc adre iTqva, romis papi saqarTvelo-iranis an-

tiosmaluri koaliciaSi Cabmis organzebas moskovs sTxovda.

moRweulia Tevdore ivanes Zis pasuxi klementi VIII-is elC

kumuloviCisadmi: `Sen gvTxove, rom migvew era sparseTisa da

saqarTvelos mefeebisaTvis TurqeTTan omis sakiTxTan dakav-

SirebiT... gasul wels Cven mivwereT sparseTis me fes, ar

daedo zavi TurqeTTan... Cven axlac gavgzavniT masTan delega-

cias, raTa vacnoboT yvalaferi razec Cven SevTanxmdiT. Cven

momaval Sic mivmarTavT saqarTvelos mefe aleqsandres, raTa

mWidro kavSiri iqonios sparseTis mefesTan~2. naCqarevad

meCveneba moyvanil amonaridis mixedviT, l. tardis mier

gamotanili daskvna, TiTqos ruseT-saqarT velo-iranis

mZlavri an tiosmaluri liga Seiqmna. marTalia, irans osmal-

eTTan omis dawyebis SemTxvevaSi ruseTi, espaneTi da saqarT-

velo qvemexebis miwodebas hpirdeboda3, magram es mxolod

dapireba iyo da sxva araferi. saWiro iyo iranis waqezeba

osmaleTis winaaRmdeg da am SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelo (kaxeTis

samefo) TavisTvis misaRebi ruseTis sagareo politikuri

kursis xelSemwyobad gamodioda. bolos da bolos svimon I

da aleqsandre II Serigdnen. venecieli diplomati alesandro

malipiero 1596 wlis TebervalSi senatSi wakiTxul moxsen-

ebaSi aRniSnavda, rom qarTveli me feebis Serigeba iranis

Sahis avtoritetis wyalobiT moxda4. amiT faqtobrivad

Camoyalibda samTa liga qarTl-kaxeT-iranis SemadgenlobiT.

svimon I espaneTSi gagzavnil werilSi aRniS navda, rom aR-

mosavleTSi Seqm nil ligis wevrebs Soris winaT uTanx moeba

1 Hammer J., Op. cit. , S. 316; svaniZe m., dasax. naSr., gv. 216-217.2 Tardy L., Le Roi Svimon Ier, 32, p. 156.3 Ungerische und Siebenbürgische Krieghändel, Frankfurt am Main, 1590 , S.

322-323; Tardy L., Op. cit., 32, p. 157.4 Berchet, ., Op. cit., p. 96-97.

arsebobda (qarTl-kaxeTsa da kaxeT-irans Soris uTanxmoeba),

magram Serigdnen os maleTis winaaRmdeg er Toblivi brZolis,

agreTve ierusalimisa da yvela qristianis osmalTa batono-

bisagan gan TavisuflebisaTvis1.

aRmosavleTSi antiosmaluri koaliciis Seqmnas sulTnis

mkacri reaqcia mohyva. igi gansakuTrebul aRSfoTebas `ver-

agi gaiZvera, intrigani, viTarca mela~ svimon I-is mimarT

gamoxatavda. Sah abasisaT vis gagzavnil wer ilSi murad III

werda: svimoni `ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi udrtvinvelad

Cveni moxarke iyo, rogorc ki aRgviTqva morCileba, Cven vu-

brZaneT mesaz Rvreebs, rom im sazizRari da urwmuno qveynisaT-

vis xeli ar exloT. ami tom Cvenma jarebma datoves misi

qveyana, gadaketes yovelgvari gza areu lobisa da omisa da

icavdnen [svimonis] qveyanas sxve bisagan. im SemTxvevaSi Tu

isini ar daafaseben im did wyalobas, romelic maT qarTveleb-

is mi marT gamoiCines, fics gatexaven, misi [svimonis] gvami

gvelebisa da Wi anWvelebis lukma gaxdeba~2.

savaraudoa, rom aleqsandre II am koaliciis miznebs mT-

lad ar iziarebda da gulmodginebas arc misi ganxorcieleb-

isaTvis iCenda. ruseTis gamoTiSvas osmaleTis winaaRmdeg

omidan, kaxeli politikosebi ver daeTnxmebodnen, magram

iZulebulni iyvnen garkveul dromde gaCumebuliyvnen. isic

unda iTqvas, rom jerjerobiT mikvleuli ar aris (SeiZleba

arc arsebobda) kaxeTis mefis werili, gagzavnili svimon me-

fis da Sah abasis werilebTan erTad evropaSi. savaraudoa,

rom aleqsandre II daTanx mda (an ki daTanxmda?) zemoxsen-

ebuli werilebis avtorebs, misi sax eliTac mieweraT evro-

pis saxelmwifoTa meTaure bisaTvis. marTali ar unda iyos

1 gabaSvili v., dasax. naSr., gv. 95.2 svaniZe m., 1588 wels qarTlis mefe svimon I-isa da osmaleTis sardal

ferhad faSas Soris dadebuli sazavo xelSekruleba. `qarTuli diplomatia~, weliwdeuli, #10, Tb., 2003 , gv. 151.

308 309

julfeli1 Tu eCmiaZineli2 diplomatis, Sah abasis elCis,

ter-iakobis naTqvami, TiTqos mas Tan hqonda mefe aleqsan-

dres werilebic evropis mefe-mTavrebisaTvis gadasacemad3.

ter-ia kobi Sah abasis gamocdili diplomati iyo da, ra Tqma

unda, kaxTa mefis ganwyobilebaze sityvasac ar daZravda.

Sahsa da kaxeTis mefes Soris rom kvlav daZabuli vi-

Tareba iyo, amaze miuTiTebs Semdegi momentic. Sahma aleqsan-

dre mefesTan miRweuli SeTanxmebis ganmtkiceba da kaxeTis

sabolood Tavis mxareze gadayvana 1596 wels saqorwino

kavSiriT scada. man Tavisi elCi didi saCuqrebiT gagzavna

kaxeTis mefesTan da asuli sTxova Tavis sacoled. aleqsan-

dres gansjiT, Sahs mZevlis warTmeva undoda da ara danaT-

saveba. amitom man moxerxebu lad uTxra uari – Cemi asuli

daniSnulia samegrelos mTavarzeo. aleqsandrem yizilbaS

elCebs pasuxTan erTad saCuqrebic gaatana4. male Sahma namd-

vili zraxvebi gamoamJRavna. 1597 wels Sah abasma kaxeTis

aklebis muqariT aleqsandres mosTxova Tavisi naTesave bidan

yvelaze saukeToso qalwuli misTvis sacoled gaegzvna.

amjerad mefe iZulebuli gaxda Sahis moTxovna daekmay-

ofilebina da Tavis colis Zmis (amilaxoris) asuli gaug-

zavna5.

svimon I 1595 wlidan aqtiurad Caeba antiosmaluri

koaliciis Camoyalibebis saqmeSi, rac sakmaod kargad aisaxa

maSindel diplomatiur mi mowerasa da sabuTebSi. am mxriv

1 Tardy L., Le Roi Svimon Ier, 32, p. 160.2 TamaraSvili m., dasax. naSr., gv. 76.3 Tardy L., Op. cit., 32, p. 162.4 Сношения России с Кавказом, c. 310-311.5 Тамже, с. 311; Веселовский Н., Ук. труд, с. 437, 441; Крымский Е. А., Ис-

тория Турции и ее ли тературы, II, M., 1919, c. 291; berZeniSvili n., dasax. naSr., gv. 76. Sahs aseve qorwine bis gziT undoda daebrunebina kavkasiaSi dakarguli

zogierTi samflobelo. 1597 wels abazma sulTans sTxova Tavisi da sacoled

mieca. imave dros man mziTvis saxiT moiTxova Samaxia, darubandi da sxva adg-ilebi, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi omis dawyebiT daemuqra. sulTanma mas Tvaziani

uari SeuTvala. Сношения России с Кавказом, c. 311.

seriozul interess imsaxurebs transilvaniis mTavris zig-

mund batoris dakavSireba svimon mefesTan os maleTis wi-

naaRmdeg erToblivad sabrZolvelad. 1595 w. 25 ian vars,

praRaSi, imperator rudolfsa da zigmund bators Soris

daido osmaleTis wi naaRmdeg erToblivi brZolis

xelSekruleba1. imave wlis 20 da 30 iv niss dadebuli

xelSekrulebebis sa fuZvelze, valaxeTis voevoda mixaim da

moldaveTis mTavarma Stefan rez vanma scnes zigmund bato-

ris uzenaesoba2. amgvarad, Camoyalibda Zlieri an tiosmaluri

koalicia, ro melmac, Tavdapirvelad samxedro warmatebasac

miaRwia.

zigmund batori iTvaliswinebda ra osmaleTis imperiis

samxedro Zlierebas, aucileblad miaCnda misi Zalebis nawi-

lobriv dabandeba aR mo savleTSi. batorim kargad icoda svi-

mon mefis osmaleTis winaaRmdeg xan grZlivi brZolis Ses-

axeb, mas werili gaugzavna da mouwoda daewyoT brZola,

svimons _ aRmosavleTidan, bators _ dasavleTidan. zigmund

ba torim, rom daaxloebiT aseTi Sinaarsis werili gaugza-

vna svimon mefes, es cnobilia am ukanasknelis mier espane-

Tis mefe filipe II-sTvis 1596 wlis 25 agvistos gagzav-

nili werilidan3. am werilze yuradRebis gamaxvileba

saWiroa imi tom, rom masSi gansakuTrebiT kargad Cans svimon

mefis antios maluri saqmianoba. svimon I espaneTis mefes

swerda: `me mogwereT werili Cvensa da Tqvens udidebule-

sobas Soris aliansis Seqmnis Sesaxeb, raTa Tqven udidebule-

sobas CvenTvis ecnobebina Tavisi survili. CvenTvis cno-

1 Ősterreichische Staats verträge. Fürstertum Siebenbürgen (1526-1690). Bear beiten von R. Goos, Wien, 1911 , S. 218-235.

2 Documents privitoare la istoria Romanilor, v. II , par. II, p. 209-213.3 Macler F., Op. cit.,, p. 77-78. arsebobs am werilis somxuri da berZnuli

varian tebi, somxuri daTariRebulia 14 agvistoTi (ix. tabaRua. dasax. naSr., I, gv. 222-227). f. maklerma ga moaqveyna werilis berZnuli variantis frangul

enaze Targmani. f. makleris da i. taba Ruas mier gamoqveynebul Targmanebs So-

ris, rogorc Semdeg gamoCndeba, arsebobs gansxvaveba.

310 311

bilia transil vaniis impera toris survili da Cven didad

gvwams, rom igi dapirebis erT guli dar Ceba da dagvexmare-

ba... amave mizniT mivwereT wer ili wminda mamas da germaniis

imperators~1. svimoni iqve aRniSnavs Sahis im gulmodginebis

Ses axeb, rasac igi qristiani mefeebis dasaxmareblad iCens.

ar vici, zigmund batoris werilma Tu kidev sxva ramem

gaaqtiura svimon mefe, magram faqtia, rom 1596 wels man

ramdenime werili dawera2: 6 maiss ve neciis respublikis

1 Macler F., Op. cit., p. 78. Sdr. tabaRua i., dasx. naSr., I, gv. 224-227.2 im werilebis garda, romlebsac qvemoT gavecnobiT, mkvlevrebi fiqroben,

rom svi mon mefem imave 1596 wels paps gaugzvna kidev erTi werili daTariReb-

uli 1546 wliT, romelic m. TamaraSvilma gamoaqveyna da iqve gamoTqva varaudi, rom `werili gagzavnilia svimonis gamefebis da misi sparseTis tyveobidgan

dabrunebis Semdgom da osmalebis mier misi datyvevebis wineT; amitom, Cvenis azriT, unda iyos miwerili 1504(?)-1596 wlebSi~ (TamaraSvili m., dasax. naSr., gv. 78). m. TamaraSvilma SemdegSi ufro daazusta werilis daweris dro: ùnda

iyos 1578 weli, svimon I-is sparselebisagan gan Tavisuflebis Semdeg~ (TamaraS-

vili m., qarTuli eklesia dasabamidan dRemde. redaqcia gaukeTes, winasityvaoba daurTes da gamosacemad moamzades z. aleqsiZem da j. odiSelma, Tb., 1995, gv. 524). am wer ilis TariRTan dakavSirebiT, i. tabaRuam ieWva, rom werili

SeiZleba dawerili iyos svimon I-is mamis luarsab I-is mier da amitom uzis

1546 weli (tabaRua i., dasax. naSr., II, gv. 181, Sen. 88). g. Jordanias ki eWvi ar epareboda, rom werili dawerilia 1596 wels (Жордания Г., Га мезардашвили З., Римско-католическая мис сия и Грузия, ч. I. Из истории взаимоотношений папства и миссионеров с Картлийско-Кахетинским царством и Кримским ханством. Горийские миссии (конец XVI и и 20-30-е годы XVII столетия), Тб., 1994 , с. 277). Cemi azriT, werilis Sinaarsi da masSi erTi miniSneba sagulisx-

mos xdis, rom werili dawerili unda iyos sul sxva dros, XVI s. 70-80-ani wlebis mijnaze. masSi, zogad xazebSi gadmocemulia mefis mamis, luarsab I-is

tragikulad daRupvis, svimonis gamefebis da sarwmunoebisaTvis Tavdadebuli

brZolis, yizil baSebisagan datyvevebis da ganTavisuflebis, svimonis xelaxla

gamefebisa da osmalebis wi naaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb. erTi sityviT werili

informaciuli xasiaTisaa da masSi konk retulad araferia naTqvami osmalebis

winaaRmdeg erTobliv brZolaze. `Cveni gulis yvela natvras mRvdeli ter-

iakob moaxsenebs Tqven siwmindesa~ _ am sityvebiT amTavrebs Tavis werils

svimon mefe.

werilis miaxloebiT daTariRebisaTvis amosavali unda iyos mefis erTi

fraza: ̀ Cems Tavs gavswirav erTianad da egreTve Cems qorfa Svilsac... xels ar

aviReb osmalebis winaaRmdeg omze~ (TamaraSvili m., dasax. naSr., gv. 77, 607).

saxelmwifo sabWos, imperator rudolfs da romis paps

gaugzavna werilebi, agvistos 14 da 25 ricxvebSi ki espan-

eTis mefe filipe II-s. werilebi waiRo mama iakobma. rogorc

varaudoben, mama ia kobi erovnebiT somexi ter-akof marqari-

ani1, warmoSo biT julfidan iyo, ma gram cxovrobda eCmiaZ-

inSi, saidanac mefem gamoiZaxa da diplomatiuri da valeba

misca2: mas daevala an tiosmaluri koaliciis Sekvra, romlis

ini cia torad aRmosavleTSi svimoni da misi mokavSire Sah

abazi, dasavleTSi ki, romis papi klement VIII gamodiod nen.

rogorc im droindeli saistorio wyaroebidan Cans,

ter-iakobi Zalian Wkviani, SorsmWvreteli, frTxili adami-

ani iyo. man ramdenime ena icoda. rogorc zemoT ganxiluli

werilidan irkveva, mefe mas didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, miax-

loebiT 70-iani wlebis dasarulidan mainc, mniSvnelovan

diplomatiur davalebebs akisrebda. 1596 wels evropaSi

misiis Sesrulebisas ter-iakobs axlda Tavisi vaJi3.

g. Jordanias da z. gamezardaSvilis mixedviT, svimon

mefem ter-ia kobi 1596 wlis maisis dasawyisSi iranSi gaagza-

vna da 6 maiss berZnulad dawerili werilebi gaatana. igi

jer iranis sataxto yazvinSi mivida, os maleTis im periis

is ̀ qorfa Svili~ (`parvulo fi lio~) 1596 wels ukve 25 wlisa yofila da ra Tqma

unda, am asakis kacze mefe qorfas ver ityoda. maSasadame werili dawerili

unda iyos tyveobidan dabrunebis (1578 w.) Semdeg axlo periodSi.

1 maisuraZe g., qarTveli da somexi xalxebis urTierToba XIII-XVIII

saukuneebSi, Tb., 1982 , gv. 148.2 svimon mefe, rogorc Cans, eCmiaZinel mRvdlebs xSirad aZlevda diplo-

matiuri xasi aTis davalebebs. pirvel aseT cnobas vxvdebiT misi alamuTis

tyveobidan dabrunebis (1578 w.) Semdeg. ix. TamaraSvili m., dasax. naSr., gv. 77. magram svimon I-ze adre sxva qarTveli mefee bic mimarTavdnen eCmiaZinel somxebs

da diplomatiur davalebebs aZlevdnen. ufro vrclad ix. Тивадзе Т. Г., Ук. труд, с. 238-245. eCmiaZineli somexi samRvdeloebis garda qarTve;li mefeebi

amgvar davalebas aZlevdnen somex vaW rebsac. aseTi iyo jenkinsonTan gagzavnili

somexi 1563 wels; imave wels kaxeTis samefodan moskovSi gagzavnili somexi

vaWari da svimon mefis mier 1578 wels espaneTis mefesTan gagzavnili somexi

vaWari. maTze zemoT, TavTavis adgilas ukve iTqva.

3 Tardy L., Op. cit., 32, p. 165.

312 313

teritoria tripolamde gaiara, am navsadguridan gemiT gae-

mgzavra da kviprosidan veneciaSi mivida. veneciidan is jer

papTan ki ar wavida, aramed imperatorTan da 1597 wlis 10

ivliss ukve venaSi iyo. venaSi is maSinve avstriis ercher-

cogma maqsimilianem miiRo. 17 ivliss ter-iakobma imperator

rudolfs Sah abasisa da mefe svimonis werilebi gadasca1.

aseTia ter-iakobis venamde mogzaurobis marSruti2.

dazustebas moiTxovs ter-iakobis evropaSi gamgzavrebis

da qarT veli mefeebis mier misTvis werilebis gadacemis zo-

gierTi detali. rogorc iTqva, 1596 wlis 6 maisiT aris

daTariRebuli svimon mefis werilebi da amis Semdeg ter-

iakobi SahTan yazvinSi gaemgzavra. is sak maod didi xnis gan-

mavlobaSi, wlis bolomde an axali wlis dasawy isamde iq

darCa, rogorc g. Jordania da z. gamezardaSvili fiqroben.

ter-iakobs veneciis saxelmwifo sabWos mdivan marko oto-

bonosaTvis uTqvams, rom igi yazvinidan ori dRis savalze

Jekbri-Si svimon I-sa da aleqsandre II-s Sex vedria, romleb-

1 Жордания Г., Г,амезардашвили З., Ук. труд, с. 280. gansakuTrebiT sain-teresoa veneciis saxelmwifo arqivSi daculi dokumenti, romelic ter-ia-

kobis evropaSi mogzaurobas as axavs, am dokumentis franguli Targmani gamo-

aqveyna l.Ltardim. Tardy L., Op. cit., 32, p. 160-163.2 veneciis elCis franko vendraminis moxsenebiT baraTSi, romelic gag-

zavnili unda iyos neapolitaniis mefesTan, naTqvamia: ùaRmatebuleso mefeo, mravali Tvis gan mavlobaSi sparseTSi imyofeboda erTi gamocdili (eCmiaZineli

– e.m.) somexi im mizniT, rom Sahi daerwmunebina, raTa igi Tavisi jarebiT TurqeTis sulTnis winaaRmdeg amo qmede buliyo; es ori dRea rac igi am karze

imyofeba. misi mogzauroba daaxloebiT 2 weli gagrZelda. rogorc igi am-

bobs, cxra Tvea rac sparseTidan gamosula. siriaze gamouvlia, tripolSi

gemze damjdara kunZul kviprosze misasvlelad. jer mas audiencia ar hqo-

nia. sparseTis Sahis werilebi wamouRia, agreTve sagangebo mizniT am mx-

areSi ar gamoutanebiaT misi keisaruli udidebulesobis werilebi. ambobs, rom sparseTisa da saqarTvelos mefeebma ruseTis mefesTan erTad TurqeTis

winaaRmdeg kavSiri Sekreso. misi keisaruli udidebulesoba dahpirebia, rom am mxaridan ieriSiT miva mterze mTeli ger manuli jarebiT da kavSirs daamyarebs

klaTolike mefesTan, Tqvens yovlad saxelganTqmulobasTan da italiis sxva

mefeebTan, raTa Zirian-fesvianad aRmofxvras os maleTis imperia~. tardi l., veneciis roli ungreTTan saqarTvelosa da sparseTis urTierTobaSi, gv. 210.

sac evropaSi gasatanebeli werilebi gadauciaT1. bunebrivia,

dais mis ramdenime kiTxva: Tu ter-iakobis saqarTveloSi yof-

nis dros, maisSi, daiwera mefis werilebi, ma Sin qarTvel

mefeebs ratom unda mietanaT is ini yazvinSi? meore kiTxva,

albaT, is iqneba, rogor moax erxebdnen qarT veli mefeebi,

maTi sam flobeloebidan Sors, yazvinidan ori dRis savaliT

(daaxl. 60 km) daSorebul punqtSi ter-iakobTan Sexvedras?

da, mesame kiTxva: ram ga moiwvia ter-iakobTan qarTveli me-

feebis kidev erTxel Sex vedris aucilebloba?

1. dReisaTvis cnobili werilobiTi wyaroebi arafers

gveubneva ter-iakobis svimon mefesTan saqarTveloSi mosv-

laze. werilebis 6 maisiT daTari Reba, srulebiTac ar niS-

navs im dros qarTlis samefoSi mis yofnas. maSa sadame, wer-

ilebi ki daiwera 6 maiss, magram gasagzavnad gamzadebuli

da luqul-dabeWdili werilebis ter-ikobamde mitana didi

xnis ganmavlobaSi ver moxerxda. amgvari Seferxebis mizezi

an mizezebi maSin sakmaoze bevri iqneboda. aqve isic unda

iTqvas, albaT ter-iakobis evropaSi gagzavna Sahis mizeziTac

Seyovnda, Torem misi gaSveba adre iqneboda ganzraxuli.

2. ter-iakobma, SeiZleba, venecieli diplomatis TvalSi

Tavisi av toritetis amaRlebis mizniT, veneciis respublikis

warmomadgenelTan sau brisas sTqva, rom qarTvelma mefeebma

TavianTi xeliT miutanes evropaSi gasatanebeli werilebi.

imis daSvebac SeiZleba, rom italielma misi naTqvami sworad

ver gaigo (cnobilia, ter-iakobma italiuri ar icoda. misi

Tarjimani iyo italiaSi mcxovrebi somexi, vinme jakomo2).

ter-ia kobi ase gadmogvcems qarTvelebis mier wer ilebis mis-

Tvis gadacemas: `ga viare qarTvelTa mefeebTan _ aleqsan-

dresa da svimonTan, romlebsac Sevx vdi erT adgilas, romel-

sac hqvia iekbri, yazvinidan ori dRis savalze. imaTac

momces werilebi wm. taxtisaTvis, aseve imperatorisaTvis

1 Tardy L., Le Roi Svimon Ier, 32, p. 162.2 Ibidem, p. 160.

314 315

gankuTvnili werili, romelsac papi mis despans gadascems.

maTTvis mimaqvs, agreTve, qarTvelTa da iberielTa pa triarqis

beWeddasmuli werilebi~1. vfiqrob, `gaviare svimonTan da

aleqsandresTan~, zemomoyvanil amonaridSi ter-iakobi rom

ambobs, unda niSnavdes mis Sexvedras qarTvel mefeebTan

saqarTveloSi da aqedan werilebis waRebas.

3. sruliad safuZvlianad mimaCnia imis fiqri, rom ter-

iakobis saqarTveloSi mosvla imdenad werilebis waRebiT ar

iyo gamowveuli, ram denadac aleqsandres dasayolieblad,

masac mieRo monawileoba an tios malur koaliciaSi. ter-ia-

kobis mier evropaSi gancxadebuli, rom antiosmaluri

koaliciis aqtiuri wevri kaxeTis samefoc iqneboda, Cemi

azriT, srulebiTac ar asaxavda realobas. adre ukve vTqvi,

rom aleqsandre kaxTa mefis gegmSi ar Sedioda antios-

maluri koaliciis imgvarad gamarTva, rogorc iransa da

qarTls esaxeboda. naTqvamis das turad isic gamogvdageba,

rom ter-iakobis gancxadebis miuxedavad, rom mas Tan hqonda

aleqsandre II-is werilebi, isini (werilebi) jerjerobiT

mikvleuli ar aris da, savaraudoa, arc arsebobda. aleqsan-

dre mefis gan wyo bilebis Sesaxeb pap klementi VIII-sac

scodnia. amitom sTxovda igi moskovis xelmwifes, rom gav-

lena moexdina aleqsandreze. mefe Tavdore ivanes Ze, Tavis

mxriv, paps acnobebda, rom `vapireb qarTvel mefes, aleqsan-

dres vurCio, isic is eve moiqces da sparseTis SahTan erTad

imo qmedos~2. safiqralia, rom aleqsandrem pozicia ar Se-

icvala. albaT, ami tom mama iakobi marko oto banosTan

saubarisas mxolod dasawyisSi ax se nebs aleqsandres, Sem-

degSi yvelgan mxolod svimon mefe Cans.

1597 w. 20 ivniss ter-iakobi veneciis saxelmwifo sab-

Wos winaSe wars dga da mefis werili gadasca. `svimoni, Rm-

rTis SewevniT, xelmwife qarTlisa da mTeli iberiisa~

1 Ibidem, p. 161-162.2 tardi l., ungreT-saqarTvelos urTierToba XVI saukuneSi, gv. 167.

veneciis mTavrobas sTxovs, See wion mama ia kobs, raTa man

Tavisi misia Seasrulos: uxifaToT miaRwios romamde papTan

Sesaxvedrad. werili dawerili iyo berZnulad da mas mefe

berZnuladve awerda xels1. veneciis mTavroba yovelTvis did

interess iCenda osmaleTis aRmosavleli mezoblebis antios-

malur saqmianobisadmi. am jeradac, veneciaSi saWirod CaT-

vales, gaegoT ter-iakobis papTan vizitis mizani. amis

garkveva daevala marko otobanos. 21 ivniss dainiSna sabWos

sxdoma. sxdomis dawyebamde marko otobano da ter-iakobi

erTmaneTs araoficialurad Sexvednen. maTi Tarjimani iyo

andria negroni. romelmac svimon mefis berZnuli werili

itali urad Targmna. marko otobanom Seadgina ter-iakobTan

saubris angariSi, ro melSic naTqvamia: `brZenTa sabWom me,

marko otobanos, sabWos umdables mdivans, damavala, Sevxve-

drodi mama iakobs, saqarTvelos me fis elCs romSi da gamome-

kvlia misi davalebis motivis Sesaxeb. vidre umaRlesi sabWo

Seikribeboda mama iakobisaTvis ormocdaaTi dukatis saCuqrad

gadasacemad, visargeble SemTxveviT, mivuaxlovdi mas (Tarjim-

nad memsaxureboda ne groni) da vTxove, moeTxro Tavisi mog-

zaurobis Sesaxeb... eqvsi Tvea, rac man sparseTis dedaqalaqi

yazvini da tova. igi mefem papTan gagzavna elCad. gamgzavre-

bisas iranis Sahma daavala mas enaxa saqarTvelos mefeebi _

aleqsandre da svimoni, romlebsac Sexvda iekrbriSi, yaz-

vinidan ori dRis savalze. maTac aseve gadasces papisaT vis

da romSi myofi imperatoris el CisaTvis werilebi. mefeTa

wer ilebis garda, mas Tan hqonda qarTlisa da kaxeTis pa-

triarqebis werilebi. mama iakobs sxvadasxva dros SahTan,

saqarTvlos patriarqeb Tan da mefeebTan mihqonda papis, kar-

dinal santa severinas da impera toris werilebi. xSirad es

werilebi dawerili iyo italiur enaze, ris gamoc maTi

wakiTxva uWir daT saqarTveloSi. axla mTxoves, gadameca

misi uwmindesobisaTvis, rom, Tu momavalSic moisurvebda

1 Tardy L., Le Roi Svimon Ier, 32, p. 160-161.

316 317

miweras, miewera sparsulad. maT daavales, agreTve, rom

papma Seaxsenos evropel qristianebs, rom maT gaaerTianon

TaavianTi Zalebi mtris winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad~. svimon

mefe, rogorc ter-iakobs uTqvams, maSin 65 wlisa yofila,

misi vaJi ki 25 wlisa. svimons iakobi axasiaTebs, rogorc

mamac samxedro pirovnebas, misi vaJic, miuxedavad axalgaz-

rdobisa, ukve cnobili pirovneba yofila.

ter-iakobs qarTvelTa samxedro potencialzec uTqvams

mokled: qarTvelebs 40 aTasi qveiTi da meTofeTa nawilebi

hyavT. radgan maTi qveyana mTagoriania, amitom maT kavaleria

ara hyavT1. iranis Sahs didad gau Wirdeboda qarTvelebi rom

ar icavdneno.

Tavisi mogzaurobis Sesaxeb mama iakobs uTqvams: ̀ saqarT-

velodan vanis mimarTulebiT gaviare vanis provincia. Tan

maxlda svimon mefis saidumlo agenti. alepoSi veneciis pa-

tivcemul konsuls gadaveci svimon mefis wer ili. konsulma

momca fuli, puri da yvelaferi, rac mWirdeboda gem `nana-

Ti~ mogzaurobis dros. bolos, saxmeleTo mogzaurobisas

movxvdi qalaq zanSi, sadac veneciis keTilSobilma mmarT-

velma Tavazianad Semom Tavaza puri, fuli da tansacmeli,

rac damWirdeboda romisaken mogzaurobis dros~2.

1597 wlis 10 ivliss mama iakobi venaSi Cavida. meore

dRes igi er chercogma maqsimilianma miiRo. 17 ivliss iakobi

praRaSia. man impera toris kariskacebs Sah abasisa da mefis

werilebi gadasca. Sahi da qarTveli mefe imperators sTx-

ovdnen gaeZlierebina omi osmaleTis winaaRmdeg. mama iakobma

gaugebrobis Tavidan asacileblad iqve ganacxada, rom iranis

Sahi molaparakebas awarmoebs osmaleTis sulTanTan da stam-

1 gaocebas iwvevs mama iakobis es naTqvami. Tanamedrove yvela evropeli

mog zauri, vaWari Tu diplomati erTxmad aRniSnavda, qarTveli mxedrobis

simamaces, rom qarTvelebi brZolis velze, ZiriTadad, cxenosani jariT gamo-diodnen. sxvaTaSoris, osmalebTan omSi qarTvel meTofeTa did rolze miu-

TiTebda alesandro malipieroc. Berchet G., Op. cit., p., 97.2 Tardy L., Op. cit., 32, p. 160-163.

bolSi Tavis elC sac agzavnis, romelsac Sahma seriozuli

davaleba misca: elCs unda See grovebina samxedro mniSvnelo-

bis cnobebi da ùnda gaerkvia sulTnis zraxvebi iranis Sa-

hisa da saqarTvelos mefis mimarT~1. ase rom, imperatori Tu

Seityobda iranis elCis stambolSi Casvlaze, mas unda scod-

noda, rom irani sazavo molaparakebas ki ar iwyebda, aramed

dazvervis mizniT gag zavnili elCoba iyo.

aRmosavleTis ligis wevrebi rom sulTanTan Serigebas

ar fiqrobdnen da masTan gamwvavebuli urTierToba hqondaT,

ter-iakobs amis sabuTad svimon mefis SemTxveva mohqonda.

sulTans mefesTan saidumlo mkvleli miugzavnia, magram is

svimons amoucvnia osmaleTis elCis mravalricxovan amalaSi.

am ambis mowme TviT ter-iakobi yofila.

iakobma praRaSi isic acnoba, rom iranis Sahi da saqarT-

velos mefeebi ruseTis xelmwifesTan erTad osmalebis wi-

naaRmdeg gamosvlisaT vis emzadebodnen. amis gamo ter-iakobs

impera torisaTvis unda eTxova ma sac daerazma germaniis mTeli

Zalebi, kavSiri daemyarebina espaneTis mefesTan, veneciis

doJTan da italiis mTavrebTan da osmaleTis gasanadgure-

blad erToblivad gamosuliyvnen. iakobma im peratoris karis-

kacebs mouTxro agreTve, Sahma saqarTvelos mefes rogor

sTxova sacoled erTi asuli2, rasac Sahi did politikur

mniSvnelobas aniWebda. garda amisa, dau mata ter-iakobma, Sahis

karze mravali qarTveli imyofeba, rom lebic did gavlenas

axdenen Sahis sagareo politikaze, kerZod, osmaleTTan mim-

dinare omebze. Sahs ganzraxuli aqvs daibrunos Tavrizi da

osmalebis mier dapyrobili sxva adgilebi. Sahi maSin daiwyebs

oms, roca darwmun deba, rom imperatorma rudolfma dapireba

Seasrula da evropaSi didi armia Sekriba. winaaRmdeg SemTx-

vevaSi, Tu igi TavdacviTi omiT dak mayo fildeba, maSin Sahic

1 Ibidem.2 igulisxmeba aleqsandre mefis asulis Txova Sah abasis mier, razec

zemoT ukve Tqva.

318 319

Tavs Seikavebs, qarTvelebic SeteviTi omisadmi in teress da-

kargaven da amiT mxolod evropelebi dazaraldebian1.

praRidan gagzavnil moxsenebaSi veneciis elCi werda,

rom mama ia kobi imperatorma miiRo. iakobma imperators gad-

asca Sahisa da qarTveli mefee bis werilebi. man audienciis

dros ganacxada, rom Tan hqonda pa pisaTvis gankuTvnili

werilebic, romlebic misTvis unda gadaeca piradad Sexve-

dris dros2. svimon mefis mier papisaTvis gagzavnil werils

m. TamaraS vilma miakvlia. werilSi papis xotbis Sesxmaa da

zogadad aR niSnulia im ganuwyveteli da xangrZlivi brZo-

lis Sesaxeb, romelsac qarTlis mefe osmalebis winaaRmdeg

awarmoebda. svimoni iqve dasZens: `vidre pirSi suli midgia,

xels ar aviReb osmalebis wi naaRmdeg omze~. werilSi ar

Cans, svimon mefe papisgan konkretulad ras iTxovda. mas,

amis Sesaxeb, ter-iakobisaT vis sityvierad dauabarebia. ̀ Cveni

gulis yvela nat vras mRvdeli ter-ia kobi moaxsenebs Tqvens

siwmindesa~3 _ swerda mefe.

ter-iakobi 1597 w. 20 seqtembramde praRaSi darCa, Sem-

deg romisken gaeSura. misi papTan Sexvedridan mxolod is

viciT, rom kaTolikuri samyaros meTaurma moiwona iran-

saqarTvelos politikur mesveurTa an tiosmaluri ligis

SeqmnisaTvis saqmianoba. imave dros man elCs ganucxada: imi-

saTvis raTa praqtikulad momxdariyo dasavleTis saxelmwi-

foebis os maleTis winaaRmdeg darazmva, Sahs Tavisi elCebi

unda gaegzavna espa neTisa da safrangeTis mefeebTan, italiisa

da germaniis mTavrebTan. Sahs isic unda SeeTvala dasaxele-

buli mefe-mTavrebisaTvis, rom mas, Tavis mxriv, kavSiri

hqonda qarTlis mefe svimonTan da ruseTis mefesTan da rom

isini jaris gamoyvanas Sehpirdnen4. papma ter-iakobs gulax-

1 Tardy L., Op. cit., 32, p. 167.2 Ibidem, p. 167-168. 3 TamaraSvili m., dasax. naSr., gv. 77-78, 605-607.4 Tardy L., Op. cit., 32, p. 169.

dilad uTxra, rom susti iyo misi gavlena qristian mefeTa

karze da ukeTesi iqneboda Tu iranisa da saqarTvelos me-

feebi TavianT elCebs evropis mefeTa karze gaagzavnidnen1.

evropis saxelmwifoebis raime ideisaTvis SekavSireba

maSin SeuZle beli iyo. evropis saxelmwifoebs Soris gad-

aulaxavi winaaRmde gobebi (religiur-ideologiuri, politi-

kuri, ekonomikuri, terito riuli) arse bobda. espaneTi xan

iaraRiT, xan diplomatiuri saSualebe biT ebrZoda inglissa

da safrangeTs, germaniis protestant mTavrebs da jer kidev

ar dasrulebuliyo misi brZola niderlandebis bur Juaziul

respublikasTan. uaRresad dramatuli iyo italiis respub-

likebis da samTavroebis urTierToba, ar iyo Tanxmoba aR-

mosavleT ev ropaSi. habsburgebs mudvi teritoriuli dava

hqonda Tavis aRmosavlel mezoblebTan.

evropis saxelmwifoebs Soris serizuli winaaRmdegoba

arsebobda osmaleTis sakiTxis gamo, rac umTavresad mis sam-

flobeloebTan vaWrobiTa da iq gamavali umniSvnelovanesi

savaWro-saqaravno gzebis ga moyenebisaTvis xdeboda. sarge-

blobda ra sulTnisagan miniWebuli savaWro privilegiebiT

(kapitulaciebi), safrangeTi yovelTvis Tavs ikavebda an-

tiosmaluri politikis gatarebisagan. mis aseT pozicias

os maleTis mTav roba didad afasebda.

aRmosavleTis antiosmaluri koaliciis wevrebisaTvis

gasagebi iyo, rom evropidan raime seriozuli daxmarebis

imediT yofna ar SeiZleboda. Sah abazi aqtiur moqmedebaze

gadavida. 1597 wels man sastikad daamarcxa ozbegebi da

qurTebi, romlebic osmaleTis mokavSireebad gamovidnen. Sahi

osmaleTTan momavali omisaTvis zurgs imagrebda da did war-

matebasac miaRwia. amave dros Sah abazi realu rad afasebda

1 Zalauneburad gaxsendeba saukune-naxevris winaT saqarTvelos mefe-mTa-

vrebis, trapizonis imperiisa da ay-yoiunlus saxelmwifoebis elCebis uSedego

mogzauroba ev ropaSi. maSinac xom aseTive pasuxiTa da rCeviT gaistumra isini

papma pius II-m.

320 321

aRmosavleTis ligas. man ufro gaacxovela svimon mefesTan

urTierToba, xolo aleqsandre me feze, axlac ruseTisaken

rom iyureboda, zemoqmedeba gaaZliera. 1598 wels svimon me-

fem, Sah abazTan SeTanxmebiT, osmaleTTan omi ganaaxla. es

ukve 1595 wlis SeTanxmebis garkveuli nawilis realizaciis

dasawyiss niSnavda1. marTali ar iyo moskovis elCi aTanase

vlasievi, roca imperator rudolf II-is karze ikvexnida:

svimon mefem osmaleTTan brZola mefe boris godunovis

brZane biT daiwyoo2. sainteresoa, Sahs ras miscemda mxolod qarTlis samefos

mier dawyebuli brZola, maSin, roca yizilbaSebi garkveul

dromde Tavs ikavebdnen osmalTTan omis dawyebaze. savarau-

doa, Sah abazi svimonis mier dawyebuli brZoliT miznad

isaxavda Semdegs: 1) moesinja osmalTa Zalebi; 2) evropis

saxelmwifoebisaTvis eCvenebina, rom aRmosavleTis koali-

ciam moqmedeba daiwyo; 3) qristiani mefe svimonis mier os-

maleTis winaaRmdeg omis dawyebas SeiZleboda STabeWdileba

moexdina ev ropis saxelmwifoTa meTaurebze da imaTac samx-

edro moqmedeba daewyoT.

svimon mefem omis dasawyebad SemTxveviT ar SearCia 1598

weli. am dros osmaleTs mniSvnelovnad garTulebuli saSi-

nao mdgomareoba hqonda. mimdi nareobda saxalxo ajanyebebi.

svimon mefem mokle droSi mniSvnelovan warmatebas miaRwia.

man pirvel rigSi Tbilisis ganTavisu fleba ganizraxa da 45

dRe mis misadgomebTan dahyo, magram warumate blad3. vaxuSti

batoniS vilis mixedviT ki am dros Tbilisi qarTvelebs

epyraT. `sBmon... aRiRo cixe loreca da daipyra TBT, movida

tfiliss da daezava rostoms imerTa mefesa~4. axali qarT-

lis cxovrebis pirveli teqsti ki gvamcnobs, rom svi monma

1 gabaSvili v., dasax. naSr., gv. 100.2 Сношения Царя Феодора Иоановича и Бориса Годунова императором

Рудольфом II, 1594-1604 гг., СПб., 1852 , с. 695.3 Tardy L., Op. cit., 31, p. 200.4 qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 417.

`kualad daipyra cixe lorisa, Semoiqca da movida TBsad

saxlad~1. xolo qarTlis cxovrebis mesame teqstSi vkiTxu-

lobT: `daipyra lore da war movida gamarjvebuli saxid

TBsad~2. rodesac evropul da qarTul cno bebs vadarebT

vaxuSti batoniSvilis naTqvams, vrwmundebiT, rom Tbilisi

kvlav osmalebs ekavaT.

1599 wlis 18 aprils stambolidan miRebuli informaci-

is safuZ velze, imave wlis 21 maiss fugeris gazeTi werda:

`svimonma, saqarT velos Zlierma xelmwifem da mbrZanebelma,

iranis SahTan dadebuli Se Tanxmebis safuZvelze, daiwyo br-

Zola erTi mniSvnelovani cixe-simagris winaaRmdeg, romel-

ic kargad iyo aRWurvili qvemexebiT. igi ferhad faSam

aago da ukanaskneli omis dros iranis winaaRmdeg iyenebda~3.

vfiqrob, laparakia me fis mier taSiris umniSvnelovanesi

strategiuli punqtis lores cixe-si magris aRebaze. zemoT

gavecaniT mi nadois naTqvams, rom ferhad faSam lores cixe

aRadgina, Sig 7-8 aTasiani garnizoni 200 qvemexiT Caayena.

svi mon mefis mier aseTi gamagre buli da aRWurvili cixis

aRebas seriozuli rezonansi eqneboda axlo aRmosavleTsa

da evropaSi.

lores dapyrobis Semdeg, mefem goris cixe gaaTavisu-

fla.

sainteresoa, rom evropeli damkvirveblebi mefis warmate-

bebs ukavSirebdnen osmaleTSi dawyebul saxalxo ajanye-

bebs, kerZod, husein faSas ajanyebas. 1599 w. 15 oqtombris

cnobiT, `svimoni, saqarT velos mbrZanebeli, srul mxardaW-

eras iRebda husein faSisagan, romelmac svi monTan moavlina

warCinebulTa delegacia da didZali fuli gamougzavna Tav-

isi gamosaxulebiT~4.

1 iqve, II, gv. 378.2 iqve, gv. 535.3 Tardy L., Op. cit., 31, p. 200.4 Collections d’historiens Armeniens, traduit par M. Brosset, t. I, SPb., 1874, p.

275; svaniZe m., dasax. naSr., gv. 221.

322 323

mefesa da ajanyebul anatolielebs Soris kavSirze mi-

uTiTebs sxva wyaroc, romelSic naTqvamia, rom, rodesac

datyvevebuli svimoni arzrumSi Caiyvanes, iq droebiT gaaC-

eres, radganac anatoliaSi osmaleTis sulTnis winaaRmdeg

ajanyebulTa xelmZRvanelma yara iaziCim (1599-1603) gadaw-

yvita, svimon mefe tyveobidan gamoexsna. man Tavis Tanamebr-

Zolebs ubrZana, svi moni moenaxaT, mcvelebisaTvis moetacaT

da masTan mieyvanaT1. amasve aRniS navs somexi is torikosi

araqel davriJeci2.

anatoliaSi mimdinare ajanyebebma svimon mefes moqmedeba

gauad vila. Sahma maSinve Seafasa Seqmnili viTareba da qarT-

lis mefe arzrumis das apyrobad waaqeza. italiuri Jurnal-

istikis fiZemdebeli bernardino bekari 1599 wels werda,

rom àrc aziaSi midis Turqebis saqme kargad. saqarTvelos

mefe svimoni 20 aTasi arkebuzeriT da 5 aTasi mxedriT Sei-

Wra arzrumis mxareSi, sadac yvelaferi cecxlsa da maxvils

misca, daipyro oTxi qalaqi da xelT igdo mravali qvemexi~3.

imave wlis 8 oqtombers fugeris gazeTi werda: `svimon mef-

es SeeZlo didi warmate bisaTvis mieRwia da osmalTa teri-

toriebi aziaSi daepyro, radgan adgilobrivi faSis mier

gamogzavnil samxedro nawilebs svimonis wi naaRmdeg brZola

ar surdaT~4.

zemomoyvanili cnobebis garda, sxva raime sabuTi, svimon

mefis ana toliel ajanyebulebTan urTierTobis an arzrumze

misi Tavdasxmis Ses axeb, ar gagvaCnia. ra Tqma unda, gamor-

1 Tardy L., Op. cit., 31, p. 201.2 araqel davriJecis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. Targmani, Sesavali

da komen tarebi k. kuciasi, Tb., 1974, gv. 54. iaziCis sruliad gansxvavebul

ganzraxvasa da mo qmede baze gvamcnobs sxva somexi istorikosi hovanes wareci.

misi TqmiT, gzad mimavali svimoni sulTnis winaaRmdeg ajanyebulma arzrumis

mmarTvelma iaziCma Seipyro. kucia k., grigol daranaRcis cnoba svimon I-is stambolSi tyveobis Sesaxeb. saqarTverlos istoriis aRmo savluri masalebi, Tb., 1975 , gv. 123, Sen. 4.

3 Tardy L., Op. cit., 31, p. 204.4 Ibidem, p. 200.

icxuli ar aris evropeli diplomatebisa da korespondent-

ebis mier svimon mefis osmalebTan brZolis Sedegebis gaz-

viadeba. qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, svimon

mefes, bolo xanebSi, ar hqonda iseTi Zala, romliTac aseTi

seriozuli samxedro operaciebis ganxorcielebas SesZleb-

da. man xom SedarebiT iolad mosageb zogierT brZolaSi

saqarTveloSi ganicada marcxi. asea Tu ise, vidre ar aRmoC-

ndeba sxva ma salebi, manamde fugeris gazeTSi gamoqveynebuli

masalebi ar SeiZleba sandod miviCnioT.

lores dapyrobis Semdeg, svimon mefem osmalebis mier

Zlier gama grebul gors Seutia. cixeSi osmalebTan erTad

gamuslimanebuli mesxebic imyofe bodnen. alya cxra Tves

gagrZelda. mecixovneni sur saTis naklebobas ganicdidnen,

magram cixidan gamosvlas ver bedavdnen. gaWirvebam mainc

Tavisi gaitana da 500 osmalo cixidan gamovida, axlomaxlo

soflebi moar bia da didZali sursaTi da pirutyvi iSova.

ma gram maT cixeSi Sesvla veRar moaswres. batoniSvilma

goCam 500 darCeuli mebrZoliT gza gadauWra da mravali

amowyvita. am warmatebis Semdeg me fem kidev ufro gaamkacra

alya, magram goris aReba mainc ver SesZlo.

sulTnis karze saTanadod Seafases saqarTveloSi Seqm-

nili mdgo mareoba da sagangebo zomebi gaatares: saswrafod

Catarda mobilizacia da saqarTveloSi didi jari gamogz-

vnes jafar-faSas meTaurobiT. arsebobs sulTan mehmed III-is

(1595-1603) 1599 wlis aprilis Sua ricxvebSi gamocemuli

firmani qarTlis samefoSi svimon mefis mier dawyebuli

ajan yebis likvidaciisaTvis gasatarebeli RonisZiebebis Ses-

axeb, romelic daegzavnaT: ovsilis sanjaybegs _ mehmeds,

maRris sanjaybegs _ karabegs, isboris sanjaybegs _ nuri

alis, armanis sanjaybegs _ velis, laCinis san jaybegs _

nizamis, samanis sanjaybegs _ quCuqs da selmasis sanjaybegs

_ Razis:

324 325

`TurRa: sulTan mehmed xani murad xanis1 Ze, mudam gama-

rjvebuli.

emirTa da warCinebulTa siamayes, didebulTa da saxelo-

vanTa So ris rCeuls, pativmosils ZalauflebiT, Semkuls

RirsebiTa da brwyin valebiT, maRali xelmwifis winaSe

mravali wyalobiT gamorCeuls, ovsilis sanjay begs, meh-

meds, iyos xangrZlivi sicocxle misi, rodesac moaRwevs

umaRlesi sameufeo brZaneba, geuwyos, amJamad qarTlis mbr-

Zanebeli svimon xani ajan yebuli da aboboqrebulia. igi Cemi

bed nierebis dedaqalaqis sazRvarze mdebare goris cixesTan

movida, garemoicva, zogierTi adgilebi gadaswva da gaav-

erana, mTlianad areuloba gamoiwvia. gaugonari viTareba

Seiqmna.

amJamad Tavrizis dacvaSi myofi, keTilSobili desTuri2,

dide buli mrCeveli, qveynis momwesrigebeli, Cemi veziri

jafar faSa, imatos misma sidiadem, im sazRvris mkvidrTa

gamgebeli radganac iyo, igi iq myofi me sazRvre beglagbe-

gebisa da vanisa da diarbaqiris vilaieTebSi myof qurTTa

gamgeblebis meTaurad dainiSna. amasTanave geuwyos, rom igi

[jafar faSa] saswrafod aiyara, goris cixesTan mivida, xsen-

ebuli cixis gaveranebuli adgilebi SeakeTebina. im wyeulebs

SeuZliaT cecxliTa da maxviliT movidnen. vilaieTisa da

qveynis dapyrobis Taobaze Cemi didebuli, Zlevamosili fir-

mani arsebobs. Senc am Cemi bednieri sameufeo, guliTadad

gacemuli brZanebisa da rac warmogid genia imis mixedviT

1 murad xani _ osmaleTis imperiis sulTani murad III (1574-1595).

2 desTuri _ ZiriTadi kanoni. saxelmwifo didmoxeleebi valdebulni

iyvnen es desTuri cxovrebaSi gaetarebinaT. desTuris aRmsruleblad iTvle-

bodnen vezirebi, min istrebi, `mrCevelebi~ da sxva warCinebulebi. vezirebsa da

didvazirebs imitom erqvaT desTuri, rom emoqmedaT kanoniTa da garkveuli

wesebis mixedviT. ix. jiqia s., erTi Turquli sabuTi cxinvalis Sesaxeb. Tsu-

s Sromebi, t. 116, 1965, Tb., gv. 246; abu laZe c., oTxi Turquli dokumenti

imereTis mefis solomon II-is Sesaxeb, Tsu-s Sromebi, t. 121, Tb., 1967, gv. 172.

imo qmede. nabrZanebia, rom samefo taxtis daqvemde barebaSi

myofi qurTTa laSqaric da momTabareTa winamZRolis mier

momzadebuli Zalebi mtris dasaxvedrad mzad iyvnen.

aqedan gamomdinare vbrZaneb, rom rodesac Cemi sameufeo

firmani moaRwevs, mis safuZvelze imoqmedeT. saxelmwifo

taxtis daqvemdebare baSi myofi qurTTa laSqari iaraR-saWur-

veliTa javSniT garSemo SemoikribeT, momzadebuli iyaviT.

xsenebul Cems vezirs cnoba gaegzav neba...

daiwera didebuli ramazanis Tvis Sua ricxvebSi, weli

10071.

ramazanis Tvis Sua ricxvebi, weli 1007 _ 11-20 aprili

1599 weli~.

firmanSi gadmocemuli ambavi da sulTnis brZanebiT gasa-

tarebeli RonisZiebebTan erTad vigebT ̀ qarTlis mbrZanebeli

svimon xanis ajanyebuli da aboboqrebuli~ mebrZolebis mier

1599 wlis goris alyis dros osmalebisaTvis miyenebuli

zaralis Sesaxeb.

vidre sulTnis firmaniT gaTvaliswinebuli RonisZie-

bebis cxovre baSi gatareba moxdeboda, manamde svimon mefem

cbierebiT SeZlo goris aReba. 1599 wlis didmarxvis dReeb-

Si mefem alya moxsna da gors gaecala. osmalebma icodnen,

rom qristianebi didmarxvis dReebSi omsa da SuRls mo-

eridebodnen da sifxizle moadunes.

mefem farsadan ciciSvilsa da sulxan TurmaniZes daav-

ala, Tavi anT mamulebSi kibeebi daemzadebinaT da laSqar-

ic mzadyofnaSi yolodaT. das axelebulma Tavadebma mefis

brZaneba Seasrules da daTqmul dros cixes frTxilad

mieparnen. cixeSi dabanakebulma osmalebma jaris miaxloeba

ma Sin gaiges, roca igi ukve qalaqSi Sesuliyo da Caxrux-

aZis saydarsac as cileboda. roca osmalebma gangaSi astexes,

1 firmani gadmomca cnobilma Turqologma-mecnierma prof. nodar Senge-

liam, risTvisac did madlobas movaxseneb. firmans vaqveyneb SemoklebiT. Sen-

iSvnebic n. Senge lias ekuTvnis.

326 327

qarTvelebi kibeebiT ukve cixeSi gadasuliyvnen da SigniT

ibr Zodnen. osmalebi da mesxebi dilamde winaaRmdegobas

ganagrZobdnen. roca darwmundnen, rom brZolis gagrZelebas

azri aRar hqonda, mefes ùvneblobas Semoexvewnes da zogni

mesxni igive cixeSi oqonis xats Se exvewnes da mefes safi-

cari sTxoves~. mefem Tavisi Zmis vaxtangis xeliT Sewyaleb-

is sigeli gaugzavna. ufro metic, `yvelas cxeni da saxarjo

misces da sagzali da jari Tan gaatanes rom gzaze aravin ar

awyinos rame~. cixeSi naSovni nadavlis erTi nawili mefem

Tavis mebrZolebs dauriga, xolo is rac sulTnis qonebad

iTvleboda Tavis Zmas vaxtangs ubrZana samefo sakuTrebad

gadaeqcia.

goris ganTavisuflebis Semdeg ganTavisuflda mTeli qar-

Tli. qarTlsa da samcxe-saaTabagoSi antiosmaluri ajanyeba

daiwyo.

qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT, svimonma icoda ra os-

malTa mzadebis Sesaxeb (razec, zemoTmoyvanil firmanSic

aris naTqvami) Tavisi ojaxi goridan me jvrisxevSi gadaiy-

vana, ufliswuli giorgi ki didi jariT gorSi datova

da misi dacva daavala. mefe jaris Sesagroveblad sabara-

TianoSi wavida, magram ver moaswro, farcxisTan damarcxda

da os malebma daatyveves. mefe gasca kaxaber yorRanaSvilma,

romelic Sem deg sa baraTianos amir spasalarma, mefis erT-

gulma saCino baraTaSvilma, Seipyro da geliyaris kldidan

gadaagdo.

somexi istorikosis araqel davriJecis mixedviT, svi-

moni tyveobaSi aRmoCnda Semdegnairad: ìm mxares sadac svi-

moni imyofeboda, Turqebs sruliadac ar hqondaT eWvi, rom

svimoni iq iqneboda: nadavlis wadiliT Turqebis laSqars

gamoeyo erTi razmi da im mxares gaemarTa. maT dainaxes

erTi qarTveli, Seipyres igi, cota win wavidnen, svimonis

razmi dainaxes da tyves hkiTxes misi vinaoba. rodesac misgan

gaiges, rom Tvi Ton svimoni iyo, Tavzardacemuli mahmadianebi

ukan gabrundnen da saCqarod swrafmrbeni cxeniT kaci af-

rines banakSi da es ambavi mTavarsardal jafars Seatyobines.

mas Zlier gauxarda da bevri mamaci vajkaci gaamxneva da

gagzavna. isinic wavidnen, Seipyres svimoni da masTan miiy-

vanes. svimons misvlisTanave Sesaxvedrad win miegeba jafari.

Semdeg [Turqebma] TavianT enaze xmamaRla RaRadiT adides

ufali~1.

qarTuli wyaro mefis datyvevebaze Semdegnairad mog-

viTxrobs: `q ~ks spz mefeman cxra Tves goris cixes ibr-Zola, aiRo, mas Sina myofni urumni gamoasxna da mSBdobiT

gauSva. _ amave qoronikonsa mefe da urumni Seibnes awe-

fis, algeTis pirs da cxeni wauqcies brZolasa Sina mef-

es Tu laSvilma; daiWires TaTarT mefe sBmon da stambols

xonTqarTan gagzavnes~2

radgan jafar faSas moaxsenes, rom gorSi mdgomi giorgi

ufliswuli mamis ganTavisuflebas Seecdebao, osmalebi ai-

yarnen da svi monic Tan waiyvanes. marTlac, meore dRes, na-

SuadRevs, mefis datyvevebis ambavi gorSi movida. batoniSvili

giorgi cxenosanTa razmiT osmalebs daedevna, magram amaod.

datyveveba im patara qarTuli samefos mefisa, romelic

12 wlis ganmavlobaSi mosvenebas ar aZlevda TiTqmis mTeli

axlo aRmosavleTis dampyrobel osmalebs, sulTanma udides

warmatebad CaTvala da brZana saxelmwifos qalaqebSi quCebi

moerToT da sami dRis ganmavlobaSi yvela lxenas miscemoda.

sulTanma isic brZana, rom svimoni masTan mieyvanaT3.

1600 wlis 21 ivniss mefe stambolSi Caiyvanes da iedi

ku les4 cixeSi moaTavses.

1 araqel davriJeci, gv. 53.2 qronikebi, II, gv. 43.3 araqel davriJeci, gv. 53.4 iedi kule (Turq. yedi –Svidi da kule –cixe, e. i. SvidkoSka, Svidbur-

jiani cixe) _ mdebareobs stambolis amave saxelwodebis ubanSi, marmarilos

zRvis napiras. elCebs, vezirebs da maRali Tanamdebobis im damnaSaveebs, rom-lebsac sikvdili hqon daT mis jili, am cixeSi aTavsebdnen. sikvdiliT dasjis

328 329

batoniSvili giorgis da Sah abas I-is cdam, daexsnaT

mefe tyveo bidan, Sedegi ar gamoiRo: `qarTvelT dauwyes

xonTqars xvewna da mefis svimonis gamoSveba eajnes. mrava-

li Zvirfasi Tval-margaliti gaugzavnes da giorgi mefis

Svili daviT mZevlad mihgvares, rom wamoiyvanon~1. SemdegSi

saqarTveloSi xma gavrcelda giorgi X-is ufrosi va Jis da-

viTis dakargvis Sesaxeb rasac `parizis qronika ~ gvamcnobs2.

daviTi, erTi fran guli cnobiT, 1609 wels 14 wlisa iyo

da iyo Wkviani da keTili bunebis axalgazrda3. saintere-

soa, rom mefis daxsnisaTvis ener giulad iRwvoda mefis

meore SviliSvili, ulamazesi TinaTini, ro melic sparsul

da evropul wyaroebSi cnobilia gulCara (gulCahras) sax-

eliT. gulCara, daviTis da iyo. gulCaram, marTalia mefis

ganTavisu fleba ver SesZlo, ma gram diplomatis didi niWi

gamoamJRavna. gulCaras stambolSi aseTi saqmianobis Sedegi

iyo, rom erTi piroba sulTnis karma svimon mefes iran-os-

maleTs Soris dazavebis mogvareba daavala da mxolod amis

Semdeg hpirdeboda tyveobidan ganTavisuflebas. svimoni da

gulCara stam bolidan erTi kviris wasulebi iyvnen iranis

mimarTulebiT, roca sul Tanma ahmed III-m (1603-1617) gad-

awyvetileba Secvala da svimoni ukan daabruna, gulCaram ki

gza gaagrZela. man Sah abazs is werilebi wauRo, romlebSic

zavis dadebis au cileblobasTan erTad saqarTvelos Sesax-

ebac iqneboda Txovna da moTxovnac. sazavo molaparakeba,

romlis Suamavladac gulCara gamodioda sakmaod gagrZel-

da. amasobaSi 75 wels miaxlovebuli mefe tyveobaSi gar-

daicvala 1611 wels.

adgilad SerCeuli iyo imper ator Teo dosis mier aSenebuli TaRis marcxniv

mdebare marmarilos koSki. sik vdilmisjilebs ag debdnen bnel dilegSi. mokveTil

Tavebs hyridnen qvissaxuravian WaSi. romelsac sisxlis Was eZaxdnen. jiqia s., epizodi XVI saukunis saqarTvelos is toriidan, gv. 56.

1 farsadan gorgijaniZe , gv. 16.2 iqve, gv. 22.3 svaniZe, dasax. naSr., gv. 238

gulCaras diplomatiuri moRvaweobis Sedegad, 1612 wlis

20 noem bers stambulSi iran-osmaleTis zavi daido1. amgvar-

ad, svimon mefis gardacvale basTan dakavSirebuli qarTuli

wyaroebis cnobebi simarTles ar asaxavs. erT-erTi qar Tuli

qronikebis mixedviT, svmon mefe ̀ iediyulaSi daatyveves, sami

weli wadi iq iyo, gamoiyvanes da aT meidanzed Tavi gaagde-

bines~2. sxvagan ki vkiTxulobT: `mefe edi kuleSi mokles da

batonis Svili daviT daikarga~3.

mefis neSti stambolidan Camoasvena gorelma vaWarma

diakvniSvilma da mcxeTaSi dakrZales.

svimon mefis politikuri da samxedro asparezidan wasv-

lam sagrZno blad daasusta saqarTvelos antiosmaluri Zala.

am garemoe bam, garkveuli gagebiT, sagrZnoblad gaarTula,

aleqsandre kaxTa mefis mdgomareoba. aqamde svimon mefe

osmalebs iaraRiTa da diplomatiuri saSu alebebiT ebrZoda

(aleqsandre II imave osmalebis pretenziebisagan Tavis daxs-

nas mxolod diplomatiiT cdilobda), rac kaxeTis samefos

mgomareobas sagrZnoblad umsubuqebda. osmaleTi iZulebuli

iyo, mTeli yuradReba amierkavkasiaSi, kerZod, saqarTvelo-

Si, qarTlis samefosaTvis miepyro. aseT viTarebaSi, osmale-

Tis mTavroba kaxeTis mi marT mkacri politikis gatarebas

erideboda. osmaleTSi cnobili iyo, rom kaxeTis samefo,

arc iranis, osmaleTis dauZinebeli mtris, erTguli iyo.

aleqsandre II kargad xedavda, rogor icvleboda viTare-

ba axlo aRmosavleTSi. iran osmaleTis omi axlovdeboda.

gaurkveveli iyo vin gai marjvebda. jerjerobiT arc erTi

mxarisaTvis mimxroba sasurveli ar iyo. amitom kaxelma dip-

lomatebma kvlav scades ruseTi CaebaT kavkasiis saqmeebSi.

1598 wels aleqsandre mefem kaxeTSi ruseTis elCebs ga-

1 gulCaras Sesaxeb ix. svaniZe m, saqarTvelo-osmaleTis istoriis

narkvevebi (XIV-XVIII) Tb., 1990, gv. 261-276.2 qronikebi, II, gv. 431.3 parizis qronika, anu cxovreba saqarTveloÁsa, red. z. WiWinaZe, Tb.,

1903, gv. 22.

330 331

nucxada, rom ruseTis xelmwifem Turqebisagan dacva aRmiTq-

va da TurqebisaTvis misacemi xarki TavisTvis moiTxovoso1.ver daveTanxmebi im azrs, TiTqos ̀ aqamdis sakiTxs agre ar

svamda kaxTa mefe da kaxeT-osmaleTis urTierTobaSi mfarve-

lis aSkara Carevas erideboda~2. zemomoyvanili rusuli da

evropuli wyaroebis sa fuZvelze vfiqrob, rom aleqsandre

ki ar erideboda kaxeT-osmaleTis urTierTobaSi moskovis

saxelmwifos aSkara Carevas, aramed, piriqiT, moskovis mTav-

roba erideboda. aleqsandres undoda, rac SeiZleboda aSka-

ra, yvelasaTvis dasanaxi gamxdariyo moskovis saxelmwifos

kaxeTisaTvis mxardaWera, am ukanasknelis osmaleTTan da

iranTan urTierTobis sakiTxSi.

aleqsandre mefis mier moskovis xelmwifisaTvis osmale-

Tis kuTvnili xarkis SeTavazeba ukanaskneli nabiji iyo misi

sagareo politikis mTavari miznisaken _ radac ar unda da-

jdomoda, gaeaqtiure bina moskovis politika amierkavkasiaSi,

mfarvelisagan realuri daxmareba mieRo. magram aleqsandre

mefis yoveli cda amao aRmoCnda.

moskovis mTavrobis mier aleqsandre kaxTa mefis wina-

dadebaze Ta vis Sekaveba, sruliadac ar niSnavda osmaleTi-

sadmi mtrul moqmedebaze Tavis SekavebiT gamowveul mdumare-

bas. piriqiT, mefe boris godunovi gul modgined cdilobda

antiosmaluri koaliciis Seqmnas. maS ratom ar miiRes mosk-

ovSi kaxeTis mefis winadadeba? safiqrebelia, moskovis mTav-

roba an gariSs uwevda iranis interesebs saqarTvelos mimarT.

moskovSi, albaT, varaudobdnen, rom kaxeTis saqmeebSi aqti-

urad Cabma gamoiwvevda iranTan urTierTobis Seferxebas.

irani iyo osmaleTis po tenciuri mowinaaRmdege aRmosavleT-

Si da masTan urTierTobis garTuleba kaxeTis samefos gamo,

1 «Велел меня от Турскаго оборонить; а что с меня Турской дани емлет, и государь бы тое дан ве лел имати на себя, государя». Сношения России с Кав-казом, с. 314.

2 berZeniSvili n., dasax. naSr., gv. 77.

maSin, roca moskovis mTavrobisaTvis cnobili gaxda (1601 w.

reCpo spoli tis mefe zigmund III-sa da yirimis xans _ Razi

gireis Soris mola parakeba ruseTis winaaRmdeg erToblivi

omis dawyebis Sesaxeb1), moskovis saxelmwifos Tavdacvis

interesebs ar Seesabameboda. swored am mosazrebiT unda

yofiliyo ganpirobebuli, rom iranSi gagzavnil aleqsandre

Tevdores Ze Jirov-zasekinis elCobas (1600-1601) special-

uri da valeba mieca, rom Sahis karze, amjerad, ar unda

yofiliyo dayenebuli saqarTvelos sakiTxi. yizilbaSebi Tu

mainc wa moWridnen, maSin moskovis elCs frTxilad, magram

mtkiced unda ganecxadebina, rom osmaleTis, Samx alisa da

sxva mTielebisagan Zlier Seviwroebulma kaxeTis mefem dacva

sTxova mefe Tevdore ivanes Zes. man, rogorc erTmorwmunem,

Tavis mfarvelobaSi miiRo aleqsandre mefe2.

moskovis mTavrobis saqarTvelos sakiTxze dumili, mx-

olod arse buli viTarebiT iyo gamowveuli. amis Semdeg,

miuxedavad ruseTSi dawyebuli ucxoelTa intervenciisa

(cru dimitri I, cru dimitri II, poloneTisa da SvedeTis

intervencia) da didi socialuri moZraobisa (glexTa omi bo-

lotnikovis meTaurobiT), moskovSi arasodes ar iviwyebdnen,

rom `saqarTvelo yovelTvis iqneboda ruseTis potenciuri

mo kavSire da placdarmi kavkasiisaTvis Semdgom brZolaSi.

amitom ruseTis mTavroba did moralur (SeZlebisdagvarad

materialursac) daxmarebas uwevda saqarTvelos~3.osmaleTis imperiis aRmosavleT provinciebSi mimdinare

glexTa ajanyebebma, osmalTa warumatebelma omebma evropaSi,

Sah abas I-s Tavisufali moqmedebis saSualeba misca. man maS-

inve gamoiyena es xelsayreli viTareba. 1603 wels daiwyo

1 Новосельский А. А., Борьба Московского государства с татарами в пер-вой половине XVI века, М., 1948 , с. 109.

2 Сношения России с Кавказом, с. 570; Веселовский Н., Ук. труд, с. 47-48; Бушев П.П., Ук. труд, с. 369-370.

3 Накашидзе Н. Т., Грузино-русские политические отношения в первой половине XVII века, Тб., 1968 , с. 17-18.

332 333

iran-osmaleTis omi. yizil baSebma Tavidanve did warmate-

bas miaRwies. osmaleTTan warmtebuli omis pirobebSi Sahma

gadawyvita ganemtkicebina Tavisi poziciebi saqarTveloSi.

Sah abass kaxeTis samefos ruseTTan kavSiri gansakuTre biT

aSfoTebda da aleqsandre mefis fizikuri mospobiT am kav-

Siris gawyvetas fiqrobda. Sahma ise moawyo, rom aleqsandre

mefe misive Svilma konstantinem mokla 1605 wels.

jer osmalebis mier svimon mefis datyvevebiT, Semdeg

yizilbaSe bis mier aleqsandre mefis daRupviT, dasrulda

saqarTvelos antios malur koaliciebSi monawileobis xan-

grZlivi, saukunenaxevriani periodi. iranisa da osmaleTis

moZalebis pirobebSi, saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebma karga

xniT dakarges damoukidebeli sagareo politikis gatarebis

unari. qarTl-kaxeTi yizilbaSTa TareSisa da ZmaTa Soris

sisxlismRvreli feodaluri omebis arenad gadaiqca, xolo

dasavleT saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebis sagareo poli-

tika, ZiriTadad, osmaleTTan urTierTobiT Semoifargla.

samcxe-saaTabagos sagareo urTierTobis

istoriidan (XV s. II naxevari _

XVII s. I meoTxedi)

1. samcxelebi sefianTa saxelmwifoSi

mimdinare dinastiur brZolaSi

qarTul istoriografiaSi erT-erT saintereso da ima-

vdroulad sadao sakiTxs warmoadgens XVI s. meore nax-

evris iranis Sahebis karze qarTvelebis adgilis da rolis

dadgena da dazusteba. wignis winamdebare nakveTic amas

isaxavs miznad1.

jer Sah ismail I-is, Semdeg Sah Tamazis aRmosavleT

saqarTveloSi mravalgzisma laSqrobebma bevr qarTvels Tavi

mouyara iranSi. saqarTveloSi mimdinare Sinafeodaluri br-

Zolebis gamoc, nebsiT Tu une blieT, gadaxvewilebiT, mZev-

lebiT, tyveebiT (rogorc cnobilia, Sah Tamazma marto

meoTxe Semosevis dros, 1554 w., qarTlidan 30 aTasi tyve

waiyvana) da renegatebiT qarTvelTa raodenoba iranSi kidev

ufro iz rde boda

samSoblodan ZaliT wayvanili Tu nebsiT wasuli

qarTvelebi islams iRebdnen da mravalma maTganma Sahis

karze maRali Tanamdeboba daikava. zogjer isini did rols

asrulebdnen yizilbaSTa saSinao da sagareo saqmeebSi.

qarTvelTa monawileoba yizilbaSTa saxelmwifos poli-

tikur da kulturul cxovrebaSi aisaxa evropul da spar-

sulenovan wyaroebSi. pirvel rigSi sainteresoa Sahis karze

moxvedrili qarTveli qalebis _ Sahis colebis da maTi

1 pirvelad, aRniSnul sakiTxze, statia gamovaqveyne 1977 wels (ix.

mamisTvaliS vili e., sefianTa iranSi mimdinare politikuri brZola da

qarTvelebi (1576-1578), `macne~, ist. seria, 1977, #1, gv. 107-117). mas Semdeg gamoqveynda zogierTi axali wyaro da mosazreba. amitom saWirod CavTvale

erTxel kidev mivbrunebodi Cveni isto riis am saintereso epi zods.

334 335

Svilebis _ dediT qarTveli ufliswulebis, bedi da maTi

roli islamur qveyanaSi.

Zveli da axali istorikosebi iranis Sahebis colebis

vinaobas, maTs eTniur kuTvnilebas exebodnen imdenad, ram-

denadac ainteresebdaT ufliswulebis warmomavleba dedebis

mxridan.

Sah Tamazs, sparsuli da evropuli wyaroebis mixed-

viT, ramdenime qarTveli coli hyavda. qarTuli wyaroebi ki,

qarTvelad Sah Tamazis erT cols, mohamed-xudabendes dedas,

samcxe-saaTabagos umsxvilesi feodalis oTar SalikaSvilis

qals asaxeleben, rasac qarTveli istorikosebis erTi jgu-

fi uaryofs, meore jgufs ki saeWvod miaCnia. am sakiTxis

Ses wavlam mTel rig daskvnebamde da varaudebamde mimiyvana.

Sah Tamazis Svilebis Sesaxeb gvaqvs sxvadasxva cnoba.

XVI saukunis qurTi istorikosi Saraf-xan biTlisi (igi 1578

wlamde sefianTa samsaxurSi iyo da kargad icnobda samefo

kars) Tavis `Seref-nameSi~ gadmogvcems rom Sah Tamazs sx-

vadasxva colebisagan hyavda vaJebi: mohamed-mirza da ismail-

mirza _ isa-beg Turqimanis qaliSvilisagan; sulaiman-mirza,

axmad-mirza, junaid–mirza Samxalis disa da Cerqezi xar-

Webisagan; heidar-mirza, Mmustafa-mirza, imam-yuli-mirza da

mahmud-mirza _ qarTveli mona qalebisagan1. amgvarad, biTlisis

mixedviT, xuda bende da ismaili erTi dedis, isa-beg Torqe-

manis qalis Svilebi iyvnen2. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Saraf-xan

biTlisis es cnoba gaziarebulia TiTqmis yvela mkvlevris

mier, rogorc sazRvargareT, aseve CvenTanac.

àxalma qarTlis cxovrebam~ da vaxuSti batoniSvilma

Sah Tamazis qarTveli colis ara mxolod mama (oTar Sa-

likaSvili) ician, aramed misi colisZmis (varazas) Sesax-

ebac saintereso cnobas gvawvdian. isini garkveul warmod-

genas gviqmnian, agreTve, Sah Tamazis varazasadmi _ Tavisi

1 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, Шараф-наме, III, с. 232. 2 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, c. 232.

colisZmisadmi damokidebulebaze1. gvaqvs ori erTmaneTisagan

sakmaod gansxvavebuli italiuri da espanuri werilobiTi

wyaroc. orive wyaros mixedviT, Sah Tamazs hyavda 11 Svili.

minadois gadmocemiT sami ufrosi vaJi _ mohamedi, ismaili

da heidari da erTi asuli _ feri-xan-xanumi srulasakovani

iyvnen, xolo danarCeni rva _ mamedi, solimani, mustafa,

emanguli, alixani, ahmedi, ibrahimi da meore ismaili ki

mcireasakisani2. sparseli don xuan de persia (uluR-beg

baiaTi) gvamcnobs, rom Sah Tamazs TerTmeti Svili hyavda:

sami asuli da rva vaJi. Ddasaxelebuli oTxi Svilis garda,

mustafa, ali-mirza, bahram-mirza da ibrahim-mirza, `Tumca

es oTxi vaJi da sami asuli imdenad mcirewlovanni iyvnen,

rom maT araviTari cvlilebis moxdena ar SeeZloT~3.

Tanamedrove iranelma istorikosma nasrola falsafim

sxvadasxva (aRmosavluri da dasavluri) wyaroebis Seswav-

liT daadgina Sah Tamazis colebisa da Svilebis warmomav-

loba dedebis mxridan. misi TqmiT: „Sah Tamazis bevri coli

im mxevalTa da asulTagani iyo, romelTac gurjistanis

amirebi, sxva ZRvenTan da saCuqrebTan erTad, yovelwliurad

ugzavnidnen xolme Sahs“. istorikosi iqve, ufros-umcroso-

bis mixedviT, Sah Tamazis Svilebis saxelebs da zogierTi

maTganis dedaTa vinaobasac gvacnobs: „1. muhamed-mirza, Sah

abasis mama, 2. ismail-mirza (am oris deda, sulTanami, Torq-

mani iyo musavalis tomidan), 3. murad-mirza, 4. heidar-mirza

(dedamisi, sulTan zade xanumi, qarTveli iyo), 5. suleiman-

mirza (dedamisi, sulTan aRa xanumi, Cerqezi iyo), 6. musta-

fa-mirza (dedamisi, zahra baji, qarTveli iyo4), 7. mahmud-

mirza, 8. imamyuli-mirza, romlis deda, xanfarvan xanumi,

1 qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv. 364,, 370, 372, 516, 523; qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 411, 715, 718.

2 Minadoi T p. 4-5. 3 Don Juan de Persia, p. 60v-61r4 mustafas dedis qarTvelobas adasturebs v. hincic. Hinz W., Schah Esmail

II . Ein Beitrage zur Geschichte der Safaviden, Berlin, 1933, S. 46.

336 337

qarTveli iyo1. Serefxan bidlisis mixedviT, heidar-mirzas

da imamyuli-mirzas erTi deda hyavdaT2. imdenad, ramdenadac

am qalbatonis Zmebi _ zaal-gurji da alixan-gurji mesxebi

iyvnen, maSasadame isic mesxi, magram ar SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom

mainc da mainc SalikaSvili iyo3. 9. ali-mirza (amis dedac

zahra baji iyo), 10. ahmad-mirza, 11. zein ol-mirza, 12. musa-

mirza4.

murad-mirza, Dzein ol-mirza da Nmusa-mirza Sah Tamazis

sicocxleSi gardaicvalnen.N

nasrola falsafis TqmiT, Sah Tamazis rva asulTagan

dediT qarTveli iyo mxolod erTi _ zeinab begumi, romel-

sac adre ana xanumi erqva5. imave istorikosis mixedviT,

Sah abass ori mamida hyavda: erTi iyo dasaxelebuli zeinab

begumi, romelsac, rogorc iTqva, qarTveli deda hyavda da

meore _ mariam sulTan xanumi6. iqneb es ukanasknelic dediT

qarTveli iyo, razec misi qristianuli saxeli mariami unda

migvaniSnebdes? zeinab begumis adrindeli saxelic xom qris-

tianuli ana iyo.

sainteresoa ratom iTvleba dasaxelebuli ori qalbato-

ni Sah abasis mamidebad, Tanac nasrola falsafis logikiT,

maTgan mxolod erTs yavda qarTveli deda, meores ki ara.

gamodis, rom isini sxvadasxva dedas ekuTvnodnen. Tu dediT

1 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, II , c. 229.2 Тамже.3 Sdr. svaniZe m., saqarTvelo-osmaleTis urTierTobis narkvevebi, Tb.,

1990, gv. 243.4 yizilbaSuri wesis mixedviT, TiToeul vaJs aRmzrdelad (lala) hyavda

erT-erTi yizilbaSuri momTabare feodaluri tomis didakacobis warmomadge-

neli. aqedan gamomdinare erT-erTi ufliswuli romeliRac tomis aRzrdilad

iTvleboda da misgan mxardaWera garantirebuli hqonda. Пигулевская Н. В., Якубовский А. Ю., Петрушевский И. П., Строева И. В., Белинецкий Л. М., История Ирана с древнейших времен до конца 18 века, Л., 1958, с. 264.

5 ucxouri literaturis referatuli krebuli. istoria, 6, „mecniereba“, Tb., 1978, gv. 9-11.

6 iqve, gv. 29.

sxvaobas mniSvneloba ar hqonda, maSin Sah Tamazis sxva asulebi

(rogorc iTqva, mas rva asuli hyavda) ratom ar iTvlebodnen

mohamed xudabendes debad da, Sesabamisad, Sah abasis mamide-

bad? vfiqrob dasaxelebuli ori qalbatoni da mohamed-xud-

abende erTi mamis _ Sah Tamazis da erTi dedis _ qarTveli

qalis Svilebi iyvnen. ra Tqma unda, am sakiTxze msjelobisas

dabrkolebad ar unda gadavaqcioT SalikaSvilebis asulis

adgili Sah Tamazis colebs Soris. aucilebeli ar iyo es

qali maincdamainc oTar SalikaSvilis is asuli yofiliyo,

romelzec qarTuli wyaroebi gadmogvcemen.

eWvs kidev ufro aZlierebs zeinab begumis (anas) roli

da adgili Sah abasis karis cxovrebaSi. rogorc Cans es

qali gauTxovari darCa (daniSnuli yofila aliyuli-xan

Samluze, magram sasiZo mouklavT). is Sah-muhamedisa da mis

Svilis hamza mirzas dros haramxanaSi didi privilegiebiT

sargeblobda, xolo Sah abasis zeobisas haramxanas zedamxed-

velobda da, sxva qalebTan SedarebiT, SahTanac is yvelaze

daaxloebuli iyo. Sah abasi mis azrs sxvadasxva sakiTxebze

angariSs uwevda, is monawileobda iseT RonisZiebebSi, sadac

mxolod mamakacebi unda yofiliyvnen. falsafi imowmebs an-

tonio de goveas erT cnobas, romlis mixedviTac, „zeinab

begumic ar aris dazRveuli avsityvaobisagan da xma dadis,

rom mas Tavis ZmisSvilTan Sah abasTan sasiyvarulo urT-

ierToba aqvso“1.

rac Seexeba mohamed xudabendes meore das _ mariams is,

zeinabisagan gansxvavebiT, rogorc Cans, muslimi qalebisaT-

vis Cveulebriv karCaketil cxovrebas eweoda da dakavebuli

iyo Tavisi ojaxis saqmeebiT.

Sah Tamazs rom colad hyavda qarTveli qali, msxvili

mesxi feodalis oTar SalikaSvilis asuli, amis Sesaxeb

cnobebi daculia XVIII s. 20-iani wlebis vaxtang VI-is

`swavlul kacTa komisiis~ mier Sedgenil àxali qarTlis

1 iqve.

338 339

cxovrebis~ gagrZelebasa da vaxuSti batoniSvilis àRwera

samefosa saqarTvelosaSi~, amis Sesaxeb ukve iTqva. sain-

teresoa, rom XVI s. meore naxevris samcxe-saaTabagos da,

saerTod, Sesabamisi periodis saqarTvelos erT-erTi um-

niSvnelovanesi istoriuli wyaro _ `mesxuri matiane~ _

arafers ambobs arc oTar SalikaSvilze, arc mis asulze,

arc oTaris vaJze _ Sah Tamazis moyvare _ aTabagis qvrivis

dedisimedis mier moklul, varazaze. `mesxuri matianis~ amg-

vari tendencia, dumili SalikaSvilebis Sesaxeb, romlebic

jayelTa dinastiis mxardamWerad da naTesavad iTvlebodnen

manamde, vidre dedisimedi moklavda varazas, axsna SeiZle-

ba: am mkvlelobam SalikaSvilebi aTabagis mowinaaRmdegeTa

banakSi gadaiyvana. amitom matianeSi, romelic aTabagis ojax-

is dakveTiTa da, SeiZleba iTqvas, karnaxiTac iwereboda,

is rac SalikaSvilebs ganxeTqilebamde aTabagis sasikeToT

gaukeTebiaT, ara mxolod aRar aisaxa, aramed am gvaris xsen-

ebac ki ar aris. isini mxolod iqidan moixsenebian (ra Tqma

unda, uaryofiT konteqstSi), rodesac jayelebis winaaRmdeg

dawyebuli ajanyebis moTaveni da meTaurebi gaxdnen.

ueWvelia, saqarTveloSi icodnen Sahis sxva qarTveli

colebis Sesaxeb, magram qarTuli sazogadoebisaTvis im-

denad Cveulebrivi movlena iyo qarTveli qalebis Sahebisa

da sparseli didebulebis coloba an maT haramxanebSi yofna,

rom Zveli istorikosebi, safiqrebelia, amas gansakuTrebul

yuradRebas aRar uTmobdnen. magram sul sxva iyo im qarT-

veli qalbatonisadmi interesi, romelic ara mxolod Sahis

coli iyo, aramed iranis mbrZaneblis dedac gaxda. aseTi

qalbatoni, qarTveli istorikosebis mixedviT, iyo oTar Sa-

likaSvilis asuli, romlis saxelic ki ar viciT. amitom

xom ar miCqmala iranulma istoriografiam SalikaSvilis

asulis saxeli?

beri egnataSvilis TxzulebaSi naTqvamia, rom Sah Tamazma

aTabag qaixosrosTan danaTesaveba moisurva da sTxova Tavisi

romelime naTesavi mieca colad. radgan aTabags asuli ar

hyavda, amitom Tavisi naTesavis, oTar SalikaSvilis qaliS-

vili gaugzavna. Sah Tamazma iqorwina oTaris qalze, romel-

ic misi sayvareli coli Seiqmna. am qorwinebis wyalobiT

damyarda kargi urTierToba Sahsa da aTabags Soris1.

oTar SalikaSvilis asulis Sah Tamazis coloba qarTuli

saistorio mwerlobaSi sakmaod gamokveTilad Cans da zogi-

erTi arapirdapiri evropuli cnobac mas imdenad amagrebs,

rom igi SeiZleba Sah-mohamed hodabandes dedad vigulisxmoT,

Tumca amgvar mosazrebas seriozuli winaaRmdegoba xvdeba.

beri egnataSvili gvamcnobs, rom kaxeTis mefe aleqsandre

II -is ufliswuli erekle mamas stambols gaeqca. Sah Tamazma

erekles aseTi moqmedeba aleqsandres gandgomad Seafasa da

mis dasasjelad wamovida da yarabaRSi gaCerda. aleqsandre

mefis saxlTuxucesma oTar ColoyaSvilma imdeni moaxerxa,

rom Sah Tamazis risxva kaxeTs aacila da samcxe-saaTabagos

daatexa, roca qaixosro II-is qvrivs dedisimeds oTar Sa-

likaSvilis vaJi varaza moakvlevina2.

zogierTma mkvlevarma, romelsac eWvi ar epareba Saraf-

xan biTlisis naTqvamis WeSmaritebaSi (Saraf-xan biTlisis

mixedviT, rogorc iTqva, Sah Tamamzs mohamed-mirza da is-

mail-mirza _ isa-beg Turqimanis qaliSvilisagan hyavda),

scada gaerkvia, ratom aris qarTul wyaroebSi mohamed xud-

abendes deda qarTvelad gamocxadebuli. mniSvnelovan ar-

gumentad miaCniaT qarTvelebis _ zaal-begisa da ali-xanis

brZola ara mohamed xudabendes da ismailis gamefebisaT-

vis, aramed heidar mirzasTvis mxardaWera, rac mxolod

imiT unda aixsnas, rom heidaris deda qarTveli iyo. k. ta-

bataZis azriT, ali-xanisa da zaal-begisaTvis ufro ioli

iqneboda ufrosi vaJebis, maT rom deda qarTveli hyolodaT,

gamefeba, romelTac kanonic xels uwyobda, rom mamis memkvi-

1 qarTlis cxovreba, II , gv 364.2 dawvr. ix. qvemoT: àTabagi qaixosro II da dedisimed II~.

340 341

dreoba gaegrZelebinaT~1. d. kacitaZe Tavis kritikul wer-

ilSi ndobas ucxadebs sparsuli wyaros cnobebs, romelTa

mixedviTac mohamed xudabandes deda iyo yizilbaSuri to-

midan2. m. svaniZem 1971 wels gamoqveynebul monografiaSi

ukomentarod gaiziara vaxuSti batoniSvilis gadmocema Sah

mohamed xudabendes dedis SalikaSvilobis Sesaxeb3, magram

mogvianebiT man Seicvala azri da wyaroze miTiTebis gareSe

aRniSnavs: `mohamed-mirzasa da ismail-mirzas deda SalikaS-

vilis asuli ver iqneboda, radgan roca Sah Tamazma igi co-

lad moiyvana (1548 w.), orive vaJiSvili sakmaod mozrdili

iyo (15 wels gadacilebuli)~. mas dasaSvebad miaCnia, rom

`SalikaSvilis asuls Sah Tamazisagan SeeZina qaliSvili ana,

SemdgomSi zeinab begumad wodebuli~4. dasaxelebuli isto-

rikosebis mosazrebebs iziarebs n. gelaSvilic5. ucvleli ar

darCa Cemi mosazrebac: marTalia, mec veWvob, rom SalikaSvi-

lis asuli mohamed xudabendes da ismailis deda yofiliyo,

magram qvemoT Sevecdebi im mosazrebis ganviTarebas, rom

dasaxelebuli ufliswulebis deda Sah Tamazis erT-erTi

qarTveli coli iyo, romlis vinaoba ucnobia.

aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT unda iTqvas Semdegi: sayov-

elTaod cnobilia, da qvemoTac sakmao masalas gavecnobiT,

saidanac Cans ratom ar surda maSindeli iranis didkacobas

Sah Tamazis ufrosi vaJebis _ mohamed xudabendes an ismail-

mirzas gamefeba. orives seriozuli nakli gaaCnda, rac Sem-

degSi maTi mefobisas TvalnaTliv gamoCnda. mohamedi, fizi-

kur naklTan erTad, saxelmwifos marTvis arc unars da arc

survils ar amJRavnebda. ismaili qveynis mmarTvelisaTvis

aucilebel wonasworobasa da TavdaWerilobas ar flobda.

1 tabataZe k., dasax. naSr., gv 1762 kacitaZe d., qarTul-iranuli urTierTobidan, `ciskari, #8, 1978, gv.

137-139.

3 svaniZe m., dasax. naSr., gv. 135.4 svaniZe m., saqarTvelo-osmaleTis istoriis narkvevebi, gv. 242-243.5 gelaSvili n., dasax. naSr., gv. 145.

Sahis karze dawinaurebuli qarTvelebi taxtis memkvidris

SerCevisas, ra Tqma unda, ver gabedavdnen iseTi kandidatis

win wamowevas da axdilad mxardaWeras, Tundac misi deda

qarTveli yofiliyo, Tu am saqmeSi maT ar eqnebodaT imave

didkacobis mniSvnelovani nawilis Tanadgoma. maT aucile-

blad unda gaeTvaliswinebinaT da iTvaliswinebdnen kidec

maT azrsa da ganwyobilebas. ase rom, qarTvelebis _ ali-

xanisa da zaal-begis mier Sahis taxtze ismailis an xudaben-

des kandidaturis arwamoyeneba sruliadac ar unda niSnavdes

imas, rom dasaxelebuli ufliswulebis deda qarTveli ar

iyo. aqve, albaT gasaTvaliswinebelia, ufliswulTa dedebis

piradi Tvisebebic. savsebiT mosalodnelia, rom SalikaS-

vilebis qali sruliadac ar iyo iseTi aqtiuri pirovneba

(albaT isic iTvaliswinebda `ZlierTa ama qveynisaTa~ damok-

idebulebas misi Svilebisadmi), rogoric iyo heidar-mirzas

deda, romelic, rogorc Cvenamde moRweuli wyaroebidan

Cans, garkveul gavlenas axdenda, rogorc Sah Tamazze, ise

kariskacebze. mas gverdSi edgnen aseve aqtiuri adamianebi,

Tavisi Zmebi _ zaal begi da ali-xani da Tavisi Svilis

gamefebisaTvis arafers moerida, Sahis mowamvlasac ki.

rac Seexeba beri egnataSvilis gadmocemas, SalikaSvilis

qalis svimon I -Tan Sexvedris da misi saqarTveloSi gamos-

tumrebis Sesaxeb (amaze dawvrilebiT qvemoT), n. gelaSvilis

azriT, es qalbatoni SeiZleboda daRupuli heidar-mirzas

deda yofiliyo1. vfiqrob, aseTi varaudis gamoTqma ar Seesa-

bameba Sesaswavli periodis realiebs. ara mgonia, Sah Tamazis

gardacvalebis Semdeg momxdari ambebi (heidaris mokvla, gama-

rjvebulTa mier gatarebuli damsjeli RonisZiebebi, Semdeg

Sah ismailis mier ganxorcielebuli terori, romelmac misi

udanaSaulo Zmebi da axloblebic Seiwira), gverds auvlida

mTavari damnaSavis dedas da mohamed xudabendes dros mas

imden pativSi amyofebdnen, rom saqarTvelos taxtze svimon

1 gelaSvili n., dasax. naSr., gv. 146.

342 343

I-is aRdgena misi sakiTxavi yofiliyo. savaraudoa, heidaris

deda SvilTan erTad an axlo periodSi daiRupa. sxvas yve-

lafers rom Tavi davaneboT, isic sakmarisi iyo, rom mis

mimarT sakmaod safuZvliani eWvi arsebobda, TiTqos man Sah

Tamazi moawamvlina. SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos isic, rom

saaTabagoSi jayelTa winaaRmdeg ajanyebis dros, aTabagis

ojaxis mier SahisaTvis ramdenime Txovna daxmarebis Taobaze

uyuradRebod darCa, maSin, roca sparselebi jayelTa mTavari

mowinaaRmdegeebis _ SalikaSvilebis daxmarebas cdilobdnen.

am faqtSi Sahis karis mier naTesavi gvarisadmi daxmarebis

mcdelobas vxedav. isic aRsaniSnia, saaTabagoSi rogor seri-

ozulad dainteresebuli iyvnen Sahis taxtze mosalodneli

cvlilebiT ismail II-is zeobis dros: `qristeSobisTulÀs

iz, ambavi movida Tu: Saismeili mokudao. aRar daviSaleT,

SobBOs elCi gavgzavneT batons TualmSuÀnierTana; yaenis

sikudili ar davijereT. qristeSobisTuÀs ocdarvasa Tual-

SuÀnieris kaci movida, sadasturo yaenis sikudilis ambavi

moitana [giorgobisTuÀs kg momkvdariyo Saismaeli]~1. aTab-

gis ojaxisaTvis Sah imail II arasasurveli iyo, sruliad

gasagebi im mizezebis gamo romlebzec zemoT iTqva.

SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos aRniSvna jayelebis im gaaqti-

urebisa da warmatebebisa Sah ismailis gardacvalebis Sem-

deg ajanyebulTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi rom iqna miRweuli

_ dekembris 31-s yvaryvare da manuCari Tmogvs moadgnen, 5

ianvars dedisimedi da beqa yuels; 8 ianvars orive dasaxele-

buli cixe aiRes; manuCarma foso da javaxeTi daarbia, gur-

gaqs qajis cixe `gaubaraqiana~2.

amgvarad, qarTuli saistorio literaturaSi daculi

cnobebi SalikaSvilebisa da Sah Tamazis naTesaobis Ses-

axeb, SeiZleba detalurad ar asaxavdes realobas, magram

misi gaTvaliswineba mainc SeiZleba. ar mgonia, rom ing-

1 samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi, gv. 46.2 iqve, gv. 46-47.

liseli herbertis da habsburgebis imperiis elCis david

ungandis cnobebsac, romelsac qvemoT gavecnobiT, safuZveli

ar hqondes.

dasasrul, SalikaSvilebis qalis xelSewyobiTac unda

yofiliyo misi Tanamemamuleebis _ saaTabagoelebis aqti-

uroba iranis Sahis karze.

* * *A

Sah Tamazis sicocxlis bolo periodSi taxtis ori

gamokveTili pretendenti iyo, romelTa irgvliv dairazma

ori sakmaod seriozuli dajgufeba. Epretendentebi iyvnen

ufliswulebi _ ismaili da heidari. dajgufebebi formalu-

rad Sah Tamazis ori, sxvadasxva dedisgan naSobi vaJebis

momxreebs warmoadgendgendnen, sinamdvileSi maT TavianTi

Sors mimavali miznebi hqondaT.

imisaTvis raTa gasagebi gaxdes Sah Tamazis sicocxlis

bolos iranSi qarTvelTa gavlena da Zala, unda gavecnoT

mis zogierT Svils, kerZod, vaJebs _ mohamed xudabendes,

ismails, heidars da asuls _ ferixan xanums.

mohamed xudabende am droisaTvis araviTar interess

ar amJRavnebda monawileoba mieRo qveynis politikur cx-

ovrebaSi. mas susti mxedveloba da, saerTo aRirebiT, aseve

susti nebisyofa hqonda. mas TiTqmis ganuwyvetliv ukiTx-

avdnen yurans. Tavisi mokrZalebuli cxovrebis wesis gamo

iyo, rom mas xudabende (RvTis mona an msaxuri) Searqves.

erT dros (30-iani wlebis bolos) mamam sagamgeblod (meur-

vis zedamxedvelobiT) heraTi Caabara1. 50-iani wlebis Sua

xanebSi is yazvinSi gaiwvies da mis adgilas misi energiuli

Zma, ismail-mirza dainiSna2, magram ùRirsi~ saqcielis gamo,

1 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, c. 187.2 Тамже, с. 200.

344 345

Sahma is gaiwvia da heraTSi isev mohamedi daabruna1. ……

minadois TqmiT, mohamedi TvalebiT avadmyofi (italiels

hgonia, rom mas amisaTvis daarqves hodabande), is myudro

cxovrebisadmi midrekili, Tavmdabali da mecnierebisaTvis

Tavdadebuli iyo. Mmas ver warmoedgina rogor unda etvirTa

Tavis Tavze mmarTvelobis tvirTi da daemorCilebina mZvinva-

re mtrebi aforiaqebul qveyanaSi2. daaxloebiT aseTnairadve

axasiaTebs am ufliswuls uluR-beg baiaTi (don xuan de

persia). Mmisi TqmiT, muhameds imdenad susti mxedveloba

hqonda, rom is cotas an TiTqmis ver xedavda. am udidesi

naklulovanebis gamo ar SeeZlo ajanyebuli provinciebis da

xalxebis damSvideba da amitom igi saxelmwifoebrivi mmarT-

velobis moyvaruli ar iyo3.

Saraf-xan bidlisi Tavis naSromSi gadmogvcems mohamed

xod bandas simxdalis da ugergilobis ramdenime magaliTs4.

ismaili. sparsulenovani werilobiTi wyaroebis mixedviT,

is maili sruliad gansxvavdeboda Tavisi ufrosi Zmisagan.

man 14 wlis asakSi sax eli gaiTqva ajanyebuli biZis alyas-

mirzas winaaRmdeg brZolebSi 1547 wels da mis magier Sir-

azis gamgebladac dainiSna. is mailma 1552 wels arzrumis

mmarTveli daamarcxa, ibrZoda qurTistanSi da didi nadav-

lic iSova5. 1553-1554 wlebSi Sah Tamazma ismails dide-

buli qorwili gadauxada TavrizSi6. Semdeg wels Sahma masve

Caabara heraTis marTva nacvlad mohamed-mirzasi, magram is-

maili heraTSi Cadenili „uRirsi qme dobebis~ gamo, sul male

gadaayena. heraTSi kvlav mohamed-mirza dainiSna da masve dae-

vala ismailis SahTan miyvana. Mmagram mohamedi heraTSi darCa

ismails ki sunduk-beg afSari gaayola. rodesac Sahma gaigo,

1 Тамже, с. 201.2 Minadoi ., p. 5-6.3 Don Juan de Persia, p. 61r.4 Tамже, с. 212, 218, 234…5 gelaSvili n., dasx. naSr., gv. 121.6 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, c. 199.

rom ismaili q. saveSi mivida, mis Sesaxvedrad gaagzavna masum-

beg safavi, romelmac is mails borkilebi daado da yahyahes1

cixe-simagreSi Caamwyvdia2, sadac man 20 weli gaatara.

Sah Tamazis aseTi moqmedeba ismailis mimarT sxvadasx-

vagvarad axsnes. Saraf-xani erTgan aRniSnavs, rom ismailis

moSurneebis mcdelo biT iyo, rom is yalyalas cixeSi gamoam-

wyvdies3.Ggaurkvevelia ras gulisx mobda Saraf-xan bidlisi

ismailis mier heraTSi Cadenil „uRirsi qmedobebSi~. SeiZleba

es unda iyos is, rasac germanelma mkvlevarma ufliswulis

Sahisadmi daumoCilebloba uwoda, rodesac igi damoukide-

bel gadawyvetilebebs iRebda4. Aan is, rom heraTSi misvlis-

Tanave, Sahis mier gayolebul ali-sulTan Taqalum piri

Sekra TaTar-sulTanTan, ali-begTan, mohamed-xanis vaJebTan

da sxvebTan da Seurcxyofa miayenes mohamed-xan lalas da

misi mokvlac ki ganizraxes. mohamed-xani yazvinSi wavida da

Sahs moaxsena yvelaferi rac heraTSi gadaxda. SaxTan audi-

enciidan ramdenime dRis Semdeg, ali-sulTan Taqalu kilbad

(gul baaT) gurjis vaJebma mokles5. savaraudoa ali-sulTan

Taqalu ismailis miTiTebiT moqmedebda, rac misi dapatimre-

bis erT-erTi mizezi gaxda.

don xuan de persias mixedviT, ismails Tavis mamas-

Tan ganxeTqileba hqonda, radgan mousvenari sulisa iyo da

axal-axali movlenebi itacebda. moxuci Tamazi yovelTvis

afrTxilebda mamac ax algazrdas, rom mas qed maRloba da six-

arbe daRupavda6. minadoic, jer Zalian mokled gadmogvcems,

rom ismaili Tavisi mkacri xasiaTis gamo gadagzavnili

iqna kahkahes cixeSi, Tavrizsa da yazvins Soris7, Semdeg ki

1 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, c. 200-201.2 Тамже, с. 333.3 Тамже, с. 333.4 Hinz W., Op. cit., S. 35.5 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, c. 2006 Don Juan de Persia, p. 61 r.7 Minadoi , p. 4.

346 347

ufro vrclad aRniSnavs im mizezze, ramac Sah Tamazis amg-

vari radikaluri RonisZieba ganapiroba. is maili yovelTvis

aSkarad acxadebda Tavis mtrul damokidebulebaze Turqebis

mimarT da ukmayo filebas gamoxatavda osmaleTTan 1555 wels

ama siis zavis dadebis gamo. mamisagan araerTgzis akrZal-

visa man gabeda, rom arzrumis teritoriaze SeWriliyo da

gaeZarcva am mxaris qalaqebi da cixe-koSkebi1.

ismailis dapatimrebis mizezad misi osmaleTis teri-

toriebze Tavdasxmebi da iransa da osmaleTs Soris axali

omis provocirebaa das axelebuli sxva evropul wyaroSic.

`karmelitebis qronika~ mog viTxrobs, rom ismailma mravaljer

daamarcxa osmalebi, riTac ukmayo filo iyo, rogorc Sahi,

ise misi mrCeveli, ismailis dauZinebeli mteri maysud-begi.

man Sah Tamazs Caagona, rom ismailis moqmedeba unda Sefase-

buliyo, rogorc amboxeba, radgan igi mSvidobianobis dros,

Sahis nebarTvis gareSe, osmalTa qveyanas arbevda. maysud-beg-

ma Sahs ismailis mier iranis provinciebis mmarTvelebisadmi

gagzavnili werilebic aCvena, romlebiTac is maT osmaleTis

winaaRmdeg omisaken mouwodebda. yovelive amis gamo Sahma

ufliswuli cixeSi Casva2.

Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom ismaili gare samyarodan izoli-

rebuli hyavda, Sah Tamazi, rogorc Cans, mainc Tavs mSvidad

ver grZnobda. mas surda gamoricxuliyo yvela SesaZleblo-

ba, rom ismails amboxeba moewyo Tavisi patimrobis adgilas3

_ kahkahes cixeSi.

heidar-mirza . dReisaTvis cnobili yvela werilobiTi

wyaro erTx mad aRniSnavs Sah Tamazis gansakuTrebul Tbil

damokidebulebasa da siyvarulze Tavisi mesame vaJis _ hei-

dar-mirzasadmi. sruliad mcire asak isHheidar-mirzasadmi

Sahis gansakuTrebulad gamorCeuli damokide bulebis maCve-

1 Ibidem, p. 5.2 A Cronicle of the Carmelites in Persia, p. 44.3 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, с. 222.

nebelia Tundac is, rom 1560-1561 wlebSi, maSin, rodesac

ufliswuli mxolod 4-5 wlisa iyo, osmalebs mosTxova

misTvis sagamgeblod daeTmoT baRdadi, samagierod maT gad-

ascemda yazvinSi TavSefarebul ufliswul baiazids16.

Saraf-xani gansakuTrebul simpaTias amJRavnebs heidaris

mimarT, maSin, roca is Cerqezis xmliT iRupeba. istorikosi

ambobs: èrT-erTma Cerqezma gulamma xmlis dartymiT daRupa

mefobis wyaluxv mdinareze aR mocenebuli is kviparosi da

vardi... romelsac ar hyavdaT badali da Tanaswori sefevi-

debis ojaxsa da alis modgmaSi~27.

Hheidar-mirzas piradad icnobda da misi saintereso si-

tyvieri por treti da daxasiaTeba dagvitova veneciis elCma

Sahis karze vinCenco d’alesandrim. Mmisi TqmiT, heidari iyo

tanmorCili, Zalian lamazi, Ta vis asakTan SedarebiT Zalian

seriozuli, Wkviani, SorsmWvreteli, sax elmwifo saqmeeb-

Si Caxeduli. is fizikuradac kargad momzadebuli, mamaci

mxedari iyo, gamoirCeoda sasimovno saubriTa da zrdilo-

biT. yovelive aRniSnulis gamo, heidari sasaxleSi yvelas

uyvarda, gan skuTrebiT ki Sah Tamazs, magram imave Tvise-

bebis gamo, igi da-Zmebs sZuldaT3. da-Zmebis heidarisadmi

siZulvili SeiZleba misi xelisu flebisaken TavSeukavebeli

ltolviTac iyo gamowveuli, ris Sesaxebac sakmaod dama-

jereblad mogviTxrobs mina doi. ̀ es heidari, jer kidev ma Sin,

rodesac Tamazi mwoliare avadmyofi iyo, utifrad Sevida

mis sa wol oTaxSi da Subli Seimko mamiseuli gvirgviniT.

aseTi moufiqre beli saqcieliT moxuci da uZluri mamis

Tvalwin amJRavnebda Tavisi pativmoyvareobis Seuferebel

wyurvils. igi sxva dros daSvebuli Sec domis msxverpli

gaxda. Tamazis sikvdilis Sem deg igi dasaxelebul dasTan

[ferixan-xanumTan] TaTbirobda da yovelnairad cdilobda

1 Тамже, с. 206.2 Тамже, с. 229-230.3 A Cronicle of the Carmelites in Persia, p. 44-45.

348 349

metad sasurveli mdgomareobisaTvis mieRwia da imdenad win

wavida dasTan da saxelmwifo mrCevlebTan xvewniTa da maTi

gulis mogebiT, rom misTvis gverdis avla memkvidreobis

sakiTxSi, mxolod misi motyuebiTRa SeiZleboda~1.

Saraf-xanis mixedviT heidar-mirzas deda qarTveli mona

iyo2, rac sxva cnobebiT ar dasturdeba. is, rogorc sava-

raudoa, maRali warmoSo bisa unda yofiliyo. TviT Saraf-xan

bidlisic erTgan aRniSnavs, rom Sa his karze aRzevebuli

alixan _ gurji da zaal-gurji heidar mirzas da imam-yuli-

mirzas biZebi, maTi dedis Zmebi iyvnen3. savaraudoa, dasaxele-

buli qarTveli didebulebis Sahis karze dawinaureba maTi

dis, Sah Tamazis sayvareli colis, sulTan zade xanumis

damsaxureba iyves. aravi Tari cnoba ar gagvaCnia saqarTvelos

romeli kuTxidan da gvaridan iyo es gavleniani qalbatoni.

mxolod cnobilia, rom Sahs igi gansakuTre biT uyvarda,

didi gavleniTa da avtoritetiT sarge blobda da Tavisi

va Jis, heidar-mirzas gamefebas cdilobda. Aam saqmeSi mas

Tavisi Zmebis da sxvebis daxmarebis imedi hqonda, razec

qvemoT ufro vrclad iTqmeva. Ddon xuan sparseli heidaris

mfarvelebad da mxardamWerebad sxva pirov nebebs asaxelebs:

`maszed (heidarze – e.m.) dedis naTersavebi zrunavdnen,

romelTa Soris iyvnen isaxani, evnuxi ayTa huseini da fir-

mohamedi~4. Mmina doi ki gvamcnobs, rom heidari `zedamxed-

velobis qveS iyo zalxanis, fir-mohamedisa da dedis mxri-

dan sxva naTesavebisa~5. maSasadame, minadoi da don xuan de

persia erT maneTs mxolod fir-mohamedis heidar-mirzasadmi

momxreobaSi eTanxme bian.

ferixan-xanumi . Tavisi WkuiT, gonebiT, moxerxebulobiT,

cbiere biTa da aqtiurobiT gamoirCeoda Sah Tamazis asuli

1 Minadoi, p. 7.2 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, c. 232.3 Тамже, с. 229.4 Don Juan de Persia, p. 61 r.5 Minadoi T., p. 4.

Cerqezi colisagan, Samx alis disSvili ferixan-xanumi. mi-

nadois mixedviT, ferixani yvelaze ufrosi iyo Sah Tamazis

SvilebSi1. sasaxleSi mis gavlenaze mety velebs isic, rom

Sahis ukanaskneli surviliT mas daevala, karis mrCevelebT-

an erTad, sisruleSi moeyvana anderZi memkvidris gamefebis

Sesaxeb. sxvaTaSoris, heidar-mirzac aRiarebda Tavisi dis

SesaZle blobebs da xSirad Tavis momavalze eTaTbireboda2.

don xuan de persias TqmiTac, ferixan-xanumi didi xnis gan-

mavlobaSi orWoful mdgomareobaSi iyo, visT vis, ismailisa

Tu heidarisaTvis mieniWebina upiratesoba.

ferixan-xanumis iniciativianobas aRniSnavda don xuan

de persiac3. man mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula Sah Tamaz-

is gardacvalebis Semdeg momxdar politikur ambebSi, ker-

Zod, ismail-mirzas gamefebaSi. ismailma das ar daufasa

Tanadgoma, CamoarTva 200 aTas dukatze meti Rire bulebis

qoneba da aiZulebda gaWirvebaSi ecxovra. ferixan xanumi,

rogorc `karme litebis qronika~ gadmogvcems, daukavSirda

axali Sahis religiuri politikiT ukmayofilo didebulebs

da ismaili sawamlavi ani opiumiT mowamles4. ferixan xanumma

mxari dauWira, agreTve mohamed xodabvandes gamefebas, rad-

gan imedovnebda, rom susti Zmis mefobisas mTel Zala-ufle-

bas Tavis xelSi moaqcevda. magram mas Zlieri konku renti

gamouCnda Sahis colis, Wkviani, energiuli da cbieri mahdi-

ulias saxiT. mahdi mazandara nis gamgeblis qaliSvili iyo

da qmris susti mxareebis gaTvaliswinebiT, is xelisuflebis

saTaveSi moeqca. man ofi cialurad daikava umaRlesi divanis

vaqilis Tanamdeboba, vezirTan er Tad, faqtobrivad, ganagebda

Sahis kancelarias. misi upirvelesi Ron isZieba iyo ferixan

1 Mminadoi Samxals da mis das qarTvelad Tvlida. imave qalisagan Sahs

hyavda kidev erTi vaJi mustafa-mirza. Minadoi, p. 6. mustafas dediT qarTve-lad da ferixan-xanumis Zmad miiCnevda don xuan de persiac, p. 61v.

2 Ibidem, p. 7.3 Don Juan de Persia, 61 r.4 A Cronicle of the Carmelites in Persia, p. 57.

350 351

xanumis sikvdiliT dasja, rac sisruleSi moiyvanes kidec1.

rogorc don xuan de persia gadmog vcems (is, SeiZleba, TviT-

mxilveli iyo), `mis mokveTil da gasisxlianebul, Subze

wamogebul Tavs, yazvinis karibWesTan daatarebdnen~2.

* * *

1573 wels moulodnelad avad gaxda Sah Tamazi. Sahis

karze maSinve daiwyo brZola memkvidris sakiTxis gamo. da-

vis dros sabolood gamoikveTa ori erTmaneTis mowinaaTRm-

dege dajgufeba: erTi mxars uWerda Sah Tamazis meore vaJs

ismail-mirzas, xolo meore dajgufeba _ Sahis mesame vaJs _

heidar-mirzas3, romelic mamas gansakuTrebiT uyvarda da sxva

Svilebisagan gansxvavebiT mas sasaxleSi yofnis ufleba mi-

aniWa4. man heidarisadmi keTil ganwyoba imiTic gamoxata, rom

ufros vaJebze win daayena da taxtis memkvidred daniSna. ase

ganucxada Sah Tamazis elCma Toqmak-xanma konstantinopolSi

sulTan murad II -s (1574-1595) taxtze asvlis milocvisas.

am dros ki ̀ Sah Tamazi Tavisi ormocdaToTxmetwliani mefo-

bis Semdeg taxtidan samareSi midioda~5.

don xuan de persias gadmocemiT, „moxuci mefe Tamazi

Tavisi imperiis xanebisa da sulTnebis moTxovniT iZule-

buli iyo, miuxedavad is mailisadmi uaryofiTi Sexed-

ulebisa, anderZSi Tavis memkvidred igi dae niSna da Tavis

pirmSosa da ufros Svilze _ muhamedze win daeyene bina“6.

ma gram am dros ismaili, mamis brZanebiT, kahkahes7 anu

1 gelaSvili n., dasax. naSr., gv. 141-142.2 Don Juan de Persia, p. 64 r.3 Malcolm J., Geschhichte Persiens von der frühesten Periode an bis zur jetzi-

gen Zeit, II B., Leipzig, 1830, S. 19 .4 Ibidem.5 Hammer J., Op. cit. , S. 473-474.6 Don Juan de Persia, 61 v.7 kahaka _ Mminadoi, kahkahahi _ baiaTi, yalyaa _ beri egnataSvili.

alamuTis1 cixeSi gamomwyvdeuli iyo2. Sahi SiSobda, rom

heidar-mir zas momxreebs SeeZloT satusaRos ufrosis xal-

ifa ansar yaradaRlus saSualebiT xeleyoT ismail-mirzas

sicocxle. amitom man mizanSe wonilad CaTvala is mailis

dacva gaeZlierebina da yizilbaSTa gamoCenili sardlis

amir aslan sulTanis vaJs ubrZana, 60 mebrZoliT misuliyo

yahyahes cixeSi da ismail-mirza daecva3.

Sah Tamazis amgvarma zerele RonisZioebebma, ra Tqma

unda, ver daacxro taxtis pretendentTa da maTi momxreebis

vnebaTa Relva. isini mxolod xelsayrel moments elodnen.

TiToeul dajgufebas (jer viwros), Tavisi miznebi hqonda.

isqander munSis mixedviT, roca avadmyofi Sahi�abanoSi

unda wasu liyo, ismail-mirzas momxreebi mRelvarebam moicva.

maT eSinodaT, rom qarTvelebis meTauri zaal-begi (igi mx-

ars uWerda heidar-mirzas), romelic wesisamebr Sahs abanoSi

emsaxureboda, mas moklavda4.

zaal-begi yovelTvis emsaxureboda Sahs abanoSi. im dRes,

roca gadawyvetili iyo Sahis abanoSi wasvla, qarTvele-

bi Ciodnen: `CvenSi ra dainaxes iseTi, rom Cveni samsax-

uris Sesrulebas gviSliano~. rodesac yizilbaSi amirebis

qarTvelebisadmi braldebam Sahis yuramde miaRwia, man is

ar gaiziara da `zaal-begi ixmo, raTa Cvulebriv misuliyo

abanoSi da samsaxuri Seesrulebina. im xalxma xmis amoReba

ver SesZlo da Sercxvenili daiSala~5.

1 alamuTis cixe _ ̀ arwivis bude~, mdebareobda elbrusis mTebSi, yazvinis maxoblad. iTvleboda erT-erT miuval cixe-simagred (isqander munSi, gv. 152, Sen. 38). rogorc Cans, kahkahe da alamuTi erTi da igive cixe-simagris ori

saxelia, radgan baiaTis gadmocemiT, kahkahes cixec mdebareobda yazvinidan 150, Tavrizidan ki _ 30 legis daSorebiT (p. 60 v).

2 qarTuli wyaro adasturebs Mminadois da baiaTis cnobebis siswores:

„Sah Tamazis Svili Sah ismaili tyued ijda cixesa yalyaas“. qarTlis

cxovreba., gv. 517. 3 Hinz W., Op. cit., S. 41.4 isqander munSi, gv. 26.5 iqve.

352 353

im dRes, rodesac Sahi abanoSi midioda, isini vinc Tavi-

anT Tavs Sahsevanebs (Sahis megobrebi) uwodebdnen, sinamd-

vileSi ismail-mirzas momxreebi iyvnen, 4-5 aTasi Seiara-

Rebuli kaci sasaxlis karTan Segrovdnen da ganzraxuli

hqondaT zaal-begisaTvis xeli SeeSalaT. imave dros, qarT-

velebi da maTi momxre Seixavandi, usTajlu da maTi xe-

lqveiTnic, agreTve 4-5 aTasi aseve SeiaraRebuli kaci

Seikriba zaal-begis dasaxmareblad da sasaxleSi Sesvlas

cdilobdnen. mosalod neli iyo sisxlis Rvra1. mdgo mareoba

ganmuxta heidar-mirzas gamoCenam, ìsmail-mirzas momxreebma

veRar SeZles meti ayal-mayali~2.

TiToeul dajgufebas Tavisi miznebi hqonda, magram brZo-

la am jerad ar gamwvavda, radgan sasaxlis eqimebis mcdelo-

bis Sedegad Sahi gamokeTda. TamazisaTvis cnobili gaxda is

ambebi, rac misi avadmyofo bis dros tax tis irgvliv moxda.

mas amis Sesaxeb moaxsena Cerqezma colma, misi qaliS vilis

ferixan-xanumis dedam. Cans, colis Cagonebam gasWra da Sah

Tamazi amis Semdeg heidar-mirzas winaaRmdeg ganewyo. ma gram

mis mimarT, iseve rogorc ufliswulis momxreebis mimarT

mkacri RonisZiebebi ar gautarebia. isqander munSis TqmiT,

`roca kurTxeuli Sahi savsebiT gamo janmrTelda, aseTi am-

bebis moxdena aRkveTa da garemoebis gamoZieba ar dauwyia~3.

man mxolod cixeSi damwyvdeuli is mailis dacva gaaZliera.

Sa hisaTvis cnobili iyo, rom cixis gamgebeli xalife ansar

yaradaRlu karis umaRles xazinadars qarTvel farox zad-

begs moyvrobda. es ukanask neli ki heidaris Tavgamodebuli

momxre iyo4.

sainteresoa, rogori iyo ZalTa Tanafardoba taxti

preten dendentTa Soris, romel Zalebs eyrdnobodnen isini?

1 iqve, gv. 26.2 iqve, gv. 27.3 iqve.

4 albaT es unda iyves iranis karze aRzevebuli, gamoCenili mxatvris

siaoS-beg qarTvelis Zma. iqve, gv. 27-28.

es sakiTxi sakmaod dawvrilebiT Seiswavla v. hincma, Tumca

mis mier dafiqsire buli zogierTi cnoba ar emTxveva sxva

wyaroTa monacemebs.

heidaris momxreni ismailis momxreni

mustafa-mirza, Sah Tamazis

mexuTe vaJi, SeeZina erT-erTi

qarTveli qalisagan, 20 wlis,

Wkviani, ficxi, lamazi.

suleiman-mirza, Sah Tamazis

mesame vaJi erT-erTi Cerqezi

qalisagan1, 21 wlis.

husein beg usTajlu, aseulis

meTauri da amira, Zalian mdi-

dari da gavleniani, mustafa-

mirzas aRmzrdeli, sasaxlis

umniSvnelovanesi pirovneba.

mahmud-mirza, Sah Tamazis mee-

qvse vaJi, SeeZina erT monasTan,

18 wlis, gavlenis gareSe.

zaal begi qarTvelTa meTau-

ri da amira, imamyuli-mirzas

biZa, mamaci da Zlieri.A

ahmad-mirza, Sah Tamazis mecx-

re vaJi, SeeZina erT monasTan,

13 wlis, gavlenis gareSe.

ali-xan begi, esec qarTve-

li didebuli, heidar-mirzas

biZa.

ferixan xanumi, Sah Tamazis

meore qaliSvili, princ su-

leimanis da, 30 wlis, didi

gavlenis mqone.

alah-yuli-sulTan ijek

oRlu, usTajlus gvaris um-

niSvnelovanesi beladi

husein-yuli xolafa rumlu,

mcireaziuri sufis beladi,

cbieri da Zlieri.

xalifa ansar yaradaRlu,

ismailis satusaRos ufrosi,

miemxro usTajlus2.

Samxal sulTani, Cerqezebis

beladi, ferixan xanumisa da

suleiman-mirzas biZa.

1 CerqezTa Samxalis da.

2 Hinz W., Op. cit., S. 46.

354 355

Sadraddin-xani, saxelmwifo

mdivnis masum beg safavis

vaJi, heidar-mirzas aRmzrde-

li, zei-xavandis gvaridan.

amir aslan begi, afSarebis be-

ladi, mniSvnelovani sardali

da princ ahmadis aRmzrdeli

zaied beg kamune, gamoCenili

Siiti sasuliero piri

vali beg afSari, haremis

dacvis meTauri

usTajlus, zeielxavandis

da TaleSis mTeli gvarebi,

qarTvelebi.

heidar sulTan kapuRi, Turq-

manTa beladi,

kumis gamgebeli.

soleiman xalifa Samlu,

sulTaniis gamgebeli.

rumlus, afSaris, Turq-

menebis, Samlus, yajaris,

zulyadris, Cerqezebis da

qurTebis mTeli tomebi

aravisken

sulTan ibrahim-mirza, bahram-mirzas vaJi da Sah Tamazis

Zmis Svili, saxlTuxucesi, poeti, mxatvari, musikosi1

zogierTi ram viciT im gamuslimanebuli qarTvelebis

Sesaxeb, romlebic met-nakleb rols asrulebdnen sain-

tereso periodis iranis politikur cxovrebaSi. isini saTa-

veSi edgnen im seriozul politikur dajgufebas, romelsac

sasurveli ufliswulis gamefebiT Tavisi miznebis ganxor-

cieleba surda. es dajgufeba imave dros upirispirdeboda

udidesi gavlenis mqone meore djgufebas, romelsac aseTive

interesebi gaaCnda.

* * *

zaal begi. morTeza mehdi faTemis TqmiT, zaal begi

iranSi moRvawe erT-erTi pirveli qarTveli iyo, romelic

XVI s. 40-ian wlebSi Sah Tamazis sasaxleSi cxovrobda da

Sahis ndobiTa da yuradRebiT sargeblobda. zaal begs iranSi

hyavda, agreTve, ori Zma _ daviTi da Tamazi. isini Zlieri

mxedarTmTavrebi iyvnen. maTi da _ jan feri xanumi Sah Tamaz-

is pirveli coli iyo1. Saraf-xan biTlisis mixedviT, zaal

begis Zma iyo ali-xan gurji da isini sulTan heidar-mirzas

da imam-yuli-mirzas biZebi iyvnen2. samwuxarod ar viciT

saqarTvelos romeli kuTxidan iyvnen an rogor viTarebaSi

aRmoCndnen isini iranSi. isini heidar mirzas gasamefeblad

ibrZodnen. Tu Saraf-xan biTlisis naTqvams gaviziarebT, rom

zaal-begis Zma alixan-begi iyo, maSin naTelia, rom zalic

imave samTavrodan iqneboda saidanac misi Zma iyo. mxolod

erTaderTi „mesxuri matiane“ unda migvaniSnebdes, rom isini

mesxi ioTamiSvilebi iyvnen3. magram gaugebaria, saidan dgin-

deba, rom isini ioTamiSvil-SalikaSvilebi iyvnen4.

rogorc werilobiTi wyaroebidan Cans, zaal-begi (igive

zaal-gurji) iranSi mcxovrebi gamuslimanebuli da ierar-

qiis sxvadasxva safexurze mdgomi qarTulebis meTauri iyo

da didi gavleniT sargeblobda.

1 morTeza mehdi faTemi, sparsuli masalebi XVI-XVII saukuneebis qarT-

vel moRvaweTa Sesaxeb, Tb., 1982, gv. 62; Шараф-хан Бидлиси, с. 229.2 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, с. 229.3 samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi, gv. 424 kacitaZe d., qarTul-iranuli urTierTobidan, gv. 138.

1 morTaza mehdi faTemi, sparsuli masalebi XVI-XVII saukuneebis qarT-

vel moRvaweTa Sesaxeb, Tb., 1982, gv. 62; Шараф-хан Бидлиси, c. 229.

356 357

zaal-begi gamoirCeoda simamaciT da gambedaobiT. amitom

iyo, rom germaneli istorikosi valter hinci, sparsulenovan

werilobiT wyaroebze dayrdnobiT, mas germanelTa erovnul

gmirs adarebs da `Tavisi drois zigfrids~ uwodebs1.

zaal begi , garkveuli interesebidan gamomdinare, dakav-

Sirebuli iyo iranis zogierTi Zlieri gvaris liderTan.

zaal begi koaliciaSi pirvelad Cans 1573 wels, rodesac

Sah Tamazis avadmyofobisas mwvaved dadga taxtis memkvid-

ris sakiTxi. swored am dros gamoikveTa ori dapirispire-

buli banaki. pirvelSi Sediodnen: husein-yuli-xolafa rum-

lu, emiri aslan beg afSari da Cerqezebis Samhali. meore

dajgufebaSi iyvnen: hosein-beg iuzbaSi usTajlu, fari-beg

yojlu qorCi Turqemani da zaal-gurji2.

zaal-begs Sahis karze, savaraudoa, sakmaod didi ufle-

bebi da movaleobebi hqonda, magram ar Cans isini konkre-

tulad raSi gamoixateboda. isqander munSis mxolod isa

aqvs naTqvami, rom zaal-begi Sahs abanoSi emasaxureboda3.

rogorc Cans, àbanoSi samsaxuri~, Sah Tamazis dros imdenad

mniSvnelovani iyo, rom rodesac 1573 wels Sah Tamazi avad

gaxda, qarTvelTa mowinaaRmdege yizilbaS amiraTa jgufma

zaal-begis Sahisagan CamoSorebis mTavar pirobad qarTveleb-

isaTvis abanoSi samsaxuris akrZalva miiCnies. ai rogor gad-

mogvcems isqander munSi am ambavs: `Sahis avadmyofobis dros

sasaxleSi ufliswulebs Soris taxtis dakavebis sakiTxis

gamo atexil qiSpobasa da davaSi zaal-begi, romelic im

jgufs (e. i. heidar mirzas momxreebs) ekuTvnoda, xolo

misi da Sahis meuRleTa rigebSi iTvleboda da ramdenime

ufliswulis deda iyo, sulTan ismailis momxreTa moZule

iyo, rom Sahi abanoSi wabrZandeboda, ismail-mirzas momxree-

bi SeTanxmdnen imaze, rom zaal-begi umaduri iyo da saxelm-

1 Hinz W., Op. cit., S. 462 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, с. 227.3 isqander munSi, gv. 26.

wifos erTguli sufiebi mas ar endobodnen. Cven ar davuS-

vebTo, Tqves maT, rom am dros, roca misi udidebulesoba

ase dasustebulia, igi (zaal-begi) abanoSi wavides da iq

imsaxuroso, misi Ralatisagan uzrunvelyofili ara varTo.

qarTvelebma, Seixavendem, usTajlum da yvela haidareleb-

ma amis Sesaxeb laparaki daiwyes. qarTvelebi ambobdnen,

CvenSi ra dainaxes iseTi, rom Cveni samsaxuris Sesrulebas

gviSliano~1. rodesac Sahma es ambavi gaigo, „man mizanSewoni-

lad miiCnia, ar mieqcia yuradReba da zaal-begi ixmo, raTa

Cveulebrivad misuliyo abanoSi da samsaxuri Seesrulebina~2.

qarTvelTa mowinaaRmdegeebma xmis amoReba ver gabedes da,

rogorc isqander munSi aRniSnavs, Sercxvenilebi daiSalnen.

„sulTan heidaris momxreebma „axali sicocxle moipoves“

da matyuaraTa ciliswamebas da borotganmzraxvelTa ginebas

gadaurCnen. Semdeg, roca kurTxeuli Sahi savsebiT gamojan-

mrTelda, aseTi ambebis moxdena akrZala da am garemoebis

gamoZieba ar dauwyia“3.

k. tabataZis dakvirvebiT, iranis politikur cxovre-

baSi abanos gansakuTrebuli adgili ekava, imdenad ramdena-

dac Sah Tamazi did dros abanoSi atarebda, sadac xSirad

saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis sakiTxebi wydeboda. maSasa-

dame, abanoSi Sahis siaxloves yofna mxolod SahTan daax-

loebuli pirebis privilegia iyo. àmrigad, rogorc irkveva,

Sah TamazisaTvis esoden mniSvnelovani samsaxuri zaal-begis

xelT iyo, romelic, savsebiT SesaZlebelia, im vezirad igu-

lisxmebodes, romlis da iranis Sahis haramxanaSi im dros

marTlac iyo~4.

alixan begi. rogorc iTqva, alixan begi zaal-begis

Zma da heidar-mirzas da imamyuli-mirzas, dediT qarTveli

1 iqve, gv. 25-26.2 iqve, gv. 27.3 isqander munSi, gv 27.4 Sah Tamazis saubari osmaleTis elCebTanTan, gv 49, 82-83, Sen. 211.

358 359

ufliswulebis, biZa iyo. „mesxuri matianes“ mixedviT, ali-

xani mesxi ioTamiSvili yofila1. es alixani saqarTveloSi

cnobili yofila, rogorc heidar-mirzas gamefebisaTvis erT-

erTi Tavgamodebuli mebrZoli. Sah Tamazis gardacvalebis

Semdeg yazvinSi datrialebuli ambebisa da masSi alixanis

adgilis Sesaxeb, beri egnataSvili Semdegnairad gadmogvcems:

„qoronikonsa s∼d: maissa ie, dResa samSabaTsa, yaeni Sah Tamaz

mokvda da ustajluanTa da ioTamis Svilman alixan-sulTan

aidar-mirzas batonoba moindomes. jargazma Samxal avSarTa

da vinca maTi oimati iyo mouPden, aidar mirza mokles,

usta-jluani amoswyBdes da ismael-mirzas gamosayvanad kaci

gagzavnes“2.

gulbaaTi. Sah Tamazis saqarTveloSi pirveli laSqrobis

dros (1540/1), rogorc hasan rumlu mogviTxrobs, Tbilisis

cixes Tavi Seafara qarTlis mefe luarsab I -is (1530-1556)

erT-erTma àmiram~ gulbaaTma. Sem degSi man uvnebloba iTxo-

va, yizilbaSebs cixe Caabara da islami miiRo3.

hasan rumlus Txzulebis aSiaze yofila minaweri, romel-

Sic naTqvami iyo: `xsenebuli gulbaaTi mdabio xalxs ekuT-

vnis, romelTac msaxurs uwodeben, da Tan aznauric aris,

radgan amirad iTvleba~4.

gulbaaTis Sesaxeb SedarebiT vrclad gadmoqvcems da

mis mdgo mareobas gasagebs xdis isqander munSi, romelic

yizilbaSebis mier Tbi lisis aRebasTan dakavSirebiT ambobs:

`gulbad qarTveli, romelic (mefe – e.m.) luarsabisagan

Tbilisis mmarTvelad iyo daniSnuli, qarTvelebis erTi

jgufiT cixeSi gaiqca, mas dasZlia islamis miRebis sur-

vilma, cixi dan uvneblobiT gamovida da islamis miRebis

bedniereba moipova~5.

1 samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi, gv. 422 qarTlis cxovreba, II , gv. 5173 hasan rumlu, gv. 23 .4 iqve, gv. 56, Sen. 495 isqander munSi, gv. 16 .

Sah Tamazis saqarTveloSi pirveli laSqrobis da gul-

baaTis mier yizilbaSebisaTvis Tbilisis Cabarebis Sesaxeb,

farsadan gorgi janiZe mog viTxrobs Semdegs: `gulbad rome

mefis lvarsabisagan dayenebuli qalaqis cixisTavi da moura-

vi iyo da an sxva vinc morCen, qalaqis cixeSi Seixvewnes

da yizilbaSis laSqarni cixes Semoadgnes. viTarc laSqris

molodini arsiT hqondaT da cixeSi saWmeli da nuzli ara

hqondaT da verc garedam Seugzavnes da SimSilman nametnavad

Zali uyo da arc mSveli gauCnda, Rone gauwyda da uvneblo-

bis fici gamoarT ves da cixe misces da mas aqeT qalaqis

cixe qarTvelT veRar iSovnes~1.

igive ambavi, mcireodeni gansxvavebiT, gadmocemulia àx-

ali qarTlis cxovrebis~ pirvel da meore teqstSi. pirvel

teqstSi naTqvamia, rom Sah Tamazi ise Sevida TbilisSi

cixisTavma gulbaTma veraferi gaigo. man me fis SiSiT `rome

ugrZnoblad mosvlisaTBs ara iavar myos, gardmovida zemo-

cixiT da mouvida Sah Tamazs... da Sah Tamaz misca niWi

didi da daatevebina sjuli qristianobisa da daipyra cixe

tfilisisa da gaamagra da TBT warvida yarabaRad~2.

àxali qarTlis cxovrebis mesame teqstSic~ naTqva-

mia, rom mas Sem deg rac Sah Tamazma Tbilisi aiklo da

mravali amowyvita, cixisTav gul baaTs SeeSinda mefisa,

vaiTu me damabraloso, cixidan gamovida da Sahs eax-

la. mecixovneTa erTi nawili saxlSi wavida, meoreni ki

SahTan mividnen. gulbaaTma da mecixovneebma islami miiRes,

Sah Tamazma gaamagra Tbilisis cixe da yarabaRSi wavida3.

qarTuli wyaroebi arafers amboben gulbaaTis Semdgomi

bedis Sesaxeb.

gulbaaTis vaJebi yazvinSi Canan XVI s. 50-iani wlebis

Sua xanebSi, magram ar gvaqvs cnobebi Tu rodidan an rogor

1 farsadan gorgijaniZe, gv. 212.2 qarTlis cxovreba, II , gv, 517.3 iqve, gv. 497.

360 361

viTarebaSi gadasaxldnen isini iranSi. savaraudoa, isini

qarTlis mefisa da qarTveli patriotebis agan SurisZiebas

gaeqcnen. gaurkvevelia am dros TviT gulbaaTi cocxalia Tu

ara. gulbaaTis vaJebi naxsenebi arian, rogorc Sah Tamazis

erTgulni, kerZod maSin, rodesac maT yazvinSi mokles Sah

Tamazis erT-erTi moRalate kariskaci ali-sulTanTaqalu1.

es erTaderTi cnoba gagvaC nia gulbaaTis vaJebis yazvinSi,

Sahis sasaxleSi yofnis Sesaxeb, maTi Semdgomi bedi ucnobia.

amdenad, SeuZlebelia imis Tqma, rom imave saukunis 70-ian

wlebSi zaal-begsa da heidar-mirzas sxva momxreebs isinic

mxars uWerdnen, rogorc k. tabataZe fiqrobda2.

* * *

1576 wlis 1 maiss Sah Tamazi loginad Cavarda. sasax-

lis eqimebma misi gamojanmrTelebisaTvis yvela Rone ix-

mares. eqimebs Soris iyo erTi gi laneli haqim ibn nasri,

romelic cnobili iyo heidar-mirzas momxreobiT. amis gamo

SemdegSi xma gavarda, TiTqos man Sahi politi kuri mosaz-

rebiT mowamla3.

sxva versiiT, Sah Tamazi heidar-mirzas dedas, qarTvel

qals, mou wamlavs. igi SiSobda, rom uprincipo da meryev

Sahs adre miRebuli gadawyvetileba ar Seecvala da heidari-

saTvis taxtis memkvidris ufleba ar CamoerTmia. Aamitom mas

surda Sahis adreuli sikvdiliT uzrunveleyo Tavisi vaJis

Seuferxebeli asvla samefo taxtze. man banlis gasaclel

malamoSi raRac sawamlavi Seuria4.

Sah Tamazis gardacvalebisaTvis momzadebuli aRmoCnd-

nen heidaris mowinaaRmdegenic. maT maSinve gaatares iseTi

1 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, с. 200.2 tabataZe k., Saraf-xan bidlisis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 177.3 Hinz W., Op. cit., S. 44.4 Hammer J., Gescichte des osmanischen Reiches, II B., S., 474.

RonisZieba, romelmac gadam wyveti gavlena moaxdina movlen-

ebis Semdgom ganviTarebaze. sasaxlisa da haramxanis dacvis

meTaurma vali-beg avSarma, Seityo ra Sahis gar dacvalebis

Sesaxeb, maSinve brZana sasaxlis yvela kari daeketaT da

gareT aravin gaeSvaT. Hheidar-mirza da misi momxreebi roca

mizans miRweulad Tvlidnen, ufliswuli, sinamdvileSi,

sasaxlis dacvis tyveobaSi aRmoCnda.

14 maiss, SuaRamisas Sahma brZana, ufliswulebi Tavi-

anT saxlebSi wasuliyvnen. darCena SeeZlo mxolod heidars.

heidaris sasaxleSi da toveba mouTxovia husein-beg iuzbaSis,

romelic didebulebis umravle so basTan da tomebTan SeTanx-

mebiT moqmedebda. maTTan erTad iyvnen sulTan heidar-mirzas

biZebi alixan-gurji da zaal gurji. maTi survili iyo Sa-

his sikvdilis Semdeg heidars daekavebina taxti12.Mheidarsac

xom es undoda. misi varaudiT, mamamisis ukanaskneli sur-

vili misi taxtze damtkiceba iqneboda. ase iyo Tu ise, imave

Rames Sah Tamazi gardaicvala da diliT ukve gamocxadda,

rom heidar-mirza gamefdeboda. imave brZanebaSi momakvdavi

Sahi ismailis dacvazec zrunavda2.

Sah Tamazis ukanaskneli survili sruliad gansxvavebu-

ladaa gad mocemuli `karmelitebis qronikaSi~: Sahma Seityo,

rom didebulebs dediT qarTveli ufliswulis heidar-

mirzas gamefeba ganuzraxavT. SeS foTebulma Sahma, romelsac

taxti ismailisaTvis undoda, aucileblad CaTvala hei daris

mokvla. man heidari saswrafod TavisTan daibara, viTom

im mo tiviT, rom is Tavis memkvidred unda gamoecxadebina.

ufliswuli maSinve mamasTan gamocxadda. Sahis brZanebiT,

sasaxlis erT-erTma mcvelma hei dari sasaxlis erT bnel

oTaxSi daamwyvdia, sa dac igi Sahis gardacvale bamde imyofe-

boda3. buda’yazvinis mixedviT, Sa his sikvdilis Rames sasax-

1 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, c. 229.2 Malcolm J., Op. cit., S. 45.3 A Cronicle of the Carmelites in Persia, p. 55.

362 363

leSi Caketilma heidar-mirzam ar icoda rogor moqceuliyo.

bolos `man sabuTi Seadgina, romlis dasawyisSi aRniSna,

rom TiTqos es mamamisis dawerili iyo. yvela mixvda, rom

es yalbi sabuTi iyo~1. isqander munSimac icoda anderZis

arsebobis Sesaxeb, romliTac taxti memkvidreobiT heidar-

mirzaze gadadioda, ma gram iqve gvamcnobs, rom maSinve eWvi

gaCnda, rom is Sedgenili iyo ufliswulisa da misi damx-

maris mier2.

1576 wlis 14 -15 maisis Rames da Semdgom dRes Sahis

sasaxlesa da yazvinSi datrialebul ambebs mravali Tana-

medrove da Semdgomi periodis sparseli da arasparseli

istorikosi Seexo. magram yvelaze vrclad da amave dros

Zalze sainteresod aRwera Tomazo minadoim. marTalia, zo-

girTi momenti mis mier aRwerili dramisa ar emTxveva sxva

avtorebis cnobebs, magram isini dagvexmareba miaxloebiTi

sizustiT mainc aRvadginoT im erTi Ramisa da DdRis am-

bavi.

Sarafxan biTlisis gadmocemiT, gardaicvala Tu ara Sah

Tamazi, heidar-mirzam maSinve Tavze daidga Sahis gvirgvini

da oqroTi movaraye buli xanjali daikida da taxtze dajda

colebiTa da didebuli qalebiT garSemortymuli3.

Sah Tamazis anderZiT, misi gardacvalebis Semdeg, taxti

ismail-mirzas unda daekavebina4. amitom kariskacebma kahkahes

cixeSi damwy vdeuli ismaili sasaxleSi miiwvies, raTa mas

misalmebodnen rogorc xelmwifes. magram vidre Sikrikebi

1 gelaSvili n., dasax. naSromi, gv. 124.2 iqve, gv. 125.3 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, c. 229.4 don xuan de persia ambobs: mohamed xudabendes, susti mxedvelobisa

da kidev sxva mizezebis gamo, gamefeba ar SeiZleboda, `moxuci mefe Tamazi Tavisi im periis xanebisa da sulTnebis moTxovniT iZulebuli iyo, miuxedavad ismailis Sesaxeb uary ofiTi azrisa, anderZiT Tavis memkvidred is gamoecxade-bina da Tavis pirmSosa da ufros Svilze mohamedze win is daeyenebina~. Don Juan de Persia, p. 61 v.

ismailamde miaRwevdnen da is yazvinSi mividoda, sasaxlesa

da sataxtoSi miTqma-moTqma gavrcelda1.

ismaili uyuradRebod ar darCaT heidaris momxreebsac.

maT mis mi marT garkveuli RonisZiebebis gatareba ganizraxes.

v. hincs Tavis naSromSi aqvs erTi aseTi epizodi: 1576 wlis

16 maiss, diliT, sulTaniis gam gebeli soleiman xalifa

Samlu Tavis amalasTan erTad nadirobda da dros atarebda,

roca moulodnelad SeamCnia saeWvod aCqarebuli mxedari.

soleiman xalifam mxedris Sepyroba brZana. mas aRmoaCnda

wer ili, romlis Sinaarsma yvela ganacvifra. zaal-begi xal-

ifa ansars, kahkahes cixis gamge bels, sadac ismail-mirza iyo

damwyvdeuli, werda: 14 maisis Rames Sah Tamazi gardaicvala,

amitom saswrafod heidar-mirza unda gamefdeso. werilSi

miTiTebuli iyo agreTve, rom dauyovnebliv moeklaT ismail-

mirza2.

soleiman xalifam Sikriki daasjevina da saswrafod

mcire erT guli razmiT ismailis sanaxavad alamuTis cixi-

saken gaeSura. am dros cixis gamgebeli xalifa ansaric

sanadirod wasuliyo, amitom soleiman xalifam daubrkole-

blad SesZlo ismailisaTvis mamis gardacvaleba ec nobebina.

is ini SeTanxmdnen, rom ismaili cixeSi darCeboda manamde, vi-

dre soleiman xalifa mis gasanTavisufleblad ardebilSi ar

dabrundeboda. amis Semdeg arc ismaili iyo gulxeldakre-

1 `Tanaxmad anderZisa, ismailis yazvinSi mosayvanad xanebi da sulTnebi

gagzav nes. magram vidre ismaili movidoda misma naxevardam, princesam, saxelad

ferixan-xanumma (mustafa-mirzas da) Tavisi biZis, qarTveli qristiani dedis

Zmis, qe malis (rogorc va raudoben koreqtoruli Secdomaa: qemalis nacvlad

unda iyos Samxali. ix. Brown E. G., A Histor of Persian Literature in Modern Times, 1500-1924, Cambridge, 1924, p. 101) mier darigebuli xanebi da sulT-

nebi daarwmuna, rom es saqme gadasdon, ukidures SemTxvevaSi anderZis ganx-orcieleba gadasdon da mmarTvelobis taxtze misi SuaTana Zma heidar-mirza

dasvan, Tumca Secdoma ar iqneba vTqvaT, rom es azri ufliswul [heidaridan]

ar modis, rogorc winaT egonaT, rom Tu heidar-mirza samefo taxts daimkvi-drebda, amiT mamis anderZi Ses ruldeboda~. Don Juan de Persia, p. 61 v – 62r.

2 Hinz W., Op. cit., S. 43.

364 365

fili. man maSinve ixmo amir aslanis vaJebi, romlebsac Sah

Tamazis brZanebiT is mailis dacva evalebodaT da axali am-

bavi acnoba. maT erToblivad SeimuSaves ismailis ganTavisu-

flebis gegema: xalifa ansaris meomrebi cixidan motyuebiT

gaiyvanes da manamde, vidre damxmare razmebi movidodnen,

cixes TviTon daepatronen. ismailma werilebi gaugzavna da

daxmareba sTxova axlomdebare olqebis yizilbaSebs1.

Sahis sasaxleSi ki movlenebi ganviTarda Semdegnairad:

heidar-mirza ver xvdeboda rogori xifaTi emuqreboda (is

xom faqtobrivad tyve iyo), man jariskacebi, haramxanis

dacva da msaxurebi daasaCuqra. Semdeg Sevida haramxanis

derefanSi, sadac sasaxlis mcvelebi avSaris, Samlus, zul-

yadaris da Torqemanis tomebidan, TvalTmaqcurad, gadaWar-

bebuli mor CilebiT miesalmnen. sasaxleSi imyofeboda Sah

Tamazis ufrosi qaliSvili ferixan-xanumi, qarTveli (?)

Samhalis diswuli. mas davalebuli hqonda kariskacebTan

erTad aResrulebina Sahis ukanaskneli survili. magram is,

sxvadasxva saSualebiT cdilobda, rom taxti ar darCenoda

ismails da igi ukanonod daekave bina heidar-mirzas. man ver

gabeda pirvels aetexa Cxubi an seriozuli amboxeba saxelm-

wifo mrCevelebisaTvis. amave dros ver gadaewyvita Tavisi

Zmis heidaris mimarT damRupveli zomebisaTvis mie marTa2.

meore mxriv mas ar SeeZlo daeSva usamarTloba ismailis

mi marTac, romelic mamam memkvidred airCia. imyofeboda ra

aseT orWoful mdgomareobaSi, igi cdilobda amjerad pa-

tivmoyvare Wabuki heidari daek mayofilebina da imave dros

daecva sasaxlidan Sors myofi ismailis ufleba mamis ander-

1 Ibidem, p. 46.2 Minadoi, p. 8. `rodesac ismailis winaaRmdeg da heidaris sasargeblod

ramden ime SeTqmuleba gamJRavnda, [ferixan-xanums] rac gulSi hqonda damala, rom danarCeni ajanye bulni ar gamoeaSkaravebina. igi darwmunda, rom SeuZle-

beli iyo ramodenime dRiT mainc ismailis mosvla daeyovnebina, amitom hei-daris xeldasxmaze mivida. Don Juan de Persia, p. 62r.

Zis sapativcemlod da saxelmwifos keTildReobisaT vis1.

Sah Tamazis mier anderZis datoveba taxtis memkvidris

Sesaxeb sxvadasxva wyaroSi sxvadasxvagvaradaa gadmocemu-

li da mkvlevarTac gansxvavebuli mosazrebani gaaCniaT. Sah

Tamazis mier anderZis datoveba ismail-mirzas sasargeblod

mocemulia minadois2 da don xuan de persias3 TxzulebebSi.

isqander munSis TqmiT ki, Sahs upiratesoba miuni Webia hei-

darisaTvis, Tumca iqve ambobs, rom sakamaTo gaxda misi nam-

dviloba. eW vobdnen anderZi Tavidan bolomde Sahma dawera

Tu ufliswulma heidarma da misma damxmarem yalbad Seadg-

ines4. buda’yazvinis TqmiT, sasaxleSi Caketili heidari gaog-

nebuli iyo da ar icoda rogor moqceuliyo. bolos `man

sabuTi Seadgina, romlis dasawyisSi aRniSna, rom TiTqos es

mamamisis dawerili iyo. yvela mixvda, rom es yalbi sabuTi

iyo~5.

Sah Tamazis anderZis Sesaxeb azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa mkvl-

evarTa So risac. o. efendievis azriT, savaraudoa, rom Sahs

araviTari anderZi ar dautovia6. sruliad misaRebia n. ge-

laSvilis mosazreba, romelSic gaT valiswinebulia sefianTa

saxelmwifos saSinao da sagareo mdgo mareoba, Sahis karze

Seqmnili viTareba da im daskvnamde mivida, rom Sah Tamazs

au cileblad unda daetovebina anderZi, romelSic Tavis mem-

kvidred heidar-mirza daasaxela7.

isqander munSis gadmocemiT, heidaris daRupvaSi didi

roli Seas rula ferixan-xanumma. marTalia, is mtrulad

ganwyobili iyo heidaris mi marT, magram Sah Tamazis gar-

1 Minadoi, p. 6-7.2 Ibidem.3 Don Juan de Persia, p. 61 v.4 gelaSvili n., dasax. naSr., gv. 125.5 iqve.

6 Эфендиев О. А., Азербайджанское государство Сефевидов, Баку,1981, с. 125.

7 gelaSvili n., dasax. naSr., gv. 125-126.

366 367

dacvalebisTanave eaxla mas da fexebze emTxvia da iqve myof

ufliswulis dedas uTxra: `mowme xar, rom fadiSahis fexze

kocna da gamefebis milocva CemTvis aravis dauswria~1.

ferixan-xanumi `SeuTanxmda yvela sulTans, rom heidari

samefo samoselSi gamowyobili dabrZandes mTavar loJaSi

(loggia maggiore) da daelodos xalxis misalmebas. marTlac,

heidari taxtze abrZanda rogorc xelmwife. misi aseTi

saqcieli ganpirobebuli iyo gandidebis ymawviluri brma

wyurviliT. man didebis taxtze mjdomma ukve war moidgina

Tu rogor datkbeboda megobrebis da mtrebisa mzeriT, rom-

lebic mis winaSe morCilebas gamoacxadebdnen da yvelas

mowiwebis sagnad gadaiqceoda. ma gram mis imedebs asruleba

ar ewera cbieri mrCevelebisa da TvalTmaqci dis mier Se-

qmnili garemoebis gamo. maTi rCeviT dam brZana, rom dauy-

ovnebliv daeketaT seralis anu haramxanis yvela kari da

daeyenebinaT darajebi, Ria daetovaT mxolod kargad daculi

erTi viwro da patara kari Tamazisa da ismailis yvelaze

erT guli, gamorCeuli da Tavdadebuli oficrebis meTva-

lyureobiT. dacvas ubrZanes karebSi gaataron yvela garda

heidar-mirzas mimdevrebis da damcvelebisa. ferixan-xanumis

azriT, ase unda yolebodaT heidari, vidre sasaxleSi ar

mividoda kanonieri mefe _ ismaili, romelic Semdeg moiq-

ceoda ise, rogorc moiTxovda misi Rir seba da saxelmwifos

uSiSroeba~2.

amasobaSi dedaqalaqSi gavrcelda xma Sahis gardacvaleb-

is Ses axeb, ramac didi mRelvareba gamoiwvia. gamoacxades

Sah Tamazis ukanaskneli survilic, rom yvela amira da sefi-

anTa dinastiis qveSevr domi heidar-mir zas unda damorCile-

boda. magram mosaxleobis didi nawili undoblad Sex vda

am cnobas3. amasobaSi heidaris momxreebma aseulis ufrosis

1 iqve, gv. 125.2 Minadoi, p. 8.3 Hinz W., Op. cit., S. 46.

husein-beg usTajlus saxlSi daiwyes Tavmoyra. maT mudmivi

kavSiri hqondaT sasaxleSi Caketil heidarTan werilebis

mim tan-momtani qalebis saSualebiT1.

heidaris momxreTa mTavari amocana misi ganTavisufleba

iyo. Tu amas miaRwevdnen maSin ismailis mdgomareoba sruli-

ad uimedo Seiqmne boda. hei dars veRaraferi SeuSlida xels

taxtis dakavebaSi. magram heidaris gasa Tavisufleblad br-

Zolis dawyeba Zlier saxifaTo iyo, radgan mis mcvel yiz-

ilbaSebs yovelTvis SeeZloT daubrkoleblad moeklaT igi.

amitom heidaris momxreebma yvelaze mizanSewonilad lo-

dinis taqtika CaTvales. saRamoTi mcvelebi Seicvlebodnen

(Semdeg Rames heidaris momxre usTajlus tomis morigeobis

jeri iyo) da sasaxleSi Sesvla gaadvilde boda.

usTajlus tomis beladma alah-yuli sulTanma wamo-

ayena wi nadadeba: vidre ismail-mirzas momxre husein-yuli

xolafa rumlus saxlSi jer kidev mraval yizilbaSs ar

moeyara Tavi, manamde iq myofni gareT gamoetyuebinaT da

gaefantaT. alah-yuli sulTnis azriT, es op eracia Tu war-

matebiT dasruldeboda, maSin sasaxlis dacvac SeSinde boda

da sasaxlis WiSkars gaaRebda2. husein-yuli xolafa rum-

lus sax lSi SekrebasTan dakavSirebiT saintereso damatebiT

cnobnas gvawvdis Saraf-xan bidlisi. saxlSi Tavi mouyriaT

maspinZlisa da Samxlis momxreebs da bevri ukamaTiaT imaze,

dediT Cerqezi romeli ufliswuli gaemefebinaT, magram ver

SeTanxmdnen. yizilbaSebi darwmundnen, rom am Tavyrilobidan

araferi gamovidoda da mTeli imedi ismail-mirzaze gadai-

tanes3.

roca xolafam gaigo heidaris momxreTa am gegmis Sesaxeb,

man gadawyvita dro moego da ori kaci gagzavna husein-begTan

mosala parakeblad imis Taobaze, Tu vin unda gamefebuliyo _

1 Ibidem.2 Ibidem, S. 50.

3 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, c. 199.

368 369

ismaili Tu hei dari. amas garda, man kaci gagzavna yazvinidan

erTi saaTis savalze, im pirobiT, rom igi sxva mgzavrebTan

erTad dedaqalaqSi dabrundeboda da xmas gaavrcelebda, rom

ismaili da misi momxreebi male movidodnen xelisu flebis

dasapyrobad. xolefas davaleba Sesrulda. ismailis male

gamoCe nis ambavma gaamxneva misi momxre da erTguli yizil-

baSebi. mravalma maT ganma Tavi moiyara xolafas saxlTan. hei-

daris momxreebi ki, piriqiT, SeSindnen da gadawyvetilebis

Sesruleba saRamomde gadasdes1. roca heidaris momxreebma

sasax leze ieriSi daiwyes, ukve gvian iyo. mowinaaRTmde-

geebs mravlad moeyaraT Tavi da saSualeba ar misces raime

mniSvnelovani warmate bisaTvis mieRwiaT. amgvarad, axla hei-

daris momxreebi aRmoCndnen mZime mdgomareobaSi, radgan maT

metoqeebs yovelTvis SeeZloT haramxanaSi Sesvla da hei-

daris mokvla. misma momxreebma gamarjvebis imedi dakar ges,

bevrma maTganma brZolaze xeli aiRo da saxls miaSura. aseT

gaWirvebul mdgomareobaSi iyvnen heida ris momxreebi, roca

zaal-begi Tavisi razmebiT movida da sasaxlis mTavar kars

Seutia, magram veraferi daaklo.

zaal-begi mixvda, rom am gziT sasaxleSi Sesvla Seu-

Zlebeli iyo. maSin igi martodmarto gadaevlo sasaxlis

galavans, ezoSi SeiWra, win daxvedrili mteri xmliT aCexa,

kari Camoglija da Tavis razmebs ezoSi SeWris saSualeba

misca. qarTvelebma imZlavres, culebiT dalewes ramden ime

kari da sasaxlis darbazebSi Secvivdnen. isini yvelgan dae-

Zebdnen hei dar-mirzas da ganuwyvetliv yvirodnen: `Sah hei-

dar! Sah heidar!~2 Saraf-xan biTlisis TqmiT: `gansvenebuli

Sahis qaliSvilma ferixan-xanumma, roca dainaxa, rom saqmem

aseTi mimarTuleba miiRo, saswrafod Tavisi erTguli kaci

gagzavna Tavis biZasTan dedis mxriv, Cerqezebis SamxalTan,

1 Hinz W., Op. cit., S. 51.2 Hinz W., Op. cit., S. 52

amis Sesaxeb acnoba~1. sxva cnobiT, Sah Tamazi gar daicvala

Tu ara, ferixan-xanumi fexebSi Cauvarda heidars, gamefeba

miuloca da patieba sTxova im mtruli moqmedebois gamo rac

man Zmis winaSe Caidina 1573 wels Sah Tamazis avadmyofobis

dros. heidari kmayofili darCa dis aseTi mo qmedebiT. sana-

mdvileSi ferixan-xanumi mis daRupvas amzadebda2. man maSinve

acnoba momxdari ambavi Tavis biZas, CerqezTa mbrZanebel

Samxals da gaafrTxila, rom Tu dauyovnebliv ar miiRebda

gadamwyvet zomebs, maSin mTeli xelisufleba qarTveli xane-

bis xelSi gadavidoda3. Samxali husein-yuli-xolefa rumlu,

amira aslan-beg afSarTan, Taqelus, avSaris Turqmenebis da

qurTebis tomebTan erTad dauyovnebliv SuaRamisas sruli

aRWurvilobiT movid nen doRis WiSkarTan, qveiTad da amx-

edrebulebi da iarRis ZaliT SeaRwies haremis baRSi4.

roca husein-beg iuzbaSma, usTajlus tomebma da

qarTvelebma gaiges ismailis momxreTa sasaxlesi SeWrisa

Sesaxeb, maTac sasaxleze ieriSi miitanes divanis WiSkris

mxridan, romelic cnobili iyo ala-ka pus sax eliT. sasaxlis

dacvam WiSkari daketa da ar misca maT sasaxleSi Sesvlis

ufleba5.

heidarma mxolod maSin igrZno xifaTi, rodesac gai gona

Tavisi favoriti zaal-xanis muqariani yvirili. is emuqre-

boda yvelas, ferixans, sulTnebs da saerTod yvelas, vinc

heidari aseT mdgomareobaSi Caayena. ̀ gaigo ra es sayovelTao

dacinva da Seigno Tavisi ubedureba, igi mdumared gaecala

mis irgvliv arsebul pativs da xelmwifis nacvlad, romel-

sac axlaxan gonebda Tavis Tavs, gadaiqca mxolod gaqcevaze

1 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, c. 229.2 Malcolm, S. 20.

3 Hammer, S. 474.4 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, c. 229.5 Minadoi T., p. 9. ferixanma heidars ùrCia, rom gaqceuliyo da damalu-

liyo qalebis sasaxleSi, romelsac Turqebi serils eZaxian, sparselebi ki _

harems~. Don Juan de Persia, p. 62 r.

370 371

ma fiqral, danaRvlianebul da SeSinebul kacad. man moaxerxa

qalTa ser ilSi damalva im imediT, rom raime daxmarebas mi-

iRebda sicocxlis gadasarCenad~1.

heidar-mirza varaudobda, rom misi mtrebi ver gabe-

davdnen haramx anaSi Sesvlas da amitom gadawyvita Tavi iq

Seefarebina. heidar-mirza, rogorc Saraf-xan biTlisi am-

bobs, zogierTi ugunuris rCeviT, qalis samoselSi Cacmuli,

ramdenime qalis TanxlebiT imedovnebda sasaxlidan gaRwevas

da Tavis momxreebTan misvlas, raTa Tavi daeRwia Samxalis

da SfoTisTavebis siborotisagan, magram Cerqezma msaxurebma

yovelive ac no bes Samxals.

amasobaSi, sasaxleSi myofTa mimarT gaZlierda muqara

heidaris momxre usTajlus tomis mxridan. aseT kritikul

viTarebaSi, raTa yovelgvari imedi moespoT meamboxeebisaT-

vis, sulTnebma, ferixanTan Se TanxmebiT, gadawyvites hei-

daris mokvla.

vidre qarTvelebi heidars eZebdnen, sasaxlis meore mxri-

dan, haramx anis baRSi Sevidnen xolafa da CerqezTa Samxali,

romelTac xelT hqon daT ferixan-xanumis mier micemula

gasaRebi. isini Sevidnen haramxanis baRSi, da mourideblad

eZebdnen heidars SeSinebul qalebs Soris. heidars ukve sul

axlodan esmoda Tavisi momxreebis xma. mas isRa darCenoda

gadaekveTa ezo da sxva SenobaSi Sesuliyo, roca haramxanis

erTerTma mcvelma, ali-begma Samlus tomidan icno igi da

daiZaxa: àqeT, aq aris is visac eZebT!~ maSinve movardnen

gamzid-begi, ufliswul soleimanis `saWurvelTmtvirTveli~

da aseulis ufrosi dalilxan-begi, rumlus tomidan. isini

Tavs daesxnen heidars, garekes mis irgvliv Semokrebili

qalebi, Semoaxvies Tavze safarebeli da xolafas da Cerqe-

zebis meTauris _ Samxalis niSanze, dalil-begma xanjliT

mokla heidari da Tavi moaSora sxeuls22.

1 Hinz W., Op. cit., S. 52.2 Saraf-xaniT, Samxalma ki ar mokla heidar mirza, aramed erT-erTma

heidaris daRupvis scenas garkveuli gansxvavebiT aR-

weren Tomazo minadoi da Saraf-xan biTlisi. isic unda

iTqvas, rom minadois, ratomRac Samxali heidaris biZa da

qarTveli hgonia. `maSin qarTvelma (?) Samxalma, [heidaris]

biZam, didi xnis Zebnis Semdeg, bolos monaxa igi qalebSi da-

maluli da sruliad Seubraleblad daswvda TmebSi da tans

moacila Tavi1. rodesac zaal-xani da ubeduri heidaris sxva

momxreebi xmaurobdnen da imuqrebodnen, [Samxalma] sqlad

Sejgufebul mowinaaRmdegeTa Soris [heidaris] gasisxlianeb-

uli, jer kidev TiTqmis mfeTqavi, Tbili Tavi gadaagdo

da miZaxa: ài Tqveni xelmwife, gaixareTo!~ TavdapirvelaT,

aseTma saSinelma sanaxaobaam iq damswreTa udidesi risxva da

mZvinvareba gamoiwvia da isini sastiki SurisZiebiT imuqre-

bodnen. magram sabolood darwmundnen brZolis gagrZelebis

uazrobaSi da axla ukve yoveli maTgani Tavis gadarCenaze

fiqrobda~2.

zemoT moTxrobil ambavs Saraf-xan bidlisi gadmogvcems

Semdegnairad: ̀ im dros huseinbeg iuzbaSim Tavis momxreebTan

erTad culebiTa da sekirebiT ali-kapus WiSkari daamtvria

da divan-xanaSi SeiWra. zaal-gurjim ramdenime guladTan

erTad sasaxles Seutia. Samxalma maT sulTan heidar-mirzas

mokveTili Tavi gadmougdo. qarTvelebma brZola da angariS-

sworeba gaaCaRes haremis baRSi, magram im Seupovar razmis

winamZRoli zaal gurji tyviiT gangmiruli daeca da im

medidurma krebulma marcxi ganicada~3.

sxva cnobiT zaal-begi brZolis dros daiWra da Sin

dabrunda. man imave Rames werili gaugzavna xalifa ansars

Cerqezma Rolamma. Шараф-хан Бидлиси, c. 229. de persias mixedviT ki, ferixan-xanumma da zaal-xanma (unda iyves Samhali) haremSi mokles heidar-mirza. Don Juan de Persia, p. 62 r. buda’yazvini ki ambobs, rom heidari jer daaxrCves, Semdeg iuzbaSma rumlum mas Tavi mohkveTa. gelaSvili n., dasax. naSr., gv. 127.

1 Minadoi T., p. 9. 2 Ibidem.3 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, c. 230.

372 373

da heidar-mirzas daRupvisa da Tavisi daWris ambavi acno-

ba1. xalifa ansari dauyovnebliv alamuTis cixisaken wavi-

da, romelic, rogorc iTqva, ismailma da misma momxreebma

daipyres.

gaTenebisas orive Sahis gvami, mamisa, romelmac naxevari

saukune imefa da Svilis, romelmac mxolod naxevari Rame,

sasaxlis WiSkarTan gamoitanes2

meore dRes dilidanve ismailis momxreebma mowinaaRmde-

geebisadmi angariSsworeba daiwyes. zaal-begi, farox-begi (um-

aRlesi xazinadari, qarTveli) da damarcxebuli ufliswulis

sxva mravali momxre Seipyres da cixis win dasajes3. ali-xan

begi, qarTveli didebuli, heidar-mirzas biZa, zaal-begis Zma,

gaiqca da samSobloSi dabrunda. mustafa-mirzam da husein-

begma luresTans Seafares Tavi. sadr ad-din xans da seid-beg

qamunes borkilebi daades da sapyrobileSi Cayares4. husein-

beg usTajlu, aRmzrdeli dediT qarTveli ufliswulebis _

mustafasi da imamyulisa, am ukanasknelebTan erTad haramx-

anidan gamoiWra da ramdenime mxedarTan erTad yumisa da

qaSanis mimarTulebiT gaiqca, raTa erT-erTi ufliswuli iq

gaemefebina5. maTi Semdgomi bedi ucnobia.

mas Semdeg rac yizilbaSebma Sahis taxtze ukeTesi kandi-

dati ver gamonaxes, isini jguf-jgufad gaemarTnen kahkahes

cixisaken raTa gamoexataT TavianTi erTguleba ismailis

mimarT.

husein-yuli-xolefa rumlum da Samhalma, roca dainaxes,

rom yizilbaSTa tomebis erTgulebam da imedma ismailis mi-

marT Tavis apogeas miaRwia, iZulebulni gaxdnen ismailTan

gaegzavnaT heidar-sulTan Torqemani Dda misi saSualebiT

gamoexataT TavianTi wminda zraxvebi. pirvel rigSi acnobebd-

1 Hinz W., Op. cit., S. 54.2 Hammer J., S. 475.3 Hinz W., Op. cit., S. 53.4 Ibidem. 5 Hammer J, S. 475.

nen, rom heidar-mirzas mokvdineba ganpirobebuli iyo mx-

olod ismailis mimarT siyvaruliT. amJamad misi monebi _

husein-yuli-xolefa rumlu da Samxali, saxelmwifo xazinas

icaven da ismailis misvlas elodebian.

aTi dRis ganmavlobaSi kahkahes cixesTan Tavi moiyara

daaxloebiT 30 aTasma qveiTma da cxenosanma. ismailma, usTa-

jlus tomis da xalife ansaris SiSiT, vaiTu maT raime

mzakvroba hqondeT Cafiqrebulio, cixis karibWe daketa da

isini ar SeuSva. roca igi sabolood darwmunda yizilbaSe-

bis loialobaSi, damSvidda da yazvinSi wavida1.

yovelive is, rac zemoT iTqva, lakonurad, magram zus-

taT gadmocemulia `mesxur matianeSi~: `qkBsa sOd, maissa ie,

dResa samSabaTsa yaeni Sah-Tamaz mokuda da ustajaluanTa

da ioTamiSvilman alixan sulTan haidarmirZas batonoba

moindomes; jargazma _ Samxal-avSarTa, da vinc maTi oimaxi

iyo, miuPdes, aidarmirZa mokles, ustajaluani amoswyuites

da ismel mirZis gamosayuanlad kaci gagzavnes. da amave qB-

knsa da amave maissa kb misi Suili Saismaeli _ tyued jda

cixes yahyaas da_gamoiyuanes dResa samSabaTsa da kv ardav-

els qalaqSi movida da kE yazmisiske wavida~2.

`mesxuri matiane~, rogorc Cans, sxva wyaroebisagan,

sparsulisganac ki, gansxvavebul cnobebs Seicavs. ismaili

22 maiss, samSabaTs gamovida kahkahes cixidan, 26 maiss arde-

bilSi mivida da mxolod imave Tvis 28-Si ukve yazvinSi iyo.

saintersoa, ismailma ratom gaigrZela gza da jer ardebils

ewvia da pirdapir sataxtoSi ar wavida? amaze yuradRebas

imitom vamaxvileb, rom gasagebi gaxdes qarTuli `mesxuri

matianis~ da, saerTod, qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebis san-

doobis xarisxi, ris gaTvaliswinebac SemdgomSi dagvWird-

eba. ismailis ardebilSi misvlis mizanze, Tvisa da ricxvis

miTiTebis gareSe, vigebT Saraf-xan biTlisis Txzulebidan.

1 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, с. 230-231.2 samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi, gv. 42-43.

374 375

vidre sparsul wyaros gavecnobodeT, manamde unda iTqvas,

rom yizilbaSebisaTvis ardebili wminda qalaqad iTvlebo-

da. iq aris sefianTa ordenis damaarseblis sefi al-din

isxakis (1252-1334) da sefianTa yizilbaSuri saxelmwifos

damaarseblis Sah ismail I -is (1502-1524) saflavebi. Saraf-

xan biTlisi ar asaxelebs, magram gulisxmobs ardebils,

roca ambobs, rom cixidan gamosuli ismaili Seix sefis

da didebuli winaprebis saflavebTan mivida da dalocva

iTxova, amis Semdeg gaeSura is yazvinisaken1, sadac, rogorc

`mesxuri matiane~ gvamcnobs, mivida 28 maiss.

amgvarad, gaimarjva ismail-mirzam, romeli ìyo kaci me-

sisxle da mravali kacni daPocna~2. marTlac, saSinlad sisx-

liani iyo ismailis yazvinSi misvla da gamefeba. man, pirvel

rigSi, umcrosi Zmebi daxoca, yvela xani da sulTani, vinc

heidaris momxre iyo, arc erTi cocxali ar datova3. misi

represiuli RonisZiebebi ar Sexebia mxolod ufros Zmas _

mohamed xudabendes. Znelia imis Tqma, riT iyo gamowveuli

misadmi ismailis aseTi damokidebuleba. SeiZleba, mohameds

isic ar Tvlida taxtis mociled misi fizikuri da sulieri

mdgomareobis gamo. amas albaT isic emateboda, rom isini,

sparsuli wyaroebis mixedviT, erTi dedis Svilebi iyvnen

(amaze ufro dawvrilebiT qvemoT).

1576 wlis 27 agvistos ismailis samefo taxtze xel-

dasxma moewyo. igi amis Semdeg cnobilia ismail meoris

saxeliT. man, miuxedavad qarTvelebisadmi safuZvliani uk-

mayofilebisa, maTdami mainc didi yuradReba da keTilgan-

wyoba gamoiCina, rac sxvadasxva mizeziT iyo gamowveuli.

upirvelesyovlisa, qarTvelebi, romlebmac marcxi ganicades

Sahis taxtisaTvis brZolaSi, mainc seriozul samxedro da

politikur Zalas warmoadgendnen da maTi gulis mogebas

1 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, c. 231. 2 qarTlis cxovreba, II , gv. 371. 3 Don juan de Persia, p. 62 .

cdilobda. imave dros, mas sakmaod kargi piradi urTierToba

hqonda iranSi mcxovreb zogierT qarTvelTan. xeldasxmis

ceremonialSi monawileobis misaRebad alamuTis Tu kahkahes

cixidan gamoiyvanes qarTlis mefe svimon I, romelmac moma-

val SahTan erTad mravali weli gaatara tyveobaSi. rogorc

cnobilia, imave cixeSi imyofeboda kaxeTis ufliswuli iese,

romelmac aseve Tavisufleba miiRo. ceremonialis dros svi-

moni da iese didi pativiT sargeblobdnen. amaze miuTiTebs

is adgili, romelic maT ceremonialis dros miuCines. mi-

salocad mividnen jer ufliswulebi da maRali sasuliero

wodebis warmomadgenlebi. maT mihyvebodnen svimon mefe da

iese, Sah-rostom luri da gamoCenili yizilbaSi amirebi,

mazandaranis gamgebeli mirza mohamed-xani, arabistanis gam-

gebeli seid sajadi da sxvebi, romelTac wilad xvdaT Sahis

fexze mTxvevis pativi. sul bolos modiodnen `franki“ el-

Cebi, saxeldobr, portugaliis mefis didi elCoba, romels-

ac meTaurobda miguel de abrue de limasi1.

Sah ismail II -m imefa mcire xans, daaxloebiT 1 weli-

wadi da 6 Tve (1576. 27. 08 _ 1577. 25. 11 ). is iranis is-

toriaSi cnobilia rogorc veragi da daundobeli. cixidan

gamosvlisTanave man sikvdiliT dasaja usTajlus tomis is

warmomadgenlebi, romlebic braldebulni iyvnen heidaris

momxreobaSi. gamefebisTanave ki daxoca Zmebi, biZaSvilebi da

ZmisSvilebi. gadarCnen mxolod misi RviZli Zma muhamedi da

misi Svilebi _ hamza mirza da abas-mirza. ismailma mogvi-

anebiT abasis mokvlac ganizra, magram TviTon gardaicvala

da ase gadarCa momavali Sah abasi. saerTod mis represiebs

12 aTasi kaci Seewira2.

mosaxleobaSi popularobiT ar sargeblobda Sah is-

1 Morley W.H., A descriptive Catalogue of the Historial Manuscropts… pre-served in the library of the Royal Asiatic Society, London, 1854, # 136, p. 335; Fran-cesco Manuel Alves, Catalogo des Manuscritos de Simancas respeitantes a His toria Portuguesa, in: O Istituto, vol. 82, serie 4. Coimbra, 1931, p. 479; Hinz W., S. 62.

2 gelaSvili n., dasax. naSr., gv. 129-130.

376 377

mailis xan mokle mefobisas gatarebuli RonisZiebebic. am

mxriv Siiti yizilbaSe bisaTvis gansakuTrebiT miuRebeli

iyo ismailis is religiuri politika, romliTac iran-

Si upiratesobas sunitebi iRebdnen. ismail II -is sunizmiT

daintere seba, rogorc minadoi ambobs, daiwyo misi patim-

robaSi yofnis droidan1. aman, SeiZleba iTqvas, gadawyvita

ismail II-is bedi. rogorc Saraf-xan biTlisi ambobs „gan-

sjis unars moklebulma [ismailma], romelsac jer kidev

ar mieRwia damoukidebeli da suver enuli xelisuflebi-

saTvis, Tavisi mamebisa da papebisagan gansxvavebiT, akrZala

suniti Seixebis kicxva... moisurva ise waremarTa saqme, rom

saxelmwifoSi yvela Tavis rwmenas mihyoloda da erTmaneTis

saqmeebSi ar Careuliyvnen“. Semdeg is torikosi dasZens, rom

yizilbaSebma ismailis moqmedebaSi eresi dainaxes. misadmi

zizRiT ganimsWvalnen, misi daRupva ganizraxes da am saqmeSi

misi coli ferixan-xanumic ki Caabes2. Saraf-xan biTlisis

mixedviT am dros ori ferixan-xanumi iyo. erTi Sah Tamazis

asuli, meore ki _ ismail II-is coli3. SeTqmulTa Soris iyo

ukanaskneli da ara pirveli, rogorc n. ge laSvils hgonia,

romelic imave istorikoss imowmebs4. sxvaTaSoris, is mailis

mowinaaRmdeged mis das asaxelebs `karmelitebis qronka~5,

magram vfiqrob upiratesoba unda mieniWos Sarfxan bidliss,

romelic 1578 wlamde Sahis karze imyofe boda did pativSi

da axlos icnobda im ada mianebs, romlebzec is werda.

ismails sunizmis oficialur religiad gamocxadebac

ganuz raxavs, rac mis winaaRmdeg SeTqmulebis mizezi gamx-

dara6.

beri egnataSvilis mixedviT, ismail I -ma mxolod eqvsi

1 Minadoi, p. 5.2 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, c. 233. 3 Тамже, с. 229, 233.4 gelaSvili n., dasax. naSr., gv. 130, 135.5 A Cronicle of the Carmelites in Persia, p. 57.6 Ibidem.

Tve imefa1. Sah Tamazi gardaicvala 1576 wlis 14 maiss. im-

ave wlis 27 agvistos gamefda is mail II . anonimi venecielis

TqmiT, igi mokles alamuTis `tyveo bidan ga Tavisuflebis

welsve, oqtomberSi~2. miTiTebuli weli swori araa, magram

sinamdvilesTan axlos unda iyves Tve (oqtomberi). rogorc

cnobilia, ismail II-m am dros ty veobidan gaaTavisufla

qarTlis mefe svimon I da iese batoniSvili. qarTuli wy-

aroebi arafers ambobs qarTvelebis monawileobaze is mailis

winaaRmdeg mowyobil SeTqmulebaSi. farsadan gorgijaniZe

mxolod aRniSnavs, `rom Sah ismeil sawamlaviT moakvdines~3.

beri egna taSvilic yizilbaSebis mier Sah ismailis mokv-

lis mizezad mis religiur politikas asaxelebs: `da Sei-

Zules yizilbaSTa da rjuliT sunobasac ewamoboden, da

equs Tues ibatones da mokles~4. axali qarTlis cxovrebis

mesame teqstSi mcireodeni damatebiT naTqvamia, rom èse

Sah ismail iyo kaci uwyalo da msmeli sisxlisa. amisTBs

ara ine bes yizilbaSTa ufleba misi, da ewameboden sjuliTa

sunobasa. da Tuesa meequsesa mowamlviT mokles yizilbaSTa

Sah ismail yaeni, giorgobis-TBs k g“5 (23 noemberi). Sah is-

mailis gardacvalebis ambavi sam cxeSi Seityves 13 dekembers,

magram mTavris karze saeWvod miiCnies da kaci gagzavnes yaz-

vinSi ambis gadasamowmeblad. wargzavnilis dabrunebis Sem-

deg gairkva, rom ismaili gardacvlila 23 noembers6.

ismail II -is sikvdilis garemoebani zustad dadgenili

ar aris. arsebobs ramdenime versia.

don xuan de persias mixedviT, ismailis „dam da sulT-

nebma misi mokvlis gegma ise swrafad daawyves, rom erT

Rames, roca haramxanaSi Sevida qalis tansacmelSi gadac-

1 qarTlis cxovreba, II , gv. 371. 2 TurqeT-sparseTis omi da qristiani qarTvelebi, gv. 17 .3 farsadan gorgijaniZis istoria, gv. 221.4 qarTlis cxovreba, II , gv. 371.5 iqve, gv. 520.6 samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi, gv. 46

378 379

mulma sulTnebma mokles“1. meore versiiT, igi opiumis War-

bi moxmarebis Sedegad daiRupa. mesame versias gvTavazobs

anonimi venecieli: „ismailis erTerTma sayvarelma Suri iZia

mokluli mamis gamo da mas mowamluli Triaqi misca“26. Sah

ismail II -is mokvlis kidev erTi versia dakavSirebulia

qarTvelebTan.

axlac, rogorc Sah Tamazis sikvdilis Semdeg, daiwyo

miTqma-moTqma. Sah ismailis sikvdilis ambavTanac dakavSire-

bulni aRmoCndnen qarTvelebi. rogorc Cans, ismail II -is

moulodnel da burusiT mocul sik vdilSi qarTveleb-

is monawileobis Sesaxeb farTod iyo cnobili da os-

malebisTvisac ar yofila saidumlo. amis Tqmis safuZvels,

uwinares yov lisa, gvaZlevs saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg wamo-

suli osmaleTis jaris sardlis lala mustafa faSas mier

arzrumidan Sah-xudabendesadmi gag zav nili werili (1578

wlis ivlisi). masSi osmaleTis mier iranis winaaRmdeg omis

dawyebis sababad dasaxelebulia qarTvelebis mier Sah ismail

II-is mowamvla: „didad brwyinvale iranis Saho! me, lala

mustafa faSa, veziri da mTavarsardali sulTan muradis,

osmaleTis imperatoris mTeli jare bisa, Tqven gacnobebT,

rom aq mosuli var 300 000 cxenosniT, 600 qvemexiT, 6

aTasi ianiCariTa da arkebuzeriT, rom davsajo isini, vinc

Tqveni Zmis is mailis mowamvlaSi damnaSaveni arian da amis-

aTvis qristiani qarTvelebis qveyana unda davikavo. xolo

Tu Tqveni udidebulesoba gzas gadamiRobavs da am xalxis

dacvas Seecdeba, maSin Cemi batonis miTiTebis Tanaxmad iZ-

ulebuli viqnebi Tqvenc SegebrZoloT“3.

1 Don Juan de Persia, p. 62 v – 63 r. ix. agreTve, Hammer J., Op. cit., II, S., 473-474.

2 TurqeT-sparseTis omi da qristiani qarTvelebi, gv. 16.3 Cronicle of the Carmelites in Persia, p. 62. Serefxan bidlisi aRwers im

viTarebas, romelic Seiqmna iranSi Sah ismail II -is sikvdilis Semdeg: yizil-

baSi amirebi aRar emor Cilebian ax lad gamefebul mohamed xudabendes da qveyana

erTmaneTSi gainawiles samarTavad, xazina ki gaZarcves. osmaleTis sulTanma

kategoriulad imis mtkiceba an uaryofa, rom qarTvele-

bi monawileobdnen an dainteresebulni iyvnen ismail II -

is sikvdilSi, dRei saTvis cnobili werilobiTi wyaroebis

mixedviT Znelia. magram gvaqvs arapirdapiri oriode cnoba,

romelic sacnaurs xdis qarTvelTa kavSirs sasaxlis gada-

trialebasTan. amas gvafiqrebinebs 1576 wlis 3 oqtombers,

habsburgebis imperiis elCis david ungandis werili, rom-

liTac is ungre Tis mefe maqsimilianes acnobebda, rom axali

Sahi ismaili TavrizSi jars agrovebda, magram vis winaaRm-

deg gaugebari iyo. elCis varaudiT, Sahi im meamboxe Zmis

morjulebas cdilobda, romelic „im qarTvelebTan gaiqca,

romlebic TurqeTis mxares dganan. Tu ismaili maT daesx-

mis Tavs, cxadia omi gaCaRdeba. magram amJamad amis Sesaxeb

raime konkretuli cnobebi ar momepovebao“1. sainteresoa,

agreTve, ingliseli Tomas herbertis erTi cnoba, saidanac

Cans, rom qarTvelebi Sahis taxtis dakavebaSi exmarebodnen

Sah-xudabendes. `1578 wels Sah Tamazi yazvinSi gardaicvala

68 wlis asakSi, imefa daaxloe biT 50 weli da surda, rom

misi memkvidre yofiliyo misi vaJi muhamedi. mas darCa 12

vaJi da 3 qaliSvili: muhamedi, ismaili, suleimani, ema nyuli,

muradi, mustafa, ali, hemedi, ibrahimi, hamza da izma-xani.

ismailma, romelic maSin kahkahes [cixeSi] imyofeboda, Tavisi

Wkviani dis ferixan xanumis da Samhal-xanis mxardaWeriT

daamarcxa heidari, ro melmac Tavisi Tavi mefed gamoacxada.

man Tavi mohkveTa sxva Zmebsac. igi fiqrobda aseve moqceoda

muhameds, magram igi gaiqca saqarTveloSi, Sek riba qurTebisa

da qarTvelebis 12 aTasi mxedari da dabrunda isfahanSi,

kargad icoda yovelive es da Tavisi didi xnis ganzraxvis, sparseTis saxelm-

wifos ganad gurebis Sesaxeb, aRsruleba gadawyvita (Шараф-хан Бидлиси, c. 234-235). Turqi is torikosi ibrahim feCevi osmalebis mier iranis wi naaRmdeg

omis dawyebas, agreTve, is mailis sikvdilis Semdeg qveyanaSi Seqm nili viTare-

biT xsnis. iranSi Seqmnili viTareba sulTnis karma TavisTvis xelsayrelad

miiCnia (ibrahim feCevi, gv. 36). 1 tardi l., ungreT-saqarTvelos urTierToba XVI saukuneSi, gv. 129.

380 381

sadac ismaili missave sawolSi mokla ferixan-xanumma~1. ase

iyo Tu ise, Sah moxamed xudabende osmaleTSi (SeiZleba,

sxvaganac) cno bili iyo rogorc Tavisi gvirgvinosani Zmis,

ismailis mkvleli.

Znelia ungrelisa da ingliselis naTqvamis gaziareba,

magram isic saeWvoa, rom sruliad usafuZvlod Seqmniliyo

zemoaRniSnuli cnobebi. ra Tqma unda ungreli elCis cnoba-

Si ismailis cocxlad gadarCenili erTad-erTi ufrosi Zma

mohamed xudabende unda iyos. bune brivia kiTxva: ra kavSiri

unda hqonoda mohamed xudabendes, saerTod, saqarTvelosTan

an mis romelime samefo-samTavrosTan? am kiTxvaze pasuxis

gacemaSi ver dagvexmareba verc erTi sparsulenovani wyaro,

ma gram qarTul naratiul wyaros Tu mivmarTavT, maSin zo-

gierTi varaudis gamoTqma SeiZleba.

rogorc iTqva, ismail II -em tyveobidan gaaTavisufla

qarTlis mefe svimon I da kaxeTis ufliswuli iese. is-

mailis gardacvalebam sagonebelSi Caagdo svimon mefe. iran-

Si anarqia daiwyo da aseT dros yvelasaTvis cnobili iyo

isamailisa da svimonis axlo, SeiZleba iTqvas, megobruli

urTierToba. amave dros (1578 w.) daiwyo iran-oslmaleTis

omi. omis mTavar asparezad amierkavkasia, gansakuTrebiT, qar-

Tlis samefo gadaiqca. qarTlis samefoSi kritikuli vi-

Tareba Seiqmna dauT-xanis uunaro mmarTvelobis Sedegad.

osmalebi Sevidnen Tu ara qarTlSi DdauT-xanma gaqceviT

uSvela Tavs. svimonma sworad Seafasa Tavisi da qarTlis

samefos mdgomareoba da axal Sahs sTxova samSob loSi gaeS-

va. mxolod amis Semdeg unda momxdariyo Sah-xudabandes

dedis, SalikaSvilis qalis da svimon mefis Sexvedra rasac,

beri egnataSvili mogviTxrobs: „Sah-mo hamed xudabendes de-

dam moiyvana, oTar SalikaSvili qalman, mefe sÂmon, viTarca

wesi aris, qarTvelTa dedani leCaqs moaxueven _ da igica

1 Relation du Voyage de Perse et des Indes Orientales. Traduit de l’Anglois de Thomas Herbert, Paris, 1663, p. 451.

qarT veli iyo, manca egraTve yo da warmougzavna leCaqi

TÂsi da moumcno: „mefe sÂmon, gwaddes leCaqi ese aiReo da

gwaddes Ãrmalio, Cuenc mogueÃmare da Sens sabatonosaca“,

da misca niWi mravali da samoseli samefo da war moagzavna

TÂssa qarTlad da warmovida“1.

sainteresoa ramdenad Seefereba simarTles muhamed

xudabendes dedis qarTveloba? zemoT gavecaniT Saraf-xan

biTlisis naTqvams, rom xudabende da ismaili erTi dedis,

isa-beg Torqemanis qalis Svilebi iyvnen2. Saraf-xan biTli-

sis es cnoba gaziarebulia TiTqmis yvela mkvlevris mier,

rogorc sxvagan, aseve CvenTanac.

ukve iTqva, rom Sah Tamazs, sparsuli da evropuli wy-

aroebis mixedviT, ramdenime qarTveli coli hyavda. qarTuli

wyaroebi ki Sah Tamazis erT cols, mohamed xudabendes

dedas miiCnevs qarTvelad, SalikaSvilis qalad. beri eg-

nataSvilis TxzulebaSi naTqvamia: `xolo amas Jamsa Sina

moipova Rone ese Sah Tamaz: ezraxa aTabags qaixosros da

sTxova colad tomisagan TÂsisa, xolo aTabags TÂsi ara

hyvanda ra, da enaTesaveboda oTari SalikaSvili aTabagsa,

amisTÂs nebayoflobiT gamoarTua qali da naTesavad TÂsad

gaugzavna yaensa da yaenman SeirTo colad. da raJams SeirTo,

ese iyo sayvarel yaenisa, Seiqmna wyoba Sah Tamazsa da aTa-

bags Sua~3.

vaxuSti batoniSvilma Sah Tamazis qarTveli colis

ara mxolod mama (oTar SalikaSvili) icis, aramed misi

colisZmis (varazas) Sesaxebac saintereso cnobas gvawvdis.

is garkveul warmodgenas gviqmnis agreTve, Sah Tamazis vara-

za SalikaSvilisadmi ganwyobilebaze: qaixosro II aTabagis

qvrivis mier misi mokvdineba gaxda sparselebis mier samcxe-

saaTabagos darbevis mizezi.

1 qarTlis cxovreba, II , gv. 372.2 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, c. 232.3 qarTlis cxovreba, II , gv 364.

382 383

beri egnataSvilis gadmocemiT, es tragedia ganviTar-

da Semdegnairad: kaxeTis mefe aleqsandre II -s vaJi erekle

stambols gaeqca. Sah Tamazma ieWva, rom erekle Tavis mamas-

Tan, mefe aleqsandresTan SeTanxmebiT moqmedebda da kaxTa

mefes RalatSi dasdo brali. Sahi mis dasasjelad wamovi-

da da yarabaRSi gaCerda. aleqsandre mefis saxlTuxucesma

oTar ColoyaSvilma, imisaTvis raTa kaxeTis samefosTvis

xifaTi aecilebina, samcxis aTabagis qaixosro II-is qvrivs

Sah Tamazis moyvare (colisZma), oTar SalikaSvilis vaJi

varaza moakvlevina: èse varaza iyo Ze oTar SalikaSvilisa,

mravalguarad erTguli da namsaxuri qaixosro aTabagisa

da colis-Zma Sah Tamazisa~1. rodesac Sahma gaigo varazas

mokvlis ambavi, xeli aiRo kaxeTis darbevaze, `da movida

risxviTa saSineliTa samcxes, amoswyÂda sruliad samcxe-

saaTabago da qmna mravali boroti~2.

amgvarad, qarTuli da ucxouri werilobiTi cnobebis

Sejerebis safuZvelze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom 1. Sah Tamazis

erT-erTi coli iyo sam cxis umsxvilesi feodalis oTar

SalikaSvilis asuli; 2. Sah Tamazs sxva qarTvel qalTan

hyavda ori ufrosi vaJi _ mohamed xudabende da ismaili; 3.

Sahis taxtis dauflebisaTvis erTmaneTs ebrZvian jer sx-

vadasxva qarT veli dedis Svilebi. erTmaneTs upirispirdebian

ismaili (misadmi loialobas iCens xudabende. SeiZleba, ami-

tomac ar gaiziara man Tavisi naxevarZmebis bedi) da heidar

mirza; 4. taxtisaTvis brZolis meore faza aris xudabendes

da misi momxreebis brZola ismailis winaaRmdeg. mas qmediTi

mxardaWera aRmouCines samcxelma qarTvelebmac.

1 iqve gv. 516.

2 iqve, gv. 517.

2. aTabagi qaixosro II da

dedisimed II

iransa da saaTabagos Soris SedarebiT mtkice kavSiri

myardeba aTabag qaixosro II-is dros (1535-1573). qaixosro

yvaryvare III -is (1515-1535) Ze daibada 1522 wels. misi si-

ymawvilis periodi xasiaTdeba saaTabagos gamwvavebuli ur-

TierTobiT qarTlisa da imereTis samefoebTan, romlebic

grZnobdnen, rom osmaleTisagan safrTxe orive samefosaTvis

samcxedan modioda da aucileblad CaTvales samcxeze Tavi-

anTi gavlenis gavrceleba.

1535 wels imereTis mefe bagrat III (1510-1548) dadian-

gurielTan erTad samcxeSi SeiWra. 13 agvistos javaxeTis

axalqalaqis maxloblad momxdar brZolaSi bagrat mefem

gaimarjva da datyvevebuli yvaryvare III imereTSi waiyvana.

aTabagi gelaTSi tyveobaSi gardaicvala1.

aTabagobis kandidati qaixosro am droisaTvis 12-13 wli-

sa iyo. amitom mas meurved daeniSna axlo naTesavi, samcxis

umsxvilesi feodali oTar SalikaSvili2.

imave dros qarTlis mefe luarsab I-ma javaxeTi daimor-

Cila. samcxis feodalebs ar awyobdaT Zlieri samefo xe-

lisuflebis qveS yofna da aTabagis institutis aRdgena

surdaT. amitom saaTabagos didma Tavadma oTar SalikaSvil-

ma, yvaryvare III -is mcirewlovani vaJi qaixosro stambolSi

sulTan suleiman II kanunTan (1520-1566) waiyvana da dax-

mareba sTxova. 1543 w. sulTanma jari gagzavna samcxeSi,

magram man marcxi ganicada. qaixosro kvlav sulTans miadga,

romelmac arzrumis da diarbeqiris faSebs didi jariT sam-

cxeSi wasvla ubrZana. bagrat mefem daxmareba sTxova qarT-

lis mefe luarsabs da guriels.

1545 wels basianSi soxoistasTan momxdar brZolaSi

1 qronikebi, II , gv. 382.2 samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi, gv. 76.

384 385

osmalebma gaimarjves da aTabagis xelisufleba aRadgines

qaixosro II-is saxiT. „daipyres osmalTa samcxe-saaTabago,

da aRiRes yovelnive cixeni da simagreni samcxisani, da ga-

abatones qaixosro, Ze yuaryuaresi, da iqmna aTabag“1.

aTabagi sul male darwmunda, rom osmalebs samcxis da-

pyroba surdaT, magram samcxeSi veraviTar Zalas ver xedavda

maTTan dasapirispireblad da axla Sah TamazTan dakavSireba

scada. hasan rumlus mixedviT, „im dros, roca maRali urdo

Saqs iyo, yvaryvares Svilma qaixosrom ramdenime aznauri

gamogzavna Sahis karze da daxmareba iTxova, radgan vaxuSti

qarTvelma da luarsab Sermazan oRlim misi samflobeloe-

bis nawili daipyres“2. samcxis am msxvili feodalebis mier

qaixosros Seviwroebas aRniSnavs isqander munSic3. Sahma sa-

qarTveloze gamoilaSqra. hasan rumlus aRwerili aqvs Sah

Tamazis saqarTveloSi mesame laSqrobis (1551 w.) saSine-

li Sedegebi, rogor Jletdnen da atyvevebdnen mosaxleobas,

ipyrobdnen da anadgurebdnen cixe-qalaqebs. gansakuTrebiT

dazaralda Tmogvi da varZia. „am dros [Sahis] karze movi-

da qaixosro yvbaryvares Svili, mravali ZRveniT, da rju-

lis safarvelma Sahma mas uwyaloba Tmogvis cixe ay-SahrTan

erTad. vaxuSti qarTveli da Sermazan oRli, romlebic im

qveynis haqimebi iyvnen, sikvdiliT dasajes“4. sxva wyaroSi

CamoTvlilia Sahma samcxeSi romeli cixe-qalaqebi aiRo da

damatebiT imasac vigebT vin iyvnen is „haqimebi“, romlebic

qaixosros aviwroebdnen da Sahma sikvdiliT dasaja: „qBks:

sma: Sah Tamaz qarTli Semovlo, aTabagi qaixosro miegeba,

varZia, Tmogvi, vanis qvabebi, awyveri, aspinZa da sruliad

samcxis cixeni aRiRo; qaixosros mosca awyveri RvTismSo-

bliTurT. yaeni somxiTs Cavida, daÃoca iju Sarmazan da

1 qarTlis cx., II , gv. 359; vaxuSti, gv. 247-248.2 hasan rumlu, gv. 28-29.3 isqander munSi, gv. 18 .4 hasan rumlu, gv. 29-31.

vaxuSti diasamiZe da amovan Tan wariyvana tyved...“1 farsa-

dan gorgijaniZis mixedviT, Sermazani da vaxuSti lorelebi

iyvnen2.

qaixosro ganadgurebuli samcxis aTabagi iyo.

qaixosro daqorwinda bagrat muxranbatonis asulze de-

disimedze (yofili debora). beri egnataSvilis TqmiT, àTa-

bagi qaixosro daemoyura mpyrobelsa muxranisasa bagrats,

moiyvana colad asuli bagratisi dedisimedi da iqorwina“3.

qaixosrosa da dedisimeds eyolaT eqvsi Svili: yvaryvare,

mzeWabuki, manuCari, TvalSvenieri -ivane, elene (adreve gar-

daicvala) da Tamari4.

1 qronikebi, II , gv. 395-396. amgvarad, samive wyaros mixedviT, iju Sar-mazani da vaxuSti diasamiZe loreli feodalebi iyvnen. Sdr. hasan rumlu, gv. 59-60, Sen. 69.

2 farsadan gorgijaniZe, gv. 213.3 qarTlis cxovreba, II , gv. 500.4 samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi, gv. 104-105. saintereso po-

litikuri moRvawe unda yofiliyo TvalSvenieri , romlis naTlobis saxeli, rogorc qr. SaraSiZe varaudobda, iyo ivane. misi dabadebis savaraudo weli

aris 1552, xolo gardacvalebisa ki ucnobia. misi ufrosi Zmebi iyvnen aTaba-

gebi (TanmimdevrobiT) yvaryvare da manuCari.

TvalSvenieri ̀ samcxis matianeSi~ pirvelad moxseniebulia, maSin, rodesac is yazvins miemgzavreba CvenTvis ucnobi diplomatiuri davalebiT da, savar-audoa, is samSobloSi aRarasodes aRar dabrunebula. mas yazvinSi elodeboda

misi mama aTabagi qaixosro II .

TvalSvenieri axalcixidan gavida 1472 wlis 17 ivniss, magram mamas

cocxals veRar Causwro. qaixosro yazvinSi gardaicvala 29 seqtembers, ro-desac TvalSvenieri jer erevanSi ar misuliyo (samxreT saqarTvelos istori-

is masalebi, gv. 142-143).cnobili wyaroebi arafers ambobs riTi iyo dakavebuli TvalSvenieri

yazvinSi, konkretulad ras saqmianobda. erTi ram Cans, rom is Sahis karTan axlos iyo. `mesxuri matianis~ Semdgeneli gvamcnobs, rom `qristiSobisTuÀs iz, ambaOvi movida Tu: Saismeili mokudao. aRar aviSaleT, SobBÁs elCi gavgzav-

neT batons TualSuÀnierTana; yaenis sikudili ar davijereT. qristiSobisTuÀs

ocdarvasa TvalSuÀnieris kaci movida, sadasturo yaenis sikudilis ambavi

moitana [giorgobisTuÀs kg momkudariyo Saismeili]~ (iqve, gv. 46).rogorc arsebuli wyaroebiT SeiZleba varaudi, TvalSvenierTan igzavne-

boda yoveli is informacia, rasac saaTabagodan Sahis karamde unda mieRwia

386 387

imis gamo, rom osmalTa agresia samcxeSi sul ufro

Zlierdeboda da Sesabamisad saaTabagos Tavdacvisunarianoba

sustdeboda, aTabagma da oTar SalikaSvilma `da yovelTa

mesxTa 1553 wels waravlines mociquli TÂTmpyrobelis era-

nis mpyrobelis Sah Tamazis Tana~ da daxmareba sTxoves. sa-

da, piriqiT, saaTabagoSi unda scodnodaT iranSi mimdinare is movlenebi, risi codnac am samTavros gamoadgeboda. 1576 wlis ivnisSi SalikaSvilebis meTauro-

biT daiwyo amboxebaMjayel-cixisjvrelTa winaaRmdeg. yvaryvare IV-m da misma

Zmam manuCarma ajanyebulebs Seuties da garkveul warmatebasac miaRwies. maTi

warmatebis, kerZod, amboxebulTa cixeebis dakavebis Sesaxeb imaTma dedam _ dedi-

simedma TvalSveniers acnoba specialurad gagzavnili èlCis~ saSualebiT. mema-

tiane gadmogvcems: `dedisimedi Tmogus dadga. Tmogus cixes rac daxira undoda, miatanina, gaabaraqiana da TvalSuÀnierTan elCi gagzavna, cixebis Sovna SesTuala

da urumT aSla acnoba da urumT saCqaro Ãma dauvarda~ (iqve, gv. 46). dedisimedis mier iranSi gagzavnili informacia ori nawilisagan Sedge-

moda. erTiT dedisimedi Svils acnobebda misi Zmebis Sinaur mterze gamar-

jvebas, meore ki erTnairad saintereso iyo, rogorc aTabagisa da, saerTod, samcxisaTvis, ise Sahis karisaTvis. kerZod, is, rom osmaleTi omis dasawyebad

emzadeboda da saaTabagos da iranis sazRvrebsac uaxlovdeboda osmalTa laS-

qari. TvalSueniers, yvelaferi amis Sesaxeb, saqmis kursSi unda Caeyenebina Sahis kari.

TvalSvenieris Sahisadmi erTguleba saeWvo gaxda osmaleTTan omis dawy-

ebidan mcire xnis Semdeg, rodesac gairkva, rom misi Zma manuCari osmalebs

miemxro. TvalSvenierTan gagzavnilma kacma samcxeSi ès ambavi moitana: manuCa-

ris lala faSasTan misula Seityua. TualSuniers kacebi gamougzavna, sadgomi daagdebines da yorCibaSs miabares. mariamobisTuÀs ocdaequss, orSabaTs dResa daiWires TvalSuÀnieri~ (iqve, gv. 47).

TvalSvenieris ganTavisufleba moxda 1583 wels, imave Sah-mohamed xud-abendes mier, mas Semdeg rac manuCari 1581 wels axdilad daupirispirda

osmalebs: `qBknsa sÁo patrons manuCars uRalates urumTa. patronio morCa.

orniv faSani mZimed daikodnes da gaiqces...~ `qBkns soa TulSuÀnieri ormodam

amoiyuanes da yaenTan moiyuanes~ (iqve, gv. 50). amis Sem deg TvalSvenieri , „mesx-uri matianis“ mixedviT, ukanasknelad, 1585 wels, aqtiurad da war matebiT monawileobs Sah abasis samxedro operaciebSi, jer maSin, rodesac ozbegebi xorasans daesxnen, Semdeg ki TavrizTan. `samjer Seiba TvalSveni eri, samjerve gaemarjva, kidec daÃocna, ÃelTac daiWirna, yaens miusxa. yaenma mamulic didi

misca da jildoca~ (iqve, gv. 54).rogorc Cans Sah abasma jerovnad daufasa mas iranis saxelmwifos winaSe

damsaxureba. 1587 wlisaTvis is 33 wlisa unda yofiliyo. misi Semdgomi bedi

ucnobia.

magierod mesxebma Sahs `morCileba da damoneba~ aRuTqves1.

im dros (1553 w.), rodesac Sah Tamazma qarTlis samefo

da, gansakuTrebiT ki, Tbilisi aiklo, „rameTu mefobisa mi-

sisasa ara morCil eqmna yizilbaSTa, arca osmalTa, da mra-

vali Wiri SeaCuena orTave, da ara daamona saqarTvelo us-

juloTa saxarkod“, iranis mbrZanebelma samcxis „survili“

misadmi „morCilebisa da damonebis~ Sesaxeb daakmayofila.

`Sah Tamaz ineba moyuroba F aTabagisa~ misi asulis colad

SerTviT. magram, radganac aTabags asuli ar hyavda, man Ta-

vis naTesavs oTar SalikaSvils gamoarTva asuli da Sahs

ise gaugzavna, viTom Tavisi Svili iyo. `da man SeirTo igi

colad, da didad sayvarel uCnda qali igi, da mieriTgan iyo

friad keTilismyofel aTabagisa~2. albaT amitom iyo, rom

qarTlSi viTarebis garTulebisas qixosro aTabagis moyvre-

bi, dedisimedis Zmebi vaxtangi, arCili da aSoTani Tavs

afarebdnen saaTabagoSi. Zmebis aseT stumrobas saaTabagoSi

vxedavT 1556 wels3.

aRniSnuli `moyvrobiT~ qaixosro II -m gaiCina erTdrou-

lad ori mteri _ osmaleTi da qarTlis samefo. luarsab I

`miuÃda aTabagsa, da waruRo Temni da dabani mravalni,

aaoÃra da warmovida gamarjuebuli~. magram sabolood qarT-

lis samefos da samcxis saaTabagos erTmaneTze wakidebam

iransa da osmaleTs maT saSinao saqmeebSi Carevis saSualeba

misca.4

1555 wlis amasiis zaviT osmaleTma da iranma saqarTve-

lo gavlenis sferoebad gainawiles. aseve gainawiles samcxe-

saaTabago: tao-klarjeTi da SavSeTi osmaleTs ergo, xolo

aRmosavleT nawili ki _ irans. ganawilebis Sedegad qai-

xosro II iranis vasalobaSi aRmoCnda. osmalebs iranis

1 qarTlis cxovreba, II , gv. 500.2 iqve, gv. 505.3 qronikebi, II, gv. 398-399.4 qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv. 505-510.

388 389

`wili~ samcxis daufleba surdaT da gamudmebiT esxmodnen

Tavs qaixosros samflobeloebs. aTabagi iZulebuli gaxda

Sah TamazisaTvis daxmareba eTxovna da 1570 wlis 3 marts

mgelcixidan yazvins wavida1. rogorc Saraf-xan bidlisi gad-

mogvcems Sahma qaixosro didi pativiT miiRo2 da daxmareba

aRuTqva. Sahi dapirebis Sesrulebas ar Cqarobda, radgan ase-

Ti nabiji amasiis zavis darRvevas gamoiwvevda, rasac Tamazi

principulad aridebda Tavs. daxmarebis momlodine aTabagi

yazvinSi gardaicvala 1573 wlis 29 seqtembers, samSabaTs, 51

wlisa3. misi gardacvalebis ambavi yazvinidan samcxemde Semde-

gi wlis dasawyisamde ver miaRwevda da am dros unda momx-

dariyo yvaryvare IV-is (1574-1581) gaaTabageba.

dedisimedis, qaixosro II-is qvrivis, cxovrebaSi, rogorc

sarkeSi aisaxa uZvelesi da umsxvilesi feodaluri erTeu-

lis samcxe-saaTabagos _ qarTuli qristianuli eklesiisa

da kulturis keris dacemisa da misi deda saqarTvelosagan

moglejis tragedia.

gansxvavebuli cnobebi gvaqvs dedisimedis mSoblebis Se-

saxeb. qarTlis cxovrebis pirveli teqstidan vigebT, rom is

iyo aSoTan muxranbatonis asuli4. iqve isicaa naTqvami, rom

aSoTani qeTevan dedoflis (wamebuli) mamac iyo5, maSasadame,

am wyaros mixedviT, qeTevani da dedisimedi debi iyvnen:

„xolo ama daviTs (kaxeTis mefe daviT I, imefa mcire xans _

1601 w.) hyvanda colad asuli aSoTan muxranis batonisa

qeTevan, da dedisimedisa, romeli Semdgomad mowame iqna“6.

vaxuSti batoniSvili dedisimedis mamas ar asaxelebs. is

mxolod ambobs, rom `qaixosro aTabagi esiZa vaxtangs, mux-

ranis batonsa, da moiyvana daÁ misi dedisimedi da iqorwina

1 samxr. saq., gv. 38.2 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, с. 223.3 samxr. saq., gv. 41.4 qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv. 359.5 iqve, gv. 433.6 iqve, gv. 382.

misTana“1. vaxtang muxranbatoni rom bagratis vaJi iyo, sayo-

velTaod cnobilia. e.i. vaxuStis mixedviT, dedisimedi ba-

gratis asulia.

axali qarTlis cxovrebis mesame teqstis mixedviTac

dedisimedis mama bagrat muxranbatonia: `xolo aTabagi qai-

xosro daemoyura mpyrobelsa muxranisasa bagrats, moiyvana

colad asuli bagratisi dedisimedi da iqorwina“2.

dedisimedis dedas elene erqva3, magram wyaroebSi ar

Cans, saqarT velos romeli feodaluri gvaridan iyo.

dedisimedis mama bagrati, dReisaTvis ucnobi mizeziT,

berad aRik veca barnabes saxeliT. am droisaTvis cocxali

iyo misi oTxi vaJi _ erekle, arCil, aSoTan da vaxtang4.

„mesxuri matianeSi“, 1565-1572 wlebis Canawerebs Soris,

mo cemulia muxranbatonTa mosaxseneblebi, romlebic saSu-

alebas gvaZlevs davadginoT dedisimedis dedmamiSvilebi.

maTi saxelebi CamoTvlilia Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT: gar-

dacvlilebi: Zmebi _ herakle, aSoTi, da _ Teodora, isev

Zmebi _ ionaTanisi, gulfarisi, ionaTanisi (ukanaskneli io-

naTanisi, savaraudoa, gardacvlili ufrosi Zmis mosaxele

iyo, romelic aseve udrood gardaicvala). matianeSi Canaw-

erebis Ses rulebisas cocxlebi iyvnen: Zmebi _ arCili da

vaxtangi5. erTi cnobiT vax tangi gardaicvala 1578 wels6,

meoreTi ki 1580 wels7.

dedisimedi iyo asuli bagrat muxranbatonisa, aSoTi Tu

aSoTani misi Zma, am ukanasknelis asuli qeTevani (wamebuli)

ki _ Zmis Svili.

1 qarTlis cxovreba. IV, gv. 714.2 qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv. 500.3 samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi,gv. 39.4 qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv. 355, 433, 494.5 samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi, gv. 39.6 qronikebi, II, gv. 416.7 iqve, gv. 419.

390 391

vales eklesiis kedlis 1561-1563 wlebis warweraSi1 de-

disimedi ase gvamcnobs Tavis vinaobas da ojaxs: „nebiTa

RvTisaTa me, RuTiv gÂr gÂnos nis... qarTvelT mefeT mefis

konstantines SvilisSvilman, mefis ba gratis asulman, aTa-

bag-amir-spasalaris saxlis rZalman meored aRvaSene... ese

eklesia... valisa RuTismSoblisa, raTa mcvel--mfarvel gveq-

na... me da Tanamecxedresa Cemsa aTabagsa qaixosros da Zeni

Cvenni _ yvaryvare, mzeWabuk, manuCar, TvalSvenier ivane, Tam-

ari dRegrZelobiT daicven, amin. dasa maTsa elenes sasufe-

veli daumkvidre“2. misi Zmebi iyvnen: vaxtang, aSo Tan, arCil

da erekle3. 1573 w. meuRlis gar dacvalebis Semdeg, deboras

saxeliT monazvnad Sedga, magram Svilis, jer kidev ymawvili

da gamoucdeli yvaryvares gaaTabagebisTanave isev daubrunda

politikur cxovrebas da samTavros faqtobrivi mmarTveli

gaxda: „patronobda dedisimedi samcxes“4.

beri egnataSvili da vaxuSti batoniSvili arcTu kar-

gad ax asiaTebdnen dedisimeds, gansakuTrebiT ki oTar Sa-

likaSvilis vaJis va razasadmi mopyrobis gamo. aRmosavleT

saqarTveloSi Seqmnili politikuri viTarebis Zalian mok-

led mimoxilvaSi beri egnataSvili gvamcnobs, rom kaxeTis

mefe aleqsandre II -s vaJi erekle mamas stambols gaeqca.

Sah Tamazma erekles aseTi moqmedeba kaxeTis mefis gandgo-

mad Seafasa, mis dasasjelad wamovida da kaxeTis siaxloves

yarabaRSi gaCerda. aleqsandre mefis saxlTuxucesma oTar

ColoyaSvilma mefes aRuTqva rom kaxeTs Sah Tamazis risx-

vas avacilebo. man aseTi ram moifiqra: radgan aTabag qaixo-

sros mcirewlovani vaJebi darCnen, samTavros ki misi qvr-

ivi, dedisimedi ganagebda, romelic ìyo WkuiT suleli da

1 warweris daTariRebis Sesaxeb ix. samxreT saqarTvelos..., 140.2 TayaiSvili e., sami istoriuli qronika, tf., 1890, gv. XXXIV. Sdr.

qronikebi, II, gv. 391-392.3 qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv. 433. 4 iqve, gv. 577.

uRmrTo~1, ColayaSvilma kaci waravlina da dedisimedTan

werili gaatana, romelSic ewera: `SalikaSvils varazas

nebavs Ralati SenTBs da Zisa Senisa manuCarisTBs, rameTu

magas nebavs dapyroba saaTabagosi, da mohyavs yaeni spiTa

uricxBTa saaTabagosa zeda. da aw, ukeTu Zal-giZs, Seipyar

ege da mokal, viTarca orguli da mkvleli Zisa Senisa, da

arRara movals Sah Tamaz da warvals saxid TBsad, da um-

etesad mtkiced ipyrob queyanasa magas~. marTlac, dedisim-

edma RalatiT Seipyro varaza SalikaSvili da mokla. èse

varaza iyo Ze oTar SalikaSvilisa, mravalguarad erTguli

da namsaxuri qaixosro aTabagisa da colis-Zma Sah

Tamazisa~2.

oTar ColoyaSvilis Canafiqri gamarTlda. Sah Tamazma

rodesac gaigo varazas mokvlis ambavi, xeli aiRo kaxeTis

darbevaze, `da movida risxviTa saSineliTa samcxes, amosw-

yÂda sruliad samcxe-saaTabago da qmna mravali boroti~3.

gadaWarbebulad mkacri Cans Zveli qarTveli istoriko-

sebis mier dedisimedis daxasiaTeba. varazas mokvla daqvr-

ivebuli, mravalSviliani dedis mier sakuTari ojaxisaTvis

safrTxis acilebiT iyo nakarnaxevi. amdenad, varazas mimarT

Cadenili moqmedebis gamarTleba ar SeiZleba, magram motivi

ki gasagebia. is, miT umetes, gasagebi gaxdeba Tu gaviTval-

iswinebT saaTabagos Tavadebis mniSvnelovani nawilis ara

mxolod aTabagisadmi RalatisaTvis mzadyofnas, riTac xSir-

ad sargeblobda gareSe mteri. ra Tqma unda, dedisimedis

amgvarma saqcielma kidev ufro daumZima mis Svilebs mdgo-

mareoba. SalikaSvilebis gvari, romelic qaixosros sicocx-

leSi aTabagis mniSvnelovani dasayrdeni iyo, amis Semdeg

mterTa banakSi aRmoCnda, ramac, garkveuli gagebiT, ganapi-

1 qarTlis cxovreba, II , gv. 516. vaxuStis daxasiaTebiT, dedisimedi iyo àmayi, glispi, mrisxane da gausinjavi~. qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 577.

2 qarTlis cxovreba, II , gv. 516.3 iqve, gv. 517.

392 393

roba aTabagis saxlis dasusteba da osmalebs ki saaTabagos

dapyroba gauadvila.

sxva cnobebiT, romlebic dedisimedis cxovrebis epi-

zodebze mogviTxrobs, is aris mzrunveli deda (is mudam

Tavs dastrialebs Svilebs), gabeduli moqmedebis adamiani,

daucxromeli energiis politikuri moRvawe.

dedisimedma da misma Svilebma Tavi gaarides Sah Tamazis

risxvas, samcxe miatoves da aWaraSi gadavidnen. Sah Tamazma

risxva imiT daicxro, rom samcxe-saaTabago osmaleTis sul-

Tans dauTmo da iranSi dabrunda. mxolod amis Semdeg dedi-

simedi da misi Svilebi dabrundnen da `daipyres kualad

samcxe~1. ar Cans, rogor SesZlo dedisimedma yvaryvarees

aTabagad aRdgena, magram faqtia, rom man es gaakeTa, albaT,

osmalebTan morigebiT.

dedisimedi, rogorc energiuli da samxedro niWis mqone

adamiani, Cans saaTabagos TavadTa ajanyebis (1576-1578 ww.)

winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. is SvilebTan erTad an maTgan damou-

kideblad seriozul vnebas ayenebs ajanyebulebs. is piradad

xelmZRvanelobda samxedro operaciebs da diplomatiur mo-

laparakebebs. 1576 wels kokola SalikaSvilma (dedisimedis

mier mokluli varazas vaJma) scada yvaryvares da manuCaris

mier alyaSemortymul, ajanyebulTa mTavar dasayrdens _

Tmogvs daxmareboda. am dros dedisimedi mis mier axlad

aRebul yvelis cixeSi imyofeboda. `yuElidama Tmogus wavi-

da batoni dedisimedi... batoni dedisimedi Tmogus dadga.

Tmogus cixes rac daxira2 undoda, miatanina, gaabaraqiana da

TualmSuEnierTan elCi gagzavna, cixeebis Sovna SesTuala da

urumT aSla acnoba... patroni dedisimedi axalcixes SvilebT-

an movida~3.

osmalebma, rogorc Cans icodnen vin iyvnen seriozuli

1 qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 718-719.2 spars. sursaT-sanovage-saWurveli,3 samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi, gv. 47.

Zala saaTabagoSi da, omis dawyebis win, scades maTi TavianT

mxares gadayvana. isini aTabag yvaryvare IV-s ki ar daukav-

Sirdnen, romlis xelisuflebis sisuste cnobili iyo, aramed

saaTabagos realur mmarTvelebs _ mis Zmas manuCars da de-

disimeds1. aqve unda iTqvas, rom werilobiTi cnobebis mixed-

viT, vidre yvaryvare aTabagi iyo, dedisimedi yovelTvis mis

momxred Cans. Zala-uflebis moyvare dedisimedisaTvis yvary-

vare, manuCarTan SedarebiT, iolad samarTavi iyo. manuCari

daufaravad miiswrafoda saaTabagoSi pirvelobisaken. magram,

rogorc SeiZleba vivaraudoT, manuCaric dedaze mzrunveli

Svili iyo. amaze migvaniSnebs anonimi venecielis gadmocema:

rodesac osmaleTis sardal lala-mustafa-faSasTan datyveve-

buli manuCari miiyvanes, is lala-mustafas `Seexvewa: mad-

lobeli viqnebi Tu sacxovreblad TiTo cixes dagvitoveb me

da Cem moxuc dedaso~2.

osmalTa mier samcxis dapyrobis (1578 w.) Semdeg dedi-

simedi mesxeTSi darCa da kvlav aqtiurad monawileobda

maSindel politikur cxovrebaSi. dedisimedi awyuris cixeSi

imyofeboda, rodesac, oqtombris damdegs, Sirvanidan mo-

brunebuli osmaleTis jari da misi sardali lala-faSa

cixis maxloblad `gaRma lekze dadga~. saintersoa, rom vi-

dre lala-faSa samcxeSi Sevidoda, manamde win gauSva manu-

Cari, romelic sardals Tan axlda Sirvan-azerbaijanis da-

laSqvrisas3. safiqrebelia, rom manuCars davalebuli hqonda

Tavis dedasTan - dedisimedTan da ZmasTan - yvaryvare IV-

sTan molaparakeba. meore dRes yvaryvare lala-faSas Seegeba,

1 javaxiSvili iv., qrTveli eris istoria, IV, Tb, 1967, gv. 167.2 TurqeT-sparseTis omi da qristiani qarTvelebi. italiuridan Targmna,

Sesavali, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo e. mamisTvaliSvilma, T,., 1987, gv. 24. m. sva niZe amave wyaros imowmebs da aRniSnavs, rom manuCarma lala

mustafas 40 qalaqi da sofeli mosTxova. svaniZe m., saqarTvelo-osmaleTis

urTierTobis istoriidan, gv. 110. magram italiur wyaroSi mxolod is weria, rac zemoT iTqva.

3 iqve, gv. 50-51.

394 395

xolo cota mogvianebiT dedisimedi `gavida cixidama da la-

lafaSa naxa~1. qronikaSi araferia naTqvami, ra mizani hqonda

dedisimedis osmalo sardalTan Sexvedras. viziti, albaT,

osmaleTisadmi morCilebis gamoxatuleba iyo.

dedisimedisa da lala-faSas Sexvedra sakmaod vrclad

aRwera Tomazo minadoim. Tavidanve unda iTqvas, rom mina-

dois Txzuleba imis das turadac gamodgeba, rom dedisimedis

didi avtoriteti da saxeli Sevic noT XVI s. meore nax-

evris ara mxolod saaTabagoSi, aramed mTel saqarTvelosa

da axlo aRmosavleTSi. msgavsad yvaryvare II didisa (1451-

1498), romlis saxeliTac (gorgora, gurgura = yvaryvare)

evropelebi samcxe-saaTabagos aRniSnavdnen2. saqme gvaqvs

analogiur SemTxvevasTan: minadoi dedisimedis saxels mx-

olod erTxel axsenebs (vedova Georgiana, nominata Dedesmit _ qarTveli qvrivi [qali], saxelad dedisimedi)3, sxvagan

yovelTvis moixseniebs rogorc `qvrivi~. is amave saxeliT

aRniSnavs samcxe-saaTabagosac _ `qvrivis samflobelo~.

rogorc Cans, don xuan de persiac, minadois gavleniT, de-

disimedis saxels axsenebs mxolod erTxel4. sxvagan yov-

elTvis mas qvrivobiT moixsenieebs. isic sainteresoa, rom

es avtori saqarTvelos eqvsi uZlieresi mTavris CamoTvlas

qvriviT (dedisimedi) iwyebs5. osmalo istorikosi mustafa

selaniqi mas `dedabers~ eZaxis6.

davubrundeT dedisimedis lala-mustafa faSis banakSi

misvlis ambavs. `rodesac daqanculi, SimSiliT dauZlureb-

uli, mtris Tavdasxme biT, zamTrisa da mTebSi gaWirvebis

1 iqve, gv. 51. 2 XV saukunis italiel mogzaurTa cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 44,

Sen. 6.

3 Minadoi, p. 34, 82, 84, 102, 103, 104, 184, 185.4 Don Juan de Persia, p. 66 r5 Ibidem, p. 67 r,6 fuTuriZe g., mustafa selaniqi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. Tsu Sromebi, 1960,

t. 91, gv. 263.

daTmeniT [osmalebi] bolos mividnen qvrivis [dedisimedis]

cixe-koSkTan, saxelad alTunyalasTan... qvrivi Tavisi ufro-

si SviliT aleqsandreTi1 Camovida cixe-koSkidan, moinaxula

[lala]-mustafas banaki, ZRveni miarTva da erTgulebas da

morCilebas dahpirda. mustafam Tavazianad miiRo [dedisime-

di] da moaxsena Tu rogor kargad epyroboda manuCars,

romelic mas SirvanSi axlda. aqve myofma manuCarma [lala-

faSas] naTqvami daadastura. hfaravda ra mtrobas aleqsan-

dres [yvaryvares] mimarT, mustafam gulSi Caikra da qvrivs

sTxova es Svilic masTan daetovebina, arwmunebda, rom [de-

disimedic] da aleqsandrec [yvary vare] kmayofilni darCebod-

nen, radgan man orive unda gaagzavnos [sulTan] muradTan,

Tan gaayolebs maTi morCilebis gancxadebis sigels, [maT sam-

flobeloebze osmalTa] jaris gavlis xelis Sewyobisa da,

saerTod, maTi damsaxurebis Sesaxeb, raTa sulTanma Rirseu-

lad miiRos eseni da Tavisi wyalobiT gaam didroso. qvrivma,

Sinaganad danaRvlianebulma da Sewuxebulma, saxeze sruli

kmayofileba da Tavaziani mzadyofna gamoxata, rom [Tanaxmaa]

dauTmos is, rac iZulebuli iyo aucileblad daeTmo, vinai-

dan meore Svili [manuCari] ukve mustafas ZalauflebaSi iyo.

qvrivma dautova ra mustafas ori Svili, TviTon TavisTan

dabrunda. mustafam ori dRe daisvena da... yarsisaken

gaemgzavra~2

`mesxuri matiane~ lala-mustafas mier yvaryvaresa da ma-

nuCaris stambolSi wayvanas sruliad sxvagvarad gadmogvcems

da dedisimeds Se upovar da gambedav qalbatonad warmogvid-

gens: awyuridan wasul lala-faSas `patroni yBryBre (yvary-

vare - e.m.) gahyua motyuebiT da aRar dabrunda. patroni

manuCarc Tan wahyua~. rodesac dedisimedma gaigo, rom yvary-

vare aRar dabrundao, daedevna, magram veRar miewia, Semdeg

1 Mminadoi yvaryvare aTabags ratomRac yovelTvis aleqsandres uwodebs.

2 Minadoi, p. 103-104.

396 397

àznauriSvilebi wauyena, veRar daabrunva~1. iseTi STabe-

Wdileba iqmneba, rom `mesxuri matianis~ damwers (dReisaT-

vis dadgenilia, rom misi erT-erTi avtori dedisimedi iyo)

surs damalos lala-faSasTan garigebis arasasurveli faqti.

dedisimedis da aTabagis saxlis sxva wevrebis sicocxleSive

qarTlis mefe svimon I-ma da sxvebmac, maTi osmalebTan Se-

Tanxmeba Ralatad CaTvales. svimon mefes Tu aTabagis ojax-

is wevrebze xeli ar miuwvdeboda, samagierod dedisimedis

Zmaze, vaxtang muxranba tonze miuwvda. vaxtangma, elizbar

erisTavma da barZim amilaxorma, imi saTvis, rom qarTlis

samefo da, TavianTi mamulebic aklebisagan gadaerCinaT, la-

la-faSas ganzraxvaze xeli aaRebines2. ar Cans qarTlis das-

axelebulma Tavadebma sanacvlod ra SesTavazes lala-faSas.

ase iyo Tu ise, svimon mefem aRniSnuli garigebis gamo

Seipyro dedisimedis Zma vaxtangi da kexvis cixeSi gamoke-

ta3.

1579 wlis noemberSi jer manuCari, xolo imave wlis

dasaruls Tu axali wlis martSi, yvaryvarec konstanti-

nopolidan mobrunda. Zmebi ofi cialurad Cadgnen sulTnis

samsaxurSi. manuCarma, sulTnis mier yvaryvaresaTvis CamorT-

meuli aTabagobis sanacvlod, faSoba miiRo4.

1582 wels manuCari aujanyda osmalebs da iranis mxares

gadavida. manuCaris mier amgvari seriozuli nabijis gad-

adgmisas, savaraudoa, dedisimedi misi Tanamzraxveli iyo.

varaudis gamoTqmis safuZvels iZleva is, rom Sah-moxamed

xudabandem manuCars CalabuTi, xolo dedisimeds ̀ xuTi didi

sofeli~ misca5. sabolood (1585 w.), aTabagis ojaxis mowi-

naaRmdege Tavadebis da osmalebis Setevis gamo dedisimedi

iZulebuli Seiqmna mietovebina samcxe da borjomis xeobaSi,

1 samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi, gv. 51.2 iqve gv. 54.

3 iqve, gv. 51.4 iqve, gv 53.5 iqve, gv. 54; q. cx. II, gv. 528

axaldabaSi gadasuliyo: „Semogviyenes moRalateni da veRarc

CBn (Cven) daudgeniT da CavediT axaldabas marts naxevar“1.

manamde, axaldabaSi colTan erTad gadavida aseve mtrebisgan

Seviwroebuli manuCari2. 1586 wlis dasawyisSi, rogorc

qronikaSia naTqvami, manuCari iZulebuli gamxdara, osmalTa

moTxovniT, dedisimedi, SviliSvilTan, yvaryvare IV-is vaJ-

Tan erTad, axalcixis faSasTan gaegzavna3. amiT mTavrdeba

`mesxuri matiane~ da amis Semdeg samcxis am saintereso,

kolorituli moRvawis Sesaxeb erTi cnoba gagvaCnia.

dedisimedis saxeli figurirebs 1595 wels osmalo mo-

xeleebis mier Sedgenil `gurjistanis vilaieTis did dav-

TarSi~, romelSic Sesulia samcxe-saaTabagos aRweris masa-

lebi. aqedan kidev erTxel vrwmundebiT dedisimedis qri-

stianobisadmi da garkveuli principebisadmi ukompro misobaze.

aseTebs dampyroblebi miwebs CamoarTmevdnen xolme da osma-

lo moxeleebs gadascemdnen. samcxis Serisxul TavadTa So-

ris vxedavT dedisimedsac. dampyroblebs misTvis mamuli Ca-

mourTmeviaT da osmalo moxelisaTvis gadauciaT4.

didia dedisimedis damsaxureba qarTuli istoriografi-

is winaSe. misi uSualo monawileobiTa da, xSirad, karnaxi-

Tac, iwereboda samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis umniSvne-

lovanesi werilobiTi Zegli „mesxuri daviTnis qronika“5.

1 samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi, gv. 56.2 iqve, gv. 55.3 iqve, gv. 56.4 svaniZe m., dasax. naSr., gv. 202. 5 ix. qronikebi, II, gv, 527; samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi, gv.

123-131.

398 399

3. saaTabagos urTierToba iran-osmaleTTan

XVI s. bolo meoTxedsa da XVII s.

I meoTxedSi

Sah Tamazis gardacvalebis Semdeg daiZaba iranis Sidapoliti-

kuri mdgo mareoba, sxvadasxva feodaluri dajgufeba Tavisi miznebis

misaRwevad sasurveli kandidatis gamefebaSi xedavda. aseTi viTare-

biT isargebla osmaleTis saxelmwifom da farTo agresia daiwyo

sparseTis xeldebuli samxreT-aRmosavleTi kavkasiis dasapyrobad.

vidre osmalebi oms daiwyebdnen, manamde Sah mohamed xudabendem

osmaleb Tan molaparakebiT amasiis sazavo xelSekrulebis (1555 w.)

pirobebis dacva diplomatiuri molaparakebiT scada da osmaleTSi

Tavisi elCi miavlina, magram molaparakebam Sedegi ar gamoiRo.

omis dawyebis win rTuli mdgomareoba iyo samcxeSi. jayelebs

saaTabagos Tavadebi aujanydnen, riTac samTavros Tavdacvisunari-

anoba Zlier Sesustda. ajan yebulTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi Tavi

gamoiCina manuCar qaixosros Zem (SemdgomSi aTabagi manuCar II, 1581-

1604). manuCari daibada, vaxuStis mixedviT, 1550 wels1. igi Tavisi

drois erT-erTi aqtiuri politikuri moRvawe iyo. rac gansa-

kuTrebiT naTlad gamomJRavnda samcxis Tavadebis sakmaod saSiSi da

xangrZlivi (1576 wlis ivnisidan 1578 wlis Tebervlamde) ajanye-

bis CaxSobisa da oamalebis winaaRmdeg brZolis dros. manuCari

ajanyebulTa winaaRmdeg, formalurad, Tavis Zma yvaryvare IV aTa-

bagTan erTad gamodioda (maT erToblivad moarbies SalikaSvilebis

mTavari simagre _ Tmogvis cixe da qalaqi da sxva simagreebi),

sinamdvileSi, Zmis avadmyofobis gamo, ajanyebis dros, erTpirovnu-

lad ganagebda saaTabagos saqmeebs.

osmalTa saqarTveloze Tavdasxmis ganzraxvasa da jaris sa-

qarTvelos sazRvrebTan moaxloebaze saaTabagoSi cnobili iyo, ro-

gorc amis Taobaze dedisimedi Tavis Svils TvalSveniers sparseT-

Si werda2.

1 vaxuSti, gv. 7162 samxr. saq. ist. masalebi, gv. 47.

osmalTa winaaRmdeg brZolis organizebas saTaveSi manuCari

Caudga. is sagangebod Sekrebil laSqariT Tavis biZaSvil erekle

muxranbatonTan erTad os malebis jaris pirispir dadga. `patroni

manuCar da patroni erekle _ laSqari Seiyares _ wavides, urumT

pirs miudges. patroni yBryBre cotad ugunebud (!) iyo~1. savarau-

doa, mematiane aq gadmogvcems manuCaris osmalTa sam flobeloebSi

SeWras, nadavlis mopovebas, rac imave dros garkveul taqtikur

moqmedebasac, kerZod, mtris Zalebis mosinjvasac isaxavda miznad.

amave dros Cans isic, rom jayel-cix isjvrelebsa da yizilbaSebs

Soris urTierToba kvlav daZabulia varaza SalikaS vilis mokv-

lis gamo. yizilbaSebi samcxis mTavris winaaRmdeg ajanyebuli

Tavade bis meTaurs, varazas Svil kokolas exmarebian. Aamitomac

iyo, rom saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi SemoWrilma osmalebma upirve-

lesyovlisa kokolas samflobeloebi daipyres2. albaT, SalikaS-

vilebis gvarTan dapirispirebis gamo iyo, rom jaye lebis SahisaT-

vis daxmarebis TxovniT ramdenjerme mimarTva uSedegod

dam Tavrda (amis Sesaxeb vrclad sxvagan). qarTuli wyaros mixed-

viT, saaTabagos samxreT-aRmosavleT sazRvarTan myof yizilbaSTa

razms, romelsac yaraxani meTaurobda Tavs daesxnen Turqebi da

aTiode kaci moukles, Semdeg yaraxanma imarjva. es ambavi mat-

ianeSi gadmocemulia Semdegnairad: `mobrundes yaraxan, equsasi

kaci axlda, daesxa Tavsa (Turqebs-e.m.), amoswyuidna urumni, gaaq-

civna, saxelsa zeda RBisasa da gaemarjva yaraxans da aivsnes

saqonliTa da iaraRiTa. mobrunda ba toni manuCar da awyuÀrs

Camovida~3. yuradRebas ipyrobs mematinis bolo fraza: `mobrunda

batoni manuCar da awyuÀrs Camovida~, romelic SeiZleba ga vigoT

ise, rom yizilbaSebs ar surdaT manuCarTan, rogorc aTabagis

ojaxis wevrTan urTierToba da isini uars amboben misi samxedro

Zalis gamoyenebaze os malebTan Setakebebis dros. vfiqrob, yizil-

baSTa amgvarma damokidebulebam jaye lebis mimarT seriozulad

1 iqve.

2 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 683 samxr. saq. ist. masalebi, gv. 47.

400 401

ganapiroba yizilbaSTa warumatebloba amierkavkasiaSi osmaleT-

iranis omis daswyisSi.

`mesxuri matianis“ mixedviT, lala faSa agvistos dasawyisSi

artaanidan saqarTvelosken wamovida. samcxe-saaTabagos teritoriaze

SeiWra. qarTuli wyaroebidan cnobilia, rom pirveli cixe,

romelic osmalebs samcxis teritoriaze SexvdaT, iyo mgel-

cixe. igi osmalebma ori dRis brZolis Semdeg aiRes. amgvarad

osmalebi samcxe saaTabagoSi SeiWrnen. Tu erTmaneTs Seva-

darebT qarTuli da italiuri werilobiTi wyaroebis cno-

bebs, davinaxavT, rom isini erTnairad gadmogvcemen osmaleTis

jaris laSqrobis mimarTulebas da cixeebis aRebasac. ibrahim

feCevis ki artaanidan pirdapir velis cixesTan mivyevarT1.

osmalebi ramdenime strategiuli mniSvnelobis cixe-simagres

(mgelcixe, qajTa cixe, veliscixe), da bolos Cildiris cixes

daeuflnen2. qarTuli da italiuri wyaroebis mixedviT, rodesac

manuCari Cildiris dasacavad mivida, igi osmalebs ukve dapyrobili

hqondaT. `mesxuri matiane“ gadmogvcems: 10 agvistos `patroni ma-

nuCar qajis (Cildiris – e.m.) cixes Seeyara. verc (osmalTa – e.

m.) laSqris omsa da verc cixebis aRebBÁs ver mieswra“3. savarau-

doa, amjeradac yizilbaSebis mier jayelTa SeiaraRebuli Zalebis

ignorirebasTan gvaqvs saqme.

Qqajis (Cildiris) cixesTan momxdaris Sesaxeb ufro met cno-

bebs Seicavs italiuri wyaro. aqedan vigebT, rom manuCari osmaleb-

1 saqarTveloSi SemoWris pirvel dReebSi osmalebis mier dapyrobili cix-

eebis Sesaxeb gadmogvcems ali-efendi. ix. Awinamdebare naSromis gv. 190-191.2 osmalTagan Cildiris cixis aRebis sxvadasxva TariRi gvaqvs: `mesxuri

matinis~ mixedviT, osmalebma cixe aiRes 9 mariamobnisTves (agvisto). 14

agvistoa frangi diploma tis Juies mefe anri III-sadmi gagzavnil moxsenebaSi

(Charriére E., Negociations de la France dans le Levant et correspodences, memoires et actes diplomatiques, III, Paris, 1853, p. 740). aseve 14 agvistos auRiaT osma-lebs Cildiris cixe henri porSas TqmiTac (Porsius H., Narratio belli Persici inter Murathem III Turcar et Mehemet Hodabande Persar regem gesti. In Reuisneri, Re rum memorabilum in Panonia sub Turcar. Imperatoribus cet. gestar. narrationes, Francofurt, 1603, p. 176-177).

3 samxr. saq. ist. masalebi, gv. 48.

Tan saomrad yizilbaSTa jarTan erTad wasula Tavisi cxenosnebiTa

da qveiTebiT, magram daugviandaT. osmalebs saqme ukve moeTavebinaT.

àm dros movida sparseTis mefis generali mehmad xani1 Tavisi or-

mocdaaTi aTasi mxedriT2 da Svidi aTasi cxenosani da qveiTi qarT-

veliT, romelTac meTaurobda qarTvelTa qveynis erT-erTi mTavari

manuCari. isini mividnen xsenebuli qajis cixis (Cildiris _ e.m.)

dasaxmareblad, magram igi dapyrobili daxvdaT da Turqebis banaki-

dan daaxloebiT sami miliT daSorebuli velis cixesTan

SeCerdnen“3.

qarTuli da italiuri wyaroebi erTmaneTisagan mniSvnelovnad

gansxvavdebian da saerToc aqvT. qarTuli wyaros mixedviT yizil-

baSTa jari mahmad-sulTanis (italiuri wyaros _ mahmad-xani) me-

TaurobiT da saaTabagos jari manuCaris meTaurobiT cal-calke

moqmedebdnen. osmalebis mier yizilbaSebis daamarcxebis Semdeg ma-

nuCari CildirTan midis. aq gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mie-

qces im garemoebas, rom italiuri wyaroc qarTvelebis da yizil-

baSebis dagvianebiT misvlaze aRniSnaven. `mesxuri matiane“ ki mxo-

lod manuCaris misvlas aRniSnavs. ori avtoris (qarTveli da

italieli) monaTxrobSi is gansxvavebaa, rom qarTuli wyaros av-

tori cdilobs ise gadmosces ambavi, rom eWvi dabados manuCaris

moqmedebis patiosnebaSi. qarTvelma mematianem mizans miaRwia kidec.

qarTul istoriografiaSi manuCari moRalated aris gamocxadebu-

li im dRidan, roca osmalebma saqarTvelos sazRvari gadmolaxes.

`mesxuri matianis“ cnobebis amgvari interpretacia pirvelma Se-

mogvTavaza qr. SaraSiZem. igi Tavisi mosazrebisaTvis damajereblo-

bis xarisxis gazrdisaTvis i. hameris TxzulebaSi dacul erT

cnobasac iSveliebs da aRniSnavs, rom manuCari Cildiris brZolam-

de ramdenime kviris win `mihkedlebia“ Turqebs da TviTon awyuris

1 ibrahim feCevi yizilbaSTa jaris sardlebad asaxelebs Toqmak xans, imam-yuli-xansa da yara xans. ibrahim feCevi, gv. 39.

2 ibrahim feCevisTan 30 aTasi, gv. 39. aseve 30 aTas mxedars asaxelebs

don xuan de persia, (65 r).3 TurqeT-sparseTis omi da qristiani qarTvelebi. 1577-1581, gv. 23.

402 403

sanjaxi miuRia, xolo mis Zmas _ yvaryvares ki olTisi1. i. hameris

TxzulebaSi, sadac saintereso ambis gadmocemisas damowmebulia

alis „nusreT-name“, naTqvamia, rom lala mustafa faSam `Cildiris

brZolamde ramdenime kviriT adre, Zmebidan umcross, manuCars mi-

wvevis werili gaugzavna, imis Taobaze, rom rogorc TviTon aseve

misi Zma da deda CamoSorebodnen sparseTs, romelzec aqamomde da-

mokidebulni iyvnen. manuCarma Tavis mokrZalebul pasuxSi moiTxo-

va xelSekruleba da sigeli, agreTve moiTxova TavisTvis awyuris

sanjayi, Tavis Zma gregorisaTvis (yvaryvare - e.m.) olTisi da de-

disa da sxva ZmebisaTvis soflebi lenis saxiT“2. aq ar Cans moxda

Tu ara osmaleTis sardlisa da aTabagis ojaxis SeTanxmeba. jaye-

lebi, iqneb, drois gayvanis taqtikas adgnen?

sxvagvarad gadmogvcems lala mustafa faSas manuCarTan pirvel

kontaqts osmalo istorikosi abubeqr bin abdulahi. arzrumSi daba-

nakebuli osmaleTis jari 1578 wlis ivlisis Sua ricxvebSi aiyara

da artaanTan mivida. artaanis `cixis siaxloves mdebare qarTuli

vilaieTebi da oqroscixed wodebuli simagre erTma xaTunma (dedi-

simedma _ e.m.) daipyro da daimorCila“3. artaanSi Cayenebuli saaTa-

bagos mecixovneni osmalebma Seipyres. artaanidan lala mustafa

faSam ùrjuloebis begTan“, manuCarTan kaci gagzavna da damorCile-

ba mosTxova. Tu mis moTxovnas manuCari daemorCileboda pativs mi-

agebda, Tu ara da akleba-ganadgurebiT daemuqra. `saswrafod modi,

islamis sarewmunoeba miiRe, Seni xalxi da vilaieTi Cven Cagvabareo“

– uTvlida lala faSa manuCars, romelmac Tavis xalxTan erTad

moiTaTbira da osmalo sardlisadmi damorCilebis gadawyvetileba

miiRes4. davujeroT abubeqrs, rom manuCarma osmalebisadmi morCile-

ba gadawyvita? magram faqtia, rom is lala faSas banakSi mxolod

1 samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi, gv. 162-168.2 Hammer J., Geschichte des osmanischen Reiches, II, Pest, 1834, S. 482. ix.

javaxiS vili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, IV, 1967, gv. 267-269.3 abubeqr bin abdulahi, gamarjvebaTa wigni. Turquli teqstri qarTuli

Targ maniT, SesavliTa da SeniSvnebiT gamosacemad moamzada m. iluriZem, Tb., 2006, gv. 31.

4 iqve, gv. 31-32.

Cildiris brZolis Semdeg mivida da manamde arc raime moTxovna Seu-

Tvlia. davubrundeT i. hameris Txzulebidan moyvanil amonarids.

rogorc irkveva mustafa faSam maSinve ver SesZlo manuCarisaT-

vis epasuxa. man manuCaris mier wayenebuli moTxovnebis Sesaxeb

weriliT acnoba sulTans1 da misgan pasuxs eloda. Cildiris brZo-

lamde erTi dRiT adre mustafa faSas miutanes dedisimedis weri-

li, romelSic igi sardals Tavisi vaJis manuCaris mZevlad gagzav-

nas da sulTnis yvela morCilis msgavsad ganszRvruli gadasaxadis

gadaxdas hpirdeboda. samagierod is iTxovda sigels, romliTac mas

da mis Svils yvaryvares daumtkicdebodaT misi qmris, qaixosros

samflobeloebi2. Turqi istorikosi iqve SeniSnavs, rom dedisimedma

dapireba maSinve ki ar Seasrula, aramed elodeboda osmalebisa da

yizilbaSebis Sejaxebas, raTa gamarjvebulis mxares damdgariyo.

manuCarma, savaraudoa, pasuxis dagvianeba Tavisi moTxovnebis

uaryofad CaTvala da jariT wavida Cildiris dasacavad, magram

daugvianda, rasac qarTuli wyaro gvamcnobs. amas adasturebs ibra-

him feCevic, Tumca CildirTan misuli manuCars mxdalad da moRa-

lated saxavs: `xsenebuli begi (manuCari-e.m.) eqvsi aTasi SeiaraRe-

buli aznauriT movida da mTis ferdobidan gamarjvebulebs da

damarcxebulebs Tvalyurs adevnebda. idga iq da imedi hqonda, rom

gamarjvebuli mxare mas Seiwynarebda. da, rogorc ki gaigo, Tu ra

bedi ewia Toqmak-xans, wamovida manuCari dilas da Rirseuli sard-

lis karavSi SeaRwia“3.

axla isev davubrundeT anonimi venecielis monaTxrobs: roca

qarTvelebma da yizilbaSebma gaiges, rom Cildiris brZolis Semdeg

daRlili osmalebi isvenebdnen, gadawyvites xelsayreli momentiT

esargeblaT da moulodnelad dasxmodnen Tavs. magram maT ver Ses-

Zles osmalTa banakSi SeWra, radgan karvebs Soris bagirebi iyo

gaWimuli, romelic gzas uketavda momxvdurs. osmalebma male Se-

niSnes mteri, Sesxdnen cxenebze da velze gaiWrnen, raTa brZola

1 abulaZe c., dasax. naSr., gv. 202.2 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 73.3 ibrahim feCevi, gv. 41.

404 405

gaemarTaT momxvdurTaTvis. pirvelsave Setakebisas daiRupa aTasze

meti osmalo da 30 sanjay-begi1.

veneciis sirieli elCis jovani miqelis TqmiT, yizilbaSebis

CildirTan damarcxebis Semdeg „manuCari, qvrivis umcrosi vaJi,

mivida (lala faSasTan – e.m.) da Tavis Tavi (sulTan – e.m.) mura-

dis vasalad gamoacxada“2. daaxloebiT aseve gadmogvcems manuCaris

misvlas Turqebis banakSi petro biZaro3.

Turquli wyaroebis mixedviT, manuCari yizilbaSebis damarcxe-

bis meore dRes mivida osmalTa banakSi4 da „Tavisi qveyanis cixeebis

gasaRebebi mTavarsardals miutana da Caabara“5. meore dRes, adgi-

lobrivi mosaxleobis daSinebisa da Tavisi meomrebis gamxnevebis

mizniT, lala faSam daxocili mtrebis mokveTili TavebiT gora

daadgmevina. man Sikriki gagzavna konstantinopolSi da sulTans

acnoba mopovebuli gamarjvebis Sesaxeb. `Turqebis am gamarjvebam, _

wers don xuan de persia, _ axali sababi misca am mxaris bevr ad-

gilobriv mTavars, romelnic aqamde sparselTa ymebad iTvlebodnen,

umalve mis (mustafa faSas _ e.m.) winaSe gamocxadebuliyvnen da

sulTan muradisadmi morCileba eRiarebninaT. mustafa faSas jars

maSinve SeuerTdnen qarTveli mTavrebi: salmas qarTveli da levani6,

axlad damkvidrebuli mTavari saqarTvelos erTi mxarisa da saqarT-

velos mTavari manuCari, batoniSvili dedisimedis Svili. yvela es

mTavari mustafa faSas droSas SeuerTda, romelmac didi Tavazia-

nobiT miiRo isini da maTi morCilebis Sesaxeb sulTans acnoba“7.

1 ibrahim feCeviT, òcdaaTze meti saxelovani aRa brZolis velze daeca~.

ibrahim feCevi, gv. 40. sxva cnobiT osmalebs 13 sanjay-begi daeRupaT. Porsius H., Nar ratio belli Persici inter Murathem III Turcar et Mehemet Hodabande Persar regem gesti, p.176-177.

2 Relazioni delli successi della guerra tra il Turco e il Persiano dall’anno 1577 fi no al 1587 di Giovani Micheli ritornato console da Aleppo in Soria. krebulSi:

Alberi E., Relacioni… serie III, v. II, Firenze, 1844, p. 264.3 Bizarus P., Op. cit., p. 633.4 ibrahim feCevi, gv. 41.5 fuTuriZe g., mustafa selianiqi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 263.6 Ggaurkvevelia romeli qarTveli didebulebi iyvnen salmasi da levani.

7 Don Juan de Persia, p.65 r – 66 r.

Llala mustafa faSam manuCars uboZa awyuris sanjayi, mis Zmas

yvaryvares misi yofili samflobelo olTisis sanjayi, sxva Zmebs

kargi ziameTebi, dedisimeds ki sami sofeli xasis saxiT1

tomazo minadoi agviwers im zeims, romelic mouwyes banakSi

misul manuCarsa da mis Tanmxleblebs: imave dRes (16 agvisto),

rodesac lala mustafa faSam sisxliani RonisZieba daamTavra da

mokveTili Tavebis gora dasdga, mas acnobes, `qvrivi qarTvelis,

dedisimedis umcrosi vaJis“ manuCaris ganzraxvaze mis karavSi

mosvlis survilis Sesaxeb, raTa misalmeboda da usityvod damor-

Cileboda. am siaxlem imdenad gaaxara mustafa faSa, rom brZana

yvela faSa da jaris meTauri sakravebiTa da qvemexebis gasroliT

da sxva Rirsebis niSnebiT wasuliyvnen manuCaris Sesaxvedrad da

ase moeyvanaT masTan. yvelaferi ise gakeTda rogorc mTavarsardal-

ma brZana da roca manuCari mis karavTan miiyvanes, TviTonac arti-

leriisa da arkebuzebis sroliT miesalma. manuCars gadawyvetili

hqonda mustafasTvis mierTmia yvelaferi rac mis mamulSi iyo“2.

abubeqric aRniSnavs osmalTa banakSi manuCaris sazeimod miRe-

bis Sesaxeb, magram iseTnairad, rom qarTveli didebuli damcirebu-

lad warmoaCinos Zlevamosili osmalebis fonze3.

vfiqrob, manuCaris CildirTan `dagvianebiT“ misvlis mizezi

SeiZleba gairkves don xuan de persias (is aRwerili ambis Taname-

drove da SeiZleba mxilvelic iyo da, rogorc samxedro pirovneba,

icnobda kidec yizilbaSTa sardals) monaTxrobiT CildirTan mov-

lenebis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. misi TqmiT, Toqmak sulTan xani erev-

nisa da naxiCevanis gamgebeli iyo. moxamed xudabendem igi daniSna

sparseTis da saqarTvelos sakmaod mcirericxovani jarebis mTavar-

sardlad. sparselTa jari Sedgeboda mxolod 30 aTasi mxedrisa-

gan, Tumca qveiTebi mravlad yofilan. roca cnobili gaxda, rom

lala mustafa faSam arzrumi datova, yarsi gaiara da Cildirs

miaRwia. Toqmaks yalbi cnobebi miawodes, TiTqos, osmalTa jari

1 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 74.2 Minadoi T., p. 34-35.3 abubeqri, gv. 35.

406 407

mxolod 40 aTasi mebrZolisagan Sesdgeboda, jaris erovnuli Se-

madgenlobac Wreli iyo da arc SeiaraReba uvargodaT. axalgazrda

sardlebi Toqmaks afrTxilebdnen, rom iseTi gamocdilebis sarda-

li, rogoric is iyo, ar unda ndoboda mstovrebis motanili cno-

bebs.

Toqmakma „Tavisi uvicobiT“ Turqebis mowinave 40 aTasiani

jari ZiriTad Zalad CaTvala da dauyovnebliv ekveTa. magram, ro-

desac mustafa lala faSa mTeli ZaliT daatyda Tavs, Toqmakma

mxolod moxerxebulobiTa da daRamebis gamo SeZlo jaris nawilis

gadarCena. osmalebma mas 7 aTasi kaci moukles, 3 aTasi ki daaty-

veves, romlebsac Tavi mokveTes1.

rogorc don xuan de persias monaTxrobidan SeiZleba davaskv-

naT, Cildirisken wasul manuCars, romelic SeTanxmebuli unda

yofiliyi yizilbaS sardalTan Sexvedris adgilsa da droze, ga-

marjvebis iolad mopovebis surviliT Sepyrobili Toqmak xani aRar

daeloda. amiT unda aixsnas da ara RalatiT is, rom roca `patro-

ni manuCar qajis cixes Seeyara, verc (sparselTa _ e.m.) laSqris

omsa da verc (osmalebis mier _ e.m.) cixebis aRebBÁs mieswra“.

ufro metic, henrix porSas TqmiT, Toqmak xanTan erTad brZolis

velze marcxi ganucdia manuCarsac: sparselebs daukargavT 5 aTasi

kaci, xolo manuCari Tavis 3 aTas TanamebrZolTan erTad dautyve-

vebiaT2.

vfiqrob, seriozul yuradRebas imsaxurebs isqander munSis

gadmocemac, romlis mixedviT manuCarma samcxeSi SeWril osmalebs

winaaRmdegoba gauwia da misi damorCileba mxolod iaraRis gamoy-

enebiT moxerxda. movusminoT isqander munSis: rodesac lala mu-

stafa faSa àxalcixis velaieTSi movida, romelic saqarTvelos

ekuTvnoda, svimon-xanis siZis manuCar-xanis [sagamgeo] olqi iyo da

am mxaris (iranis) sazRvrebSi Semodioda. man (manuCarma) osmalTa

1 mowinaaRdegeTa mier Cildiris velze gancdili zaralis Sesaxeb ix. Фарза лиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 70-71.

2 Porsius H., Narratio belli Persici inter Murathem III Turcar et Mehemet Hodabande Persar regem gesti, p.176-177.

morCilebisagan Tavi Sors daiWira da winaaRmdegobis gzas daadga,

Tavisi cixe gaamagra da TviTon ki svimon-xanTan mivida, lala faSam

misi cixe garemoicva, zarbaznebi miumarjva da brZola-WidiliT

daimorCila. mere Sig mcvelebi da ianiCrebi dastova da svimon-

xanis qveynisaken gaemarTa“1.

sefianTa xanis sparseTis saxelganTqmuli istorikosis Txzu-

lebidan moyvanili amonaridi zogierT cnobil sakiTxze msjelo-

bas moiTxovs. TiTqos dadgenilia, rom Sahma mohamed xudabendem

svimon I Tavis samefoSi daabruna osmalebis saqarTveloSi Se-

moWris Semdeg. isqander munSi ki svimonis saqarTveloSi dabrune-

bis Semdeg gadmogvcems osmalebis saqarTveloSi SemoWris da ma-

nuCaris maTdami daumorCileblobis ambavs2. sparseli istorikosis

naTqvamis (manuCaris svimon mefesTan qarTlSi gadasvlasTan dakav-

SirebiT) dazusteba SeiZleba àxali qarTlis cxovreba, pirveli

teqstis“ saSualebiT: Sah ismail II-m svimoni alamuTis cixidan

gaanTavisufla, magram igi sparseTSi dastova. gamefda mohamed xu-

dabende, daiwyo omi sparseTsa da osmaleTs Soris. `raodensame

xansame ukana gamovida lala faSa... maSin daxuda manuCar aTabagi,

Ze qaixosrosi da dedisimedisa, _ da amas esua colad daÁ sÂmon

mefisa, da daxuda ese manuCar aTabagi da daesxa romelsame TareS-

sa da nawyuedsa jarisasa, da mosra raodenime, da mere veRar

daudga da gamovarda qarTls sidedrTana. xolo lala faSam amos-

wyÂta yoveli samcxe da daiWira cixe da simagreni“3. amgvarad,

manuCari qarTlSi gadavida Tavis sidedrTan, svimoni ki isev spar-

seTSia. magram citirebul wyaroebSi (don xuan de persia, henrix

porSa, isqander munSi, anonimi venecieli, ̀ axali qarTlis cxovreba,

pirveli teqsti“) umTavresi is aris, rom manuCari samcxeSi Se-

Wril osmalebs ebrZoda. dasaxelebuli avtorebi, gansakuTrebiT

ki anonimi venecieli, erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad gvTavazoben

uaRresad saintereso versias, romelic uTuod angariSgasawevia

1 isqander munSi, gv. 29.2 iqve, gv. 28-29.3 qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv. 371-372.

408 409

samcxis aTabagis, manuCar II-is pirovnebis Sesaswavlad.

16 agvistosve osmalTa jari Cildiridan aiyara da, rogorc

anonimi venecieli gadmogvcems, TeTrcixisken gaeSura, romelic

datyvevebul manuCars ekuTvnoda. „iq misvlisTanave (lala faSam

– e.m.) ixmo manuCari da hkiTxa, ramdeni qalaqisa da cixis mflo-

beli iyo igi. [manuCarma] yvelaferze gasca pasuxi. generalma hkiTxa:

àxla, roca damarcxdiT, ra moeliT Tqvens samflobeloebs? manu-

Carma upasuxa: Tqvens gankargulebaSi varT mec da Cemi samflobe-

loebic da Seexvewa: madlobeli viqnebi, Tu sacxovreblad TiTo

cixes dagvitoveb me da Cem moxuc dedaso1. amiT kmayofilma gene-

ralma dautova yvelaferi rac manuCarma iTxova da sanjay-begobac

uboZa, Tumca qristianoba SeunarCuna“2. venecielisagan sruliad

gansxvavebul, sawinaaRmdego cnoba Semogvinaxa alim. aqedan vigebT,

rom Cildiris brZolamde erTi dRiT adre dedisimedma lala mu-

stafa faSas gaugzavna werili, romelSic sTavazobda manuCars

mZevlad da, sxva qveSevrdomebis msgavsad, gadasaxadis gadaxdas

hpirdeboda. samagierod dedisimedi iTxovda sigels, romliTac igi

aTabag yvaryvaresTan erTad mflobeli da gamgebeli iqneboda gar-

dacvlili qmris, aTabag qaixosros miwebisa3. rogorc zemoT moyva-

nil, i. hammeris mier damowmebuli imave nusreT-names cnobidan

gavigeT, dedisimeds lala faSasTvis gagzavnil werilSi, ZiriTa-

dad, manuCaris mier dayenebuli moTxovnebi gaumeorebia da osmale-

bisadmi erTgulebis niSnad, damatebiT, mZevlad manuCari SeuTavaze-

bia. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom dedisimedma da, saerTod, aTabagis

ojaxma icoda, SeiZleba isini SeTanxmebulic iyvnen manuCarTan, rom

es ukanaskneli vezir lala mustafa faSasTan mividoda da, fa-

qtobrivad, nebayoflobiT mZevlad gadaiqceoda. erTi Turquli do-

1 svaniZe m., am wyaros imowmebs da da ambobs, rom manuCarma lala faSas

mo sTxova misTvis gadaeca 40 qalaqi da 40 sofeli. svaniZe m., saqarTvelo

osmaleTis urTierTobis istoriidan, XVI-XVII ss., Tb., 1971, gv. 110. italiur

wyaroSi mxolod is weria, rac zemoT iTqva.2 TurqeT-sparseTis omi da qristiani qarTvelebi. 1577-1581, gv. 24.3 abulaZe c., samcxe-saaTabagos istoriidan (XVI s. 80-iani wlebi).

`mravalTavi, filologiur- istoriuli Ziebani, Tb., 1989, gv. 200.

kumentis mixedviT, romelzec qvemoT vrclad iTqmeva, lala faSas

banakSi orive Zma _ manuCari da yvaryvare erTad misulan.

amgvarad, rogorc ganxiluli wyaroebidan Cans1, iseve, rogorc

saqarTvelos sxva mefe-mTavrebma, manuCarmac morCileba gamoucxada,

garkveuli pirobebiT, osmaleTis sulTnis gamarjvebul sardals.

sainteresoa, rom samcxis zogierTi feodali (albaT, isini vinc

jayelebs ebrZodnen), vidre mteri samTavros sazRvars gadmolaxav-

da, manamde eaxla mas, erTguleba Sehfica da jer kidev daupyro-

beli cixeebic miuZRvna. `mesxuri matiane“ asaxelebs qoiar amila-

xorisSvils, romelic 2 agvistos lala faSas artaanSi miegeba da

2 cixe „SeuZRvna“2. aseve aRniSnulia, rom arfaqsad amatkisSvilic

Sepirebuli yofila eqvsi cixis, maT Soris xerTvisis, gadacemas,

magram man amis praqtikulad ganxorcieleba maSinve ver SesZlo.

`mesxur matianeSi“ vkiTxulobT: àgreTve arfaqsad hbireboda equ-

siT cixiTa mas winaT da xerTvisi da xuTi cixe mas SeeZRuna da

patrons manuCars Tan mihyua, imwams gamoohguares, cixeebi gamoar-

TuÀs da xaxuli sasanjaxod misces“3.

arfaqsadis mier osmalebisaTvis cixeebis gadacemaze `mesxur

matianeSi“ moTxrobilia 10 – 17 agvistos Soris da cixeebis gad-

acema sruliadac ar ivaraudeba Cildiris brZolamde (`samcxis

qronikis“ mixedviT _ 9 agvisto) momxdar faqtad. 17 agvistos ki

manuCarma, imave wyaros cnobiT, lala faSas gadasca Tmogvis cixe

da kokola SalikaSvilisaTvis CamorTmeuli axalqalaqi4.

amgvarad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Cildiris brZolis Semdeg os-

malebisadmi damorCilebulma manuCarma uSuamdgomla arfaqsad amat-

kisSvils masze gamwyrali lala mustafa faSas winSe da, rogorc

Cans, isini moariga: mas, cixeebis sanacvlod `xaxuli sasanjaxod“

misces. veziris amgvari gadawyvetileba, sagulisxmoa, manuCaris

interesebSi ar Sedioda. mas jayelebis mowinaaRmdege Tavadebis

1 im avtorebis Sromebs aRar davimowmeb, romlebic Mminadois, don xuan de persias, anonimi venecielis da sxvaTa Txzulebebs eyrdnobian.

2 samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi, 49.3 iqve.

4 iqve.

410 411

TavisTvis damorCileba surda da amisaTvis xelsayrel moments

eloda, rac mogvianebiT gamoCda kidec.

zemoT warmodgenili faqtebisa da msjelobis Semdeg, vfiqrob,

aRaraviTri pretenzia unda rCebodes vaxuSti batoniSvilisa da iv.

javaxiSvilis mimarT1 da arc samarTliani iqneba aseTi daskvna:

àmgvarad, manuCaris yoveli nabiji 1578 wlis martidan moyolebu-

li, rodesac igi brZolis velidan mobrunda da awyurs Camovida,

amava wlis mariamobisTvis (agvistos) 17-dis, rodesac man Tmogvis

cixe misca lala-faSas, gamcemlobiT aris aRbeWdili“2. usafuZv-

loa manuCaris uaryofiT Sefaseba, Tu mis pirovnebas da saqmiano-

bas, mis brZolas osmalebis winaaRmdeg qarTlis mefe svimon I-Tan

erTad, ganvixilavT misi drois saqarTveloSi Seqmnili socialuri

da politikuri viTarebis konteqstSi. manuCaric iseTive, SeiZleba

ufro metad patrioti, ufro metad gambedavi da Seupovari iyo,

vidre misi Tanamedrove sxva feodalebi.

* * *

saaTabagos damorCilebis Semdeg, rogorc anonimi venecieli

gvamcnobs, osmaleTis sardalma manuCaris moTxovnebi daakmayofila

da sanjaybegobac uboZa3 (sxva wyaroebiT manuCari Cildiris be-

glarbegi gaxda). Tbilisis dasapyrobad mimaval lala faSas, ro-

gorc don xuan de persia gadmogvcems didi daxmareba gauwies

saaTabagoelebma: `mustafa faSam svla ganagrZo miiRo ra mxarda-

Wera da Semweoba qarTvelTagan. es daxmareba Tumca ricxobrivad

mcire iyo, axali mokavSiris ZalasTan SedarebiT, magram Zalian

efeqturi Turqebis jaris uvneblad gasatareblad. es iyo Tavidan-

bolomde maTi sakuTari qveyana. qarTvelebma valdebuleba ikisres

mtrisaTvis gza eCvenebinaT. mustafa win miiwevda, Tumca didi da-

1 iqve, gv. 165. qarTlia cxovreba, IV, gv. 722, javaxiSvili iv., dasax. naSr., gv. 268-269.

2 samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi, gv. 166.3 anonimi venecieli, gv. 24.

brkolebiT, Tavisi axali megobriT, gzis maCvenebeli manuCariT,

romelic Tan waiyvana“1. lala faSas mier manuCaris qarTlSi way-

vanas qarTuli wyaroebic adastureben. `samcxis matianis“ cnobiT,

àxalqalaqidam faSa da patroni manuCar qarTls wavides“. igives

gvamcnobs vaxuSti batoniSvili2.

vaxuStis mixedviT lala faSas manuCari Tan axlda Sirvan-

azerbaijanze laSqrobis dros3. rodesac manuCaris osmalebisadmi

mimxroba da, ufro metic, sparseTis sawinaaRmdego omSi misi mona-

wileobis Sesaxeb Seityves Sahis karze, problemebi Seeqmna iq myof

TvalSveniers, manuCaris umcros Zmas _ igi 26 agvistos daapatim-

res4.

Sirvanidan mobrunebulma lala mustafa faSam manuCari muxra-

nidan samcxeSi gauSva, sadac 1578 wlis 4 oqtombers mivida5, al-

baT, Semdgomi garkveuli moqmedebisaTvis aTabag yvaryvares da de-

disimedis Sesamzadeblad. samSabaTs lala mustafac jarTan erTad

mivida awyurSi6 da `gaRma lekze dadga“. yvaryvare did vezirs mie-

geba, xuTSabaTs dedisimedic eaxla7.

saintereso cnobebi dagvitova t. minadoim qarTlidan samcxeSi

mobrunebul lala faSasa da aTabagis ojaxis urTierTobaze. lala

faSa alTunyalasTan, im cixe-simagresTan gaCerebula, sadac im Ja-

mad dedisimedis samyofeli iyo8: `qvrivi Tavisi ufrosi SviliT

aleqsandreTi (yvaryvare – e.m.) Camovida cixe-koSkidan, moinaxula

mustafas Stabi ZRvnebiT da dahpirda mas erTgulebas da morCile-

1 Don Juan de Persia.,p. 68 v.2 samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi, gv. 50; vaxuSti, gv. 722.3 vaxuSti, gv. 722.4 samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi, gv. 50. TvalSvenierze ix. aqve,

gv. 385-386. Sen. 6.

5 samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi, gv. 51.6 iqve, gv. 50-51. anonimi venecielis mixedviT, manuCari, yvaryvare da de-

disimedi imyofebodnen oZrxeSi (gv. 34), Mminadois mixedviT ki, alTunyalaSi

(gv. 65).

7 samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi, gv. 51.8 don xuan de persia alTunyalas (oqros cixe) saaTbagos dedaqalaqad

moix seniebs (Don Juan de Persia.,p. 67 v).

412 413

bas. mustafam Tavazianad miiRo da acnoba rogor kargad epyroboda

manuCars, romelic mas SirvanSi gahyva. iqve myofma manuCarma es

mtkicebani daadastura. hfaravda ra mtrobas aleqsandres (yvaryva-

res – e.m.) mimarT, mustafam gulSi Caikra igi da qvrivs sTxova es

Svilic masTan daetovebina, arwmunebda, rom isic da aleqsandrec

kmayofilni darCebodnen, radgan man orive unda gaagzavnos (sulTan

– e.m.) muradTan, Tan gaayolebs maTi morCilebis gancxadebis si-

gels, (maT samflobeloebze – e.m.) jaris gavlis dros xelis Se-

wyobisa da saerTod, maTi damsaxurebis Sesaxeb, raTa sulTanma

Rirseulad miiRos isini da Tavisi wyalobiT gaamdidroso. qvrivma,

Sinaganad, danaRvlianebulma da Sewuxebulma, saxeze sruli kmayo-

fileba da Tavaziani mzadyofna gamoxata dauTmos is rac iZulebu-

li iyo aucileblad daeTmo, vinaidan meore Svili ukve mustafas

ZalauflebaSi iyo. qvrivma dautova ra orive Svili mustafas,

TviT TavisTan dabrunda“1. mustafam ori dRe daisvena da yarsisken

wavida. pirvel dRes axalcixeSi (qvrivis samflobeloSi) SeCerda,

`sadac mas SeZlebisdagvarad, uzrunveli pirobebi Seuqmnes“2.

`mesxuri matianis“ mixedviT, yvaryvare Tavisi nebiT ki ar wahy-

va lala faSas, aramed motyuebiT wauyvaniaT, mas raRac manZiliT

unda gaecilebina osmalebi. roca igi aRar dabrunda, SeSfoTebuli

dedisimedi daedevana osmalebs, magram ver miewia, mere erTguli

aznauriSvilebi daadevna, magram verc isini gaxdnen rasme. rogorc

SemdegSi gairkva, lala faSas yvaryvare olTisis sanjay-begad dau-

niSnavs. sainteresoa, rom manuCaric olTisSi imyofeboda3.

Tu `mesxuri matianeSi“ moTxrobil ambavs verwmunebiT, maSin

gaugebari iqneba, ratom dasWirda lala faSas motyuebiT waeyvana

yvaryvare aTabagi da olTisis sanjay-begad daeniSna. amis gakeTeba

mas sxva formiTac xom SeeZlo? iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, rom

`mesxuri matianis“ Semdgenels surs damalos lala faSasTan gari-

gebis arasasurveli faqti. aTabagis ojaxis wevrebis osmalebTan

1 Minadoi T., p. 103-104.2 Ibidem, p. 104.3 samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi, gv. 51.

SeTanxmeba Ralatad miiCnia sparseTis tyveobidan axladdabrune-

bulma qarTlis mefe I-ma da maT winaaRmdeg moqmedeba daiwyo. cno-

bilia, rom is yvelgan ebrZoda da sdevnida osmalebis momxreebs

saqarTveloSi. swored amiT unda aixsnas mis mier dedisimedis Zmis,

vaxtangis Sepyroba da kexvis cixeSi Casma. mefis amgvari moqmedebis

sapasuxod lala faSam manuCari orjer gagzavna osmalTa jariT

qarTlis winaaRmdeg. marTalia, manuCarma pirvelad warmatebas ver

miaRwia, magram meored zemo qarTli daarbia1.

1579 wlis 23 marts manuCari arzrums wavida, sadac is yvary-

vares Sexvda da 20 aprils, orSabaTs, oriveni konstantinopols

gaemgzavrnen2. isini daniSnulebis adgilze mividnen imave wlis 3

ivniss. yvaryvare da manuCari 9 ivniss sulTanma miiRo. Zmebma mas

saCuqrebi miarTves da, savaraudoa mZevalic (ZmisSvili an disSvi-

li) miuyvanes, romelic 10-12 wlisa yofila. is maSinve gaamamahma-

dianes da seralSi moaTavses3.

1579 w. 15 ivliss manuCari da yvaryvare osmaleTis sataxto-

dan samSobloSi wamovidnen4. arasworia `mesxuri matianis“ is cno-

ba, TiTqos yvaryvare martis TveSi dabrunda samcxeSi. amave wyaros

mixedviT, Zmebi arzrumidan konstantinopolisaken gaemarTnen 1579

w. 20 aprils5, rac TavisTavad Seusabamobaa. germaneli misioneri

Sveigeri6 da safrangeTis elCi konstantinopolSi aRniSnaven, rom

Zmebi iq mividnen 1579 wlis 3 ivniss7. Sveigeris mixedviT, `1579

wlis 3 ivniss, konstantinopolSi Camovida ori qarTveli Tavadi,

daaxloebiT 150 kacis TanxlebiT8. maT Sesaxvedrad skutarSi ori

galera gagzavnes, rac sagangebo pativiscemis niSani iyo. aseTi pa-

1 iqve.

2 iqve, gv. 52.3 Charriére E., Op, Cit., III, p. 807-808.4 Porsius H., Op, Cit., p.182.5 samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi, gv. 52.6 naTaZe gr., saukunis siRrmidan. XVI saukunis germaneli misioneri-mog-

zauri saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, `droSa~, 1961, #11. gv. 6-7.

7 Charriére E., Op, Cit., III, p. 807. 8 naTaZe gr., saukunis siRrmidan, gv. 7.

414 415

tivi am qveynidan Camosuli arc erTi elCisaTvis ar uciaT“1. ven-

clav budovicis 1580 wels konstantinopolidan gagzavnili weri-

lidan vigebT, rom 3 ivniss didi da brwyinvale, 200 kaciani

amaliT mividnen Zmebi konstantinopolSi, sadac Turqebma sazeimo

miReba mouwyes2.

maTTan Sesaxvedrad misulan, agreTve, saberZneTis (rumeliis be-

glarbegi), raguzis, vlaheTis da moldaveTis elCebi3. sxva germa-

nuli cnobiTac Zmebi 3 ivniss mividnen konstantinopolSi.

qarTvelTa amalas win miuZRoda sami sparsul oqroqsovil

tansacmelSi gamowyobili mxedari. sincendorfis varaudiT win mi-

mavali mxedari yvelasagan gamorCeuli da mniSvnelovani piri _

manuCar-begi unda yofiliyo4. sincerdorfs 4 ivniss ukve scodnia,

rom `sulTans ganzraxuli hqonda manuCar-begi isev ukan dabrune-

bina saqarTveloSi, raTa ZaliT Tu nebiT axlo-maxlo raionebSi

daewesebina beglar-begoba. xma dadis TiTqos yvaryvare-begi porta-

Si yavT dakavebuli da Sin arc ise iolad gauSvebeno“5.

tomazo minadoi sainteresod gadmogvcems manuCarisa da yvary-

vares sulTnis karze yofnis ambavs, maTs swrafvas sulTnisagan

mieRoT rac SesaZlebeli iyo meti privilegiebi da mamulebi. iqve

isic aris aRniSnuli, rom yvaryvare, manuCarTan SedarebiT zomie-

rebas amJRavnebda. minadoi imasac xazgasmiT ambobs, rom yvaryvare,

Tavisi miznebis miRwevisaTvis qristes sjulis daTmobas ar apireb-

da da arc daTmo: àm dros konstantinopolSi mustafas mier mu-

radTan gamogzavnili qarTveli ori Zma, qvrivis Svilebi elode-

bodnen Tu ra Sedegamde miiyvanda maT portaSi gagzavna. rac

Seexeba aleqsandres (yvaryvare _ e.m.), mas imedi hqonda, rom

[ufross] asakis gamo kidev ufro gaufarTovebdnen uflebebs, miT

umetes, rom dedam ukve mis gankargulebaSi gadasca samflobeloe-

1 Charriére E., Op, Cit., III, p. 807. 2 tabaRua i., saqarTvelo evropis arqivebsa da wignsacavebSi (XIII-XVI

ss.), Tb., 1984, gv. 221-222.3 Charriére E., Op, Cit., III, p. 807.4 tardi l., ungreT-saqarTvelos urTierToba XVI saukuneSi, gv. 133.5 iqve, gv. 134.

bi, da imedic ki hqonda Tavisi uflebebis ganmtkicebisa. amasTanave

manuCaric dakmayofilebuli iqneboda muradis sidiadis Rirsi rai-

me saSualebiT da Tu ki am imedebze mas raime eWvi uCndeboda,

mtkiced gadawyvetili hqonda, rom sarwmunoebis gamocvla aravi-

Tar SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba, ar SeiZleba laqa moscxos Tavis

suls amgvari sasircxvilo sulmdablobiT. umcrosi manuCari, ro-

melmac gasul wels mustafasTan laSqrobis cxovreba gaiziara da

meomrisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli meomris aSkara Tvisebebi gamoamJRav-

na, piriqiT, moxibluli im azriT, rom SesaZlebloba eZleoda de-

dis mamulebis mflobelobaSi Sesvlisa da mbrZaneblad gaxdomisa,

gadawyvita miemarTa yvelafrisaTvis, oRond ubralo jariskacad ar

darCeniliyo. nurc mixedavs Zmis pirmSoobas gamostacos

memkvidreoba, mSobliuri sarwmunoebis dakargvis fasad miaRwios

xrwnad da amao simdidres, magram aramc da aramc dauTmos Zmas,

gind muradis da satanis msaxurad gaxdoma mouxdes. da SeiZleba

sworad fiqroben zogierTni, rom mas mustafasTan saidumlo Sego-

neba hqonda Zmis sazianod da dasaRupad“. roca Zmebs islamis rju-

lis miReba SesTavazes, manuCari maSinve daTanxmda, yvaryvarem ki,

piriqiT, uari ganacxada SeTavazebul winadadebaze, mxolod is iT-

xova, rom àr eTqvaT uari damarxuliyo mSobliur miwaze Tavisi

papebis ferflis gverdiT, murads morCileba, Zmas ki siyvaruli da

pativiscema dapirda“. t. minadois TqmiT, sulTans manuCaris Tanx-

moba sarwmunoebis Secvlaze awyobda, radgan igi misTvis sasurveli

kandidati iyo. mas eSinoda, rom yvaryvare manuCaris mokvlas Seec-

deboda da aRsdgeboda Tu ara Tavis uflebebSi, saaTabagos ufro

urCobis gzaze daayenebda. ̀ amgvarad, manuCars Seusrules windacveTa,

miiRo saxeli mustafa, faSis tituli da alTunyalas gubernato-

roba da dedisa da Zmis yvela mamuli. serali zeimobda. aleqsand-

re gadasces Zmas xelSi, romelic axla Turqi gaxda. orive sax-

lisaken gaemarTnen“1.

manuCaris imgvarad gandideba, rogorc t. minadoi gadmogvcems,

ar miesadageboda osmaleTis saxelmwifos interess: osmalebs po-

1 Minadoi T., p. 124-126.

416 417

litikurad dasustebuli samcxe undodaT da ara gaerTianebuli,

Tundac sabeglarbego. amitom ufro sruli da simarTles Semcveli

unda iyos Turquli wyaro, romelSic naTlad Cans sulTnis brZa-

nebiT rogor daanawiles saaTabago aTabagis ojaxis wevrebs Soris:

`qaixosros SvilTagans zemoxsenebul meliq manuCars _ awyuris

sanjayi, mis Zmas meliq yvaryvares ZvelTaganve misi dabadebis adgi-

li _ olTisis1 sanjayi da sxva mis Zmebs _ didi zeameTebi da maT

dedas zemoaRniSnul dedisimeds _ sami sofeli _ saxaso mamuli“2.

imave wyaros mixedviT, manuCari mainc gansakuTrebiT gamoarCies da

gaugzavnes bednierebis sxvadsaxva niSnebi _ samefo droSa da

sulTnis mier naCuqari dafi da naRara. manuCarma lala faSas sa-

xeli _ mustafa dairqva. mas ewyaloba oqros unagiri, vercxlis

raxti da sruli mowyobilobis karavi, ̀ gansakuTrebiT ki sanukvari

xalaTebi da safadiSaho droSis Sesabamisad nairnairi pativiscemiT

iqna Sewyalebuli“3.

Saraf-xan bidlisis TqmiT, „manuCarma, yvaryvare gurjis Svil-

ma4, axalcixis gamgebelma, morCileba gamoacxada da masTan erTad

islamis miRebis pativis Rirsi gaxda qarTvel aznaurTa mraval-

ricxovani jgufi. samemkvidreo samTavro mas iqta-Tamlikis uflebiT

ewyaloba“5. iqta-Tamliki gulisxmobda miwis wyalobas sakuTrebis

sruli uflebiT6.

safrangeTRis elCis m. Juies mier 1579 wlis 4 ivliss kon-

stantinopolidan gagzavnil werilSi naTqvamia, rom 25 ivniss mox-

da windacveTa, e.i. `qarTvelis gaTurqeba“. Juies werilis komenta-

1 olTisi osmalebma XVI s. 40-ian wlebSi daipyres. erTi SexedviT yvary-

vares dakarguli mama-papeuli miwa daubrunes, magram amas didi mniSvneloba

aRar hqonda, radgan osmalebs ukve Tavisad miaCndaT rogorc olTisi ise

mTeli samcxe.

2 svaniZe m., saqarTvelo-osmaleTis urTierTobis istoriidan, XVI-XVII ss., gv. 111.

3 iqve.

4 manuCari Svili iyo qaixosro II-s da SviliSvili yvaryvare III-sa.

5 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, с. 235.6 gabaSvili v., qarTuli feodaluri wyobileba (SedarebiTi Seswavlis

cda), Tb., 1956, gv. 164.

tori amasTan dakavSirebiT SeniSnavs, rom dedofal dedisimedis

Svilma islami, saxeli mustafa da Cildiris faSoba miiRo1.

manuCaris windacveTa moxda stambolSi 1579 wlis 25 ivniss.

amasTan dakavSirebiT didi zeimi moewyo ipodromze. manuCari Cil-

diris beglarbegad dainiSna2.

manuCaris mier islamis miRebasTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs sxva

versiac, romlis mixedviT manuCari CildirSi, lala faSas banakSi

eziara islams da iq moxda misi windacveTa, rac damyarebulia ab-

ubeqris erT cnobaze. aqedan vigebT: `rodesac zemoaRniSnulma ma-

nuCarma islamis sarwmunoebis siwminde da siZliere igrZno... mTeli

guliT miendo am rwmenas, [mahmadis rjuls] eziara, saxelad mu-

stafa uwodes da olTisis liva sanjayad uboZes“3.

abubeqris Txzulebis qarTuli TargmanSi (abubeqri ar uTiTebs

manuCaris gamahmadianebis konkretul drosa da adgils), manuCaris

mier rjulis Secvla mibmulia 1578 wlis 10 agvistos manuCaris

CildirTan osmalTa banakSi misvlasTan. konteqstis mixedviT, abu-

beqri manuCaris mier islamis miRebas aRniSnavs, rogorc faqts,

romelic sxva dros moxda. manuCari oficialurad da sazeimod

gamahmadianda erTxel _ 1579 wlis 25 ivniss stambolSi da ara

orjer _ erTxel CildirSi da meored stambolSi, rogorc m. ilu-

riZe fiqrobs4.

sainteresoa Sveigeris, romelic manuCaris mier islamis miRe-

bis dros konstantinopolSi imyofeboda, gadmocema: „da ai, ro-

desac orive Zmam Tavadebma sakmao dro dahyves sasaxleSi da maTi

survili Seuwynareblad iyo datovebuli da maT gamoucxades, rom

sulTans gadawyvetili aqvs, sabolood Camoayalibos sanjayi... maT

qveyanaSi, an daniSnos iq qveynis mmarTveli, maSin umcrosma Tavadma

1 Charriére E., Negociations de la France dans le Levant et correspodences, memoires et actes diplo matiques, III, p. 807, Sen. 1.

2 Ibidem. p.807; Minadoi T., p. 124-126; Porsius H., Op. cit., 182. Cildiris

sa faSos daarse bis Sesaxeb ix. svaniZe m., saqarTvelo-osmaleTis urTierTobis

istorii dan, XVI-XVII ss., gv. 125-135.3 abubeqri, gv. 35.4 gansxvavebuli mosazreba ix. abubeqri, gv. 22-23.

418 419

(manuCarma – e.m.), mmarTvelobis sixarbiT da eSmakis CagonebiT,

sazizRar Tavganwirul saSualebas mimarTa. man ganacxada qri-

stianuli sarwmunoebis uaryofis da windacveTis Tanxmoba, Tu mas

mmarTvelad daniSnaven, radgan ausrulda mas misi survili, igive

wesi Caatarebina 10 wlis yrmas _ Tavis RviZl Svils...“1

avstriis elCi venceslav budovici2 konstantinopolSi piradad

gaecno yvaryvare aTabags. yvaryvares, germanelTan saubarSi, inte-

resi gaumJRavnebia germaniis eklesiis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb da

sakmaod dawvrilebiT gamoukuiTxavs. SekiTxvebze budovics Tarjim-

nis saSualebiT mokled upasuxia. budovics yavaryvaresTvis uCuqe-

bia bazelSi berZnul enaze gamocemuli wigni àugsburgis aRsare-

ba“, romelzec warwera gaukeTebiaT elCsa da budovics. `miiRo ra

keTilganwyobiT es wigni, man maSinve ubrZana eTargmnaT igi Tavis,

iberiul, enaze, Tanac dampirda, rom am Targmans berZnul wignTan

erTad Tan waiRebda“3. budovicis naTqvams Sveigeric adasturebs da

misgan damtebiT vigebT, rom yvaryvares avstriis elCisaTvis mi-

urTmevia 60 dukatis Rirebulebis oqros nivTi, elCs ki, Tavis

mxriv yvaryvare saaTiT dausaCuqrebia. yvaryvares da elCs konstan-

tinopolSi erTmaneTTan momosvla hqondaT. Sexvedrebisass yvaryva-

re elCs mouTxrobda Tavisi qveynis wes-Cveulebebsa da sarwmunoe-

bis Sesaxeb. Sveigeris aRweris mixedviT, yvaryvare fizikurad didi

kacis da vaJkacis STabeWdilebas axdenda. germanels yvaryvares

portretic dauxatavs da misi portreti 1608 wels gamoqveynebul

Tavis wignSi mouTavsebia. yvaryvare 1579 wels 30 wlisa yofila4.

samSobloSi dabrunebul yvaryvares didxans aRar ucocxlia. `mes-

xuri matianis“ mixedviT is 1581 w. 25 noembers gardaicvala. imave

dRes gardaicvala arCil muxranbatoni. matianeSi saocrad la-

1 naTaZe gr., saukunis siRrmidan, gv. 7.2 werilidan Cans, rom budovici germaniis saelCos warmomadgeneli iyo

da ara poloneTisa, rogorc i. tabaRua fiqrobda.3 tabaRua i., saqarTvelo evropis arqivebsa da wignsacavebSi, gv. 222.

budovicis naTqvams Sveigeric adasturebs

4 naTaZe gr., saukunis siRrmidan. XVI saukunis germaneli misioneri-

mogzauri saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 7.

konurad, mSralad, mizezze miTiTebis gareSe aRniSnes am ori mniSv-

nelovani moRvawis gardacvaleba: `q˜kns sÁT, giorgobisTuÀs ke

patronis yBryres da patronis arCilisagan RBTi garisxda“1.

1 samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi, gv. 54. qarTlis cxovreba,

II, gv. 526; qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 723; qronikebi, II, gv. 419. T. Jordanias

ratomRac miaCnda, rom arCili gardaicvala sparseTSi 1582 wels. (qronikebi, II, gv. 527). rogorc iTqva, arCili iyo bagrat muxranbatonis da elenes Svili, Zma dedisimedisa. mis cxovrebasa da moRvaweobaze moRweulia fragmentuli

cnobebi. 1559 wlis 23 marts SeeZina vaJi erekle (samxreT saqarTvelos isto-

riis masalebi, gv. 36) arCils es erTad-erTi Svili hyavda.

1573 wels „sparsTa Seipyres mefis konstantines Zis Ze arCili de-

dawuliT da wariyvanes yazmins“; „RuinobisTuÀs, ocdaors, dResa xuTSabaTsa, batoni arCil Sirazs gagzavnes yazminidama, q~ksa sÁa“ (iqve, gv. 41). rogorc Cans, arCili iranSi colSvilTan erTad yofila (iqve, gv. 45), magram wyaroe-bSi aRniSnuli ar aris misi iranSi wayvanis mizezi. arCilisa da misi Svilis

cxovreba naTels xdis, rom muxranbatoni svimon mefis momxre iyo da masTan erTad ebrZoda yizilbaSebs. maT amitom unda SeepyroT arCili.

vidre qaixosro aTabagi cocxali iyo da yazvinSi cxovrobda, arCilic am

qalaqSi yavdaT, SeiZleba sapatio patimrobaSi. aTabagis gardacvalebis Semdeg

(1473 w. 29 seqtemberi), imave wlis 22 oqtombers SirazSi gagzavnes (qarTlis

cxovreba, II, cx., gv. 514). Sah ismailis gamefebis, svimon I-is alamuTis cixidan ganTavisuflebis

da misTvis samefo taxtze aRdgenis ambavi roca movida, „amave wels (1576)

ivnissa aTabagi yuaryuare, da Zma maTi manuCar, da biZaSvili maTi, muxranis batonis arCilis Svili, patroni erekle mgelcixes wavides yaenTan elCis ga-

sagzavnelad“ (qarTlis cxovreba, II, cx., gv. 518). magram ar Cans moxerxda Tu ara elCis gagzavna. imave dReebSi, faqtobrivad daiwyo opozicioneri Tavadebis ajanyeba jayel-cixisjvrelTa winaaRmdeg. savaraudoa, yvaryvares da manuCars biZis, xolo erekles ki _ mamis ganTavisufleba SahisaTvis unda eTxovaT. Zne-

lia Tqma, maTma Txovnam gaWra Tu ara, magram ivnisSi (ivanobisTve) arCili Si-

razidan yazvinSi daabrunes colSvilianad (iqve, gv. 519). ufro sagulisxmoa, rom misi tyveobidan ganTavisuflebis safuZveli, svimon mefisadmi erTguleba, Tanadgoma da osmalebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolo ganwyobileba iyo. albaT svimon

mefem Sahs sTxova arCilis masTan erTad saqarTveloSi gaSveba.

mamis msgavsad, svimon mefisa da misi ojaxisadmi erTgulebas iCenda erek-

le. qarTlis mefe sparseTidan jer ar dabrunebuliyo, misi ojaxi gaWirvebaSi cxovrobda. „warvida muxranis batonis arCilis Svili erekle surams nestan-

darejan qarTlis dedofalTana. dedofali Raribad iyo, misTan samyofelad

Cavida“ (iqve, gv. 521). miuxedavad imisa, rom, arCilis Zmam vaxtangma (erekles

biZam), elisbar erisTavma da barZim amilaxorma lala-faSasTan morigeba SesZ-

420 421

imis gasarkvevad Tu rodis Seiqmna Cildiris safaSo da ra

Tanamdeboba uboZa sulTanma manuCars, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba

aqvs 1579 wlis 9 dekembers (Cildiris brZolis wlisTavze) Cil-

diris beglarbegis manuCaryofili mustafas saxelze gacemul hu-

qms. igi daiwera didvziris, mustafa lala faSas mier sulTanTan

gagzavnili werilis safuZvelze. dokumentSi aRniSnulia manuCaris

damsaxureba osmaleTis saxelmwifos winaSe, rac gamoixata imaSi,

rom CildirTan momxdari brZolis meore dRes manuCari da misi Zma

yvaryvare lala mustafa faSasTan mividnen. amis Semdeg maRal por-

tas eaxla manuCari, islami miiRo, saxeli Seicvala da mustafa

dairqva, ris Semdeg Cildiris beglarbegoba eboZa. lala faSas

wardginebiT Seiqmna dokumenti, sadac CamoTvlili iyo is adgile-

bi, romlebzec manuCar-mustafas gamgebloba gavrceldeboda1. ro-

gorc huqmidan Cans, manuCarma Tavisi sagamgeblo zogierTi adgili

TviTon Caawerina rac SemdegSi sulTanma Secdomad CaTvala da

1579 wlis 9 dekembris huqmiT gaaswora2.

damowmebuli evropeli avtorebi erTxmad aRniSnaven, rom gamus-

limanebulma manuCarma faSoba3 miiRo, riTac igi osmaleTis saxelm-

les, erekle mainc osmalebs ebrZoda (iqve, 523).

Sah mohamed xudabendes mier ganTavisuflebul svimon I-Tan erTad da-

brunda daavadebuli arCili da Tan moiyvana sparselTa tyveobidan daxsnili

mravali qarTveli (qronikebi, II, gv. 417). lala-faSa qarTlSi idga. somxiTSi

mosul arCils osmalo sardalTan molaparakeba ganuzraxavs, magram avadmyofo-bis gamo ver mouxerxebia (iqve, gv. 50). 1581 wlis 4 agvistos arCili samcxeSi

mivida sadac RvinobisTvemde darCa. am ambavs dedisimedi Semdegnairad gadmogv-

cems: „patroni arCil mobrZanda awyuÀrs. didi xnis unaxavni daÁ-Zmani Seviyare-

niT“ (iqve, gv. 54). sul mcire xnis Semdeg, 25 noembers, arCili gardaicvala

(T. Jordanias ratomRac miaCnda, rom arCili gardaicvala iranSi 1582 wels.

qronikebi, II, gv. 527). imave dRes gardaicvala dedisimedis vaJi, naaTabagari yvaryvare IV (iqve; qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv. 526; qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 723; qronikebi, II, gv. 419).

1 abulaZe c., samcxe-saaTabagos istoriidan, gv. 198.2 iqve, gv. 202.3 osmaluri wyaroebi sxvadasxva gvarad gansazRvraven Cildiris safaSos

teritoriebs; erTis mixedviT masSi gaerTianebuli iyo axalcixis, artaanisa da Woroxis yelze mdebare miwebi, sxva cnobiTY ki, olTissa da artaans. ix.

wifos moxele gaxda. marTalia, sulTnis brZanebiT misi sagamgeblo

gaizarda, man damatebiT miiRo osmaleTis mier XVI s. Sua xanebSi

dapyrobili dasavleTi samcxe, magram rogorc Semdgom aRmoCnda, ma-

nuCari ukmayofilo darCa osmaleTis mier misadmi damokidebulebiT.

manuCari osmalebTan urTierTobis dawyebisas TviTonve ayenebda maT-

dami morCilebis formas, saxeldobr, rom osmaleTis moxarke gaxde-

boda. es ki ewinaaRmdegeboda samcxis mimarT osmaleTis saboloo

mizans _ samcxis da, saerTod, saqarTvelos srul inkorporacias.

manuCaris osmaleTisadmi mimxrobaze saubrisas ar gamovricxav

im moments, rom mas namdvilad hqonda ganzraxuli osmalebze

dayrdnobiT gamxdariyo mTeli samcxe-saaTabagos erTaderTi mbrZa-

nebeli da patroni. arc imis gamoricxva SeiZleba manuCari, mosaCve-

neblad, garkveul dromde, uerTgulebda osmalebs, miiRebda mTel

samcxes erTpirovnul mflobelobaSi da ufro moxerxebulad iz-

runebda Tavisi samTavros gadarCenisaTvis.

manuCars osmalebisadmi ukmayofilebis safuZveli hqonda: man

faqtobrivad veraferi miiRo. aRmoCnda, rom manuCars ZmasTan ur-

TierTobis gafuWebis, gamuslimanebisa da moRalatis reputaciis

sanacvlod SerCa mxolod sulTnis moxelis Tanamdeboba, romlis

dakargva SeiZleboda sulTnis yoveli kaprizis Sedegad.

manuCarma dainaxa, rogor iolad gamovida rTuli mdgomareobi-

dan misi Zma yvaryvare. man mxolod TxovniT daaRwia Tavi sulTnis

pretenziebs. yvaryvarem qristianobac SeinarCuna da Zveli samflo-

beloebi aramcTu Seumcires, aramed gaufarToves kidec. `mesxur

matianeSi“ naTqvamia: `patroni yBryBre RTis winac SeurcxuÀneli

da kacTanac falavani daeca xuanTqarTana _ da qarTvelobiT gamo-

eSua, misis sabaÁtonos wyalobaÁ eqna [xonTqars] da martSi

mobrZanda“1. vaxuSti batoniSvili `mesxuri matianis“ zemomoyvanil

cnobas gadmogvcems Semdegnairad: `yuaryuaresaTÂs xonTqars fala-

vani erkina, yuaryuares daeca. amisTÂs qristeanobiT gamoeSva da

svaniZe m., dasax. naSr., gv. 131-132.1 samxr. saq. ist. masalebi, gv. 53.

422 423

Tvisi sabatono moeca“1 qarTul istoriografiaSi qronikis es cno-

ba gagebulia ise, rogorc vaxuStim SemogvTavaza: yvaryvarem Widao-

bisas dasca sulTnis falavani da amis gamo Seiwyales igi2.

vfiqrob qronikis teqsti unda gavigoT ase: yvaryvare aTabagi

RmerTTan ucodveli da kacTan falavani daeca sulTnis winaSe,

raTa misTvis qarTveloba (qristianoba) SeenarCunebina. rodesac

murad III yvaryvares udrek xasiaTs waawyda, dayola amjobina, yva-

ryvares dasjis SemTxvevaSi misi samflobeloebi manuCars unda

gadascemoda, rasac sulTnis gegma ar iTvaliswinebda. qristianad

darCenili yvaryvare IV-is mSvidobianad samSobloSi gamoSvebiT

Zmebs Soris garkveul ZalTa wonasworobas Seiqmneboda osmaleTi-

saTvis am mniSvnelovan regionSi.

manuCaris ukmayofileba osmalTa mimarT gansakuTrebiT gaizr-

deboda, rodesac mas samflobeloebi kidev ufro Seumcires da

saaTabagoSi Tavisufali moqmedebis uflebac Seukveces, rac aisaxa

sulTan murad III-is zemoT dasaxelebul huqmSi. sulTani swers:

`keTilSobilma desTurma, Cemma vezirma mustafa faSam... werili

gamogzavna. manamde zemoxsenebuli Cemi veziri roca Tqvens mxareSi

movida, Sen da Seni Zma masTan mixvediT da radgan sruli morCile-

ba gamoucxadeT, Tqveni mdgomareoba gamoasworeT. rodesac xelT

mogces uavgustoesi firmani, Cemi bednierebis karze gamocxaddiT,

vinaidan wminda islamiT gapatiosndi, Cildiris saxeliT cnobili

olqis beglarbegoba geboZa da Tqvenive karnaxiT zogierTi adgili

Tqvens beraTSi CaawerineT. Cemi RvTivdaculi qveynis mier gmiru-

lad dapyrobil adgilTagan zogierTSi SeWra, radgan ar gagvagebi-

ne, saWiro gaxda Seni beraTis Secvla... erTi sityviT, zemoxsene-

buli Cemi veziris mier gamogzavnil davTarSi [Cawerili] adre

dapyrobil xuT cixe-simagreSi _ Cildiris, Tmogvis, xerTvisis,

aspinZisa da awyuris saxeliT cnobil livebsa da maTze daqvemde-

barebul adgilebSi nu SeiWrebi da nu iomeb, roca dapyrobisa da

1 qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 722-723.2 samxr. saq. ist. masalebi, gv. 168; svaniZe m., saqarTvelo-osmaleTis

urTierTo bis istoriidan, gv. 130.

damorCilebis dro dagidgeba, Tqvens xelSi myofi 17 cixisa da 141

soflis garda, sxva cixeebsa da soflebSi nu Sexval da Tavs nu

daesxmi“1.

amgvarad, kidev erTxel Tavi iCina osmaleTis saxelmwifos

mier ganxorcielebulma `gaTiSe da ibatones“ politikam. is mamu-

lebi, romelTa sazRvrebSi manuCars SeiaraRebuli ZaliT Sesvla

ekrZaleboda, javaxeTSi mdebareobda da im ajanyebul feodalebs

ekuTvnodaT, romelTa vinaobas, mTlad gasagebad ara, magram mainc,

`samcxis matiane“ da vaxuSti batoniSvili gvamcnoben. eseni iyvnen

SalikaSvilebi: varazas (dedisimedis mier moklulis) Svilebi _

kokola da laSqara, maTi biZa gugaqi. SalikaSvilebs mxars uWerd-

nen: diasamiZe elia da misi Svilebi _ avTandili da Sermazani,

amatakisSvilebi _ amatak, abulyafar, rostomi da amatakis Ze sex-

nia2. isini orientirebulebi iyvnen yvela im Zalze, romelc maT

interesebs daicavda aTabagis wnaaRmdeg brZolis dros. mniSvnelo-

ba ar qonda es Zala sparseTi iqneboda Tu osmaleTi.

Sah Tamazma Tavisi colis Zmis varaza SalikaSvilis mokvli-

saTvis Suris saZieblad roca saaTabago aiklo, dedisimedi da misi

Svilebi aWaraSi gadaixvewnen, xolo Sahma samcxe sulTans dauTmo,

vfiqrob, vaxuSti batoniSvils sworad aqvs SeniSnuli zemoT da-

saxelebuli samcxeli Tavadebis osmaleTis sulTanTan urTierTo-

bis damyarebis mcdeloba. maTi amgvari nabiji, gadagmuli iyo jaye-

lebis winaaRmdeg. maT aTabagis ojaxis srulad amowyveta surdaT,

rogorc TviT SeTqmulni ikvexidnen3. magram SeTqmulTa gegmis Se-

saxeb manuCarma Seityo da Tavis Zmas, aTabag yvaryvare IV-s gaage-

bina. jayelebma gaqceviT uSveles Tavs.

ajanyebulebma marcxi ganicades, magram isini sabolood ar

Seurigdnen aTabags. rogorc iTqva osmalebis saaTabagoSi SeWramde

yvelam Tu ara, zogierTma maTganma mainc, lala faSasTan kavSiri

1 abulaZe c., samcxe-saaTabagos istoriidan, gv. 202-203.2 samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi, gv. 155; qarTlis cxovreba,

IV, gv 719. 3 samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi, gv. 44.

424 425

daamyara da TavianTi cixeebis misTvis ubrZolvelad gadacemiT,

rogorc sulTnis oqmidan Cans, sicocxle da mamulebic jayelebis

xelyofisagan daicves1. huqmSi CamoTvlili adgilebi jayelebis

mowinaaRmdegeTa cixe-simagreebia: Cildiri da Tmogvi _ SalikaS-

vilebis, xerTvisi _ amastakiSvilebisa, awyuri da aspinZa _ dia-

samiZeebis. sulTanma es feodaluri gvarebi Tavis xeldebulad

gamoacxada, rac erTis mxriv dasaxelebuli Tavadebis mier sulT-

nis karisaken mimavali gzis moZiebaze migviTiTebs da, meores mx-

riv, sulTnis karis mier energiuli beglarbegis _ manuCarisadmi

undoblobaze, rac am ukanasknelis ùkmayofilebis fialas“ bolo-

mde Seavsebda.

sainteresoa, rodis gaigo manuCarma huqmSi Camoyalibebuli

sulTnis gadawyvetileba, romelic daTariRebulia 1579 wlis 9

dekembriT. amgvarad, weli TiTqmis dasrulebulia. Tu gaviTvalis-

winebT samcxisa da misi samxreT-dasavleTis mimdebare teritorie-

bis reliefsa da klimatur pirobebs, savaraudoa saqmis msvleloba

1580 wlis adreul gazafxulamde ver daiwyeboda. mxedvelobaSi

miRebuli unda iqnes is procedurac, romelic huqmiT iyo gaTva-

liswinebuli: brZaneba gaegzavna lala mustafa faSasTan karahisar-

Si, arzrumis muharrirs (mwerals, mdivans) _ omers da arzrumis

devTerdars. roca igi manuCaramde miaRwevda, mas sulTnis mier

adre boZebuli `beraTi“ unda gaegzavna lala faSasaTvis, `raTa

winaT SenTvis mizanSewonilad miCneuli uavgustoesi huqmis safuZ-

velze gacemuli Seni beraTi Seswordes da isev daubrundes Cemi

bednierebis karibWes, raTa imis mixedviT xelaxla gamovce wminda

beraTi“ _ brZanebda sulTani. aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, savar-

audoa, axali `beraTi“ manuCarmde sakmao drois Semdeg miaRwevda.

amaze imitom vamaxvileb yuradRebas, rom gairkves, rodidan iwyebs

manuCari osmalebisagan gandgomas.

manuCaris mier osmalebisagan gandgomis pirveli daufaravi na-

biji iyo qorwineba svimon I-is asul eleneze. manuCaris qorwineba

1 ganxiluli masalebis sxvagvari Sefaseba ix. samxreT saqarTvelos isto-

riis masalebi, gv. 202

orjer aris aRniSnuli `mesxur matianeSi“ _ erTxel 1581, meore-

jer ki _ 1583 wels.

1581 wlis TebervalSi manuCaris qorwinebaze mematiane uaR-

resad mSralad gvamcnobs: `qBknsa sÁT patronman manuCar guirguini

ikurTxa febervals“. isic ki ar aris miTiTebuli visze iqorwina

manuCarma. qr. SaraSiZis varaudiT, matianeSi manuCarisa da svimon

I-is asulis elenes im qorwinebaze unda iyos aRniSnuli1, romel-

zec naTqvamia `qBknsa s (200 _ e.m.) samocdaTerTmetsa (1583 w. _

e.m.), marts kd (24 _ e.m.), kuiras dRes, bzobaÁsa patronma manuCar

mefeT-mefis patronis sÂmeonis qali, patroni elene, moiyvana“2.

albaT marTalia qr. SaraSiZe, rom matianeSi aRniSnuli qorwineba

moxda 1581 wels, magram patarZali, raRac mizezebis gamo samcxeSi

moiyvanes 1583 wlis 24 marts. isic SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom manu-

Caris ori sxavdasxva qorwineba iyos aRniSnuli.

vaxuSti batoniSvili manuCaris da elenes qorwinebas aTari-

Rebs 1582 wliT3. simarTle unda iyos 1581 w. radgan sxva cnobiT,

imave 1581 welSi aRniSnulia manuCaris gandgoma osmalebisagan. ai

ras vkiTxulobT frangi J. buasardos 1581 wels parizSi gamoqvey-

nebul wignSi: `Turqebs Camoscilda moxuci qarTveli dedoflis

vaJiSvili, romelmac arc ise didi xnis win mahmadianoba miiRo. man

Tavis qarTvelebTan da sparselebTan erTad didi dartyma miayena

Turqebs“4.

ra Tqma unda sainteresoa, `mesxur matianeSi“ ratom aris gad-

mocemuli aTabagis ojaxisaTvis iseTi mniSvnelovani ambavi, rogo-

ric iyo manuCaris qorwineba 1581 wels, ase mSralad gadmocemuli?

isic ki ar aRniSnes visze iqorwina manuCarma, maSin, rodesac ro-

gor garkveviT da sazeimod aris naTqvami dedisimedis sxva Svilis,

manuCaris dis gaTxovebis Sesaxeb5. arc jayelebisTvis, da miTume-

1 samxr. saq. ist. masalebi, gv. 53.2 iqve, gv. 54.3 qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 413.4 tabaRua i., saqarTvelo evropis arqivebsa da wignsacavebSi, gv. 114.5 saerTod, `mesxur matianeSi~ qorwilebis Sesaxeb informaciebi Seta-

nilia mok led magram gasagebad (samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi,

426 427

tes osmalebisaTvis sasimovno ar iqneboda osmalebis da renegate-

bis dauZinebeli mtris qarTlis mefe svimonisadmi manuCaris da-

siZeveba. es qorwineba maSin aRiqmeboda rogorc manuCaris

politikuri orientaciis Secvla.

J. buasardos TqmiT, manuCaris saqcieliT aRSfoTebul sul-

Tans lala faSa Tanamdebobidan gadauyenebia da mis adgilas ferhad

faSa dauniSnavs. murad III-m ferhad faSas ubrZana `nebismieri sa-

SualebebiT, ZaliTa Tu eSmakobiT xelisuflebisagan Camoecilebina

qarTveli dedofali (dedisimedi _ e.m.), xolo svimoni, revanis

sulTani tokmaki, qarTveli mmarTvelebi, romlebic sparselebTan

kavSirSi iyvnen, daexoca“1.

SeiZleba sulTnis brZanebis erTi nawilis ganxorcieleba iyo

aRmosavleTis jaris sardlis mehmed faSas mier mowyobili SeTqmu-

leba, moekla mustafa (manuCari) moRalateobis braldebiT. mu-

stafa (manuCaris) winaaRmdeg SeTqmulebaze gvamcnoben `mesxuri

matiane“, Saraf-xan bidlisi da minadoi.

imis gamo, rom mTavarsardali sinan faSa stambolidan wamosv-

las aRar fiqrobda, mTavarsardlis uflebamosileba mas nominalu-

rad hqonda. amitom aRmosavleTis jaris mTavarsardlad dainiSna

mehmed faSa, romelsac sulTanma arzrumis faSis tituli mianiWa

da masve dauqvemdebara yaramaniis faSa, mustafa (manuCar) faSa,

arzrumis mTeli laSqari da yvela sanjaxi. sul Seikriba 25 aTasi

meomari.

svimon mefis mier warmoebuli samxedro operaciebis gamo, Tbi-

lisis osmalTa garnizoni uaRresad gaWirvebul mdgomareobaSi aR-

moCnda. osmalo sardlis mTavari amocana Tbilisis garnizonisaT-

vis daxmareba iyo.

rogor ganviTarda movlenebi, yvelaze vrclad da sinamdvile-

gv. 37, mx. 5; gv. 39, mx. 17); òravJandas Suili qaixosro aqaT ga moegzavna.

qkBns sÁv, enkenisTuÀs oTxs, xuTSabaTs qorwili uyaviT, masTan patroniS vils

Tamars. samebaman da saSinelma awyurisa RBismSobelman wBn qorwili bednierad

mouÃdinos. Wama agurianSi iyo, TaTarTa SiSiTa. dia CBni ugunebo qorwili

iyo~. samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi, gv. 60.1 iqve.

sTan axlos aRwera t. minadoim. amitom mis Txrobas mivyveT: 1581

wlis agvistos bolos mehmed faSa arzrumidan gavida, gaiara yarsi

da axalqalaqs mivida, sadac mustafa (manuCari) eaxla mTeli Ta-

visi jariT da bodiSi moixada, rom arzrumSive ver SeuerTda os-

malTa laSqars. mehmed faSam manuCari sixaruliT miiRo, xalaTi,

fari da xmali uboZa. mehmed faSam manuCars sTxova, rom laSqari

Tbilisisaken uxifaTo da mokle gziT waeyvana. manuCarma mas Tavis

samflobeloze gavla urCia. mehmed faSam miiRo es rCeva. laSqarma

yovelgvari Seviwroebisa da sursaTis naklebobis gareSe gaiara

alTunyala da yarayala da gorisken aiRes gezi.

svimon mefe qarTvelTa da qarTulad Cacmuli yizilbaSTa

razmebiT gorTan elodeboda osmalTa jars. yizilbaSebi qarTul

tansacmelSi imitom gamoawyes, rom am dros mimdinareobda sazavo

molaparakeba sparseTsa da osmaleTs Soris da yizilbaSebi Si-

Sobdnen maTi monawileoba svimonis jaris rigebSi, osmalebs mola-

parakebis CaSlis mizezad ar gamoeyenebinaT. rogorc Cans, yizil-

baSebi sulTanTan molaparakebiT drois mogebas cdilobdnen da

undodaT, SeZlebisdagvarad, ufro myarad moekidebinaT fexi aRmo-

savleT saqarTveloSi.

mehmed faSa qarTvelebTan omSi Cabmas erideboda. man mosaTaT-

bireblad TavisTan miiwvia manuCari. sardals ainteresebda manuCa-

ris azri, gadasuliyo mdinareze Tu dilamde daecada. manuCarma

urCia, umjobesi iqneboda gaTenebamde daecada, radgan mdinaris meo-

re napirze mTeli jaris ucbad gadayvana ver moxerxdeboda da or

nawilad gayofil jars mteri iolad daZlevda1.

minadois TqmiT, mehmed faSas manuCarTan TaTbiri imisTvis

undoda, rom misi azri gaego da sruliad sawinaaRmdegod moqceu-

liyo. mehmed faSam `mtris danaxvis momentidan mtkiced SeimuSava

azri, rom mustafa (manuCarsa) da sparselebs Soris SeTanxmeba

arsebobda da rom mustafam mzakvruli ganzraxviT daayena jari am

gzaze. mehmed faSam brZana saswrafod daewyoT gadasvla mdinareze.

jaris erTi nawili gadavida Tu ara, maSinve qarTvelebma Seuties

1 Minadoi, p. 186-187

428 429

da osmalebma didi marcxi ganicades. maT dahkarges jaris didi

nawili, mTeli aRali da xazina. gadarCenili jaris mcire nawilma

Tbilisamde miaRwia1.

mehmed faSam ganizraxa qarTvelebTan gancdili marcxi manuCa-

ris RalatiT aexsna da am gziT emarTlebina Tavi sulTnis winaSe.

mehmed faSam manuCaris mokvla Caifiqra2, magram kinaRam TviTon

Seiqmna manuCaris msxverpli3.

Tbilisidan alTunyalaSi dabrunebulma mehmed faSam `nawi-

lobriv Tavisi, nawilobriv ki sxvisi CagonebiT ganizraxa mustafas

(manuCari _ e.m.) mokvla, romelzedac eWvi hqonda, rogorc Tavis

damarcxebaSi damnaSaveze. mas zogierT sxvasTan erTad miaCnda, rom

is iyo saidumlo kavSirSi mterTaNan ukidures SemTxvevaSi (rac

SeiZleba Zalian sworec iyos, rogorc sxvebi fiqroben) surda

(sulTani –e.m.) muradi miexvedrebina, rom yvela ubedureba gamomdi-

nareobda ara misi uvargisobiT, aramed am qarTvelis mzakvruli Se-

gonebiT, da amiT bodiSi moexada sulTnis winaSe Tavis marcxze. man

daiwyo saSualebebis gamonaxva Canafiqris gansaxorcieleblad da

moigona aseTi ram: moewvia sabWo TiTqos miRebuli gankargulebis

wasakiTxad. TaTbirze mis TanaSemwes, ramdenime TanaSemwiT, Tavi unda

moekveTa mowveuli mustafasaTvis. amgvarad, gaixsna TaTbiri saWuri-

si karaemiTis faSis, ramdenime arzrumis sanjaxis, kapijibaSis da

mehmedis TanaSemwis monawileobiT. maT saidumlo fici dades, musta-

fas Ralatis sakiTxi ganixiles da kaci gagzavnes mis mosayvanad.

1 Minadoi T., p. 184-189. Saraf-xan bidlisi igive ambavs gadmogvcems Sem-

degnairad: `svimon gurjma yizilbaS amirebTan erTad... maT gadauketa gza da

waarTva [Tbilisis] cixisaTvis aucilebeli ormoci xarvari oqro da sxva

maragi, ramac Seadgina, daax loebiT, 2 aTasi xarvari. brZolebisas daiRupa

bevri xalxi~. Шараф-хан Бидлиси, с. 241.2 sainteresoa Saraf-xan bidlisis cnoba, rom manuCari meTaurobda arier-

gards da misi gaufrTxileblobiTa da waqezebiT gabedes osmalTa jarze Tav-

dasxma. amitom sardalma gadawyvita manuCaris dapatimreba da sulTnis karze

gagzavna, sadac mas dana SaulisaTvis dasjidnen.

3 Minadoi, p. 194-197. manuCaris sawinaaRmdego SeTqmulebis arsebobas, rogorc iTqva, adasturebs Saraf-xan bidlisi (с. 241-242). manuCaris sawi-naaRmdego SeTqmulebaze gadmogvcems `mesxuri matiane~ (gv. 54)

manuCari sargeblobda ra mraval [TurqTan] kargi urTierTobiT

da imave dros frTxilic iyo, im droidan rac miTqma-moTqma daiwyo

jarSi misi misamarTiT, igrZno saiTken ixreboda saqme da saidum-

lod imanac miiRo Tavisi zomebi.

sabWoSi gamocxadebaze uaris Tqma ar SeiZleboda, radgan mis

iq ar yofnas SeiZleboda xazi gaesva misi danaSaulisaTvis da sa-

qme iqamde misuliyo, rom misTvis dauswreblad miesajaT sasjeli,

ris Semdeg mTeli misi samflobelo [Turqebis] davla gaxdeboda.

sabWoze wasvlis win [manuCarma] gamonaxa saSualeba Tavi daeRwia

Turqebis xelyofisagan, SeiZleba ufro saSiSi TviT mehmedisaTvis,

raTa yvelas uCvenos Tu visTan aqvT saqme. man gamoarCia 50 yvelaze

erTguli jariskaci da uTxra, rom mas gahyolodnen sxdomis adgi-

las, romelic ukve mimdinareobda mehmedis [karavSi], dadgnen iq

momzadebulni da yuradRebiT da misi pirveli dayvirebisTanave yvela

swrafad Secvivdes karavSi. isini daicaven ra [manuCars], miscvivde-

bian Turqebs da aravis daindoben. isini sakmaod aRelvebulni Tur-

qebis winaaRmdeg, davalebis Sesasruleblad moemzadnen. maT Tavis

mxriv xalisiT moiwvies kidev ramdenime Tavdadebuli kaci da gahyv-

nen mustafas mehmedis karvisaken. mustafa Sevida karavSi da mehmeds

hkiTxa, ris saTqmelad daibara igi. mehmedma maSinve brZana waekiTxaT

brZaneba. [manuCarma] yuradRebiT moismina ra is da radgan sxvebi

dasxdnen (TurqebSi miRebulia zezeurad moisminon sulTnis firma-

ni), is gamoeTxova da dahpirda, rom mzad iyo aramc Tu amis, aramed

xelmwifis yvela brZanebis Sesasruleblad, rac unda Zneli yofili-

yo. rodesac is gamodioda, kapijibaSim is saxeloTi moswia da dasa-

jdomad miiwvia. maSin mustafam xmamaRla daiyvira, xmali gamostaca

da daartya mis win mdgom mehmedis TanaSemwes, romelsac xeliT fesi

moxada Tavidan, marjveniT ki swrafad, saerTo gancvifrebaSi, erTis

dartymiT Sua gaupo Tavi da kiseri da mkerdi muclamde, ise rom

araCveulebrivi sanaxaoba gamovida kacisa, romelic kvdeboda orTave

mxareze gadakidebuli mxrebiT. man meored xmali daumizna sazakuris

faSas Tavs, magram mas radgan Calma exura, xmali asxlta yurisaken

da moaTala Calmis nawili, mTeli yuri da ybis nawili. mTlad ga-

430 431

xurebuli [mustafa/manuCari] mivarda ukve fexze amdgar, gaognebul

mehmeds da 5 sasikvdilo Wriloba miayena, romelTagan ori gansa-

kuTrebiT Rrma, mas sikvdilis karamde miiyvanda, marjve xeliT rom

ar ganekurnaT. sarwmunoebisagan gandgomili [mustafa/manuCaris] yvi-

rilze Semocvivda misi xalxi. gamZvinvarebuli mustafas [manuCari]

mier atexili saSinelebisa da mis mier aCexilTa ayalmayalisagan,

banaki saswrafod aiyara da razmi gaemarTa yarsisaken, saiTac waiy-

vanes ori daWrili faSa~1.

`mesxuri matianis“ 1582 wliT daaTariRebul CanawerSi Zalian

mokled, magram sxva wyaroebTan mimarTebaSi sworad, naTqvamia:

`qBkns sÁo patrons manuCars uRalates urumTa. patroni morCa.

orniv faSa mZimed daikodnes da gaiqces da Temi CBnve dagurCa“2.

samcxeSi manuCaris ajanyeba daiwyo. man uaryo mahmadianoba da

Tavis Tavi gamoacxada manuCar II aTabagad. manuCari osmalebis mi-

marT pasiuri winaaRmdegobis gzas ki ar daadga, aramed iaraRiT

ebrZoda maT. manuCars oamalebis mier dapyrobili cixeebi gauTavi-

suflebia, romlebic SemdegSi isev osamlebma daipyres3. iranis Sah-

ma muhamed xudabendem xelsayrelad CaTvala samcxeSi momxdari

ambebi da aTabagis ojaxs daukavSirda. `da yaeni ganjas movida. da

patrons manuCars CalabuTi mosca da dedisimeds xuTi didi

sofeli“4.

1 Minadoi T., p. 194-197. Saraf-xan bidlisi ramdenadme gansxvavebulad

gadmoscems mehmad faSas karavSi datrialebul trgedias: beglarbegebma mus-

tafa/manuCari daibares da misi daWera surdaT. man ki icoda maTi mzakvruli

Canafiqris Sesaxeb, xmlis dakvriT daWra sardali mehmed faSa, diarbeqiris faSa mehmed faSa yadimi, Sem deg Tavisi aznaure bis daxmarebiT mokla arzru-

mis mamasaxlisi mehmed faSa, romelmac manuCari welsaxveviT daiWira, TviTon ki moaxta cxens da ramdenime TanamebZoliT wavida (Шараф-хан Бидлиси, с. 242). erT-erTi osmalo istorikosis gadmocemiT, manuCari `990 wels(=1582), dagvifaros allahma, isev qristianobaSi moiqca. sursaT-sanovagis aR alis xe-

lmZRvanelebi xadim meh medi da bosnieli mehmed faSebi karavSi daWra da gaiqca.

tyuil-ubralod dakarga saaqaoca da saiqioca da daiRupa (ibrahim feCevi, gv. 115, Sen. 57).

2 samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi, gv. 54.3 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд.4 iqve.

gasagebia, rogori iqneboda sulTnis karis reaqcia manuCaris

moqmedebis gamo. igi Cildiris faSis Tanamdebobidan gadayenebulad

gamocxadda da mis adgilas dainiSna BTbilisis yofili beglarbegi,

iusuf faSa1. magram man Tavi ver gaarTva dakisrebul movaleobas _

verc manuCaris ajanyeba Caaqro da verc Tbilisis momarageba uz-

runvelyo. iusuf faSa 1583 wels yarsis beglarbegad gadaiyvanes2.

manuCaris ajanyeba imdenad seriozul safrTxes uqmnida osmal-

Ta yofnas samcxeSi, rom sulTanma daTmoba arCia. safiqrebelia,

osmalebma urCies manuCars, sulTnis winaSe bodiSi moexada, raTa

sulTani damcirebul mdgomareobaSi ar aRmoCeniliyo. mas Sewyale-

bas da Tavis rangSi aRdgenas hpirdebodnen.

manuCars, jerjerobiT naadrevad miaCnda osmalebisagan sruli

gandgoma. man `sulTans gaugzavna pataki yvela mis Tavze momxdari

ambis Sesaxeb, Cioda misTvis Seuracxmyofel, usafuZvlo eWvebze.

man imdeni wera da ise [moxerxebulad] faravda Tavis grZnobebs

monagoniT da monaWoriT, rom kmayofilma sulTanma saCuqrad fari

da tanisamosic ki gamougzavna“3.

ra Tqma unda, sulTani manuCars ar endoboda. is axal mTavar-

saredals ferhad faSas (is osmaleTis aRmosavleTis jarebis mTa-

varsardlad dainiSna 1582 wlis 29 dekembers) urCevda, garkveul

dromde Tavi Seekavebina manuCarisadmi mtrobaze, radgan igi miaCnda

erTaderT pirovnebad, romelsac SeeZlo daubrkoleblad mietana

garnizonisaTvis saWiro Tanxa TbilisSi. manuCaris SemorigebiT

Tbilisisaken mimavali gza uxifaTo iqneboda da mTeli saqarTve-

loc morCilebaSi eyolebodaT“4.

osmalebTan `Serigebuli“ manuCari Semdgomi brZolisaTvis emz-

adeboda. manuCarma icoda, rom mxolod Tavisi ZalebiT warmatebas

ver miaRwevda. amitom iyo, rom rogorc iTqva, man colad SeirTo

I-is asuli elene da amiT Seikra kavSiri qarTlis mefesa da sam-

1 m. svaniZis varaudiT, iusuf faSa imereTis mefe giorgis Svili iyo.

svaniZe m., saqarTvelo-osmaleTis urTierTobis istoriidan, gv. 141-142.2 iqve, gv. 153-154. 3 Minadoi T., p. 197.4 Ibidem. p. 218.

432 433

cxis aTabags Soris. osmalTa jaris sardali SeaSfoTa am ambavma.

mas Semdegi moaxsenes: mustafa (manuCari) da svimoni Tbilisis

maxloblad Sexvdnen erTmaneTs. manuCars 30 aTasi dukati mihqonda

Tbilisis garnizonisaTvis gadasacemad. svimoni didxans elaparake-

boda manuCars da sayvedurobda, rom man uRalata qristianobas,

Tavs esxmoda qristianebs, magram mas sabolood osmalebi mainc

daRupavdnen. mefis mWermetyvelurma Segonebam gasWra, man Tavi

mohkveTa Tavis mxleblebs, svimons erTguleba Sehfica da garnizo-

nis xazinac gauyo. amis Semdeg manuCarma Tavi Seafara miuval ad-

gilebs da iqidan fiqrobda xeli SeeSala TbilisisaTvis daxmare-

bis yovelgvari mcdelobisaTvis. aRSfoTebulma ferhad faSam

eqvsaTasiani razmi gaagzavna manuCaris mamulebis asaklebad vinme

rezvanis meTaurobiT. man `gaiara mTeli es mxare, cecxls aZlevda

sacxovreblebsa da pureulobas da yvelaferze javrs iyrida TviT

nargavebzec ki. mravali tyve da saqoneli waiyvana, waiRo bevri

pureuli da sadac ki gaivlida yvelafers spobda“1.

svimon mefem da manuCarma partizanuli brZola gaaCaRes os-

malTa winaaRmdeg da sadac moixelTebdnen musrs avlebdnen. arc

osmalebi aklebdnen da samcxe ganadgurebis piras mivida. xelT

gvaqvs ramdenime werilobiTi cnoba, romlebic naTels xdis ra

saSineleba trialebda manuCaris samflobeloSi.

zamTris moaxloebis gamo ferhad faSa iZulebuli gaxda yars-

Si an arzrumSi dabrunebuliyo. manamde ki man ganizraxa aeklo

manuCaris samflobeloebi da javaxeTisaken gaeSura. magram axalqa-

laqisa da alTunyalas sanaxebidan mTeli mosaxleoba gaxiznuli

iyo da sursaTi ver iSova. amis gamo jari did gasaWirSi aRmoCda2.

don xuani da t. minadoi erTnairad amboben, rom dasaxelebuli

adgilebidan osmalebi axalcixisaken wavidnen, magram isic dacarie-

lebuli daxvdaT. minadois TqmiT, osmalebma axalcixeSi adamiane-

bisa da pirutyvis sakvebi blomad iSoves3, don xuani ki sruliad

1 Ibidem. p. 225-226.2 Don Juan de Persia, p. 86 v.3 Minadoi T., p. 236.

sawinaaRmdegos ambobs. axalcixeSi osmalebs igive mdgomareoba dax-

vdaT, rac axalqalaqsa da alTunyalaSio1.

ferhad faSas axalcixeSi cixis ageba ganuzraxavs, magram gana-

wamebma jarma amis gagonebac ki ar isurva da saqme amboxebamde mivi-

da. sardals mokvliT daemuqrnen, amitom igi iZulebuli gaxda,

axalcixe daetovebina da artaans wasuliyo. osmalTa jarSi Seqmnil

sagangaSo mdgomareobaze erTnairad gadmogvcems ramdenime wyaro2.

gzad mimaval osmalebs didi zarali miayenes manuCar aTabagis

razmebma. isic ki moxda, rom artaanSi `qarTvelebi Tavs daesxnen

saWurisebs, etlebsa da qalebs da yvelaferi daitaces“. don xuani

eWvs gamosTqvams, rom aseTi moqmedeba SeiZleboda ferhad faSaze

ganawyenebul ianiCrebsac CaedinaT, raTa sardlisaTvis saxeli

gaetexaT3. T. minadois TqmiT, zemoT aRniSnuli incindenti jaris-

kacebis mowyobili iyo, magram ar gamoricxavs, rom igive qmedeba

mezobel tyeebSi damalul qarTvelebsac CaedinaT4.

manuCaris razmebi partizanuli brZoliT musrs avlebdnen os-

malebs. isini yvelas xocavdnen, vinc ki jars mcire manZiliT Ca-

morCeboda. jovani miqelis gadmocemiT, ase mouvida sami aTas Tur-

qs, romlebic didi Tovlis gamo ZiriTad jars CamorCnen da

qarTvelebma amowyvites5. amgvarad, don xuan de persias da Saraf-

xan bidlisis cnobebs Tu davumatebT jovani miqelis naTqvamsac,

marTebuli iqneba, ferhad faSasTvis miyenebul zarals manuCars Tu

mivawerT. sainteresoa, rom evropuli wyaroebi mraval cnobas Sei-

caven 1584-1586 wlebSi saqarTvelosa da mis mosazRvre raionebSi

osmalebis mir gancdili mravali marcxis Sesaxeb, magram gamarjve-

bulebad zogadad dasaxelebuli arian qarTvelebi6. ueWvelia, rom

am gamarjvebebis gmirebi qarTlis mefe I da samcxis aTabagi manuCar

1 Don Juan de Persia, p. 86 v. 2 Minadoi T., p. 240; Don Juan de Persia, p. 86 v; Шараф-хан Бидлиси, с. 246.3 Don Juan de Persia, p. 86 v.4 Minadoi T., p. 243.5 Alberi E., Relacioni… serie III, v. II, p. 2866 dawvr. ix. mamisTvaliSvili e., saqarTvelos sagareo politikuri

urTierTo bani, gv. 225-231.

434 435

II iyvnen. ueWvelia, mefes da aTabags osmalTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi

mxars uWerda adgilobrivi mosaxleoba da es iyo maTi warmatebis

umTavresi piroba.

1586 wlis Semodgomaze gaCenilma Savma Wirma arzrumTan daba-

nakebuli osmalTa jari gaanaxevra1. qarTvelebsa da yizilbaSebs

ferhad faSis banakze Tavdasxmis mSvenieri SesaZlebloba miecaT.

osmalebi sruli ganadgurebisagan ixsna mokavSireebs Soris Camo-

vardnilma uTanxmoebam. qarTvelebma yizilbaSebi miatoves da sam-

SobloSi dabrundnen2.

ar vici riT iyo gamowveuli qarTvelebsa da sparselebs Soris

uTanxmoeba, magram savaraudoa, rom amis mizezi unda yofiliyo

manuCaris mier sulTanTan mosalaparakeblad mociqulis gagzavna,

rogorc Tavisi korespondenti fugeris gazeTs 1586 wlis 31

oqtombers, xolo veneciidan safrangeTis mefis agenti imave wlis

4 noembers anri III-s acnobebda, osmaleTis sataxto qalaqSi `mi-

vida saqarTvelos patriarqi sulTanTan mosalaparakeblad. es amt-

kicebs seriozul winaaRmdegobis arsebobas qarTvelebsa da iranis

Sahis vaJiSvils Soris“3.

stambolSi mociqulad gagzavnili `saqarTvelos patriarqi“

`mesxur matianeSi“ moxseniebuli mawyvereli episkoposi unda iyos.

manuCarma episkoposs Tan gaayola mZevlebic. àqa mawyuEreli gag-

zavnes kostantinopoles da sapatoni mZevlad: SalikaSvili ediSer,

SalikaSvili elia da amilaxoriSvili qoiar“4. matianis am cnobas

qr. SaraSiZe 1587 wliT aTariRebs, rac saeWvo Cans. vfiqrob, manu-

Caris mier elCisa da mZevlebis gagzavna unda momxdariyo 1586

wlis seqtember-oqtomberSi, mis mier sulTnis karze mociqulis

gagzavnis Sesaxeb cnobebs evropul wyaroebSi, rogorc zemoT iT-

1 tardi l., ungreT – saqarTvelos urTierToba, gv. 150. 2 Tardy L., Le Roi Svimon Ier á la lumére des sources d’ Europe Centrale con-

temporaines de son époque, I partie. `Bedi Kartlisa. Revue de Kartvélolodie~, vol. XXXI, Paris, 1973, p. 192.

3 Charriére E., Negociations de la France dans le Levant et correspodences, memoires et actes diplomatiques, IV, Paris, 1860.

4 samxr. saq. ist. masalebi, gv. 55.

qva, pirvelad vxvdebiT 31 oqtombers, meored ki, imave wlis 4

noembers.

sainteresoa, manuCarma ratom gaugzavna sulTans mZevlebad

aTabagis ojaxis dauZinebeli mtrebi _ SalikaSvilebi da amilaxo-

riSvili? maTi gagzavna sulTnis kars xom ise unda gaego, rogorc

manuCaris mier maTi motyuebis mcdeloba da, asec gaiges. albaT,

amitomac aris imave `mesxur matianeSi“ naTqvami, rom osmaleTSi

`mZevlebi daiWires; patroni manuCar veRar miendo“1. mawyverelis

Semdgomi bedi ucnobia.

sulTnis ganrisxebis sxva mizezic arsebobda. aTabag manuCaris

mier stambolSi episkoposis gagzavna osmaleTis mTavrobis pirda-

piri gamowveva iyo. Tvis droze ukve iTqva manuCaris sazeimo

windacveTasa da gamuslimanebis Sesaxeb. exla mis mier qristianu-

li eklesiis, kerZod, samcxis eklesiis meTauris – mawyvereli

episkoposis mociqulis rangSi gagzavna sulTnis karze, logikurad

da faqtobrivadac niSnavda, rom manuCari oficialurad daubrunda

qristianobas. savsebiT sworad SeniSnavs m. svaniZe, rom `stambol-

Si episkoposisa da mZevlebis gagzavna imaze miuTiTebs, rom manuCa-

ri sulTnisagan moiTxovda, ecno igi qristianobiT aTabagad da

samcxesa da osmaleTs Soris damokidebulebis politikuri forma

damyarebuliyo moxarkeobis safuZvelze“2.

osmaleTis xelisuflebas saaTabagos bedi gadawyvetilad mi-

aCnda _ is osmaleTis saxelmwifos nawili unda gamxdariyo da

aTabagis sasargeblod raime koreqtivis Setana sulTans saWirod

ar miaCnda.

1587 wels kaxeTis samefos mier ruseTis mfarvelobis miRebam

SeaSfoTa osmaleTi, radgan amas SeiZleboda gamoewvia misi mdgoma-

reobis garTuleba, ara mxolod saqarTveloSi, aramed mTel amier-

kavkasiaSi. amitom osmaleTis mTavrobam ganizraxa, radac ar unda

dajdomoda, qarTlis samefos da saaTabagos winaaRmdegoba gaetexa.

ferhad faSam jer aWara daipyro da mTeli ZalebiT (mas exmarebo-

1 iqve.

2 svaniZe m., saqarTvelo-osamleTis urTierTobis istoriidan, gv. 164.

436 437

da guriis mTavari) daiwyo brZola manuCaris winaaRmdeg. manuCarma

daxmarebisaTvis mimarTa Tavis simamrs svimon I-s, romelic dauyov-

nebliv gaeSura samcxisaken, magram osmalebis goris dasapyrobad

wasvlis ambavi rom Seityo iZulebuli gaxda ukan gabrunebuliyo.

osmalebma axalcixe daipyres da Cildiris safaSos SeuerTes.

samcxeSi osmalebis warmatebam aTabagis mowinaaRmdege feoda-

lebis gaaqtiureba gamoiwvia da ferhad faSa maTi daxmarebiT manu-

Carisa da misi momxreebis gandevnas cdilobda. rodesac ferhad

faSam gori daipyro, masTan gamocxadda gamuslimanebuli kokola

varazas Ze SalikaSvili (is axla dirazis Ze mahmud xanis saxels

atarebda) da svimon mefis Sepyrobas dahpirda. osmalo sardalma

daakmayofila misi Txovna da igi goris beglarbegad daniSna1.

1587 osmalebis waqezebiTa da mxardaWeriT, Sinauri moRala-

teebis xeliT, miRweuli iqna is, rasac mteri mTeli aTi wlis

ganmavlobaSi ver axerxebda saaTabagoSi. samTavros da mTavris tra-

gedia Zalian mokled, magram naTlad gadmocemulia `mesxur mati-

aneSi“: `bevr rigi moRalate Semoadges patrons manuCars; veRar

daudgna da axaldabas coli waiyuana da wavida.

patroni dedisimedi da patronis yBryBres Svili _ patroni

qaixosro sakanafes cixeSi dadges.

da diasamiZe elia demoTias cixes savalinSvili saRalatod

Seuyena. uRalates, cixe waarTueÀs da bevri saqoneli da salaro

daiWires.

da gogoriSvilma beJan cixijuari ukuiWira da misca faSas.

Semogviyenes moRalateni da veRarc CBn daudgeniT da CavediT

axaldabas marts naxevar...

merme patroni manuCar veRar miendo; Rone veRar moigona ra.

dagviwyes mociquloba. patroni dedisimedi da patroni Cemi Svi-

lisSvili patroni qaixosro gamougzavnes axalcixes faSasTana,

Sobis wina dRes“2.

amgvarad, osmalebma Eisargebles saaTabagos qarTvel feodal-

1 iqve, gv. 164-167.2 samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi, gv. 55-56.

Ta mniSvnelovani nawilis aTabag manuCarTan dapirispirebiT, agreT-

ve, manuCarsa da yizilbnaSebs Soris uTanxmoebiT, ramac, bunebrivia

friad Seasusta osmalebis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli Zalebi. ferhad

faSam SeimuSava gegma, romlis mixedviTac saqarTvelodan unda ga-

nedevnaT is gavleniani adamianebi, vinc osmalebs eurCebodnen.

ra Tqma unda, osmalebisaTvis, pirvel rigSi ki ferhad faSisT-

vis arasasurvel saqarTvelos gavlenian adamianebSi igulisxmebod-

nen manuCar II aTabagi da qarTlis mefe svimon I. osmaleTis mTavrobam

ganixila ferhad faSas gegma da mas mxari dauWira1.

ferhad faSas gegmis ganxorcielebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani

Sedegi iyo is, rom manuCar II-es mouspes svimon mefisagan daxmare-

bis miRebis imedi da SesaZlebloba. misi mdgomareoba unda daemZi-

mebina, agreTve, aTabagis ojaxis mtris, kokola SalikaSvilis spar-

selTagan gandgomas da osmalTa samsaxurSi gadasvlas. radgan

manuCars saqarTveloSi aRar daedgomeboda, sxva gza aRar rCeboda

garda imisa, rom kvlav sparseTSi eZia daxmarebac da TavSesafaric.

Sahis karis misadmi keTilganwyobaSi mniSvneloba eqneboda mis

brZolas osmalebis winaaRmdeg svimon mefesTan erTad, romelic

didi avtoritetiT sargeblobda sparseTSi.

Znelia dadgena, rodis daiwyo manuCarma Sah abasis karTan daax-

loeba da misi samsaxuri. SeiZleba frTxili varaudis daSveba, rom

manuCar aTabagi igulisxmeba isqander munSis mier orjer dasaxe-

lebul manuCar begSi2.

isqander munSi Tavis TxzulebaSi asaxelebs Sahis karis moxe-

les vinme manuCar begs. XVI-XVII saukuneTa mijnaze sxva begis

titulis matarebeli manuCari, CemTvis cnobil sparsul wyaroebSi,

ar Cans. manuCari Sahis karzea 1597/8 wels da mas eSikaRasibaSis

sakmaod maRali Tanamdeboba ukavia. aRniSnul wels is indoeTis

xelmwifis jelal ed-din mohamed aqbaris karze elCad gaigzavna.

1 tardi l., ungreT_saqarTvelos urTierToba, gv. 153-154. 2 unda aRiniSnos, rom isqander munSi sxvagan asaxelebs manuCar-xans,

da iqve mi uTiTebs, rom is svimon-xanis siZea. sruliad mosalodnelia, rom manuCar-begi (gv. 41-42) da manuCar-xani (svimon mefis siZe) (gv. 29, 44, 71, 73) sxvadasxva pirovnebebia.

438 439

savaraudoa, manuCarma maRal doneze Seasrula masze dakisrebuli

movaleoba, radgan is imave Tanamdebobazea XVIUI s. dasawyisSic.

sainteresoa, rom isqander munSi masze mogviTxrobs maSin, rodesac

kvlav indoeTis xelmwife aqbaris elCi 1602/3 w. modis Sahis kar-

ze. am dros yizilbaSebs erevnis cixisaTvis alya hqondaT Semorty-

muli da Sahic iq imyofeboda. manuCarma indoeTis elCi erevnis

cixesTan miiyvana. èrTi sityviT, xsenebuli elCi Zlevamosil ur-

doSi movida erevnis cixis Zirze da manuCar-begis TanxlebiT me-

jlisSi iqna pativiT miRebuli“1.

sainteresoa, sad imyofeboda manuCari 1603/4 wels, im dros,

rodesac isqander munSi mogviTxrobs Sahis mier saaTabagoSi saTa-

reSod jaris gagzavnis Sesaxeb: `hasan-xani zogierT amirTan erTad

gaigzavna saTareSod mesxeTis axalcixeze, romelic svimon-xanis

siZis manuCar-xanis òlqa“ iyo da osmalebs hqondaT dakavebuli.

man (hasan-xanma _ e.m.) es samsaxuri sasurvelad Seasrula, mravali

qali da bavSvi urjulo qarTvelebisa daatyveva da uvneblad da

keTilad daabruna“2. istorikosisi naTqvamidna gamomdinare axalci-

xis mxare iseTi upatrono da mitovebuli Cans, rom eWvi Cdeba,

cocxali iyo Tu ara am dros manuCari3. vfiqrob am kiTxvaze pasu-

xis gacema SeiZleba isev isqander munSis Txzulebis Semdegi cno-

bebis moSveliebiT. danamdvilebiT Cans, rom manuCari 1609 wels

cocxali aRar aris. isqander munSi, roca aRniSnul wels momxdar

ambebze ixsenebs, ambobs: `sanam manuCar-xani cocxali iyo, is cdi-

lobda daxmareboda svimon-xans. mis Semdeg osmalebi im qveyanaSi

gabatondnen da svimon xanis qaliSvili, romelic manuCar-xanis

meuRle da energiuli mandilosani iyo, Tavis patara vaJiSviliT

da maTi ojaxis erTguli msaxurebis mcire ricxviT im qveynis

tyeebsa da mTebSi afarebda Tavs“4. manuCari cocxali aRar aris im

1 isqander munSi, gv. 41-42.2 iqve, gv. 44.3 manuCaris gardacvalebasTan dakavSirebiT ix. m. svaniZe, dasax. naSromi,

gv. 295-is sqolio.

4 isqander munSi, gv. 71.

dros, rodesac Sah abass alyaSi mouqcevia erevani, rac sakmaod

didxans gagrZelda _ 1603 wlis noembridan 1604 wlis ivlisamde.

isqander munSis mixedviT viciT, rom erevnis cixis alyis dros

Sahis banakSi imyofebodnen qarTlis mefe giorgi X da kaxeTis mefe

aleqsandre II1. erevnis cixis alyaze da qarTvel mefeebze Txrobis

damTavrebis Semdeg, istorikosi gadmogvcems, imave alyis dros,

rogor aikles yizilbaSebma axalcixis mxare2. isqander munSi hasan-

xanis mier axalcixis dalaSqvris ambavs kvlav ixsenebs 1609 wlis

ambebze Txrobisas: ìm xanebSi, roca uavgustoesma [Sahma] azerbai-

janSi gamoilaSqra da erevnis cixes Semoadga, Sah iusuf faSa,

romelic axalcixis erTi gamuslimanebuli batoniSvili iyo da

osmaleTis sulTnisagan faSis xarisxi hqonda miRebuli, im velai-

eTis zogi adgilis mmarTveli iyo. erTbaSad erTi razmi yizilba-

STa Zlevamosili jarisa, hasan-xan usTajlus meTaurobiT, rogorc

im wlis ambebSia aRwerili, xsenebul velaieTze Tavdasasxmelad

gagzavnes... Sah iusuf faSas da osmalebis saqme waxda“3. yizilbaSe-

bis warmatebiT imedmocemulma manuCar II-is meuRlem Sahis kars

mimarTa, misTvis daebrunebinaT `Tavisi dakarguli qveyana“. Sah

abasma TbilisSi, zagemsa da ahsanabadSi myof Tavis amirebs daavala

manuCar II-is memkvidre manuCar III-sa da misi dedisaTvis daxmareba

da Tanadgoma gaewiaT.

Sahis brZanebis aRsruleba SesaZlebeli gaxda 1607 wlidan,

`roca didebuli almebi (e.i. Sahi) Sirvanze laSqrobdnen, im Tav-

gamodebulma mandilosanma (elenem-e.m.) yizilbaSTa amirebisa da

Tavis ojaxis erTgul msaxurebTan erTad iwyo brZola xsenebuli

qveynis dasapyrobad, gailaSqra Sah iusuf faSaze, daamarcxa, dai-

Wira is as ormocdaaT kac osmalosTan erTad da axalcixis cixe,

romelic im velaieTis udidesi simagrea, xelSi Caigdo“4. axalci-

xis garda gamarjvebulebma daipyres saaTabagos didi nawili. da

1 iqve, gv. 41, 44.2 iqve, gv. 44.3 iqve, gv. 72.4 iqve.

440 441

amis Semdeg, aTabagis qvrivma elenem Tavisi warmomadgenlebi SahTan

SemaxaSi gagzavna, TviTon ki Tavis Teqvsmeti wlis vaJTan, manuCar-

Tan (isqander munSi mas aTabeg-xans uwodebs) erTad axalcixeSi

darCa1. elenes mociqulebi, 1607 wlis 29 ivliss, Sahs eaxlnen da

mopovebuli warmatebebis Sesaxeb moaxsenes2.

saeWvoa, rom elenes mociqulebi Sah abasTan mxolod amis mo-

saxseneblad misuliyvnen. maT raime mniSvnelovani saTxovaric eqne-

bodaT, SeiZleba manuCar meoris memkvidre manuCar mesamis aTabagad

aRdgenac da sxva ramec eTxovaT, magram amis Sesaxeb, dReisaTvis

cnobili wyaroebi arafers gvamcnobs3. sxvaTaSoris, isqander mun-

Sis aqvs erTi Zalian saintereso cnoba: rodesac sparseli isto-

rikosi manuCar II-is gardacvalebaze da misi svimon I-sadmi mudmiv

Tanadgomaze gadmogvcems, iqve imasac aRniSnavs, rom mas Semdeg rac

osmalebi samcxeSi gabatondnen misi qvrivi da mcirewlovani vaJi,

erTgul msaxurebTan erTad tyeebsa da mTebSi afarebdnen Tavs. ìm

ocdaxuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, roca mTeli saqarTvelo osmalebis

qveSevrdomi da moxarke iyo, xsenebuli mandilosani bevrs ecada,

rom rogorc saqarTvelos sxva mxareebSi osmalebi qarTvel

mmarTvelebs uTmobdnen [qveyanas] da xarkis aRebiT kmayofildebod-

nen, ise misi vaJisTvisac, romelic aTabagad iwodeboda, daeTmoT

1 vaxuSti batoniSviliT am dros manuCar II isev cocxali iyo. àman

manuCar mZlavrobisaTÂis osmalTa waruvlina (erevanTan mdgom – e.m.) Saabazs

Ze TÂsi manuCar, raTa mwe eyos, da misca xerTvisi da romelnime cixeni da

Seayena yizilbaSni mwed TÂsad~ (qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 724). Sah abazi vidre erevanTan idga manuCar manuCaris Ze Ta visTan hyavda, xolo roca erevans

gaecala igi erevnis gamgebel amir gune xanTan datova `da zrdida igi~.

manuCar II-is gardacvalebis Semdeg, rac vaxuStiT moxda 1614 wels, manuCar III, os maleTis sulTnis brZanebiT erevnidan wamoiyvanes `da dasues

aTabagad. aman manuCar daipyra qonebani mamisa TÂsisa~ (qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 725-725).

2 iqve, gv. 72. 3 am cnobidan (yovel SemTxvevaSi misi qarTul Targmanidan) ar Cans, rom

Sahma da akmayofila elenes Txovna da misi vaJi manuCari scno samcxe-saaTabagos

gamgeblad moxarkeobis safuZvelze, rogorc m. svaniZe fiqrobs imave wyaroze damyarebiT (svaniZe m., saqarTvelo-osmaleTis urTierToba, gv. 295. ix. agreTve, saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, IV, Tb., 1973, gv 254)

[qveyana] da xarki aeRoT. osmalebi ar daTanxmdnen amaze. mxolod

erTi nakveTi misces im velaieTSi mas da dedamiss cxovrebis saxs-

rad da isic gaWirvebiT atarebda cxovrebas“1.

zemoT moyvanili amonaridi mravalmxriv sainteresoa, magram

amjerad imas unda mieqces yuradReba, rom isqander munSi arafers

ambobs Sahis mier manuCar III-saTvis aTabagobis arc miniWebisa da

arc am rangSi misi damtkicebis Sesaxeb. manuCar II-is memkvidre

cnobili da aRiarebuli iyo aTabagad (àTabagad iwodeboda“),

qarTvelebisa da, yovel SemTxvevaSi, sparselebis mier mainc. ase

unda gavigoT isqander munSis naTqvami.

osmalebis winaaRmdeg SetevisaTvis mokavSireebs moxerxebuli

dro SeurCeviaT. am dros anatoliaSi `jelailebis“ ajanyeba mim-

dinareobda. osmalTa sardalma murad faSam, mxolod maTi damarc-

xebis Semdeg SeZlo ferhad faSis dasaxmareblad yirimeli sala-

maT-girei-xanis TaTrebis marbieli laSqris gagzavna da

ga mus limanebuli mesxi feodalis mohamed faSas Svilis, `romelic

mesxeTis gamuslimanebul ufliswulTagani da osmalTa Soris

gazrdili da faSas xarisxsa da xelisuflebas miRweuli iyo,

axalcixeSi gagzavna“. 1608 wels aTabeg-xanma (manuCar III) da ele-

nem winaaRmdegoba ver gaswies da qarTlSi gadavidnen. axal-

cixe kvlav osmalebma daipyres. mamidis da manuCaris dasax-

mareblad qarTlis mefe luarsab II-m axalcixeze gailaSqra

da did warmatebasac miaRwia, Tumca axalcixis ganTavisuf-

leba ver SeZlo. qarTvelTa tyveobaSi, sxva mraval faSasTan

erTad, aRmoCndnen ferhad faSa da zemoxsenebuli gamusli-

manebuli mohamed faSas Svili. `ferhad faSas qarTveli batone-

bis TxovniT apaties [danaSauli], mohamed faSas Svili ki sikvdi-

liT dasajes“2.

manuCari III ase Tu ise viTarebas akontrolebda 1619 wlamde,

manamde vidre osmaleT-iranis zaviT axalcixe osmaleTs gadaecemoda.

osmalebma axalcixeSi Zlieri cixe aages, Sig mecixovneebi

1 isqander munSi, gv. 71.2 iqve, gv. 72-73.

442 443

Caayenes da qveynis gamgeblad zemoxsenebuli gamuslimanebuli axal-

cixeli didebuli iusuf faSa daniSnes. TandaTanobiT, ganuxrelad,

mimdinareobda qristiani mesxebis gamuslimaneba da qarTuli miwaT-

mflobelobis osmaluriT Secvla. vaxuSti gadmogvcems imis Sesa-

xeb, osmalTa Zaladobis an calkeuli adamianebis warmatebis sur-

viliT, rogor icvleboda mesxeTSi adaT-wesebi, aTabagTa odindeli

qveSevrdomebi axla urCoben, manuCari ki aseT mdgomareobas ar

egueba da ebrZvis maT. manuCar aTabagi rogorc SeeZlo ise ebrZoda

osmalebs, magram dro da saerTaSoriso viTareba mis sawinaaRmdeg-

od moqmedebda. isic iZulebuli gaxda Tavisi mamis gzas dadgomoda,

pirdapiri gagebiT, da imanac erTi piroba (1624 wels) Tavi Seaf-

ara axaldabas1. imave wels samcxe-saaTabagos cixeebi sparselTa

xelSi gadavida, rac manuCars Tavis samTavroSi dabrunebis saSu-

alebas uspobda. amitom, rodesac man gaigo marabdis brZolisaTvis

mzadebis Sesaxeb, maSinve gaeSura Tavisi 300 mxedriT da monawi-

leoba miiRo sparselTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi (1625 w.). qarTvelo-

bis mier gancdili marcxis Semdeg manuCari axaldabaSi dabrunda

da osmalebTan morigeba gadawyvita: `movida axaldabasve, ezraxa

osmalTa, zav-hyo maT Tana, movida daipyro samcxe“. magram man ver

SesZlo qvyanaSi mSvidobis damyareba da amxedrebuli qveSevrdome-

bis damorCileba. radgan mas meti Zala aRar Seswevda, stambols

wavida xonTqarTan. osmaleTis mbrZanebelma Seiwynara manuCari da

qristianobis SenarCunebiT aRadgina aTabagad. saaTabagoSi momaval

manuCars Semoxvda Tavisi biZa beqa, manuCar II-is Zma, romelmac mo-

wamla ZmisSvili da TviTon wavida stambols, gamuslimanda, „(sul-

Tanma – e.m.) mosca aTabagoba da yoveli sazRvari samcxe-saaTabago-

si da uwodes safar faSa da pativsces oriTa TuRiTa2. merme

warmoavlines da movida samcxes“. vaxuStis mixedviT, es moxda

1625 wels3.

1 qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 7252 TuRi _ osmalo faSebis win satarebeli bairaRi cxenis Zuisagan damzade-

buli (CubinaSvili n., qarTul-rusuli leqsikoni, Tb., 1984, sv. 571).3 qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 724-725.

safar faSas gamgeblobis dros (1625-1635) da mis Semdgom,

daiwyo axalcixis safaSos (ase iwodeboda am droidan yofili

samcxe-saaTabago) ganuxreli gamuslimanebisa da osmaluri wesebisa

da kanonebis danergva, eklesia-monastrebis Zarcva da gauqmeba,

`xolo morwmuneni hfarvidnen da malvidnen xatTa, juarTa da na-

wilTa wmidaTaTa da sxuaTa waraqundaT pirvelisaebr imereTs da

qarTls da ivltodianca warCinebulni, romelni sZulobdnen mahma-

dianobasa, rameTu ganagebda safar faSa nebiTa osmalTasTa yovel-

save“. radgan safar faSam axalcixis faSoba memkvidreobiT miiRo,

amitom misi memkvidreni stambolSi midiodnen xolme da qrTamis

gadaxdiT faSis tituls ipovebdnen da safaSos ganagebdnen1.

amgvarad, safar faSas mmarTvelobiT damTavrda samcxe-saaTaba-

gos istoria. amis Semdeg saaTabagos miwebi, qarTuli kulturis da

qristianobis umniSvelovanesi kera, osmaleTis erT-erT safaSod

gadaiqca.

1 iqve, gv. 726-727.

444 445

odiSis samTavros sagareo urTierTobebis

istoriidan

1. odiSis samTavros genuis respublikasTan

urTierTobis istoriidan

XIV s. damdegisaTvis monRolTa batonobam saqarTvelo

ekonomikurad daaqveiTa da politikurad daSala. giorgi

brwyinvalem (1318-1346) umniSvnelovanesi RonisZiebebi gaa-

tara qveynis erTianobisa da ekonomikuri gaZlierebisaTvis.

1329 w. gardaicvala imereTis mefe miqel narin daviTis Ze.

amiT isargebla mefe giorgim, imereTSi gadavida, quTaiss daeuf-

la da bagrat miqelis Zes Sorapnis erisTavoba misca. giorgis

siZlieris mnaxvelma mamia dadianma, gurielma, svanTa erisTavma

da afxazeTis erisTavma ServaSiZem morCileba gamoacxades 1330

wels. mefem Semdeg gaiara odiSi, afxazeTSi gadavida, `ganagna

muneburni da daipyra cixeni TÂsad da misca cxomis saerisTo

bediels~1. vaxuSti batoniSvilis es fraza bundovani da, am-

denad, gaugebaria. ram aiZula mefe giorgi, miuxedavad imisa,

rom afxazeTis erisTavi mas daemorCila, mainc jariT Sesuli-

yo afxazeTSi da, faqtobrivad, daepyro igi.

albaT, saeWvo araa, rom bedieli (bediani), igive dadia-

ni2, rogorc Cans, giorgi brwyinvalis mefobis pirvel peri-

odSi erTmaneTis tolfasi es ori tituli paralelurad

arsebobda3. giorgis mefobis Semdeg igi aRar gvxvdeba4. dadi-

an-bediani dasavleT saqarTvelos erT-erTi msxvili feoda-

li iyo da, savaraudoa, Tvali eWira cxumis saerisTavoze.

man isargebla mefis kargi ganwyobilebiT da cxumis saeri-

1 qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 258.2 vaxuStisTan vxvdebiT ormag tituls _ dadian-bedieli, bediel-dadiani.

3 z. anCabaZe bediels da dadians sxvadsxva erisTavebad miiCnevda. Анчабад-зе З. В., Из истории средневековой Абхазии (VI-XVII вв), Сухуми, 1959, c. 237.

4 Тамже, с. 177, 197.

sTavo gamosTxova. mefem misi Txovna daakmayofila. amave

dros, ise Cans, rom bedians raRac uflebac ki hqonda masze.

vaxuSti gadmogvcems: `misca (mefem _ e. m.) cxomis saeri-

sTavo bediels, viTarca pirvel cxomisa iyo~. igulisxmeba,

rom bediani adre cxomis erisTavi iyo? SeiZleba istoriko-

ss imis Tqma undoda, rom adre cxomis saerisTavo calke iyo

afxazeTis saerisTavosa gan? Tamar mefis dros cxumis sae-

risTavo xom calke iyo1. ase iyo Tu ise, giorgi mefe ratom-

Rac gauwyra ServaSiZes da daipyro afxazeTis cixeebi, adg-

ilobrivi saqmeebic TviTon moagvara (`ganagna muneburni~),

cixeebs TviTon daepatrona (`daipyrna cixeni TÂsad~) da

bedians gadasca cxumis saerisTavo, romelic, rogorc vax-

uStis Txzulebidan SeiZleba ga vigoT, giorgi V-is mier

dasavleT saqarTvelos SemoerTebis win afxazeTis saerisTa-

vos SemadgenlobaSi iyo. cxumis maSindeli kaTolike episko-

posis petre geraldis naTqvamidan Cans, rom giorgi V-m

bedians saqarTvelos amirspasalarobac uboZa. petre ger-

aldi inglisSi kenterberiis arqiepiskoposs swerda: àm

qveynis (odiSis samTavro _ e. m.) mbrZanebeli mTeli saqarT-

velos jaris mxedarTmTavaric aris~2.

imave vaxuSti batoniSvilis mixedviT, cxumis saerisTavo

dadians daumtkica, agreTve, giorgi VII-m, magram dadianebi

mTeli afxazeTis dapy robas lamobdnen. XIV s. damlevs vamey

dadianma ilaSqra ServaSiZis wi naaRmdeg, afxazeTi aiklo da

ori erTmaneTis siaxloves arsebuli si ma greebi _ uRaRno

da gagra daangria3. 1412 wels mamia dadianma ìneba da mor-

Cileba afxazTa~. magram afxazebi mtkiced daxvdnen dadians,

mok les, misi jari ki ukuaqcies4.

1 Тамже, с. 172.2 kiknaZe v. saqarTvelos sagareo urTierTobis istoriidan, `mnaTobi~,

1982, #9, gv. 157.3 TayaiSvili e., arqeologiuri mogzauroba samegreloSi. Zveli saqarT-

velo, III, 1912-1913, gv. 133, 154.4 qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 278.

446 447

aleqsandre I-ma (1412-1442) Sehyara jari da odiSSi

mivida. mefes daRu puli mamias vaJi lipariti miegeba da ma-

mis codvebis miteveba iTxova. aleqsandrem mas erisTavoba

daumtkica da afxazeTSi waiyvana, sadac Ser vaSiZem maSinve

morCileba gamoacxada `da daemorCila brZanebasa missa vi-

Tarca pirvelTa mefeTasa~. aleqsandrem adgilobrivi saqmee-

bi moawesriga, xalxi daamSvida da quTaiss wavida1.

sainteresoa, afxazeTSi mimavalma mefe aleqsandrem Tan

ratom waiy vana liparit dadiani? an ra unda vigulisxmoT

mefis brZanebaSi ServaSiZis mimarT? vfiqrob, mefem Serva-

SiZes dadianisadmi morCileba ubr Zana, magram rogorc beri

egnataSvili sxva periodTan dakavSirebiT SeniS navda èse

ServaSiZe morCilebda ara yovelsave brZanebasa dadia-

nisasa~2.

ServaSiZeebi damoukideblobisaTvis ibrZodnen. miuxeda-

vad imisa, rom isini zogjer garkveul warmatebasac aRwevd-

nen, sabolood mainc iZulebulni iyvnen bedian-dadianis xe-

lisuflebas damorCilebodnen. am umsxviles feodals

xSirad mefe uWerda mxars, romelsac, rogorc Sem degSi

davrwmundebiT, Tavisi interesebi hqonda afxazeTSi.

amgvarad, vaxuSti batoniSvilis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT,

XIV-XV saukuneebSi arsebobda damoukidebeli afxazeTis sa-

erisTavo, xolo cxumis saerisTavo odiSis saerisTavoSi

Sedioda. am mosazrebas gansakuTrebiT aviTarebda z. anCabaZe,

magram imave periodis ucxour wyaroebs Tu movix mobT, sx-

vagvari suraTi warmogvidgeba.

XV s. pirveli meoTxedidan gvaqvs germaneli hans Silt-

bergeris erTi cnoba afxazeTis Sesaxeb. is saqarTvelos

`qveynebs“ Soris asaxelebs afxazeTis qveyanas3, romlis

1 iqve.

2 qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv. 349.3 Ès ist ein Land und heist Abkas~. mamisTvaliSvili e. saqarTvelo hans

Siltbergeris `mogzaurobis wignSi, `macne~, istoriis seria, 1980, #2, gv. 108.

dedaqalaqi iyo cxumi (Zuchum). Siltbergeris naTqvami

sainteresoa imdenad, ramdenadac mTeli afxazeTis dedaqalaqad

soxums _ cxums asaxelebs1 da afxazeTi gaazrebuli aqvs

erT mTliano baSi.

sainteresoa josafat barbaros naTqvami samegrelos Ses-

axeb: ès samegrelo esazRvreba kaitakebs, romlebic kaspiis

mTis maxloblad cxov roben, Sav zRvas da mTagrexils,

romelic CerqezeTamdea gadaWimuli. igi nawilia saqarT-

velosi2. maSasadame, barbaros dros odiSis samTavros Se-

madgenlobaSi Sedioda mTeli afxazeTi CerqezeTamde. bar-

baros cnobis si namdviles azustebs genueli jorjo

interiano (XV s.), romelic kargad icnobda CerqezeTs da

sa fuZvlianadac aRwera.

interianos mixedviT, saqarTvelos sazRvari CerqezeTTan

gadi oda angaqsiasTan. es unda iyos XIV_XV saukuneTa

italiur rukebze ga gris maxloblad CrdiloeTiT aRniSnu-

li geografiuli punqti: Avobaxia – pietro veskontes (1318 w.), Anogasia – graciozo benikazas (1480 w.), Avogassia – fre duCes (1497 w.) rukebze, Anogasi – XVI saukynis uka-naskneli meoTxedis ru kaze, romelic darTuli aqvs jovani

tomazo minadois Txzulebas3. an gaqsia interianos TqmiT,

kolxeTis nawils Seadgenda4. am brojo kontarinis gadmoce-

miT avogaziasTan gaZarcves papis elCi lu doviko bolon-

ieli da uzun-hasanis elCi5. unda aRiniSnos erTi saintereso

de tali: freduCes rukaze mcire monakveTi moniSnulia,

rogorc avogaziis sanapiro (costa Avogassia), xmeleTis Sig-

niT ki, iq sa dac kavkasionis qedi unda vigulisxmoT, kidev

meordeba igive saxel wodeba _ ufro msxvili SriftiT. avo-

1 iqve.

2 XV saukunis italieli mogzaurebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 55. 3 Minadoi G. T. Historia della guerra fra Turchi et persiani, Venezia, 1588.4 «qvivi confi nano con Angaxia, cioe parte di Colchide» (Interiano G., La vita

et sito de Zichi, chiamati Circass. His toria nobile, Venezia, Aldus, 1502, p. 4)5 Ramusio G. B., Op. cit., p. 119v.

448 449

gasis samxreTiT da gagris (Caccarj) CrdiloeTiT, e.i. am or

punqts Soris datanilia kidev erTi geografiuli punqti

(asea sxva rukeb zec) _ laiaco-aiaco (Laiazo, Lenazo, Aiazo), romelic p. ingoroyvam q. tuafses Zvel saxelTan gaaigiva1

p. ingoroyvas mosazrebas Tu gaviziarebT, maSin afxaze-

Tis loka lizeba mogvixdeba ara iq, sadac dRevandeli afx-

azeTia, aramed bevrad Crdilo-dasavleTiT, magram zemoT-

dasaxelebuli rukebis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, maSin ufro

swori iqneba laiaco dRevandeli adleris mida moebSi gveva-

rauda, xolo rac Seexeba avogazias, Tu aseTi saxel wodebis

qalaqi arsebobda2, maSin igi mdabareobda dRevandeli adl-

eris siaxloves, sadac interianos mixedviT saqarTvelos

jiqeTTan sazRvari gadioda. dabolos, unda gavixsenoT XIV

s. arabi istorikosi al-muhibi (gard. 1384 w.), romelic

werda: `dadiani ganagebs suxumsa da abxazs~3. amasve aRniS-

navda meore arabi istorikosi al-kalkaSandi4.

ganxilul wyaroebze dayrdnobiT SeiZleba koreqtivi Se-

vitanoT vaxuSti batoniSvilis cnobebsa da qarTul isto-

riografiaSi gaba tonebul mosazrebaSi (afxazeTis saerisTa-

voze TiTqos ar vrcelde boda dadian-be dianis xelisufleba)

da vTqvaT, rom XIV-XV saukuneebSi afxazeTis orive saeri-

sTavo odiSis saerisTavoSi Sedioda.

amgvarad, odiSis saerisTavos sazRvrebi XIV-XV sauku-

neebSi mdi nare bzifamde ki ar vrceldeboda, rogorc z. an-

CabaZe fiqrobda5, aramed ufro CrdiloeTiT, mdinare fsou-

1 ingoroyva p. giorgi merCule. qarTveli mwerali meaTe saukunisa, naw. I, Tb., 1954, gv. 123.

2 veskontes, benikazas da freduCes rukebze avogazia iseTive pirobiTi niSniT aris aRniSnuli, rogorc Savi zRvispireTis mniSvnelovani qalaqebi.

3 XIV-XV ss. arabi istorikosebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. arabu-

lidan Targmna, Sesavali, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo d. goColeiSvilma, Tb., 1981, gv. 53.

4 iqve, gv. 545 Анчабадзе З. В., Из истории средневековой Абхазии, c. 240.

mde (mZimTa) da mTeli afxazeTi odiSis sam TavroSi

Sedioda.

odiSis mTavris amgvari gaZlierebis miuxedavad (mas

emorCileboda guriis samTavro), rogorc imdroindeli

wyaroebidan irkveva, is mainc me fis uzenaes xelisuflebas

cnobda da emorCileboda. mefe gansa kuTrebul SemTxvevaSi

samTavros saqmeebSi ereoda. es garemoeba sakmaod naTlad

ais axa qarTul (vaxuSti batoniSvili, beri egnataSvili) da

ucxour wyaroebSi. iv. javaxiSvili kontarinisa da barbaros

cnobebze damyarebiT aRniSnavda: `bedianis samTavro am dros

Seadgenda calke politikur erTeuls, romelsac Tavisi

sazRvrebi da marTva-gamgeoba hqonda da saku Tari jari hyav-

da, mainc saqarTvelos mefes uzenaesi ufleba am samTavroze

SenarCunebuli hqonda da gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi is am

samTavros saqmeebSic ereoda xolme~1. marTlac kontarini,

rogorc TviTmxilveli, gadmogvcems, rom saqarTveloSi yof-

nisas, 1475 w. ivlisSi, samegrelos sazRvrebTan igi Sexvda

bagrat mefis jars, romelic samegreloSi iyo bedianis gar-

dacvalebasTan dakavSire biT momxdari raRac uTanxmoebis

gamo2.

isic unda aRiniSnos, rom bedians, msgavsad aTabagisa,

antios maluri koaliciis Sesaqmnelad evropaSi sakuTari

elCi ar gaugzavnia. rogorc Cans, mas XV saukunis 50-iani

wlebis dasasrulisaTvis jer kidev ar mou povebia politi-

kuri uflebebi imdenad, rom mefisagan da moukidebeli saga-

reo politika ewarmoebina.

bedianis avtoritetis zrdaze metyvelebs giorgi VIII-

isa da yvarey vare aTabagis 1459 w. romsa da burgonSi gag-

zavnil werilebi, romlebSic CamoTvlilia vin gamoTqva

koaliciaSi Sesvlis survili. maTSi samegrelos mTavari

mefed moxsenieba. eseni iyvnen: yvaryvare II, giorgi sparseTis

1 javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, IV, Tb., 1967, gv. 104.2 Ramusio G. B., Op. cit., p. 119r.

450 451

mefe, daviT trapezuntis imperatori, bendia samegre los

mefeman, rabia anakosiis (afxazeTis) mTavarma, da berdebeg

mcire somxeTis batonma1. rogorc z. anCabaZe aRniSnavda, ès

garemoeba, erTi mxriv, SeiZleba Sefase buli iqnes, rogorc

giorgi VIII-is miswrafeba ganedidebina koaliciis wevrebi,

raTa dasavleT evropis mbrZaneblebze, romelTaganac dax-

marebis miRebas cdilobda, mniSvnelovani STa beWdileba mo-

exdina, magram, meore mxriv, es faqti ueWvelad imaze miu-

TiTebs, rom bediani saqarTvelos erT-erTi umsxvilesi da

gav leniani mTavari iyo~2.

aucileblad unda aRiniSnos erTi mniSvnelovani momenti,

kerZod is rom werilis laTinur teqstSi afxazeTi ar we-

ria. igi m. Tama raSvilma Caamata da frCxilebSi moaTavsa

anakosiis ganmartebis mizniT _ afxazeTs niSnavso. es vari-

anti, rogorc SeiZleba vifiqroT, misaRebad CaTvala z. an-

CabaZem3 da man, Tavis mxriv, laTinur teqstSi mcire Ses-

woreba Seitana, romliTac anokazia (Anocasia) apokasiad

(Apocasia) mogvev lina da man mkvlevrisaTvis sasurveli JRe-

radoba (apokazia/afxazeTi) SeiZina. magram danamdvilebiT

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom arc m TamaraSvilis mier gamoqveynebul

laTinur werilSi da arc mis fondSi dacul masalebSi ar-

sad ar weria Apocasia. yvelgan aris Anocasia an Angosia4.

iv. javaxiSvilis mixedviT anakoziis mTavari igive ana-

kofiis mTa vari iyo. adre, rodesac am sakiTxs vexebodi,

gaviziare iv. javaxiSvilis mosaz reba da mxolod misi da-

zustebis mizniT moviSvelie z. anCabaZis naSromi da vTqvi,

rom rabia afxazebiT dasaxlebuli mTeli teritoriis eri-

sTavi ki ar iyo, aramed mxolod im nawilisa, romelic sa-

1 TamaraSvili m. gv. 595-596.

2 Анчабадзе З. В., Из истории средневековой Абхазии (VI-XVII вв), Суху-ми, 1959, c. 239; Анча бадзе З. В., Очерк истории Абхазской АССР, ч. I, Сухуми, 1960, с. 90-91.

3 Анчабадзе З. В., Из истории средневековой Абхазии, с. 253. 4 m. TamaraSvilis fondi, #1053.

bedianos Semadgenlo baSi ar Sedioda, mas afxazeTis saeri-

sTavo erqva da XV s. meore naxevarSi damoukideblobas

inarCunebda. igi anakofiidan nikofsiamde iyo gadaWimuli1.

es saiontereso sakiTxi maSin kvlevis sagnad ar gamixdia

da mxolod arsebul gamokvlevebs veyrdnobodi. ra Tqma

unda, arc is iyo marTali, rodesac Anocacia da Angosia anakofiasTan gavaigive. vfiqrob, Ra bia dux Anoca siae iyo jiqe-Tis (afxazTa monaTesave) mTavari da ara afxazeTisa. erTi

Sexed viT, amgvari mosazreba TiTqos saeWvoa maSin, roca

giorgi mefis mier burgonis dukasaTvis gagzavnil werilSi

cal-calke vxedavT `samegrelos mefe bendias~@ da ànikasi-

is mTavar rabias~. am werilSi afxazeTi naxsenebic ki ar

aris. magram roca vecnobiT 1460 wels saqarTvelos elCe bis

mier papisaTvis wardgenil@mokavSireebis sias, sadac bediani

moixsenieba samegrelos da afxazeTis mefed (Bendas Megre-liae et Abasiae Rex) da iqve mainc dasaxelebulia Fabia (igive Rabia dux Anogasiae), araviTari sa fuZveli ar rCeba imisaT-

vis, rom angoziaSi afxazeTi vigulisxmoT. es asec unda

yofiliyo, radgan, rogorc zemoT vnaxeT da SemdegSi kidev

ufro davrwmundebiT, aRniSnul periodSi afxazeTis teri-

toriaze da dianisagan damoukidebeli sxva romelime poli-

tikuri erTeuli ar arse bobda.

qarTuli samefo kari dainteresebuli iyo odiSis samTav-

ros sam flobeloebSi moqceuli soxumis, igive sevastopoli-

sis saSualebiT monawileoba mieRo saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi,

romelsac ZiriTadad genuelebi axorcielebdnen yirimis mTa-

vari savaWro faqtoriis kafas meTaurobiT.

genuis respublika adreve dainteresda aRmosavleTTan

vaWrobiT. man mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula jvarosnul

laSqrobebSi da savaWro privilegiebi moipova axlo aR-

mosavleTSi.

1 mamisTvaliSvili e. saqarTvelos sagareo politikuri urToerTobani, gv. 45-47.

452 453

veneciis mier inspirirebuli meoTxe jvarosnuli laSqro-

bis (1204 w.) Sedegad bizantiis imperiis mospobiT da mis

teritoriaze e. w. laTinTa im periis@ warmoSobiT, gaZli-

erda venecia. mis xelSi gadavida aRmosavleT Tan vaWroba.

magram genua ar urigdeboda Secvlil viTare bas da bizan-

tiis imperiis aRdgenas cdiolobda, rac ganaxorciela kidec

1261 wels. genuelebma Sav zRvaSi ubaJo vaWrobis ufleba

miiRes, maSin, rodesac ve necielebs saerTod aekrZalaT iq

Sesvla. mcire xnis Semdeg (1266 w.), genuelebma oqros ur-

dos yaenTan SeTanxmebiT, yirimis naxevarkunZulze miiRes

qalaqi feodosia, romelsac kafa ewoda. es qalaqi gadiqca

genuelebis mTavar dasayrdrnad Sav zRvaSi.

mokle droSi genuelebma aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi,

tanadan sevastopolisamde (cxumi) daarses 39 kolonia da

dasaxleba. aqedan Svidi kolonia iyo saqarTvelos Savi-

zRvispireTSi, romlebic mniSvnelovan eko nomikur, politi-

kur da kulturul rols TamaSobdnen mimdebare qveynebisa

da xalxebis cxovrebaSi XIV-XV saukuneebSi.

cxumis vaWroba ZiriTadad genuelebis xelSi iyo. es

qalaqi, rogorc barbaro aRniSnavda, bedianis samflobeloeb-

Si Sedioda. cxumi, germaneli mecnieris v. heidis TqmiT,

erT-erTi mtkiced nagebi cixe-sima gre iyo da amave dros

kavkasiis Savi zRvispira qveynebisaTvis um niSvnelovanes

`saqonlis sawyobs~ warmoadgenda1.

bedians ekuTvnoda, agreTve, zRvispiras mdebare didi Tu

mcire dasaxlebuli adgilebi. sainteresoa, rom graciozo

benikazas mier 1400 wels Sedgenil rukaze, freduCes 1497

w. rukaze da XV saukunis ucnobi kar tografis rukaze cx-

umis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT, mcire daSorebiT, iq sa dac md.

kelasuri zRvas erTvis, aRniSnulia SedarebiT nak-

lebmniSvnelo-vani punqti `megrelebis navsadguri~ (Porto Megrello). am navsadguris aRmocenebas X saukuneSi (adrin-

1 Heyd W., Geschichte des Lenantehandels im Mittelalter, S. 695.

del rukebze igi ar Cans) z. anCabaZe Sav zRvaSi genuelTa

koloniuri sistemis likvidacias da mas Tan erTad cxumis

dasustebas miawerda1.

XIV@saukunidan cxumSi ukve iyvnen genuis respublikis

konsulebi2. cxumis pirveli konsuli Cans 1354 wlidan. igi

iyo ambrojo de pietro3. cxumSi konsulis yofna, genuelTa

savaWro faqtoriis arsebobaze mi uTiTebs.

genuis analebidan (1424 w.) vigebT, rom am qalaqSi,

iseve, rogorc Savi zRvis sxva faqtoriebSi, genuis mTav-

roba adgilobriv mflobel Tan, e.i. bedianTan SeTanxmebiT

niSnavda konsuls, gadamwerebs da sxva moxeleebs4. aqve iyo

romis kaTolike episkoposis rezidencia.

cxumSi pirveli kaTolike episkoposi dainiSna 1318 wels.

moR weuli cnobebi am qalaqis sami kaTolike episkoposis

vinaobas aRniS navs. zemoT dasaxelebuli petre geraldis

werilidan irkveva, rom cxumSi iyo qarT veli marTlmadide-

beli episkoposis rezidenciac. imave werilidan gamomdi nare

ver gaviziareb TiTqos cxumSi da ara biWvin TaSi iyo dasav-

leT saqarTvelos kaTalikosis samyofeli. werilSi naTqva-

mia: ̀ zemoT naTqvami sasaflaos micemiT Zalian ganawyenebuli

darCa sqizmatikosi (qarTveli marTlmadidebeli – e.m.)

episkoposi da samRvdeloeba~. cota qvemoT aR niSnulia: `me-

samed aRmarTuli (jvrebi, qvebi) sqizmatikos episkoposTa

episkoposTan waiRes~5. amonarididan Cans, rom episkoposTa-

episkoposis, e.i. dasavleT saqarTvelos kaTalikosis rezi-

dencia, sadRac sxvagan, albaT, biWvinTaSi iyo.

miuxedavad imisa, rom 1318 w. cxumSi ukve imyofeboda

kaTolike episkoposi, 1330 w., rogorc episkoposi geraldis

1 Анчабадзе З. В., Из истории средневековой Абхазии, c. 243. 2 Donaver , La storia della republica di Genova, 1913, p. 160.3 Heyd W., Geschichte des Levantehandels im Mittelalter, S. 192.4 Annali della repubvlica di Genova, 1854, p. 304.5 kiknaZe v., saqarTvelos sagareo urTierTobis istoriidan, `mnaTobi~,

1982, #9, gv. 157.

454 455

werilidan irkveva, ka Tolikebs jer kidev ar hqondaT Tavi-

anTi eklesia, episkoposic us axlkarod imyofeboda da Tavs

irCenda qarTvelebisagan Sewirulobe biT1. aseT viTarebaSi

saeWvod meCveneba imis Tqma, rom kaTolikuri saek lesio kaT-

edra Tbilisis garda cxumSic arsebobda2.

cxumi Tavisi kargi mdebareobis gamo didi xnis ganmav-

lobaSi kavkasiis SavizRvispireTis vaWrobis centrad iTv-

leboda. cxumSi gacxovelebul savaWro urTierTobebze miu-

TiTebs 1449 wels genuaSi miRe buli dadgenileba Savi zRvis

faqtoriebisaTvis. masSi Cans cxumis konsu lis uflebebi

eqsport-importze Rirebulebis erTi procentis gad-

axdevinebis Sesaxeb, rac TavisTavad am qalaqis savaWro

mniSvnelo baze metyvelebs3.

cxumze bedianis xelisufleba vrceldeboda da, ra Tqma

unda, mas vaWrobidan miRebul qalaqis Semosavalze preten-

zia eqneboda. savarau doa, amis gamo xdeboda bediansa da

kolonist xelisufalT Soris kon fliqti4, romlis TavianT

sasargeblod mogvarebiT genuelebi didad dainterese bulni

iyvnen.

genueli vaWrebi cxumSi iZendnen adgilobrivi warmoebis

sagnebsa da produqtebs: xe-tyes5, cvils, bewveuls, soflis

meurneobis produ qtebs. genuelebs SemohqondaT marili, fu-

funebis sagnebi, iaraRi da dasavleT evropis sxvadasxva na-

warmi.

cxumi iTvleboda, agreTve, monebiT vaWrobis erT-erT

mniSvnelovan centrad. monaTvaWroba uZvelesi da mtkivneuli

problema iyo mTeli Savi zRvispireTis mosaxleobisaTvis.

1 iqve.

2 iqve, gv. 158.3 Записки Одесского Общества Истории и Древностей, X, c. 809.4 Nuovo Archivio Veneto. Nuovo serie – anno XIV, t. XXVIII, parte I, Venezia,

1914, p. 392.5 afxazeTis teritoriaze xe-tyiT vaWrobis centri iyo biWvinTis maxlo-

blad mdebare kavo buqso. Ibidem.

didi mwuxarebiT werda cxumis kaTolike episkoposi petre

geraldi 1330 wels cxumSi da sxva adgilebSi adgilobrivi

didkacobis mier qristianTa muslimebze gayidvis gamo.

episkoposs mohyavs erTi aseTi magaliTi: àmgvarad, aq aris

pativmoyvare qalaqi (cxumi – e.m.), sadac daumsaxureblad

daniSnuli var umaRlesi mRvdelmTavris (papis – e.m.) nebas-

urviliT. rogorc xma dadis, erT dros aq asi qristiani

mihyides sarkinozebs. maT es qristi anebi sarkinozTa qvey-

anaSi waiyvanes da iq sarkinozebad aqcies... miuxedavad imisa,

rom aq mbrZaneblebi qristianebi arian, arc am sakiTxsa da

arc sxvaSi ar migone ben~1.

monebiT vaWroba genuelebTan sruli TavisuflebiT

sargeblobda da am saqmis iniciatorni dasavleT saqarTvelo-

Si TviTonve iyvnen. rogorc z. anCabaZe aRniSnavda: isini

`Semdegi drois Turq monaTvaWre bis Rirseuli winaprebi

iyvnen2.

Savi zRvispireTSi arsebuli genuis koloniebis 1449

wlis wesde baSi dakanonebuli forma aqvs monebiT vaWrobas.

masSi vkiTxulobT: `TiToeuls ra wodebisac ar unda iyos

igi, ufleba aqvs sruliad Tavisu flad, konsulis mxriv

raime SezRudvis gareSe, piradad an sxvebis Sua mavlobiT

SeiZinos mamuli, saqoneli da adamianebi. Tu konsuli myid-

vels an gamyidvels SeuSlis xels, yvela SemTxvevaSi da-

jarimdeba 5 somniT~3. monebiT vaWrobaSi genuelebs arc

venecielebi Ca morCebodnen, rogorc yirimis savaWro kolo-

niebis istoriis cnobili italieli mkvlevari j. kanale

SeniSnavda, venecielebs yvelaze metad izidavda vaWroba

qarTveli bavSvebiT, `romlebic egvipteSi mihyavdaT, sadac

SiSis zaris damcem mamlu qTa brboebs qmnidnen~4.

1 kiknaZe v., saqarTvelos sagareo urTierTobis istoriidan, gv. 157. 2 Анчабадзе З. В., Из истории средневековой Абхазии, c. 246.3 Записки Одесского Общества Истории и Древностей, V, c. 396.4 Canale G., Della Crimea, p. 65.

456 457

XV s. meore naxevari, iseve, rogorc italielebis Savi

zRvispire Tis sxva koloniebisaTvis, cxumisTvisac sabedis-

wero aRmoCnda. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom genuis koloniebze

Steva osmalebma cxumis aklebiT daiwyes. italiuri wyaroe-

bis mixedviT, 1454 w. ivlisSi1 osmaleTis floti (52 gal-

era) Sav zRvaSi Sevida da genuis koloniebze Tavdasxma

monkastroTi (dRevandeli akermani) daiwyo, magram igi ver

aiRes. amis Semdeg cxums daecnen da gaZarcves2. aqedan ka-

fasken gae Surnen da yirimis xanis daxmarebiT scades am

qalaqis aReba, magram ver SeZles. osmalebi imiT dak-

mayofildnen kafas konsulma yovelwliuri xarkis gadaxda

rom ikisra3.

osmalebis samxedro moqmedebaze Crdilo-dasavleT Savi

zRvispireTSi zogierT damatebiT cnobas gvawvdis vaxuSti

batoniSvili, Tumca es ambavi daTariRebuli aqvs 1451 wliT.

sulTnis floti 50 katar RiT (rogorc zemoT iTqva, sxva

cnobiT osmalebs 52 galera hyavdaT) da sakmaod didi jar-

iT miadga afxazeTis sanapiros da aRaoÃrnes da moswyÂdnes

cxomi da afxazeTi da zRvis pirni.. ukun iqcnen da warvid-

nen~. mefe giorgi VIII saswrafod gaeSura afxazeTSi Se-

Wrili mtris mosagerie blad, magram daigviana. osmalebi ukan

gabrunebuliyvnen. mefem gaxiznuli xalxi ukan daabruna, mx-

are gaamagra, saqmeebi moawesriga da geguTSi dabrunda4.

amgvarad, vaxuSti batoniSvilis mixedviT, osmalebma mx-

olod cxumi ki ar gaZarcves, aramed afxazeTis sanapiroxe

arsebuli genuis sxva kolo niebic.

osmalTagan aklebis Sedegebs jer kidev ar gaevlo,

rodesac 1455 wlis 28 ivliss cxumma axali Tavdasxma

1 m. svaniZis gamokvleviT osmalebma cxumi aiRes 1454 w. ivnisis dasaruls

an ivlisis dasawyisSi. svaniZe m. saqarTvelo-osmaleTis istoriis narkvevebi, Tb., 1990, gv. 112.

2 Записки Одесского Общества Истории и Древностей,, VIII, c. 114.3 Тамже.4 qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 284.

ganicada. amasTan dakavSirebiT gvaqvs erTaderTi laTinuri

wyaro _ werili cxumis maSindeli konsulis gerardo

pinelisa. werilSi naTqvamia: `me Cavibare sevasto polisis

konsu loba... davyavi iq mcire xani... moulodnelad mas Tavs

daesxnen avogazebi da mosaxleoba erTianad gaiqca Tavis ga-

dasarCenad. mec maTsaviT moviqeci. [avogazebs] surdaT [mosax-

leobis] didi nawilis datyveveba. amis Semdeg me, davkarge

ra yvelaferi, davbrundi kafaSi~1. ga momcemelma a. viniam am

wer ils daurTo mcire anotacia, romelSic avogazebi afxa-

zebad CaTvala. anotaciaSi weria, Semdegi: `gerardo pin eli,

sevastopolisis konsuli pro teqtorebs moaxsenebs afxaze-

bis mier koloniis gaZarcvaze da iTxovs mfarvelobas~2.

avogazebSi jiqebi rom unda igulisxmebodnen, amaze ukve

iTqva.

z. anCabaZe, eyrdnoboda ra f. brunis gamokvlevas, cxumze

Tavdamsxmelebad afxazebi miaCnda da am faqts gaiazrebda,

rogorc afxazebis ajanyebas genuelebis winaaRmdeg. imis

dasamtkiceblad, rom afxazebi cxumSi adrec ibrZodnen eqs-

ploatatorTa winaaRmdeg, z. anCabaZe imowmebs ukve ramden-

jerme xsenebul kaTolike episkoposs petre geralds,

romelic TiTqos ambobs, rom cxumSi genuelebi sistematur

Seviwroebas da saSiSroebas ganicdian am qalaqSi mcxovrebi

àRmosav leTis qristianebis gan~3. gansvenebuli mecnieri àR-

mosavleTis qristi anebSi~ afxazebs xedavda. Znelia amgvari

mosazrebis gaziareba, radgan petre geraldi afxazebs saer-

1 À qua inrecognitionem laborum susceperam consulatum Savastopolis. In quo loco dum me repo suis... lattu ilo fun...paucissimo spatio ibidem commorano in-opinate locum Auogasij. Cuntispue fugientibus ut saltem saluas facerant per sonas. Ego ceteros sum secutius. Qvo actum est ut perdiderimus oppidum et plures dux-erint in captiulatem. Sic puod expilianus omni facultate Caffam redij~ (Atti della societa Ligurie, v. VI, p. I, Genova, 1868, doc. 129, p.318).

2 `Gerardo Pinelli console di Savastopolli notifi ca al protettori il sacco dato alla colonia dagli Abasii e loro si raccomanda~ (Ibidem, p. 317)

3 Анчабадзе З. В., Из истории средневековой Абхазии, c. 247

458 459

Tod ar axsenebs, albaT, imitom, rom is ini maSin cxumSi

saerTod ar cxovrobdnen. igi Tavis werilSi mxolod erTx-

el miuTiTebs àRmosavleTis qristianebze~, roca dasavle-

Tis qristianul samyaros mi marTavs: `SeibraleT aRmosavle-

Tis qristianebi, romlebic iCagrebian da TavianT

gaWirvebaze tirian~1.

rac Seexeba jiqebis (Tundac afxazebi vigulisxmoT),

rogorc TviTmxilvelis naTqvamidan Cans, cxumze Tavdasxma,

ajanyebulTa SurisZiebis gamoxatuleba ki ar iyo, aramed

adgilobrivi mosaxleobis agan gansxvavebul ucxotomelTa

mier nadavlisa da tyveebis xelSi Cag debis mizniT qalaqis

akleba.

adgilobrivi mosaxleoba ukmayofilo iyo genuelebis

koloniza toruli moqmedebiT. genuelebi TavianT faqtoriebs

qalaqis teritori aze qmnidnen da zogjer maT xelSi qalaq-

is mTeli kvartalebi aR moCndeboda xolme. isini TavianTi

adaTebiTa da kanonebiT cxovrobdnen da angariSs ar uwevd-

nen mosaxleobis ZiriTadi masis interesebs. mkvidri

mosaxleo bisTvis ucxo iyo kaTolicizmic, romelsac ZaliT

ax vevdnen marTlmadide bel qarTvelebs. mravlis mTqmelia

cxumis kaTo like episkoposis petre geraldis werili, said-

anac Cans, rom mis dros cxumSi qarTvelebTan er Tad cxov-

robdnen muslimanebi2 da ebraelebi. roca dadianma kaTo-

likebs calke sasaflao gamouyo, aman cxumelebis didi

ukmayofileba gamoiwvia. aRSfoTebulma xalxma laTinTa sa-

saflaos SuagulSi amarTuli jvari amoglija da 15 sasa-

flaos qvac daamtvria. `laTinebma xelaxla aRmarTes isini,

1 kiknaZe v., saqarTvelos sagareo urTierTobis istoriidan, gv. 157. 2 cxumSi mcxovrebi muslimanebi, ZiriTadad rumis sasulTnodan mosuli

Turq-seljukebi iyvnen. isini did rols asrulebdnen saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi.

am mosazrebis safuZvels warmoadgens saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionSi, maT Soris, zRvispireTSi aRmo Cenili rumis sasulTnoSi moWrili monetebi. beraZe

T. zRvaosnoba da sazRvao vaWroba Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi (sadoqtoro

disertacia), Tb., 1985, gv. 110.

aqaurma sqizmatikosebma, Rvdlebma da xalxma, sarkinozTa da

iude velTa xelis SewyobiT, mesamed aRmarTuli (jvrebi, qve-

bi) sqizmatikos episkoposTa episkoposTan waiRes~1.

adgilobrivi marTlmadidebeli qarTveloba ukmayofilo

iyo da dianis keTilganwyobiT laTinebis mimarT. àm qveynis

mbrZanebeli, _ wers episkoposi geraldi, _ romelic saqarT-

velos jaris mxedarTmTava ric aris, mzad aris mTeli Tavisi

laSqriT, dasavleTis qristianebTan erTad (muslimanebis wi-

naaRmdeg – e.m.) gasalaSqreblad. igi ase iqceva: romauli

eklesiisadmi morCilebasa, kaTolikobis miRebaze da sarwmu-

noebis erTianobaze Tanaxmaa. aqaur ka Tolikebs sasaflaoc

misca~2.

laTinebisa da qarTvelebis dapirispirebaSi garkveul

rols asrulebda genuelTa qedmaRloba. petre geraldi da-

ufaravad wers qarT velTa Semwynareblobaze, isini ar asx-

vavebdnen marTlmadideblebsa da ka Tolikebs, winaaRmdegni

ar iyvnen qonodaT saerTo sasaflao. ma gram genuelebi

ukadrisobdnen da TavianT micvalebulebs qarTvelTa sasa-

flaos gareT marxavdnen.

genuelTa sawinaaRmdego ganwyobilebas aRvivebdnen cx-

umSi mcxovrebi muslimanebi da iudevelni, romlebic, albaT,

ZiriTadad, savaWro saqmianobas eweodnen da, bunebrivia, cx-

umSi genueli vaWrebis mo kalaTeba maTs interess laxavda.

amitom isini marTlmadidebeli qarTvelebis mokavSireebad

gamodiodnen genuelTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi.

cxumis zedized orjer aklebis Semdeg genuelTa mdgo-

mareoba uaR resad arastabiluri Seiqmna: 1454 wlis 23 oq-

tombers genuaSi airCies Sem degi, 1455 wlis, konsulebi Savi

da azovis zRvebis koloniebisaTvis. cxumis konsulad air-

Cies filipo klaverenca. konsulebi arCeuli iyvnen, Cveu-

lebriv, genuaSi gabatonebuli patriciebis rigebidan, magram

1 kiknaZe v. saqarTvelos sagareo urTierTobis istoriidan, gv. 1572 iqve.

460 461

maT uari sTqves ficis dadebaze, radgan ar surdaT zemoT-

dasaxelebul adgilebSi wasvla saSiSi mdgomareobis gamo. am

dros genuasa da osmaleTs Soris im denad daZabuli mdgo-

mareoba iyo, rom genuis floti Sav zRvaSi veRar Sedioda

da koloniebTan kavSirs xmeleTiT axor cielebda. proteq-

torebi iZulebulni gaxdnen konsulebad dabali warmoSobis

adamianebi aerCiaT. cxumis konsuli gaxda xsenebuli gerar-

do pineli.

1456 w. 6 Tebervals genuaSi kvlav Catarda Savi zRvis

faqtoriebis konsulebisa da sxva moxeleebis arCeva. cxumis

konsulad airCies franCesko lomelino1, magram man iseve,

rogorc Savi zRvis sxva koloniebis axlad arCeulma kon-

sulebma, uari ganacxada am Tanamdebo bis dakavebaze. imave

wlis 23 Tebervals xelaxla moewyo arCevnebi. am jerad kon-

sulad airCies kaspare de kolunus alberti2. me ar vici

dai kava Tu ara man Tanamdeboba, magram erTi ram cxadia, Sem-

dgomi drois dokumen tebSi (romelTa naxvac SevZeli), mTeli

17 wlis ganmavlobaSi araviTari cnoba ar aris cxumis kon-

sulis arCevaze.

miuxedavad imisa, rom genuelebma SemdegSi mainc SeZles

afxazeTsa da dasavleT saqarTvelos sxva adgilebSi dab-

runeba3, Zveli poziciebi veRar aRidgines. am droidan iwyeba

cxumis dacema da SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom erT dros ayvave-

buli savaWro da adminis traciuli centri, imave sau kunis

70-ian wlebSi barbaros mier mxolod cixe-simagredRa ixse-

nieba4.

XV s. 70-iani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi sabedianos gav-

lenis qveS arsebuli teritoriebi imdenad Semcirebula,

1 Atti della societa Ligurie, v. VI, p. 529.2 Ibidem, p. 532. m. volkovis mixedviT, 1456 w. cxumis konsulad airCies

oliver kalvi, magram wyaros ar uTiTebs. ix. Записки Одесского Общества Истории и Древностей,, VIII, 1882, c. 137.

3 Atti della societa Ligurie, v. VI, №№ 129, 658, 670, 790, 1032.4 XV saukunis italielTa cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 55.

rom kontarinis TqmiT, misi gavla sam dReSi SeiZleboda1.

imave kontarinis cnobidan irkveva, rom bedi ans daukargavs

baTumi da misi mimdebare teritoria, romelic aTabagis xel-

Si gadasula. magram kontarins ar aviwydeba aRniSnos, rom

baTumi `me grelebis qveyanas ekuTvnis~2.

XV s. 70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, msgavsad samcxe-saaTa-

bagosi, arc sabediano Cans antiosmaluri koaliciisadmi

keTilganwyobili. Tumca am mosazrebis damamtkicebeli raime

pirdapiri sabuTi ar Cans. magram is ma salebi, romlebic maS-

indel viTarebas asaxavs, aseTi varaudis daSvebis safuZvels

namdvilad iZleva.

XV s. 70-iani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi Savi zRvis sana-

piroebis mTel rig punqtebSi jer kidev genuelebi batono-

ben. aseve iTqmis sevastopo liszec (cxumi), romelic, rogorc

barbaro aRniSnavda, bedianis samflobeloebSi Sedioda. aseve

ekuTvnoda bedians saqarT velos Savi zRvispiras mdebare

didi Tu mcire dasaxlebuli adgilebi3, romlebTanac genu-

elebi met-naklebad dakavSirebuli iyvnen da savaWro urT-

ierTobac hqondaT.

saqarTvelosTan vaWrobas kafas genueli xelisufalni

gansa kuTre bul yuradRebas uTmobdnen da ufrTxildebodnen.

kanonmdebloba ibrZoda kafasa da saqarTvelos Soris vaWro-

bis saqmeSi calkeuli pirebis raime monopoliuri uflebis

winaaRmdeg. juzepe kanale aRniSnavda, rom am principuli

miznis ganxorcielebas emsaxureboda genuis respublikis

dadgenilebebi 1382-1434 wlebSi4. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba

eqceoda ima sac, rom vaWroba Seuferxeblad warmarTuliyo.

kafas xelisufleba cdilobda daecva, rogorc saqarTvelo-

Si komer ciiT dakavebuli genuelebis interesebi, iseve im

1 Ramusio G. B., Op. cit., p. 118r. 2 Ibidem, p. 114v. 3 Ibidem, p. 96v.4 Canale G., Della Crimea, del suo commercio e dei suoi dominatori dall origini

fi no al di nostri, v. II, Genova, 1856, p. 352, 374.

462 463

qarTveli vaWrebis in teresebic, romlebic kafaSi daiarebod-

nen an mudmivad iq cxovrobdnen.

saqarTvelo afxazeTSi da, saerTod, Crdilo da aRmosav-

leT SavizRvispireTis genuis savaWro koloniebs ukavSird-

eboda saxmeleTo gziT, romliTac, imave dros, Crdilo

kavkasiasTan da ruseTTan urTierToba xorcieldeboda. am

saqaravno gzas, romliTac qarTvelebs garda sargeblobdnen

mezoblebic, misi av-kargianoba aRwera barbarom1.

saqarTvelo genuis respublikasTan kavSirs axorcieleb-

da kafas saSualebiT. am urTierTobas asaxavs XIV s. bolos

kafas sabWos mier miRebuli dadgenilebebi, romlebSic sxva

qveynebTan erTad (trapizonis imperia, oqros urdo da sxv.)

moxseniebulia saqarTvelo2.

1398 wlis erTi sabuTidan vigebT, rom giorgi VII-sa

trapizonis imperators saCivari aRuZravT maTi qveSevrdome-

bis kafaSi Seviwrovebis gamo. raTa gamoerkviaT samarTliani

iyo Tu ara kafas konsulisa da sab Wos moqmedeba, genuaSi

daadgines, Seqmniliyo komisia oTxi kacis Se madgenlobiT

(ori vaWari, ori iuristi). im SemTxvevaSi, Tu konsulisa

da sabWos mier qarTvelebisa da trapezunelebis SemzRud-

veli kanonebi usamarTlod iqneboda miCneuli, maSin isini

unda gauqmebuliyo3.

kafasa da saqarTvelos Soris rom gacxovelebuli

savaWro urTier Toba arsebobda, amaze metyvelebs Cvenamde

moRweuli ramdenime sabuTi. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas im-

saxurebs 1468 w. 15 maisis erTi werili, ro melic genuidan

kafaSia gagzavnili. masSi laparakia im davis Sesaxeb, ro-

melic wamoiWra, erTis mxriv, kafas moqalaqeebsa _ avram beisa.

xoja ko tulsasa, amirbeis vaJebsa da, meores mxriv, saqarT-

velos mefes Soris. es dava imdenad seriozuli iyo, rom

1 XV saukunis italielTa cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 60.2 Canale G., Op. cit., p. 352, 374.3 Ibidem, p. 352.

genuis proteqtorebi misi SeswavliT dakavebulni iyvnen

mTeli zafxulis ganmavlobaSi. saqme imaSi mdgo mareobda, rom

saqarTvelos mefis erT-erTma qveSevr domma, quTaiselma gior-

gi kecaZem (gvaris zustad dadgena Znelia), zemoT dasaxele-

bul kafe lebs zarali miayena, romlis saerTo Rire buleba

TanxebSi gadayvanili Seadgenda 83.191 kafas vercxlis aspers.

werilidan ar Cans, ra formiT ganicades kafelebma zarali

(valis ar dabruneba, qonebis miTviseba Tu sxv.), magram faq-

tia, rom im droisaTvis es uzarmazari Tanxa iyo.

werilidan gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ipyrobs is gadaw-

yvetileba, romelic kafas konsuls miuRia: kafaSi mcxovrebi

qarTvelebis qonebis konfiskaciiT moexdinaT zaralis kompen-

sacia. kafas konsulma Tavisi es gadawyvetileba genuis pro-

teqtorebs acnoba da imedi hqonda, rom iqidan Tanxmobas mi-

iRebda cxovrebaSi misi gatarebisaTvis. magram genuis sagareo

mdgomareobis seriozulad ganxilvis Semdeg, pro teqtorebma

daadgines: ar daeSvaT kafaSi qarTvelebis Seviwroeba, radgan

es gamoiwvevda urTierTobis gamwvavebas saqarTvelos mefes-

Tan. genuaSi aucileblad CaT vales masTan mSvidobis SenarCu-

neba. ùmjobesia fulis dakargva,- werdnen proteqtorebi,-

vidre omi mezobel sinior Tan~. isini dazaralebulebs imiT

amSvidebdnen, rom dadgeboda xel sayreli dro da maSin Seecde-

bodnen maTi qonebis dabrunebas. imave dros masariebs1 ubr-

Zanes, rom zaralis nawilobriv anazRaurebis mizniT 26.393

aspri waerTmiaT giorgi kecazes kreditori somxebisaTvis2.

saqarTveloSi genuelebisaTvis miyenebul zaralze lapa-

rakia, agreTve, Semdgomi periodis (1472 w. 18 ivnisi) wer-

ilSi, magram, amjerad, saqme ise mogvarebula, rom genu-

elebi kmayofilni darCenilan3.

1 masariebi _ sazogadoebrivi Semosavlis zedamxedveli moxeleebi.

2 Canale, v. I, Genova, 1855, p. 352, 374; Atti della societa Ligurie, v. VI, p. 534-535.

3 Atti della societa Ligurie, v. VI, p. 875.

464 465

kafaSi rom mravlad iyvnen qarTveli vaWrebi, amaze miu-

TiTebs erTi cnoba, romelic kafas dacemisa da misi mosax-

leobisadmi os malebis mopy robis ambavs asaxavs. `1475 wlis

6 ivniss qalaqi mters danebda, xolo 7 da 8 ricxvebSi

yvela qristiani _ valaxebi, polonelebi, rusebi, qarTvele-

bi, Cerqezebi da sxvani daatyveves, qoneba waarTves, maTi

nawili monebad gay ides, nawilsac borkilebi gauyares~1.

miuxedavad imisa, rom genuelebs sevastopolisSi kon-

suli da sxva moxeleebi hyavdaT, rogorc Cans, am qalaqis

sruli batonpatroni mainc bediani iyo. amaze pirdapir miu-

TiTebs barbaro2. Tavisi amgvari mdgo mareo bis gamo sevasto-

polisi sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeboda Savi zRvispira sxva

savaWro faqtoriebisagan, romlebSic genuelebi sruliad

damoukideblad grZnobdnen Tavs. sevastopolisSi da bedi-

anis sxva samflobeloebSi isini iZulebulni iyvnen angariSi

gaewiaT bedianis pretenziebisaTvis. miuxedavad amisa, genue-

lebs mainc xSirad uxdebodaT masTan konfliqti, rac

uaryofiT gavlenas axdenda maTs savaWro saqmianobaze3.

genuelebi bedianTan kargi urTierTobiT dainteresebulni

iyvnen, radgan sevastopolisi kavkasiasTan vaWrobis umniS-

vnelovanesi centri iyo. genuel vaWrebs aq didi mogeba hqon-

daT, xolo TviT genua mniSvnelovan gadasaxadebs iRebda4.

genua Tavisi umTavresi konkurentis, veneciis dasuste-

biT imdenad dainteresebuli iyo, rom saqristianos dauZ-

inebel mterTan, mehmed II-sTan, kavSirsac ki ar erideboda.

genuelebisaTvis kargad cnobili iyo venecielebis antios-

maluri saqmianoba da yovelnairad uSlidnen xels. genu-

elebma, albaT, isic kargad icodnen, rogori urTierToba

1 Canale G., Della Crimea, p. 3502 XV saukunis italielTa cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 55.3 Heyd W. Geschichte des Lenantehandels im Mittelalter, II B., Stuttgart,

1879, S. 392.4 Зевакин Е.С. и Пенчко Н.А. Очерки по истории генуэзских колоний на

Западном Кавказе. «Исторические записки», #3, Л., 1936, с. 85.

arsebob vda veneciasa da antiomalurad ganwyobil qveynebs

Soris da isini yvelafers akeTebdnen antiosmaluri koalici-

is sazianod. vimeoreb, amgvari varaudis damadasturebeli

raime pirdapiri cnoba ar gagvaCnia, ma gram aq ar SeiZleba ar

gavixsenoT is momenti, rodesac XV s. 60-iani wlebis Sua

xanebSi genuis respublika bedianTan kavSirs amyarebda kafas

konsulis meSveobiT.

bediansa da genuelebs Soris urTierTobis gamwvaveba

XV s. Sua xanebidan iwyeba. yovel SemTxvevaSi sabuTebi am

periodidan gvaqvs, romlebsac qvemoT gavecnobiT.

kafis konsulis rafaele monterosis 1464 w. 14 da 17

seqtembris werilidan vigebT, rom bedianma Zaladoba gam-

oiCina kafel vaWrebze, ri Tac kafas xelisufalTa da, ra

Tqma unda, TviT dazaralebulTa didi ukmayo fileba gamoi-

wvia. kafas konsulma dauyovnebliv saCivriT mimarTa genuis

san-jorjos bankis proteqtorebs da daxmareba sTxova

`samar Tli anobis~ aRsadgenad1.

genuis proteqtorebi kargad grZnobdnen Secvlil vi-

Tarebas, maT ar SeswevdaT unari iaraRiT daecvaT TavianTi

moqalaqeebis sicocxle da qoneba da kafas mesveurebsa da

dazaralebul qveSevrdomebs ubrZanes: SurisZiebisaTvis nu

aCqardebian, xelsayrel dros daelodnon, manamde ki bedians

Tavi moaCvenon megobrad.

vaWrobis garda, genuelebi bedianTan kargi urTierTobis

Sesanar Cuneblad samxedro TvalsazrisiTac dainteresebulni

iyvnen2.

genuidan gagzavnili rCeva-darigeba kafelebs WkuaSi

daujdaT da SurisZiebis nacvlad bedians megobroba Ses-

Tavazes. magram bedianis gulis mogeba kafelebisaTvis ioli

1 Atti della societa Ligurie, p. 321.2 Ibidem, p. 335, 338-339. werili Sedgenilia 1465 w. 15, 18 da 25 maiss.

rogorc werili dan Cans, igi sxvadasxva dros iwereboda, imisda mixedviT, rogori Tanmimdev robiT ganixilavdnen genuaSi kafasTan dakavSirebul sakiTx-

ebs. werili sakmaod vrceli da Si naarsiT mravalferovania.

466 467

ar unda yofiliyo. 1465 w. 1 dekembers genuadan kafas kon-

sulisaTvis gagzavnil werilSi naTqvamia, rom `Cven kmay-

ofilni varT mengreliis baton bendianosTan saqmeebis kar-

gad SeTanx mebiT. magram ukeTu raime xarjebi iqneba gaweuli,

gibrZanebT, mTlianad an nawilnawil daakisroT im genuelebs,

vinc mis teritorize vaWroben an droebiT cxovroben~1.

zemoT moyvanili werilidan, marTalia, ar Cans, magram,

saeWvoa, rom genuisaTvis iseTi rTuli sagareo viTarebis

dros bedianTan dadebul xelSekrulebaSi mxolod

vaWrobasTan dakavSirebuli sa kiTxebi yofiliyo gaTval-

iswinebuli.

rogorc Semdgomi drois werilidan Cans, genuas ar ak-

mayofilebda bedianTan arsebuli urTierTobis done. igi

ufro mWidro kavSirisaken miiswrafoda.

1472 w. 15 dekembers kafas konsulisaTvis gagzavnil

oficialur werilSi genuis proteqtorebi did kmayofile-

bas gamosTqvamdnen imis gamo, rom konsuli cdilobda mSvi-

dobiani urTierToba daemyarebina yvela im xalxTan da mTa-

varTan, romlis teritoriazec mdebareobda re spublikis

faqtoriebi: àseve kmayofilni varT imiT,- werdnen isini,-

rasac Tqven gvwerdiT sevastopolisis mTavar bendianTan

mtkice mSvidobis damyarebis imedebze~2.

rogorc imave wlis 18 ivlisis erT-erTi vrceli wer-

ilidan Cans, kafas konsuls gofredo lerkaris proteq-

torebis imedebi gaumarTle bia da bedianTan saqme ise moug-

varebia, rom Tavidan aucilebia SeiaraRebuli konfliqti3.

unda vifiqroT, rom bedianTan `mtkice mSvidoba~,

romelzec pro teqtorebi ase did imeds amyarebdnen, antios-

1 Ibidem, p. 357. Sdr. Зевакин Е.С. и Пенчко Н.А., Очерки по истории генуэзских колоний на Запад ном Кавказе, c. 114; Анчабадзе З. В., Из истории средневековой Абхазии (VI-XVII вв), c. 246.

2 Зевакин Е.С. и Пенчко Н.А., Ук. труд, c. 112-113; Анчабадзе З. В., Из ис-тории средневековой Абхазии УК. труд, c. 246.

3 Atti della societa Ligurie, v. II, parte I, p. 875.

maluri koaliciis wevrebTan samegrelos mTavris kavSirs

gamoricxavda.

cxumis dacema, ZiriTadad, dakavSirebuli iyo Sav zRvaSi

osmalebis moqmede basTan. osmalebisagan Seviwroebulma genu-

elebma TandaTan miatoves TavianTi koloniebi. z. anCabaze

varaudobda, rom genuelebs cxumi unda mietovebinaT kafas

dacemamde (1475 w.) ori wliT adre, e. i. 1473 wels1. magram

genuelebis cxumidan wasvlis TariRis ufro dazusteba Sei-

Zleba, radgan aRniSnul wels cxumis konsulia qristoforo

de kanevale2. amde nad, ufro swori iqneba Tqma imisa, rom

kafas dacemasTan er Tad genuelTa koloniam cxumSi arseboba

Sewyvita.

1474 wlis gazafxulze, rodesac veneciis elCi katerino

Zeno uzun hasanis davalebiT evropaSi brundeboda, man,

rogorc iTqva, poloneTidan werili gaugzavna `samegrelos

mefe melikos~3. am dros odiSis mTavari iyo Samadavle dadi-

ani (1474-1477), liparit dadianis Ze. Zenom mas osmalebis

winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad mouwoda. magram genuelTa zemoq-

medebiTa da da Tavisi interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, aseve

50-60-ian wlebis mijnaze da 70-iani wlebis pirvel naxevar-

Si arsebuli erTmaneTisagan sruliad gansxvavebuli viTare-

bebis Sefasebis Semdeg, is mxars aRar uWerda antios maluri

koaliciis Seqmnis ideas, romlis ganxorcieleba axlo

aRmosav leTsa da amierkavkasiaSi mxolod ay-yoiunlus saxelm-

wifos poziciebisa da gavlenis gaZlierebas gamoiwvevda. gan-

sxvavebuli politikis gatareba miT ufro gamarTle buli

Canda, rom genuis poziciebi Savi zRvispireTSi sustdeboda,

osmaleTi ki jerjerobiT odiSis samTavros raime seriozul

safrTxes ar uqmnida. osmalebis mier Savi zRvispireTis ak-

1 Анчабадзе З. В., Из истории средневековой Абхазии, c. 248.2 Canale G., Della Crimea, II, p. 338. 3 XV saukunis italielTa cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, gv. 35. `meliqi~

arabu lad niSnavs mflobels, gamgebels, mefes.

468 469

lebas bediani, albaT naklebad angariSgasawev epizodad Tv-

lida, maSin, rodesac yvela qarTvelisaTvis zedmiwevniT kar-

gad cnobili iyo uzun hasanTan `megobrobis~ Sedegebi.

2. odiSis samTavros osmaleTTan

urTierTobis istoriidan

(XVI s. 50-iani wlebi)

osmaleTis gavlena dasavleT saqarTveloSi ise myari ar

iyo, rogorc iranisa aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi. imereTis

samefosa da samTavroebis Sinaur saqmeebSi Carevis xelsay-

rel pirobebs qmnida maTi swrafva gankerZoebisaken. odiSisa

da guriis mTavrebi jer kidev amasiis zavamde (1555 w.)

atarebdnen iseT politikas, romliTac isini sulTnis

morCile baSi aRmoCndnen.

sainteresoa erTi anonimi venecielis cnoba, saidanac

vigebT, rom odiSis mTavari osmaleTs xarks ar uxdida.

rogorc sulTnis vasali, igi valdebuli iyo, 30 (!) aTasi

mxedriT emsaxura sulTnis jarSi, yov elTvis roca sparse-

lebis winaaRmdeg saomrad wavidoda. `qarTvelebi berZnuli

rwmenisani, Tavisufalni da dauxarkavni arian, maT mTavars

dadiani hqvia. yovelTvis, roca sulTani sparselebis winaaRm-

deg saomrad midis, dadiani 30 aTasi mxedriT emsaxureba

sulTans~1.

saeWvoa, rom maSin amxela samxedro Zala hyoleboda

samegrelos samTavros. magram, am SemTxvevaSi imas ki ara

aqvs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba ramdeni jari hyavda dadians,

aramed dadianis sulTnisadmi valdebulebis faqts. dadiani-

saTvis amgvari valdebulebis dakisreba, vfiqrob, amasiis

zavis Semdeg unda momxdariyo.

1 Archivio storico italiano, ossia raccolta di opera e documenti fi nora inediti e divenuti. La storia d’Italia, t. VIII, parte I, Firenze, 1843, p. 314.

amasiis zavamde, rom odiSis samTavrosa da osmaleTis

saxelmwi fos Soris urTierToba winaaRmdegobrivi iyo, kar-

gad Cans ungreli diploma tis anTal veranCiCis mier kon-

stantinopolidan mefe ferdian disaTvis gag zavnili mox-

senebiTi baraTidan. veranCiCis cnoba exmaureba e. alberis im

cnobasac, romelSic gadmocemuli iyo qarTvel-sparselTa

jaris mier os malebisaTvis miyenebul zianze kapadokiaSi.

anTal veranCiCis 1554 w. 3 maiss konstantinopolidan mefe

ferdinandisTvis gagzavnil moxsenebiT baraTSi naTqvamia,

rom `sulTani gagzavnis 10 galeras Sav zRvaSi, raTa maTi

saSualebiT gadaiyvanos yirimeli TaTrebi kapadokiaSi

qarTvelTa winaaRmdeg, romelTa ricxvi, rogorc amboben,

50.000-s Zlivs adgens~1. imave wlis agvistosTvis gairkva,

rom ìs samniCbian galerebs, romlebic Sav zRvaSi TaTrebis

gadasayvanad iqnen gagzavnilni, kolxeTis CrdiloeTiT mcx-

ovrebma megrelebma... mdi nareSi moZraobis saSualeba ar

misces da axla am galerebs arc win da arc ukan ar Seu-

ZliaT svla. axla kidev sam xomalds amzadeben am galerebis

gamosaxsnelad, Tumca STabeWdileba iseTia, rom maTi gagza-

vna SedarebiT ufro nela iqneba ganxorcielebuli~ _ aRni-

Snavs a. veranCiCi2. rogorc a. veranCiCma 1454 wlis seqtem-

berSi gaark via, `gasul zafxuls sulTnis brZanebiT Sav

zRvaSi gavidnen samniCbiani (triremi) galerebi, _ pirvelad

xuTi, xolo mogvianebiT ki sami, magram ara im daniSnulebiT,

rac zRvaSi gasvlisas iyo gamocxadebuli. saqme ima Sia, rom

Turqebi arafers ar akeTeben dezorientaciis da dezinfor-

maciis gareSe. pirveli xuTi galera imisTvis ki ar iyo

gagzavnili, yirimis TaTarTa aziaSi gadayvana daecvaT da

danarCeni sami galerac imisaT vis rom saCqarod daxmareba

gaewiaT md. rionze saxifaTo mdgomareobaSi mox vedril

winamorbed galerebisaTvis, ara, sulac ara, radganac isini

1 tardi l., anTal veranCiCis moxsenebiTi baraTebi, gv. 139.2 iqve, gv. 137-138.

470 471

xom mTeli am xnis ganmavlobaSi srulebiTac ar imyofebod-

nen saSiS mdgomareobaSi. mTavari mizezi mdgomareobda, rom

gadasaxadi aeRoT me grelebisgan da kolxeTis miwaze mcx-

ovreb sxva qarTvelebisagan, Tan yuradReba mieqciaT iqauri

sanapiro wylebisaTvis, raTa evropelebs ar miscemodaT Ses-

aZlebloba rom sparselTaTvis zarbaznebi gadaecaT. saqme

imaSia, rom Turqebma marTlac miiRes amgvari saxis cnoba,

rom mzaddeba aseTi aqcia q. kafaSi mcxovrebi komersantebis

meSveobiT. swored es iyo pirveli xuTi galeris gagzavnis

mTavari mizezi. momdevno sami galera gagzavnili iyo azovis

zRvaSi kazakebisa da rusebis winaaRmdeg, raTa yirimis

TaTrebs daxmarebodnen~1.

rogorc moyvanili vrceli amonarididan Cans, megrelebs

md. ri onSi marTlac moumwyvdeviaT osmaleTis galerebi da

gadasaxadebis gad axdazec uars ambobdnen.

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, gasagebia, Sah Tamazis dain-

tereseba odiSis samTavros dasustebiT da mezoblebTan misi

cudi urTierTobiT. amitom iyo, rom Sahi imereTis mefes

aqezebda odiSis samTavros dasapyrobad2. rogorc Cans iranis

diplomatebis amgvarma agitaciam Tavisi Sedegi gamoiRo da

dadiansa da mefes Soris urTierToba uaRresad dai Zaba.

1557 wels odiSis mTavarma levan I-ma (1532-1572) dadi-

anma sulTans xarkis gadaxda aRuTqva da ZRvnad Zvirfasi

qvebi gaugzavna. samagierod mTavars osmaleTis flotiT im-

ereTis (`kolxeTis~) mefe bagrat III-isaT vis angariSis gas-

woreba surda3. dadiani amgvarad cdilobda Tavisi damou-

kideblobis SenarCunebas. ai rogor agviwers marino kavali

dadianis os maleTTan urTierTobas 1560 wels: `megrelebi,

miuxedavad imisa, rom es marTlmadidebeli qristianebi, os-

malebTan daaxloebulni da maTi qve Sevrdomni arian, cdiloben

1 iqve gv. 139.

2 Magyar diplomáczial emlekek Mátyas király korából 1458-1490, p. 249.3 Ibidem.

yvelaferi maT gareSe gaakeTon. oTxi Tu xuTi wlis win1.

maTi mefe Tu mTavari dadiani, romelsac sisx lismRvreli

omi hqonda CerqezebTan, piradad wavida konstantino polSi

sulTanTan dax marebis saTxovnelad2 da eqvsi galera miiRo.

ma gram osmalebi ise daex marnen, rom misTvis naTeli Seiqmna,

sulTnis mona da masze ufro damokidebuli xdeboda, vidre

daxmarebas iRebda. es mterTan brZolaze mZime iyo. amitom

Semdeg wels, man madloba moaxsena sulTans gaweuli dax-

marebisaTvis, Cerqezebs mourigda, romlebTanac meti sa-

marTlianoba naxa, vidre TurqebTan~3.

qarTulma wyaroebma ician levan I dadianis stambolSi

mog zaurobis ambavi, magram zogierTi detali mainc dazuste-

bas moiTxovs.

dadianis viziti sulTanTan, vaxuSti batoniSvilis mixed-

viT, unda momxdariyo 1568-1572 wlebs Soris4. marTalia, arc

marino kavali iZleva zust TariRs, magram naTelia, levani

1560 wlamde (ufro swori iqneboda gveTqva XVI saukunis

50-iani wlebis meore naxevari) yofila stambolSi. dadianis

stambolSi yofnis dros dazusteba da zogierTi sxva infor-

maciis mopoveba SeiZleba ungreTis mefis stamboleli elCis

anTal veranCiCis5 àngariSebidan~. 1557 w. 16 Tebervals ver-

anCiCi werda, rom stam bolSi samegrelos mTavars eliano.

veranCiCis imave wlis 1 martis moxsenebaSi naTqvamia, rom

dadiani ukve stambolSia. ùkve gvaqvs zusti cnobebi sameg-

relos mTavris Camosvlaze, _ swers veran CiCi, _ igi Camo-

1 albaT, 1557 wels.

2 habsburgebis elCis konstantinopolSi busbekis mixedviT, dadiani 1560 wels Casula osmaleTis sataxtoSi. The turkish letters of Ogier Chiselin de Bus-becq imperial ambasciador at Constantinople 1554-1564. Newly translated from the latin of the elzevir edition of 1633 by S. Foster, Oxford, 1937, p. 223.

3 Alberi E., p. 279.4 qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 816.5 anTal veranCiCi (1504-1573) _ ungraTis humanitaruli istoriografiis

gamoCe nili warmomadgeneli, cnobili diplomati da poeti. orjer (1553-1557

da 1567-1568) iyo un greTis mefis elCad konstantinopolSi.

472 473

brZanda zRviT, Cveni 16 Tebervlis angariSis gamogzav nis

meore dRes. mis Camosvlasa da mdgomareobaze imitom gatyo-

binebT, rom Cvenma xlxma mTavris avtoritetulobaze imaze

meti warmodgena ar iqonios, vidre si namdvileSi Tavad aris.

igi Camovida, rogorc `mefe sruliad samegre losi~. man es

tituli sul axlaxan miiRo, magram amis miuxedavad am Cvens

mters did mniSvnelobas nuravin nu mianiWebs. dae, Tqvenma

udidebulesobam icodes, rom am pirze ver ityviT egviptis

ro melime nebismier patara me feze mets. miuxedavad imisa,

rom igi vrcel mamulebs flobs da saTaveSi udgas sakmaod

mravalricxovan xalxs, didi simdidris patroni mainc ar

aris. ise iqceva, rogorc Cveulebrivi xalxis wridan gamo-

suli ubralo adamiani. tituli rom ar hqondes, aravin

ifiqrebs mis mefobas. ar icavs sasaxlis ceremonialebs da

wesebs. Tavisi qceviT ifuWebs avtoritets, araviTar yuradRe-

bas ar aqcevs sakuTari Rirsebis warmoCenas. SevecadeT moey-

vanaT CvenTan misi amalis romelime wevri, raTa Segvetyo

raime same grelos Sesaxeb. rodesac amis Sesaxeb acnobes, man

ganacxada, rom mzad iyo aramcTu sxva vinme, aramed TavaT

mosuliyo, Tuki qalaqis guberna toris nebarTva iqneboda.

saqme isaa, rom igi CvensaviT mkacri dacvis qveS imyofeba.

aRsaniSnavia, rom samegrelos mTavari TviTon Camovida

elCis saxiT, Tumca man es gaakeTa mezobel Cerqezebze Su-

risZiebis mizniT1, radganac maT mouklavT mamamisi2. am mizniT

mefes maT winaaRmdeg gaugzavnia jari, ma gram man migvaxvedra,

rom misi saxmeleTo samxedro nawilebi ver gauZlebdnen

Cerqezebis Zlier laSqars. igi darwmunebula, rom sazRvao

flotis gareSe verafers gaxdeboda mtris winaaRmdeg. man

1 beri egnataSvilis mixedviT, levan I dadiani sulTans jariT daxmareba

sTxova imereTis mefe giorgi II-isa da giorgi gurielisagan TavdacvisaTvis

(qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv. 361; qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 816).2 levan I dadianis mama giorgi dadiani marTlac jiqebTan brZolaSi

daiRupa 1533 wels (iqve). amasve gadmogvcems vaxuSti batoniSvili (qarTlis

cxovreba, IV, gv. 811.

sulTans saCu qrad Camoutana Zvirfasi qvebiT moWedili Tasi,

raTa sTxovos mas niCbiani galerebi. am Txovnis Sesrulebis

SemTxvevaSi mefem gadasaxadebic ki ikisra, romlisganac igi

aqamde Tavisufali iyo~1.

rac Seexeba dadianis mogzaurobis mizans, vis winaaRmdeg

sWirde boda mas osmalTa daxmareba, marino kavalic Cer-

qezebs asaxelebs. da dianis stambolSi Casvlis mizezsa da

mizanSi ver garkveula bus bekic2, roca am bobs: èrTni amt-

kiceben, rom samegrelos mTavari konstantinopolSi sulei-

manis mopatiJebiT Camovida TurqeTTan samxedro kavSiris

dasadebad. es awyobT am ukanasknelT sparseTis wi naaRmdeg

omis sawarmoeblad. meo reni irwmunebian, rom igi aq Camovida

suleimanisaTvis ramdenime xomaldis saTxovnelad, me-

zoblebTan omis dawyebis SemTxvevaSi gamosyeneblad. ima sac

amboben, rom man suleimans xarkis gadaxdac ki aRuTqva, Tuki

Txovnas Seusrulebda~3@vaxuSti baton iSvilis mixedviT, da-

diani imereTis mefe giorgi II-s (1564-1585) da giorgi gu-

riels (1564-1583) ebrZoda. qarTuli wyaroebiT, sulTani

dadians xomaldebiT ki ar daexmara, rogorc kavali ambobs,

àramed mwe eyo dadians xonTqari, mosca azrum-trapizonis

spani~4. kavalis cnobas unda miesadagebodes e. TayaiSvilis

mier gamoqveynebuli sigeli, romelic, marTalia, levan II

dadianis (1611-1657) xanas ganekuTvneba (e. TayaiSvili sabuTs

aTariRebs 1639-1657 wlebiT), magram levan I-is mmarTvelo-

bis erT epizods asaxavs. `papa Cueni lion dadiani stambols

wasula, _ wers levan II, _ ... da qristekoCi5 stambols

warutania, da iq papa Cuens gamarjvebia, da imaTi ZaliT

1 tardi l. ungreT-saqarTvelos urTierToba XVI saukuneSi, gv. 77.2 auherius busbeki elCobis wevri iyo anTal veranCiCTan erTad.

3 tardi l., dasax. naSromi, gv. 85. 4 qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 816; qarTlis cxovreba II, gv. 361; saqarTve-

los isto riis narkvevebi, IV, gv. 124. 5 waCxuris mTavarangelozisaTvis Sewiruli yma.

474 475

gamarjvebuli mo sula, da cxra xomaldi1 bedniers xvanTqars

wyalobad mieca, da maTs aqeT wa mobrZanebula, qristekoCi iq

stambols daugdia xomaldebis winamZRu arad, da mdivnobac

uboZebia, da ufrosobai xomaldis~2.

qarTul wyaroSi gadmocemul ambavs, marTalia, TariRi

ar uzis da arc imazea miTiTebuli, ra mizniT sWirdeboda

lavan I-s sulTnis xomaldebi da arc am xomaldebiT miR-

weul Sedegzea raime naTqvami, ma gram vfiqrob, levan II da

marino kavali levan I-is stambolSi erTsa da igive mogzau-

robaze gadmogvcemen. levan II-s sigelis Sedgenis dros ar

sWirdeboda vrclad SeCerebuliyo amjerad saintereso sak-

iTxze. mas surda waCxurulis ojaxisa da misi Zmis, qriste-

koCis, eklesiisaTvis Sewirulobis dadgena, raTa kvlav gae-

axlebina maTze eklesiis ufleba. amisaTvis ̀ es Zveli wignebi

vnaxeT lion dadianis, mamias da manuCaris da mamis Cvenis

(manuCar I dadiani _ e.m.), da mokiTxuli vqeniT da wignebic-

ai vnaxeT, asre Sewiruli ga movida~3.

SeiZleba darwmunebiT iTqvas, rom levan I dadiani mx-

olod erTxel ar eaxla sulTans samxedro daxmarebis saTx-

ovnelad. levan II da marino kavali gadmogvcemen levan I-is

Casvlaze daaxloebiT 1557 wels. busbekis mixedviT, igi

stambolSi yofila 1560 welsac4, xolo vax uSti batoniS-

vili, rogorc ukve iTqva, mis mogzaurobas aRniSnavs 1568-

1572 wlebs Soris pe riodSi.

rodesac marino kavalis cnobas vadarebT masze adre

moyvanil un greTis istoriuli wyaroebidan amoRebul cno-

bas, ise Cans, rom 1557 wels dadianma levan I-ma jer despani

gagzavna sulTanTan, xarkis gadaxda aRuTqva da Zvirfasi

1 marino kavalis mixedviT, sulTans dadianisaTvis 6 xomaldi miucia.

2 saqarTvelos siZveleni, t. II, e. TayaiSvilis redaqtorobiT, tf., 1909, gv. 79.

3 iqve.

4 The turkish letters of Ogier Chiselin de Busbecq imperial ambasciador at Constantinople 1554-1564, p. 223.

saCuqrebic miarTva imereTis mefis winaaRmdeg dax marebis

sanacvlod. magram safiqrelia, rom dadianis de spani stam-

bolidan uariT gamoistumres. amitom iZulebuli dadiani

piradad wavida stambols da sulTans azri Seacvlevina.

levan II amitom ambobs: ìq papa Cuens ga marjuebia, da imaTi

ZaliT gamarjvebuli mosula~, e. i. xomaldebi moiy vana.

magram imis garkveva, levan I-s imereTis mefe bagratTan

Tu Cerqezeb Tan sabrZolvelad sWirdeboda osmalTa xomal-

debi, amis dadgena damatebiTi wyaroebis mopovebis gareSe

ver xerxdeba. SeiZleba mxolod va raudi, rom stambolSi,

sadac levan I-is agentebi, albaT, imyofebodnen, Segnebulad

avrcelebdnen xmas, TiTqos levan I dadians xomaldebi Cer-

qezebis winaaRmdeg sWirdeboda. am gziT unda gaCeniliyo

marino kavalis informaciaSi cnoba samegrelos mTavris Cer-

qezebis wi naaRmdeg omisaTvis mzadebis Sesaxeb.

476 477

wyaroebi da literatura

abubeqr bin abdulahi, gamarjvebaTa wigni. Turquli teqstri

qarTuli Targ maniT, SesavliTa da SeniSvnebiT gamosacemad moamzada m.

iluriZem, Tb., 2006

abulaZe c., oTxi Turquli dokumenti imereTis mefis sol-

omon II-is Sesaxeb, Tsu-s Sromebi, t. 121, Tb., 1967

abulaZe c., samcxe-saaTabagos istoriidan (XVI s. 80-iani wlebi).

`mra valTavi, filologiur-istoriuli Ziebani, Tb., 1989

araqel davriJecis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. Targmani,

Sesavali da komen tarebi k. kuciasi, Tb., 1974

arqanjelo lamberti, samegrelos aRwera, Targmani ital-

iuridan al. Wyoniasi. meore gamocema l. asaTianis winasityvao-

biT, re daqciiT da SeniSvnebiT, Tb., 1938

beraZe T., zRvaosnoba Zvel saqarTveloSi. Tb., 1981

beraZe T., zRvaosnoba da sazRvao vaWroba Sua saukuneebis

saqarT veloSi (sadoqtoro disertacia), Tb., 1985

berZeniSvili n., ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis istorii-

dan XVI-XVII saukuneTa mijnaze. `saqarTvelos istoriis

sakiTxebi~, IV, Tb., 1967

bocvaZe T., Crdilo kavkasiis xalxebi ruseT-saqarTvelos

urTier TobaSi (XVI-XVII ss.). `saqarTvelos feodaluri xanis

istoriis sakiTxebi~, II, Tb., 1972

brose m., saqarTvelos istoria, naw. I, Tb., 1895

gabaSvili v., qarTuli feodaluri wyobileba (SedarebiTi Seswav-

lis cda), Tb., 1956

gabaSvili v., qarTuli diplomatiis istoriidan (saqarTve-

lo da antiosmaluri koaliciebi XV-XVII ss.). „masalebi sa-

qarTvelosa da kavkasiis istoriisaTRvis“, nakv. 31, Tb. 1964

gabaSvili v., XVI-XVIII ss. saqarTvelos qalaqebi maxlo-

beli aRmosavleTis savaWro urTierTobaTa Suqze. krebulSi:

narkvevebi maxlobeli aRmosavleTis istoriidan, Tb., 1966

gelaSvili n. iran-saqarTvelos urTierTobis istoriidan,

T., 1995

georgika, bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Se-

saxeb, VIII. berZnuli teqsti qarTuli TargmaniTurT gamosca

da ganmartebebi daurTo s. yayxCiSvilma, Tb., 1970

giorgaZe b., venecieli avtoris marino sa nutos cnobebi

saqarT veloze (XV-XVI ss. mijna). krebulSi: evropis istori-

is problemebi, II, Tb., 1978

dumbaZe m., aRmosavleT kaxeTis (saingilo) istoriidan, Tb.,

1953

evlia Celebis `mogzaurobis wigni~. Turqulidan Targmna,

komen tarebi da gamokvleva daurTo g. fuTuriZem. nakv. I, qarTu-

li Targmani, Tb ., 1971

evlia Celebis `mogzaurobis wigni~. Turqulidan Targmna,

komen tarebi da gamokvleva daurTo g. fuTuriZem. nakv. II,

gamokvleva, komentarebi, Tb., 1973

vaTeiSvili d., nikifore irbaxis kvaldakval. gaz. `komu-

nisti~, #175, 177, 178, 1983

TamaraSvili m. istoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa Soris,

tf., 1902

TamaraSvili m., qarTuli eklesia dasabamidan dRemde. re-

daqcia gaukeTes, winasityvaoba daurTes da gamosacemad moamz-

ades z. aleqsiZem da j. odiSelma, Tb., 1995

TayaiSvili e., sami istoriuli qronika, tf., 1890

TayaiSvili e., saqarTvelos siZveleni, III, tf., 1910

TayaiSvili e. arqeologiuri mogzauroba samegreloSi.

Zveli saqarT velo, III, 1912-1913

Toma mewofeli. Targmani, Sesavali werili da komentarebi

prof. l. meliqseT-begisa, Tb., 1937

TurqeT-sparseTis omi da qristiani qarTvelebi. 1577-1581. ital-

iuridan Targ mna, Sesavali, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo e.

mamisTvaliSvilma, Tb. 1987

478 479

Turquli wyaroebi XVI s. I meoTxedis samcxe-saaTabagos

istori isaTvis. Turquli dokumentebi qarTuli TargmaniT,

gamokvleviTa da SeniSvnebiT gamosca c. abulaZem, Tb., 1983

ibrahim feCevis cnobebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis Sesaxeb.

teqsti qarTuli TargmaniTurT gamosca, Sesavali da SeniSvnebi

daurTo s. jiqiam, Tb., 1964

ingoroyva p. giorgi merCule. qarTveli mwerali meaTe sau-

kunisa, naw. I, Tb., 1954

isqander munSis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. sparsuli

teqsti qarTuli TargmaniTa da SesavliTurT gamosca v. fu-

TuriZem, Tb., 1969

kandelaki n., qarTuli saelCo mWermetyveleba, Tb., 1966

kasraZe t., romis propaganda da kaTolikuri misiebi saqarT-

veloSi (sadisertacio naSromi istoriul mecnierebaTa kandi-

datis xarisxis mosapoveblad), Tb., 1947, gv. 79.

kacitaZe d. XVI-XVII saukuneTa sparsuli dokumenturi

wyaroebi saqarTvelos istoriisaTvis. `kavkasiur-axloaRmosav-

luri krebuli~, II, Tb., 1962

kacitaZe d. iran-saqarTvelos urTierTobis istoriidan.

Tsu Sromebi, 108, 1964,

kacitaZe d., ìskanderis anonimis~ cnobebi saqarTvelos

Sesaxeb. Tsu Sromebi, 116, aRmosavleTmcodneobis seria, Tb.,

1966

kacitaZe d., qarTul-iranuli urTierTobidan, `ciskari,

#8, 1978

kacitaZe d., saqarTvelo XIV=XV saukuneTa mijnaze (spar-

suli da sparsulenovani wyaroebis mixedviT) Tb., 1968

kiknaZe v. saqarTvelos sagareo urTierTobis istoriidan,

`mna Tobi~, 1982, #9

kiknaZe r. saqarTvelo-iranis urTierTobis istoriidan XV

sauku nis meore naxevarSi. iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis isto-

riis institutis Sromebi, VI, Tbi, 1964

kiknaZe r., qarTveli da azerbaijaneli xalxebis sabrZolo

Tanamego brobis istoriidan. Tsu Sromebi, 108, 1964

kotetiSvili v., robais struqtura. Tsu Sromebi, t. 250,

aRmosav leTmcodneoba, Tb., 1985

kucia k., kavkasiuri elementi sefianTa iranis politikur

sar bielze. `maxlobeli aRmosavleTis istoriis sakiTxebi,, Tb.,

1963

kucia k., grigol daranaRcis cnoba svimon I-is stambolSi

tyveobis Sesaxeb. saqarTverlos istoriis aRmosavluri ma-

salebi, Tb., 1975

luis xili fernandesi da xose manuel floristani,

qarTveli mefee bis wer ilebi: svimon I-is qarTlidan filipe II-s

da Teimuraz I-is kaxeTidan filipe IV-s (Targmani espanuri-

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qvey nebTan, II, Tb., 1995

maisuraZe g., qarTveli da somexi xalxebis urTierToba

XIII-XVIII saukuneebSi, Tb., 1982

mamisTvaliS vili e., sefianTa iranSi mimdinare politikuri

brZola da qarTvelebi (1576-1578), `macne~, ist. seria, 1977,

#1

mamisTvaliSvili e., saqarTvelo hans Siltbergeris `mog-

zaurobis wignSi, `macne~, istoriis seria, 1980, #2

mamisTvaliSvili e., saqarTvelos. sgareo politikuri

urTierTo bani XV saukunis meore naxevarsa da XVI saukuneSi,

Tb., 1981

mamisTvaliSvili e. goris istoria, I (1801 wlamde), Tb.,

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mamisTvaliSvili e., saqarTveloSi kaTolicizmis gavr-

celebis cdebi da qarTvelTa diplomatia XVII-XVIII sauku-

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mamisTvaliSvili e., saqarTvelo-ierusalimis urTierTobis

isto riidan (XVI-XVII ss.), Tb., 2008

480 481

mari n., berZnuli sapatriarqo wignsacavis qarTul xelnaw-

erebis mokle aRweriloba. dasabeWdad moamzada e. metrevelma,

Tb., 1955

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MAMISTVALISHVILI ELDAR

FOREIGN POLICY AND DIPLOMACY OF GEORGIA IN 15th - 16th CENTURIES

Georgia, one of Christian countries of the East has held the at-tention of Europe from the military point of view, since the time of the crusades. However this interest became keener in the period of predatory wars waged by Turkey, which brought some European coun tries to an eco nomic and others to a political catastrophe. To-gether with some Moslem coun tries who were in jeopardy of Turk-ish sggression. Georgia was considered in Europe as a po tential ally. In Europe some information about Georgia began to be accumulated which nowadays serves as an important source for research into the foregn policy of Georgia of that period.

Western politicians followed the developments in the Near East with great interest. They wei all eyes as regards possible allies and enemies of Turkey and the military potential of Iran, the main rival of Turkey. In the sources refl ecting Iranian-Turkish interrelation we can fi nd some in formation about Georgia. From these sources it is clear that the Europeans considered Georgia an irreconcialable and might enemy of Turkey. Military actions of the Georgian people and reference to them in offi cial and private letters and raports had a cer tain propagandistic purpose: to shou how Christian Georgia to-gether with Iran fought against Tur key while other great Christian powers failed to organize joint operations against Turkey. In con-nection with this some of the information which was in European sources is exaggerated and is not suffi ciently reliable for us to re-construct the real picture of the foreign relations of Georgia of that period.

The present monograph is an attempt to study foreign relations of Georgia in the 15th-16th centuries. The author studies the relations

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of the Georgian states with Iran, Turkey, Russia and a number of West-European countries and shows how the political fi gures of Georgia tried to use the contradictions betwen Iran and Turkey in favour of their country. In the work the author also shows the most important moments of the Georgian people’s fi ght against foreign invaders.

In the 15th-16th centuries there was no inited Georgia. It con-sisted of sewparate politi cal units, whose foreign policy was condi-tioned by their resations with the two agressive neighbouring coun-tries – Iran and Turkey.

According to the Amassia Paece Treaty in 1555 Georgia was partitioned in twain Iran and Turkey (Nou Kartli, Kakheti and the East of Samtskhe-Saatabago belonged to Iran, but Western Georgia – Imereti, mengrelia, Guria and the West of Samtskhe – Saatabago be longed to Turkey).

In fact this partition had been done much earlier – since the reign of the Safawi Dinasty began. Though some of these separate political units recognized the pover of both the Sah and the Sultan, they nevertheless preserved the right to pursue independent home and foreign pol icy.

The political infl uense of Turkey and Iran on Georgia was not always the same. They often were in diffi culty themselves and the kingdoms and principalities of Georgia tried to use such situations to set them against each other or both of them against the a third force. For the scarcity or lack of the proper sources it is diffi cult to determine what course of for eign policy each king dom and princi-pality of Georgia pursued during this or that period of time, but on the whole we may say that some of Georgia’s feudatory states man-tained con tacts with Iran and others – with Turkey. But it does not mean that thies partnership was permanent. They changed their partners according to situations, though there existed some regular-ity: during wars between Iran and Turkey the Georgian kingdom

and principalities tended to side with Iran but during peace between these two countries they ware inclined to Turkey.

Georgian political fi gures tried to keep the balance of power be-tween Iran and Tur key constant and yet tense so as not to give them a possibility to attack Georgia. It was a wellknown fact that one of the reasons of their confl ict was their desire to rule over Georgia.

The political line of Georgian diplomats attracted the attention of Europe. The Main aim of policy of Habsburg dynasty, of Hun-gary and the Venician Republics was to keep consistant tension be-tween Iran and Turkey: therefore they considered Georgia their natural ally. In the same period the French diplomacy was interested in directing the Turk ish aggression towards the West, in particular, against the Holy Roman Empire. That’s why the activities of those Georgian diplo mats who paid visits to Istanbul to induoe the Sultan to act against Iran hurt the interests of France.

All she above mentioned facts aroused a lively interest in Geor-gia and in the ac tivities of Georgian diplomats, which was refl ected in secret diplomatic correspondence of the politicians and statesmen of that time, in literary memoirs and in the press. The interest in Georgia particularly increased in the periods of Iranian-Turkish wars and we observe abundance of Euro pean meterials about Geor-gia just at that time.

From the sources partaining to the period of Iranian-Turkish wars we see that East Georgia was involved in anti-Turkish wars. Maybe it was caused by the infl uence of Iran, which needed Georgia for the sake of her own military and political purposes: I. The armies of Georgia’s king doms and principalities could play an important part in the war against Turkey-a sworn enemy of Iran. 2. Georgia, as an Eastern christian power was always es teemed in Euro pean states.

The efforts of Georgian politics was to create an anti-osman coalition (in the 50-ies of 15th century up to 60-ies of the 16th cen-

500 501

tury) were taken under the infl uence of Iran and served her inmter-ests. Georgia wanted neither Iran nor Turkey to be strengthened, because no matter which of them took the upper hand, the victor would rule Georgia. Therefore Georgian diplomats strove to main-tain the balance of power and constant tension between those two countries.

Iran and Turkey tried to comoufl age their aggressive intentions against Georgia and had to confi ne themselves to the necesaity of having Georgia as an àlly~ or al `vassal~ while using still the let-ter’s economical and military resources in the fi ght against each other.

Judging by the European sources Georgians ware especialli ac-tiv2 in their struggle against Turkey; hence we can fi nd the abun-dance of relevant materials there. Maybe the Geor gian politi cians of the period in qvestion considered that the easter policy of the Euro-pean countries was mainly determined by their relations with Tur-key. Iran was considered one of the most potential enemies of Tur-key and at the same time qvite a desirable partner in commerce. This accounts for the fact that Georgia failed to fi nd anti-Iranian powers in Europe. In this respect Moscow deserves particular interest as it paid a certain attention to Georgia from the commercial and politi-cal point of view. But Turkey was Moscow’s main enemy in the Caucasus. It could render Georgia only moral support.

The fall of Constantinople was an event of greatest importance for Georgia. The Cris tian cultural Byzantium with which Georgia had been maintaining economic, political and cultural ties, now gave place to the aggresive mighty Osman Empire. It became diffi -cult to continue contects with Europe which impaired a leter dev-olepment of Georgia

Georgia had long-standing commercial contacts with Europe particularly with state-touns of North Italy Genoa end Venice. The commercial roads crossing Georgia played a great part in this com-

merce, which was in the interests of both the western and eastern coun tries.

The idea of a crusade against Turkey was put forvard by the Pope. The European and the papal courts knew that in the East there still existed Christian countries who would fi ght against Turkey.

At the call of the Pope (the mission of Lodovico di Bologna in Georgia) the whole of Georgia rose to fi ght against Turkey (King George VIII, atabag Kvarkvare II, the Prince of Men grelia, the Prince of Guria). Besides, the Georgian King and prince, the Em-peror of Trebi sond, the Prince of Minor Armenia, the Amir of Kara-mania and Padishah of the state of Ak-koiunlu just taking shape at that time were to form a coalition.

Georgians hed their own plans of utter defeat of Turks which they offered to the futyre allies and they also promised them to pro-vide a large army.

Georgian ambassadors together uith those of the eastern allied countries visited the courts of the the European countries (Hungary, the Holy Roman Empire, Venice, Flor ence, Rome, France, Flan-dres), but without ang result. The economic and political contradic-tions among European countries, were so grave that their alliance turned out to be impossible.

The court of The Sultan appraised the situation properly and continued its aggressive policy. The Eastern ambassadore were still in europe (1461) when the turke conquered the Tre bizond Empire, which meant a defeat of the Eastern allies.

In 1463 the Venetian-Turkish war broke out. The fi rst diplo-matic contacts of Ven ice and Ak-koiunlu state were esteblished. The King Usun-Kasan considered Turkey his main en emy. The war between these two states was inevitable and Usun-Kasan considered Georgia a very im portant ally in casa of war with Turkey.

The sources of the 70-ies of the 15th century state that not all the kingdoms of Georgia were for the anti-Osman coalition. Samtske-

502 503

Saatabago and Sabediano did not support this idea. For Samtske-Saatabago Usun-Kasan became a more dangerous enemy than the Sultan. Samtske only paid tribute to the Sultan.

The Prince of Megrelia was under an economic and political infl u-ence of Genoa, which was interested in a foreign political orientation of the Prince due to their commercial interests. Genoa knew about the activities ov Venice to create an antiosman coalition and tried its best to in fl uence on the Prince of Megrelia to act against this coalition.

The disintegration of Georgia into different kingdoms and prin-ciopalities put an end to the cource of joint foreign policy. This fact became ostensible in the 90-ies of the 15th cen tury. The kingdom of Kakheti sought ties with Moscou, while Kartli – with , the West-Euro pean countries. But their attempts had no result.

The formation of the Safawi Stats in Iran marks a new stage in foreign interrelations of East Georgia. As is seen from the Persian and West-European sources, Shah Ismail I who usurped the throne intended to make Georgia (Kartli, Kakheti and Samtske-Saatabago) his vas sal _ i.e. rec ognize his power, pay him annual tribute and supply troops for his aggressive pur poses. Sah Is mai’s measures to-wards East Gaorgia determined the norms of relations be tween Georgia and Iran in the course of a whole century. Sah Ismail’s pol-icy towards Geor gia was aimed at deepening the political decentral-ization of our country.

The Georgians played an important part in the formation and strengthening of the Sa fawi khizilbash state. The Georgian political fi gures regarded the Safawi state a poten tial opponent of Turkey.

Before the beginning of the fi rst Iranian-Turkish war (1514) Saatabago, pro ceed ing from the imternal situation in Georgia, ren-dered Turkey economic support.

Having been defeated by Turkey, Sah Ismail decided to create an anti-osman league which comprised Iran, Egypt, Kartli and Kakheti, though this league proved to be still-born.

The dynastic strif in Samtske-Saatabago caused Iran’s and Tur-key’s interference into its internal affairs, but shift of the Turkish aggression to West Europe strengthened Iran’s positions not only in Samtske-Saatabago but also in the whole East Georgia. The Sultan eculd not stand the Shah’s success in Georgia and in 1553 the war fl ared up again.

After the Amasia Peace Treaty in 1555 the defeated and weak-ened Iran’s positions in East Georgia ware no longer strong; there-fore Georgia now became the main point of his ac tive foreign policy. He often had to use the Kizilbash troops to suppress uprisals in the king dom of Kartli.

Neither were the Sultan’s positions strong in West Georgia. The Sultan’s inerference into the internal affairs of Imereti and other principalities caused their decentralization. Owing to their wrong policy the Princes of Odishi and Guria found themselves under the power of sultan before the Amasia Peace Treaty.

The relations between Turkey and West Georgia differed from those between Iran and East Georgia. In West Georgia Turkey didn’t have to overcome any obstacles. A Peace Treaty with Iran was nec-essary for Turkey to arrange their affairs in Europe.

During the ensuing peace (1555-1578), in the course of the dip-lomatic relations with Iran, Turkey alwais stressed that the qvestion of East georgia was always the subject of his in terest and tried to play the part of her protector. In fact, Turkey wanted to conquer the whole of Georgia and the Caucasus.

Kartli became the main fi eld of the Iranian-Turkish war of 1578-1590. During this war the real intentions of Turkey were revealed. Kartli and Kakheti faced great danger. Headed by King Swimon I Kartli began to fi ght against the Turkish aggression in alliance the Khizil bashs, bat the king of Kakheti alexander II tried to stave off danger by means of diplomatic manoeres.

In the 80-ies of The16th century the aggressive policy of Turkey

504 505

and the Crimean khannate speasrheaded against the nations of Tran-scaucasia compelled them to turn to neighbouring states for help against Turkey. Iran could not be counted on because it was wak-ened at this period. At tention was drawn to the Moscow kigdom which had long been advancing to the Caspien Sea and the North Caucasus. In 1556 Moscow conqvered Astra khan and established direct commercial contacts with Iran. Under such circumstances con quest of the Caucasus by Turkey and weakening of Iran was not acceptable to Moscou.

Moskaw begins to look for allies in the Caucasus. Moskaw had more information about than about other Kingdoms. Kakheti wes in-volved in the international trade in silk and was now conected with Moscow trough Astrakhan. Tes way lay trough Dagestan and Sa-shamkhlo. The Prince of Sashamkhlo was the Sultan’s vassal and acted under his instructions. Detach ments of Samkhal troops often raided frontier regions of Kakheti. That’s why Russia’s entering the Nort Cau-casus was of vital importance for Kakheti. This wiould tear Sasham-khlo off Tur key and plased it between two Christian countries.

In 1586 King Alexander II asked the King of Moskaw to protect his state from the at taks of Sashamkhlo and the expected aggression on the part of Turkey. The diplomatic move’s of the king of Kakhe-ti became known to Sashamkhlo and it bagan to act against Kakheti. Since that time entry of Russia troops into Sashamkhlo became a top-priority probleme of Kakhetian diplomacy.

True, there is no direct information about contacts betveen the Georgians and the Cos sacks from the Don but some Russian and West European sources are indicative of the axistence of such con-tacts.

The mere existence of contacts between Kakheti and Moscou was a fact of great im por tance for the whole Caucasus and near East. from now on those who wished to preserve good rela tions with Moscou had to obtain from hostilities with Kakheti. The Sultan was well aware of the fact that any procrastination in the setting the

question of Kartli could bring about an analigous situation, all the more that Moscow desired to extend protection over Kartli too.

But King of Kartli Swimon I was a realist in polities and real-ized that contact between Kartli and Moscow in the present situation was imposible. A man of common sence, knew that he could not accept any real help from Russia just then. Kartli was at war with Turkey and Swimon knew very well what a cerbal pledge of Russia to protect Kartli would intensify the Turkey’s mili tary operations. Neithep would the Shah favour this step of Swimon.

The contacts between Kakheti and Moscow expedidet the peace treaty between Kartli and Turkey (1587). Kartli’s secession from the war assisted war Turkey in defeating Iran. Tran tried to use Rus-sia as an ally in the war against Turkey but the question of Kakheti prevented normal re lations between Russia and Iran.

The ties between Russia and Kakheti deterioraled the relations between Kakheti and Turkey, but increased the international sig-nifi cance of Kakheti. It was obvious that Russian troops had entered the Caucasus not without encouragement from Kakheti, and both Iran and Turkey could not afford to disregard this fact. The court of Kakheti was aware of its in creased role in the Near East and tried to develop contacts with Russia.

Alexander II knew that he could solve the question of Sasham-khlo only with the help of Russia, but he also knew that this ques-tion was closely con neeted with the question of Tur key; therefore during the talke with Russia the Georgian diplomatss put forward the question of Turkey and Sashamkhlo together.

But Russia and Kakheti could not agree with question of Tur-key. In the course of talks Moscow diplomats tried to convince the court of Kakheti that Turkey was not likely to attack that countri because Alexander II was a liegeman of Moscou Tsar. Ruissia could not share Kakheti’s plans of beginnig a war with Turkey. This was not desirable for Russia at that time.

According to the Iranian-Turkish Peace Treaty of 1590 Turkey

506 507

extended his `rights~ over East Georgia, but Kartli and Kakheti re-tained their rights to have interrelations with for eign coun tries. As Turkey directed her aggression towards the West the Holy Roman Em pire and the Pope began to muster antiosman powers.

In this context Iran and Georgia attracted their attention as countries which would not accept the provisoion on the Istanbul Peace Treaty. In the anti-osman schemes of the Pope and the em-peror Moscow featured prominently as a power capable of exerting some in fl uence over Geor gia another Christian Ortodox. However the political course of Russia did not plan a war with Turkey.

Kakheti established contacte With European countries through Russia While King Swimon I of Kartli did the same through Iran or idependently.

Anti-osman countries realized that greater success could be achieved if Kartli and Kakheti acted together. Both Moscow and Iran tried to solve this problem. They tried to spread their infl u ence over Kartli and Kakheti.

Alexander II King of Kartli wa inclined to Moscow. In hiss opinion if Kakheti and Kartli joined under the infl uence of Moskow he should be King of united Georgia.

Swimon I King of Kartli retained pro-Iranian orientation to end the of his days. As Kartli fought against Turkey together with Khiz-ilbashes Swimon I could not pursue foreign policy unac ceptable to the Sah and therefore avoided contacts with moscow. He always acted under the Shah’s instructions and invariably described the Shah as the organizer of war of east ern countries against Turkey.

In the 90-ies of the 16th century Shah Abas increased his politi-cal infl uence on Kak heti and in 1595 he compelled Alexander II to join the Iran-Kartli alliance. In fact, he founded the Iran-Kartli-Kakheti League. According to the historical sources of that period, Alexander II did not ac cept all the purposes of this coalition. Kakhe-tians politicians could not reconcile to the secesions of Russia from the war against Turkey.

When the members of East anti-osman coalition lost hope for real assistence from Europe they began to act. In 1597 the Shah be-gan a war against Turkey’s allies and in 1598 Swimon I took advan-tage of Turkey’s weakness and, with the Shah’s approval resumed hos tilities against Turkey. According to the European scurces (but their objektivity is doubtful) Swimon I had a certain suc cess fi rst but in 1599 during one of the battles he was captured by the Turks.

Swimon’s disappearance from the political and military arena cosderably weakened Georgia’s anti-osman might. This circum-stance complicated Alexander’s position, because Tur key which had hitherto been fi ghting against Kartli abstained from drastic mea-sures against Kak hreti. Alexander II decided to be mor active in pursuing Russian policy in the Caucasus and getti ung real assis-tence from his protector, but this effort remained fruitless. It should be supposed that Russia could not ignore Iran’s interests in Georgia. Besides it be came clear that the King of Poland and the Khan of the Crimea had talks about war against Russia (1601) . So, Russia did act want to complicate relations with Iran for the sake of Kar tli. The Shah decided to consolidate his position in Georgia forever. In 1605 King Alexander II was killed by his own son Konstantine, who had been brought up at the Shah’s court was Mohammedan.

The capture of Swimon I by the Turks and the murder of Alex-ander II by the Khizil bashs mark the end of Georgia’s participation in anti-osman coalition which had lasted a cen tury and a half.

Oppressed by Iran and Turkey the fudal kingdoms of Georgia fo for qvite a long time lost the power to pursue independet foreign policy. Kartli and Kakheti became an arena of san guinary feudal wars and inroads by the Khizilbashs. But the foreign policy of the king doms and principalities of West Georgia was mainly confi ned to contacts with Turkey.

From the XV century, while destroying the united feudal mon-archy it is seen that the patriarchs of Antioch tried to meddle with the church affairs of the South and West Georgia. The hearths of

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separatism appeared. Political units could be independent only by the support of church. In the XV century and later too the patriarchs of Antioch were encroaching the sovereignty of the country by med-dling with internal affairs of Georgia.

At fi rst the Patriarchy of Antioch paid attention to Samtskhe, where the separative movement started the earliest of all and the leaders were the bishops from Matskhvereli.

The aspiration of the Orthodox Patriarchs of Antioch for mak-ing Georgian Church their fl ock was known in Rome. That’s why the Pope’s administrative unit tried to infl uence on Georgia with the same way, to join its kingdom-principalities to antiosmanian coali-tion and to change the church into Catholicism.

In 70s of the XV century Georgian church was divided into two parts - Eastern or Mtskheta Church and Western or Gelati Church.

The division of the church fi nally fi nished the wholeness of the country.

Samtskhe-Saatabago (Principality) became the independent po-litical unit and had independent foreign policy. The aristocracy of Samtskhe was especially active towards the Shah of Iran, they were appointed on quite high posts. They became so strong that by the help of Iranian feudal lords they intended to ascend the throne to the prince Heidar-Mirza, who was Georgian by his mother. The struggle lasted several years and fi nally it ended with misfortune of the Geor-gians.

In the II half pf the XVI century widow of Kaikhosro II, Dedi-simedi, played a great role in the history Samtskhe- Saatabago.

In her life like mirror - the overthrow of the Georgian Orthodox Church and the hearth of Culture of the ancient and the largest feu-dal unit of Samtskhe- Saatabago and the tragedy of her separation by Turkey from Georgia was refl ected.

Earlier the Republic of Genoa was interested in trade with the East. It played a great role in Crusades and gained trade privileges in the near East.

In a shot term the Genuians established 39 colonies and settle-ments by the East Black Sea, from Tana to Sevastopol (Tskhumi). 7 colonies from those 39 ones were by the Georgian Black Sea, which played great economical, political and cultural role in the life of people’s of the nearby countries in the XVI-XV centuries.

In the XIV century the colonies of the Republic of Genoa al-ready existed in Tskhumi. The fi rst consul is already seen from 1354. He was Ambrojo De Pietro. The existence of a consul indi-cates to the existence of the trade colony of the Gentians.

In spite of existence of the Catholic bishop in Tskhumi in 1318, the Catholics did not have their own church, the bishop was home-less too and lived on the donation by the Georgians.

I doubt that the Catholic church pulpit existed somewhere ex-cept Tbilisi, even in Tskhumi.

Tskhumi was governed by the ruler of Samegrelo and it would have had the pretention on the city income from trade. There was a confl ict between the ruler and the colonist rulers, and the Gentians were interested in solving it for their own profi t.

In the II half of the XV century the Osmanians began the attack of the colonies of Genoa from routing of Tskhumi.

The local population was dissatisfi ed by the colonizational be-haviour of the Gentians. The Gentians used to establish their colo-nies on the territory of the city and sometimes they possessed the whole blocks. They used to live according to their traditions and laws and did not take into consideration the interests of the most part of the population. The Catholicism was unknown for the local population, but the Orthodox Georgian were dictated by force to it.

The Muslims and Judaists living in Tskhumi kindled the oppo-site feelings of Gentians, who, maybe, mainly had a trade business and it is natural, that the settlement of Gentian traders living in Tskhumi humiliated their interests. That is why they were allies of the Orthodox Georgians in the struggle against the Genuians.

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МАМИСТВАЛИШВИЛИ Э.М.

ВНЕШНЯЯ ПОЛИТИКА И ДИПЛОМАТИЯ ГРУЗИНСКИХ ЦАРСТВ И КНЯЖЕСТВ

В XV-XVI ВЕКАХ

Грузия, одна из xристианских стран Востока привлекала к себе внимание Ев ропы еще со времен крестовых походов, в ос-новном, с военной точки зрения. Од нако, особый интерес к ней возникает во время захватнических войн Турции, которые при-вели одну часть европейских стран к экономической, а другую – политической ка та строфе Гру зия вместе с некоторыми му-сульманскими странами, которым также уг рожала турецкая аг-рессия, рассматривалась европейцами как потенциональный союз ник. В Европе накапливалась информация о Грузии, кото-рая в наши дни стала важ ным источником изуче ния внешней политики Грузии интересующего нас периода.

Политические деятели Западной Европы с большим инте-ресом следили за разви тием событий на Ближнем Востоке. Их интересовали возможные союзники и против ники Тур ции, а также военный потенциал Ирана, который являлся главным со-перником Турции. В источниках, отражающих ирано-турецкие взаимоотношения, мы находим сведения о Гру зии. Из этих ис-точников видно, что европейцы считали Грузию непримири-мым врагом, а также важным противником Турции. Упомина-ния о военных акциях грузин в официальных и частных письмах, докладах и прессе слу жили определенным пропагандитским целям: по казать как христианская Грузия в союзе с Ираном бо-ролась против Турции, в то время как крупные христианские госу дарства не смогли организовать совместные действия про-тив той же Турции. В связи с этим многие сведения из европей-

ских источников приувеличены и не дают возможности восстанов ления реальной картины внешних взаимоотношений Грузий того периода.

Предлагаемый труд представляет собой попытку моногра-фического изучения внеш них сношений Грузии XV-XVI вв. В нем изучены взаимоотношения грузинских государств с Ира-ном, Турцией, Россией и целым рядом западно-европейских стран, а также показано как политические деятели Грузии ста-рались использовать противоречия между Ираном и Турцией на благо своего государства. Здесь же пока заны и важнейшие моменты борьбы грузинского народа против иноземных захват-чиков.

В XV-XVI веках единой Грузии не существовало. Она со-стояла из отдельных по литических единиц, внешняя политика которых была обусловлена их взаимоотноше ниями с двумя аг-рессивными соседями – Ираном и Турцией.

Хотя раздел Грузии на сфери влияния между Турцией и Ираном de jure был объ явлен Амассийским мирным договором (Восточная Грузия – Картлийское и Кахе тин ское царства, а также восточная часть Самцхе-Саатабаго отходили к Ирану, а За падная Грузия – Имеретинское царство, Мегрельское и Гу-рийское княжества и запад ная часть Самцхе-Саа табаго – к Тур-ции), фактический он был осуществлен со времен воцарения династии Сефеви дов в Иране. Несмотря на то, что отдельные политические единицы Грузии признавали власть иранского шаха и турецкого султана, они все-таки сохраняли способность проведения независимой внутренной и внешней поли тики.

Политическое влияние Турции и Ирана на Грузию не всег-да было одинаковым. У них самих нередко бывали периоды трудностей, чем неоднократно пользовались подвластные им царства и княжества Грузии. Они старались столкнуть Иран и Тур цию, или противопоставить им третью силу. Ввиду недо-

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статка источников, а чаще всего ввиду отсут ствия их, трудно установить внешнеполитический курс каждой от дельной поли-тической единицы в разные промежутки времени, но в основ-ном можно сказать следующее: из евро пейских источников следует, что одна часть грузинских царств и княжеств была связана с Ираном, а другая – с Турцией. Однако ж это вовсе не означало, что постоянным политическим партнером одной час-ти политических единиц бил Иран, а другой – Турция. И тем не менее нельзя не отметить определенную закономерность: во время ирано-турецких войн они склонялись в сторону Ирана, а во время мира между этими двумя завоевателями в сторону Турции.

Усилия грузинских политических деятелей были в основном направлены на то, чтобы между Ираном и Турцией не наруша-лось равновесие сил, а взаимоотношения были постоянно напря-жены. Это лишало их возможности нападения на Грузию. Гру-зины хорошо понимали, что одним из объектов столкновения интересов Ирана и Тур ции являлось гос подство над Грузией.

Политическая линия грузинской дипломатии обратила на себя внимание евро пейцев. Ведь главной целью империи Габс-бургов, Венгрии и Венецианской республики было сохра нение постоянных напряженных взаимоотношений между Ираном и Тур цией. Поэтому они считали Грузию своим естественным союзником. В то же время француз ская дипломатия была заин-тересована в том, чтобы направить турецкую аг рессию на за-пад, в частности, про тив Свяшенной Римской империи. поэто-му деятель ность тех гру зинских дипломатов, кото рые посещали Стамбул с целью побудить сул тана к действиям против Ирана, французское правительство расценивало как ущем ление инте-ресов своего государства. Все это обусло вило живой интерес к Грузии и дея тельности грузинских ди пломатов со стороны ру-ководителей европейских государств, что отразилось в тайной

дипломатической пере писке, мемуарной литературе и прессе того иремени. Интерес к Грузии особенно оживлялся во время ирано-турецких войн. Этим вызвано обилие све дений европей-ских источников о Грузии в соответствующие периоды. Из ис-точников эпохи ирано-турецких войн мы видим, что Грузия, в основ ном, ее восточная часть, была вовлечена в антиосманские войны. Можно предполо гать, что это было вызвано давлением Ирана, который хотел использовать Грузию в борьбе против Турции в собст венных военно-политических целях: 1. Воору-женные силы грузинских царств и княжеств могли сыграть зна-чительную роль в борьбе про тив Турции – заклятого врага Ира-на; 2. С Грузией как с христианской страной Вос тока считались при дворах европейских монархов.

Усиля руководителей грузинской политики-по созданию антиосманской коали ции (с 50-ых годов XV века до 60-ых го-дов XVI века) направлялись иранскими вла стями и слу жили интересам Ирана. Грузию не устраивало усиление Турции или Ирана. В случае по беды Ирана над Турцией Грузия оказыва-лась под непосредствен ным господством Ирана. Та же судьба ожидала страну и в случае победы Турции над Ираном. Поэто-му усилия грузин ских государственных деятелей были направ-лены на со хранение равновесия и напряжения во взаимоотно-щениях между ними. Иран и Тур ция, считая друг друга врагами, старались замаскировать свои агрессивные намерения по от-ношению к Грузии. Они вынуждены были довольствоваться «союз ничеством» или вас сальной зависимостью грузин и ис-пользовать военно-экономические ресурсы Грузии в борбе про-тив друг друга.

Судя по европейским источникам, особое усердие грузины проявляли в борьбе против турок. Поэтому их взаимоотноше-ния с Европой отражаются лишь в этом ас пекте, в то время как для Грузии были одинакого опасны как Иран, так и Турция.

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Можно пред поло гать, что грузинские политические деятели принимали в расчет то обстоятельство, что вос точная политика европейских государств была обусловлена в основном их взаи-моотношеннями с Турцией. В Европе Иран считался один из глав ных потенциальных про тивников Турцией. С Ираном счи-тались и как с выгодным партнером в торговле. По этому найти антииранские силы в Европе грузинам было практический не-возможно. В этом отно шении особое внимание привлекало Московское государство, которое исходя из своих тор говых и политических интересов, еще ранее устремило взоры на Кав-каз. Однако, до тех пор, пока главным противником Московс-кого царства на Кавказе оставалась Турция, Москва не могла активно высту пить в зашиту Грузии от насилия Ирана. Она могла лишь морально поддерживать грузин.

Падение Константинополя было событием огромной важ-ности для Грузии. Вме сто культурной и христианской Визан-тии, с которой Грузия издавна поддерживала эко номиче ские, политические и культурные связи, воцарилась агрессивная и мощная Ос манская им перия. Затруднились взаимоотношения с Европой, что отрицательно сказалось на дальней шем развитии Грузии. Долгое время Грузия поддерживала тор говые связи с Европой, осо бенно северо-итальянскими городами-государс-твами – Ве нецией и Генуей, для которых торговые пути, прохо-дящие через Грузию играли осо бую роль. В эксплоатации этих путей были заинтересованы как западные, так и восточные го-сударства.

Идея крестового похода против Турок исходила от Папы Римского. В середине XV века в Европе, особенно при папском дворе, было хорошо известно, что на Востоке еще су ществовали христианские государства, которые могли выступить против Тур ции.

По призыву Папы (миссия Людовика Болонского в Грузию)

на борьбу с Тур цией восстала вся Грузия (царь Георгий VIII, атабаг Кваркваре II, князь Мегрелии Дадиани, князь Гурии). В коалицию, кроме грузинских правителей, должны были объ-единяться также им ператор Трапезундской империи, князь Ма-лой Армении, эмир Ка рамании и па дишах, нахо дящегося в ста-дии объединения, государства Ак-Коюнлу. Грузины имели свой собственный план разгрома Турции, который и предлага-ли воз можным союзникам в Европе с обещанием выставить до-вольно крупные военные силы. Грузины не довольствовались дипломатиче ской перепиской с Европой. Послы Грузии вместе с по слами восточных союзников посе щали дворы западно-ев-ропейских стран (Венгрии, Германии, Венеции, Флоренции, Рима, Франции и Фландрии), однако безрезультатно.

Экономоческие и политические противоречия между евро-пейскими странами того периода были настолько сильны, что объединения их для достижения общей цели невоз можным.

Турецкий двор в должной мере оценил существующее по-ложение и продолжал завоевательную политику. Восточные послы находились еще в Европе (1461 г.), когда турки завоева-ли Трапезундскую империю, что было равносильно поражению их вос точных про тивников.

В 1463 году началось венециано –турецкая война. Особое значение придавалось объединению в антиосманской коалиции непосредственых соседей Турции. Именно в это время устанав-ливаются первые дипломатические контакты между венецией и го су дарством Ак-Коюнлу в связы с той же Турцией. Узун-Гас-сан считал своим главным со перником ту рецкого султана.

Война между ними была неизбежна. В условиях войны с Турцией Узун-Гассан придавал особое значение Грузии.

Как выясняется из источников 70-ых годов XV века, гру-зинские правители уже неодинакого относилиь к идее создания антиосманской коалиции. Ясно видно, что Самц хе-Саатабаго и

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Мегрельское княжество не оказывали более поддержки образова нию этой коалиции. Для Самцхе-Саатабаго Узун-Гас-сан превратилсся более опасного завоевателя, нежели султан. Турция, со своей стороны, довольствовалась взи манием дани с атабага.

Правитель Мегрелии наxодидся под экономическим и по-литическим вля нием генуезцев, для которых, исходя из их собственных торговых интересов, большое значение имела внешнеполитическая ориентация князя Мегрелии. Генуэзцы хорошо знали о попыт ках создания венецианцами антиосманс-кой коальции и всячески ме шали им. Они питались повлиять на правителя Мегрелии во вред венецианцам, а также антиосман-ской коалиции.

Распад на отдельные царства и княжества положил конец единому внешнеполи тическому курсу Грузии, что получило наглядное проявление в начале 90-ых годов XV столетия. Кахе-тинское царство видела путь к свободе в союзе с Московским госу дарст вом, а Картли – с Западной Европой, но их попытки не увенчались успехом.

Вместе с формированием государства Сефевидов в Иране начинается новый этап внешних взаимоотношении Грузии.

Как следует персидских и западноевропейских источников, занявший иранский престол шах Исмаил I вознамерился превра-тит Грузию (Картли, Кахети, Самцхе-Саа табаго) в своего васса-ла, что предполагало признания власти шаха Исмаила и вы плату ежегодной дани, поставку определенных контигентов войск для осуществления широких захватниче ских планов Ирана.

Можно сказать, что проводимые шахом по отношению с Восточной Грузии меры, определили нормы взаимоотношений Грузии и Ирана почти на протяжении всего века.

Политика шаха Исмаила по отношению к Грузии ставила также целью дальней шее углубление политической децентра-лизации страны.

Грузины сыграли большую роль в образовании и усилении кызылбашского госу дарства Сефевидов. Грузинские полити-ческие деятели видели в этом государстве силу, способную противостоять туркам.

Перед началом первой ирано-турецкой войни (1514 г.) вследствие политиче ского положения, создавшегося в Грузии, и под влиянием Турции Самцхе-Саатабаго оказывало ей эконо-мическую поддержку.

Потерпев поражение в борьбе с турками, шах Исмаил ре-шил создать антитурец кую лигу, в которую входили Иран, Еги-пет и Восточная Грузия (Картли и Кахети). Од нако анти-турецкая лига оказалась нежизнеспособной.

Династическая борьба, проиcходившая в Самцхе-Саатаба-го, способствовала вмеша тельству Ирана и Турции во внутрен-ные дела княжества. Однако перемещение основного направле-ния турецкой агрессии в Западную Европу вызвало усиление пози ции Ирана не только в Самцхе-Саатабаго, но и во всей Восточной Гру зии.

Турция не могла примириться с усилением влияния Ирана в Грузии и в 1553 году возобновила войну с Ираном.

После заключения Амассийского мирного договора 1555 года Иран, обессилен ный в борьбе с Турцией, не имел устойчи-вых позиции в Восточной Грузии, главным объектом ак тивной внешней политики по-прежнему оставляет Грузию. Шах не смог достичь здесь же лаемого положения. Ему часто приходи-лось использовать вооруженные силы для подавле ния восстав-шего Картлийского царства.

Позиции султана в Западной Грузии были также не особен-но устойчивы. Тур ция не смогла окончательно покорить Запад-ную Грузию. Вмешательство султана во внутренние дела име-ретинского царства и княжеств Западной Грузии вызвало стрем ление этих кня жеств к децентрализации. Князя Одиши и

518 519

Гурии, еще до Амассий ского мира, вследствие неверных поли-тических действий, оказались под вдастью султана.

Отношение Турции к Западной Грузии отличалось от отно-шения Ирана к Вос точной Грузии. Туркам не приходилось пре-одолевать каких-либо серьезных препятст вий в Запад ной Гру-зии. Мирный договор с Ираном Турции был необходим для упоря дочения своих дел Европе. Она удовлетворялась взима-нием дани с грузинского цар ства и княжеств. В период мира (1558-1578 гг.), в ходе дипломатических сношений с Ираном, турецкий двор был за интересован вопросом Восточной Грузии, выступая ее защитником ради усиления своего влияния, что вызывало недовольство Ирана. В дей ствительности же Турция намеревалась захватить всю Грузию и Закавказье.

Главной ареной ирано-турецких войн 1578-1590 годов ста-новится Закавказье, в частности Картли. Именно во время этой войны ясно проявились намерения Турции по от ношению к Грузии. Она стремилась к полной инкорпорации Грузии. Царс-тва Картли и Ка хетии оказались перед лицом большой опаснос-ти. Картлийское царство под предводи тельст вом Свимона I в союзе кызылбашами развернуло военные дейст вия против ту-рок. Царь же Кахетии Александр II старался дипломатически-ми манев рами отвести от себя удар и избе жать судьбы Картли.

В 80-ые годы XVI века агрессивная политика Турции и Крымского ханства по отношению к народам Закавказья, заста-вила последних искать помощи у соседних го су дарств. То, что Иран не мог быть такой силой, не вызывало сомнений. Иран не мог за щи тить даже себя, о помощи другим не могло быть и речи. Поэтому внимание было пе рене сено на Московское госу-дарство, которое все дальше продвигалось к Северному Кавказу и берегам Каспийского моря. С завоеванием Астраха-ни (1556 г.) Россия ус тановила непосред ственные торговые контакты с Ираном. В подобных условиях за хват Кавказа осма-

нами и ослобление Ирана было неприемлемо для Московского го сударства.

Московское царство начинает искать союзников на Кавка-зе. О Кахетии Москва была информирована лучше, нежели о других грузинских княжествах. Кахетия ак тивно участвовала в международной торговле шелком и имела путь в Москву через Ас трахан. До рога эта проходила через Дагестан и шамхальские владения. Шамхал яв лялся вассалом ту рецкого султана и дейс-твовал по его указанию. Отряды Шамхала разоряли погранич-ные районы Кахетии. Поэтому вступления России на Северный Кавказ имело жизненно важное значение для Кахетии.

Наличие русских войск на Северном Кавказе способствова-ло отделению шам халь ских земель от Турции. Владения Шам-хала оказывались между двумя христиан скими стра нами, что облегчало им обуздание шамхальства.

Москва восстановила контакты с Кахетией. В 1586 году царь Кахетии Алек сандр II обратился за помощью к московско-му государю, который должен был защи тить Грузию от набегов шамхальских отрядов и предполагаемой турецкой агрессии.

Антишамхальская дипломтия кахетинского царя была из-вестна шамхалу. По этому он активизировал действия против Кахетии. В подобных условиях вступление русских войск в шамхальские владения стало задачей первостепенной важнос-ти для ди пломатических отношений с Кахетией.

Правда, точных сведении о связи грузин с донскими каза-ками нет, однако на по добный факт указывают некоторые све-дения русских и западно-европейских ис точников.

Установление контактов Кахетинского царства с Москвой имело огромное значе ние для всего Закавказья и Ближнего Вос-тока. Отныне, кто не хотел портить отношений с Мос ковским царством, должен был избегать враждебных акций по от-ношению к Кахе тии. Сул тану было ясно, что малейшая задерж-

520 521

ка в решении картлийского вопроса, мо жет привести к анало-гичной ситуации, тем более, что Мо сква была заинтересована в принятии Картли под свою защиту.

Однако царь Картли Свимон I был реалистом в политике и понимал, что в дан ный момент связь между Картли и Москвой была невозможна. Свимон приветствовал вступление русских войск в Кахетию, однако считал невозможным принятие помо-щи от русских в данных условиях. Картлийское царство нахо-дилось в состоянии войны с Турцией, и Свимон хорошо пони-мал, что словестное заявление России о принятии Картли под свою защиту могло иметь отрицательные последствия и вы-звать усиление военных действий со стороны Турции. Подоб-ный шаг мог быть отрицательно оценен и иранским шахом.

Установление связей между кахетинским царством и Мос-ковским государством ускорило заключение мирного договора между Картлийским царством и Турцией (1587 г.). Выход Кар-тлийского царства из войны сиграл большую роль в деле побе-ды Турции над Ираном. Иран попытался исползовать Московс-кое государство в войну против Тур ции. Од нако развитию нормальных взаймоотношений между Ираном и Россией пре-пятствовал кахе тинский вопрос.

Сближение России с Кахетинским царством ухудшило ка-хетино-турецкие отно шения, однако способствовало возраста-нию международного значения Кахетии. Видно было, что Рос-сия вступила на Кавказ при содействии Кахетии, и с этим не могли не счи татся могущественные агрессивные соседи. Кахе-тинский двор положительно оце нивал по вышение своей роли на Ближнем Востоке и старался поддерживать взаимоотноше-ния с Рос сией.

Александр II знал, что лишь посредством связи с Россией шамхальский вопрос мог быть решен в его пользу, но ему хоро-шо было известно также, что вопрос о шам хальстве был тесно

связан с вопросом о Турции. Поэтому в ходе переговоров с Рос-сией грузинские дипломаты ставили оба вопрса вместе.

Между Московским государством и Кахетией не было со-гласия в вопросе поли тики по отнношению к Турции. Во время переговоров московские дипломаты стара лись убедить кахе-тинский двор в том, что Турция не нападет на Кахетию, так как Александр II был по данным московского царя. Россия не разде-ляла планов кахетинского царя о на чале войны с Турцией. На данном этапе война с Турцией была нежелательна для России.

1590 году, после заключения мирного договора между Ира-ном и Турцией, «права» Турции были распространены и на вос-точную Грузию. Несмотрия на это, Ка хети и Картли сохранили взаимоотношения с другими странами. Вследствие новой аг-рессии Турции на За пад Священная Римская Империя и Папа Римский начинают моби лизовать антиосманские силы. Они об-ратили внимание на Иран и Грузию, кото рые не хотели мирить-ся с условиями Стамбульского мирного договора. Антиосман-ских планах императора и папы значительная роль отводилась Московскому царству, каторое могло повлиять на единоверную ей Грузию. Однако при русском дворе был выработан свой курс во взаимоотношениях с Турцией, кото рый не предусматривал начала войны с ней.

Кахетинское царство установливало связи с европейскими странами посредством Московского государства. Царь же Кар-тли, Свимон, питался установить связи с теми же странами (ис-сключая Россию) вместе с Ираном или же самостоятельно.

Все антиосмански настроеные государства понимали, что большего успеха в этой борьбе можно было достичь путем сближения Кахетинского и Картлийского царств. Раз решить эту задачу пытались и Иран и Московское царство. Таким обра-зом они могли упро чить свое влияние в Кахетии и Картли.

Кахетинский царь Александр II склонялся в сторону Моск-

522 523

вы. По его расчетам, объединение Картли и Кахети под влиянием последней предполагало его воцарение в объе диненой Грузии.

Свимон I как и во время ирано-турецких войн, так и по окончании их и до конца своих дней сохранил проиранскую ориентацию. Картлийское царство вмсте кы зылба шами прини-мало участие в борьбе с турцией, поэтому оно не могло прово-дить неприемлемую для шаха внешнюю политику и избегало контактов с Москвой. Даже в переговорах с евро пейскими стра-нами картлийский царь действовал по указке шаха и неизменно называл иранского шаха организатором борьбы с Турцией на Востоке.

В середине 90-ых годов XVI века шах Аббас усилил поли-тическое влияние на Ка хетию и в 1595 году вынудил Алексан-дра присоединиться к союзу Картли и Ирана. Так об разовалась Ирано-Картлийско-Кахетинская лига. Источники этого перио-да указы вают, что Александр II не до конца разделял цели этой коалиции. Кахетинские политики не могли примириться с вы-ходом России из борьбы с Турцией.

Когда члены восточной антиосманской коалиции убедились, что ждать помощи со стороны Европы бесполезно, они присту-пили к активным действиям. В 1597 году шах начал войну с со-юзниками Турции, а в 1598 году, воспользовавшись бедствен-ным поло жением Турции и с согласия шаха, возобновил войну с турками Свимон I . Если верить источникам того времени (их объективность сомнительна) Свимон достиг вна чале определен-ных успе хов, но в 1599 году был пленен турками в битве.

Уход Свимона с политической и военной арены значитель-но ослабил антиосман ские силы Грузии. Это обстоятельство усложнило также положения царя Кахетии, Алек сандра, так как Турция, которая до сих пор боролась с Картли, избегал кру-тых мер по отношению к Кахетии.

Александр II решил во что бы то ни стало активизировать

московскую поли тику в Закавказье и добиться реальной помо-щи от своего покровителя. Попытка царя Кахетии не увенча-лось успехом. Нужно предпологать, что Московское царство счита лось с инте ресами Ирана по отношению к Грузии. В это же время стало известно (1601 г.) о переговорах ко роля Речи Посполитой и крымского хана о начале военных дейст вий про-тив России. Вслед ствие этого обострение отношений с Ираном из-за Кахетии не служило интересам Москвы.

Шах аббас оценил создавшуюся ситуацию (в России нача-лась иноземная интер венция и крестьянская война;Иран доби-вается успехов в борбе с Турцией) и решил окончательно упро-чить свои позиции в Грузии. Александр II в 1695 году был убит сы ном, Константином, воспитанным при шахском дворе и при-нявшим мусульманство.

Пленение Свимона I турками, затем гибелью Александра II от руки кызылба шей, заканчивается длительное, полуторавеко-вое участье Грузии в антиосманских коалициях.

В условиях насилия со стороны Ирана и Турции феодаль-ные царства Грузии на долго теряют способность проведения независымой внешней политики. Картли и Кахети превра-щаются в арену кровопролитных феодальных бытв и набегов кызылбашей. Внешняя поли тика западных царств и княжеств Грузии в основном ог раничивается взаимоотношениями с Ира-ном иТурцией.

524 525

abazi 308

abas-mirza (muhamdis Svili)

375

abdulahi (Cildiris beglar

begi) 262

abubeqr bin abdulahi (osmalo

istrikosi) 402

abubeqri (istorikosi) 37, 405,

417

abulaZe c. 119, 187, 324, 403,

408, 409, 420, 423

avaliSvili z. (Àâàëîâ Ç.) 41, 65, 71, 74, 87

avTandili (diasamiZe elias

Svili) 423

avrambei (kafas moqalaqe) 462

azimameti (elCi) 73, 74

aTabeg-xani (manuCar III) 441aias faSa (arzrumis gamgebeli)

151

aidar mirza 358

al-aSraf said ad-din kaitbei

(1468-496; egviptis mbr-

Zanebeli mamluqi) 96

alah-Tau Cerqezi 172

alah-yuli-sulTan ijek oRlu

(usTajlus gvaris umniS-

vnelovanesi beladi) 353

alah-yuli _ sulTani (usta-

jlus tomis beladi) 367

alberi e. (Alberi E.) 176, 208, 215, 239-241, 469, 471

aleqsiZe z. 310

aleqsandre VI (romis papi)

99, 101

aleqsandre I (1412-1442) 75, 446

aleqsandre I (1476-1511; kaxeTis mefe) 96, 105, 106

aleqsandre II (kaxeTis mefe)

96, 170, 172, 175, 191, 219,

226, 230, 231, 246, 248,

271, 274, 276, 277, 290,

297, 300-302, 304, 306,

308, 317, 320, 323, 330-332,

339, 382, 439.

aleqsandre (dedisimedis ufro-

si Svili, minadoi yvaryvare

aTabags ratomRac yovelT-

vis aleqsandres uwodebs)

395

aleqsandre (yvaryvare) 411,

412

aleqsandre sadari xayani (is-

mail I- e. m.) 104aleqsandre begi ix. aleqsandre

II kaxeTis mefeal-kaSkaSandi (arabi isto-

rikosi) 448

al-muhabi 448

alyas mirza (ismailis biZa)

344

aleqsandre 216, 217

aleqsandre (levan xanis Ze)

213

aleqsandre II 214, 215aleqsandre mefe 210, 211

aleqsandre (kaxTa mefe) 203

aleqsandre xani (aleqsandre

II) 213aleqsandre mefe (levan xanis

Zes an aleqsandres Zes

uwodeben) 209

aleqsandre 212, 213

aleqsandre 208, 209

aleqsandre II 206, 207, 268aleqsandre I 48aleqsandre I-is asuli (colad

hyavda imperator ioane IV-s) 48

aleqsandre mefe 284, 288,

289

aleqsandre mefis diplomatebi,

elCebi 286, 287

aleqsandre mefe 255. 258,

268

aleqsandre xani 255. 276

aleqsandre mefe 254-257

aleqsandre (vinme somexi vaWari)

278

aleqsandre (kaxTa mefis le-

vanisa da mamia gurielis

asulis _ TinaTinis vaJi)

170

alvendi (`sparseTis mefe~)

106-108

alvendi (ay-yoinlus sulTani)

105

alvize filareto 135

ali beg (haramxanis mcveli)

370

ali-begi (ismail II-is mowi-

naaRmdege) 345

ali-efendi (istorikosi) 187,

193, 204, 206, 208, 209,

213, 218, 219, 400, 408.

ali-mirza 336

ali-sulTan Taqalu (igi mok-

les kilbad (gulbaaT) gur-

jis vaJebma) 345, 360

ali faSa 240, 244

ali-yuli begi 239

aliyuli-xan Samlu 337

aliyuli-xani (jaris meTauri)

199, 200, 222, 224, 225

ali xani (mesxi ioTamiSvili)

358

ali-xan begi (qarTveli dide-

buli) 372

saZieblebi*

I. pirTa

* Seadgina m. inasariZem

526 527

al-adil saif ad-din tuman-

bai (1500-1501; warmoSobiT

Cerqezi 122

ali-xani (heidar mirzas dedis

Zma) 341

alixani (Sah Tamazis Ze) 335

alixan-gurji (heidar mirzas

biZa; zaal begis Zma) 336,

348, 355, 357, 361

ali efendi, ali faSa 245,

246

alumuti (alvendi) 108

amargune xani (erevnis gamge-

beli) 440

amatakisSvilebi 423, 424

amatakisSvili abulayafar 423

amatakisSvili amatak 423

amatakisSvili arfaqsad 409

abrojio kontarini (veneciis

elCi) 18, 51, 52, 73, 82,

88, 449, 461

ambrojo de pietro (cxumis

pirveli konsuli) 453

amilaxori 908. 433-435

amir aslan begi (afSareb-

is beladi, mniSvnelovani

sardali da princ ahmadis

aRmzrdeli) 354

amir aslani 364

amir al-ubara hasan faSa 240

amirbeis vaJebi 462

amir sunjaki 35

amurati (Turqebis sardali)

192

ana xanumi (zeinab begumis deda)

336

andi-begi (iranis Sahis mohamed

xodabandes elCi) 280

andrea kornaro (venecieli

didebuli) 65, 79

anTal veranCiCi 151

anonimi venecieli 105, 107, 108,

148, 152, 185, 186, 189, 190,

207-213, 222, 223, 226,

251, 256, 333, 377, 378,

403, 468

anri III (safrangeTis mefe) 186, 188, 400, 434

ansari (xalifa; kahkahes cixis

gamgebeli) 363, 364, 371,

372

ansar faradaRlu (alamuTis

cixis ufrosi) 361

ànikasia~, anakofia 451

anakofia ix. ànikasia~

antonio de govea 337

antonovi (elCi) 284, 286

anCabaZe z. (Àí÷àáàäçå Ç.Â.) 52, 444, 448, 450, 453, 455, 457, 466, 469

anjol datri (siciliis mefis

elCi) 73

anjolelo 90, 91, 117

ardu eduardsi (nedli abre-

Sumis kompaniis agenti)

181

arzrumis beglarbegi 254

arzrumis faSa 383

arqanjelo lamberti 191, 192

arRun-yaeni (1284-1291) 10

arCili (bagratis (barnabis) Ze)

389, 390

arCili (dedisimedis Zma) 387

arCili (mefe konstantines Zis

Ze) 419

arCili (bagrat muxranbatonisa

da elenes Zma, Zma dedisim-

edisa) 419, 420

asan faSa 251

aslan-beg afSari 356, 369

afSari (Turqmenebis tomidan)

354

afxazeTis mTavari 50

aqbari 438

aSoTan bagratis Ze (barnab

beris Ze) 389. 390

aSoTani (dedisimedis Zma) 387

aSoTan muxranbatoni 388

ay-yoindus mbrZanebeli 47

ay-Sahri 384

ayTa huseini 348

axmed-bei 212

ahmad-mirza (Sah Tamazis Ze mo-

nasTan) 336, 353

ahmad jelaieri, jelairi 25,

28, 34, 35

ahmed-begi (arzrumis vilaieTis

SavSeTis sanjaybegi) 187

ahmedi (baRdadis sulTani) 24,

26, 36

ahmedi (vinme, daviT mefis Sir-

vanSi mimavali jaSuSi)

136, 137

ahmed III (sulTani, 1603-1613)

328

ahmed faSa (ix. haji bin-zade)

ahmed faSa (Tbilisis gamge-

beli) 229

ahmedi (Sah Tamazis Ze) 335

babingeri f. (Babinger Fr.) 126bagrat III (imereTis mefe 1510-

1548), 45, 53, 142, 143, 152,

153, 383, 470, 475

bagrat V (1360-1393) 27bagrat VI (qarTlis mefe) 56,

71, 86, 91, 92bakaki (bagrati _ imereTis

mefis levanis Zmiswuli)

262, 263

bagrat miqelis Ze (misces

Sorapnis erisTavoba) 744

bagrat muxranbatoni 385, 419

bagrati (Ze Teimurazisa, vax-

tangis Zisa) 262

bagrati (dedisimedis mama,

aRikveca berad barnabes

saxeliT) 389

528 529

baiazi I (osmaleTis sulTani)

18, 35, 36

baiazid II (1481-1512) 111-113baiazid III (1389-1402) 17, 19baiazidi (ufliswuli) 161-163,

169, 347

bake-gramoni (istorikosi) ix.

Jan lui bake gramoni

baraTaSvilebi 90. 168

baraTaSvili saCino 326

barbaro ix. pavle IIbarbaro josafat 51, 52, 92,

93, 447, 449, 452, 461,

462, 464

barkas Tuqali ix. barlas

Tuqali

barlas Tuqali, barkas Tuqali

32, 34

barnabe (dedisimedis mamis _

bagratis saxeli berobaSi)

389. 196

bartolo kontarini (veneciis

kviproseli elCi) 126

b artolom io d a mo sto

kviprosidan 135

barZim amilaxori 396, 420

basTan jagiri (ardebilis gamo-

Cenili mbrZanebeli) 32

batista (naxWevanSi moRvawe wm.

dominikes wesis mRvdeli)

145

batori iStvan (1576-1586)

265-267

batori zigmund (translvaniis

mTavari) 287, 288. 302,

309, 310)

baSi aCuki ix. levani (imereTis

mefe, igive baSiaCuki)

bahram mirza (sulTan ibrahim

mirzas mama, Sah Tamazis

Zma) 354

bediani, benda, `bendia~ (same-

grelosa da afxazeTis

mefe) 50, 51, 53, 56, 86,

444-446, 449-452, 461,

464-466, 468

bedfordi (hercogi) 46

bei isaki (uzun hasanis mier war-

mogzavnili kaci) 73, 76

bekari bernardino 322

bekir begi 220

Áåëèíåöêèé Ë. Ì. 336Áåëîêóðîâ Ñ. À. 160, 203benda, ix. bediani

`bendia~ ix. bediani

bendiano 366

benikaza ix. graciozo benikaza

Áåð À. 13, 15beraZe T. 458

berdebegi, berdbeki (mcire

somxeTis mTavari) 54, 57,

450

beri egnataSvili 169, 200, 201,

203, 262, 264, 338, 339,

341, 358, 376, 380-382, 385,

390, 446, 449, 472

bertradon de la brokieri

(bedfordis mrCeveli) 46

berZeniSvili n. 83, 137, 138,

255, 270, 284, 287-289,

298, 300, 305, 308, 330

Berchet G. 65, 66, 79, 85, 88, 115, 247, 268, 303, 306, 316

betruCio kontarini 76

beqa (manuCaris biZa, manuCar II-is Zma) 342, 442

bexrem-faSa (arzrumis gamge-

beli) 189

behrem faSa (diarbeqiris beglar-

begi) 220, 221, 224

birkin rodion (rusi elCi)

269, 277, 289

Bizarus P. 222bolotnikovi 331

bocvaZe T. 160, 271, 298

Breyer F. 55Brown E. G. 363brose mari (Brosset M.) 24-27,

51, 82, 201, 321bruni f. 23, 457

buasardo J. (istorikosi) 246,

425

buaCiZe g. 123

buda’ yazvini, buda yazvini

(sparseli istorikosi) 131,

171, 361, 365, 371

buda yazvini ix. buda’ yazvini

budoviCi venclavi, venceslav

budoviCi (avstriis elCi)

414, 418

burgoniis hercogi 49, 53, 55,

65, 88, 451

burgonis duka ix. burgonis

hercogi

busbeki (habsburgebis elCi

konstantinopolSi, isto-

rikosi) 471, 473, 474

butak begi (mohamed hodabandas

elCi) 281

Áóøåâ Ï. Ï. 296-298, 300, 305, 331

gabaSvili timoTe 3, 16, 139,

173, 178, 292, 294, 304,

307, 320

gaiZvera reaOTagani (romelsac

werili mihqonda aleqsan-

dre mefesTan) 231

Galibert L. 68gamezardaSvili z. 311, 312

gamzid-begi (ufliswul su lei-

manis `saWurvelmtvirT-

veli~) 370

gacabeki (yvaryvare II-is mama _ beqa II) 55

geraldi petre (kenterberiis

arqiepiskoposi, cxumis ka-

Tolike episkoposi) 445,

453, 455, 457-459

gerardo pinedi 457, 460

giorgi II (1564-1585; imereTis mefe) 186, 217, 472, 473

530 531

giorgi II-is (imereTis mefis) elCi 190

giorgi (persTa, didi armeniis

da mcire iberiis mefe, rom-

lis mama aleqsandre iyo)

ix. giorgi VIIIgiorgi (ieses Zma, levan kaxTa

mefisa da mamia gurielis

asulis TinaTinis ufrosi

vaJi) 166, 170, 174, 175

giorgi brwyinvale (V; 1318-1346) 444, 445

giorgi mefe (erTiani saq. mefe

1446-1466 wlebSi, kaxeTis

mefe (1466-1476 wlebSi)

56

giorgi (Soroso) 27, 28, 32, 50giorgi VII 30, 33, 35, 36, 38,

445, 462giorgi XIII (saq. mefe) 45, 47,

48, 54, 55, 75, 328, 440-

451, 456, 473

giorgi X 439giorgi (usufi, m. svaniZis va-

raudiT) 229

giorgi (kaxeTis mefis levanis

Ze) 167, 171, 326-328

giorgi kecaZe (qarTveli vaWari)

463

gelaSvili n. 132, 138, 171, 174,

175, 200, 340, 341, 344,

362, 365, 375, 376

genuis san-jorjos bankis pro-

teqtorebi 463, 465

gogoriSvili beJan 436

godunovi boris 292, 296-298,

300, 320, 330

gorgaZe b. 109

gorgijaniZe farsadan (isto-

rikosi) 35, 168, 200, 204,

222, 228, 259, 264, 377,

385

gorgora ix. yvaryvare IIgotie (Ãîòüå Þ. Â.) 178gofredo lerkari (kafas kon-

suli) 460

goCa (batoniSvili) 323

goColeiSvili d. 448

graciozo benikaza (1480), be-

nikaza 447, 448, 452

gregori ix. yvaryvare IV aTabagi (1574-1581)

Ãðåêîâ Á. 29, 30grigori vasilCikovi (moskovis

elCi iranSi) 256

guagura beki (saqarTvelos

mTavari. igi iyo Sah-iakubis

bebiis Zmis simamri _ yvar-

vare II) 111gugaqi (SalikaSvilebis _ koko-

lasa da laSqaris biZa)

429

gulbaaTi 358, 360

gurgura, mzeWabuki aTabag 196

gurguram-beki ix. yvarvare II

gurieli giorgi (1564-1583;

guriis mTavari) 46, 47,

143, 186, 188, 261, 262, 383,

436, 444, 468, 473

guCua v. 135

dadiani ix. levan I (odiSis mTavari 1532-1572)

dadianis despani ìx. qriste-

koCi~

dadianis vaJi (es unda iyos

mamia II, levan I dadianis vaJi, 1572-1590) 183

dadiani (levan I, samegrelos

mTavari, 1532-1572) 143,

186, 383, 471

dadian-bedieli 444

dadiani (samegrelos mTavari)

47, 48, 448. 458, 459

dadiani giorgi (levan I dadi-anis mama) 472

dadiani vamey 445

dadiani liparit (mamia dadianis

vaJi) 446

dadiani mamia IV 191, 261, 262, 446

dadiani manuCar 24

daviT-begi ix. dauT xani

daviTi (ioane IV-is Zma) 48daviT komnenosi (trapizonis

imperatori) 48, 50, 61, 62,

78, 84, 450

daviT ungandi (habsburgebis

imperiis elCi) 343, 379

daviT X 129, 134, 136-139daviT IX (dauTxani) 168, 197daviT batoniSvili (giorgi

X-is Svili) 328, 329

daviTi (zaal begis Zma) 355

daviT I (kaxeTis mefe, imefa

mcire xans, ̀ hyvanda colad

asuli aSoTan muxranis

batonisa _ qeTevan, daO

dedisimedisa~) 388

davriJeci araqel (somexi isto-

rikosi) 322, 326, 327

dalilxan-begi (ramlus tomi-

dan) 370

danilovi (elCi) 270

dasavleT saqarTvelos [koka-tis (quTaisis patriarqi)

(savaraudod, malaqia I baSiZe)] 146

dauT-xani, dauT-begi, daviTi

(svimon I-is Zma) 167, 170, 173, 174, 177, 182, 183, 190-

193, 197, 202, 217, 235,

241, 244, 380

debora ix. dedisimedi (bagrat

muxranbatonis asuli)

dedisimedi (bagrat muxranbato-

nis asuli, aTabag qaixosro

II-is meuRle, aTabagebis _

yvaryvare IV-isa da manuCar III-is deda) 339, 342, 382, 385, 386, 387, 390-398,

404, 407, 411-413, 417, 419,

420, 426, 430

532 533

de olivaresi (grafi don en-

rike de gusmani) espaneTis

mefis elCi) 278, 279

diakvniSvili (goreli vaWari,

romelmac mefe svimonis

neSti stambolSi Camoas-

vena) 329

diarbeqiris faSa 383

diasamiZeebi 425

diasamiZe elia 423, 436

diasamiZe vaxuSti 385

div-sulTan rumlu (osmaleTis

sardali) 128

div-sulTani (Coxur saadis

mmarTveli) 130

doliZe i. 200

dominike (naxWevanSi moRvawe wm,

dominikes wesis mRvdeli)

145

donaldo da leZe 114

don enrike de gusmani (espan-

eTis mefis elCi) ix. de

olivaresi

don xuan de persia (igive uluR

beg baiaTi) 172, 188, 191,

192, 197, 199-202, 211,

229, 242, 335, 344, 345,

348-350, 362, 363, 369,

371, 374, 377, 378, 394,

401, 404, 407, 409-411,

432, 433

dosiTeoz kaTalikosi 200

duka (bizantieli istorikosi)

62

dumbaZe m. 166

egviptis sulTani 124

egnataSvili beri ix. beri eg-

nataSvili

edigei 30

eduard klarki 180. 181

evgeni IV (romis papi 1431-1447) 21, 41

evlia Celebi (Turqi isto-

rikosi) 192

elene (dedisimedisa da qaixo-

sros asuli; adre garda-

icvala) 385, 390, 399

elene (bagrat muxranbatonis

meuRle) 419

elene (manuCar III-is meuRle)

440, 441

elene (svimon I-is asuli)

424

elizbar erisTavi 396, 420

elimirza (kaxTa mefis levanisa

da mamia gurielis asulis

_ TinaTinis vaJi) 170

emanguli (Sah Tamazis Ze) 335

emin-aRa (kaxeTis mefis kaci)

217

eneas silvius pikolomini [sie-nas episkoposi, SemdegSi

pius II (1458-1464)] 39

enrike III (1390-1407; kastiliis

mefe) 19

enriko dandolo (veneciis

doJi) 12

enriko jenkinsoni (`moskovis

kompaniis~ agenti) 179

erekle (aleqsandre II-is Ze)

212-215, 255-258, 339, 382,

390

erekle bagratis (barnabe beris)

Ze 389, 390

erekle II 284erekle muxranbatoni 399

erekle (vaJi muxranbatonisa)

419

erik VII (daniis mefe) 20efendievi o., Eôåíäèåâ Î. À.

(istorikosi) 114, 365eCmiaZineli mRvdlebi 311

eCmiaZineli somexi (romelic

mravali Tvis ganmavlobaSi

sparseTSi imyofeboda _

e.m.) 312

vali-beg avSari (sasaxlisa da

haramxanis meTauri), 354,

361

valter hainc (germaneli mecn-

ieri) 63

vanteevi (rusi elCi) 295

varaza (oTar SalikaSvilis Ze;

Sah Tamaz I-is colisZma,

mokla dedisimedma) 187,

334, 338, 339, 381, 382,

392, 399, 423

varaza ogulari 187

varawa oRlu kaikud xani ix.

kikola SalikaSvili

varkaCi nikolai (`romis saRm-

rTo imperiis~ elCi) 268,

285, 295-297

Âàñèëüåâà Ó. È. 125, 239vaCnaZe yaflan (qarTveli elCi)

272

vaxtangi (svimon I-is Zma) 259, 326

vaxtangi (arCil muxranbatonis

vaJis _ erekles biZa) 419,

420

vaxtangi (dedisimedis Zma) 387,

413

vaxtang muxranbatoni 396

vaxtangi (bagratis _ barnabe

beris Ze) 389, 390

vaxtang VI 284, 337vaxuSti batoniSvili 44, 89-91,

134, 156, 170, 177, 201-203,

209, 211, 213, 214, 262,

290, 320, 321, 334, 338,

340, 381, 388, 389, 391,

398, 410, 411, 421-423, 425,

440, 442, 444-446, 449,

456, 471, 473, 474

vaxuSti qarTveli (haqimi)

384

534 535

veli (armanis sanjaybegi) 323

venclav budovici ix. budoviCi

vanclav (avstriis elCi)

venceslav budovici ix. bu-

doviCi venclav.

veranCiCi anTal (ungreTis

mefis stamboleli diplo-

mati) 469, 471

Âåñåëîâñêèé Í. 280, 298, 308, 339

veskonte (geografi) 448

vetore soranco (veneciis war-

momadgeneli) 72

Âèíòåð Ý. 265vinCenco deli aleqsandri

(veneciis respublikis elCi

Sah-Tamazis karze) 164

violante (katerino Zenos

meuRle, arqipelagis her-

cogis nikolo krespos

qaliSvili) 78

vitovci (litvis mTavari) 20

viqtori (siri) 72, 77

viRac somexi (1563 w. kaxeTis

elCi) 182

vladislav II (poloneTis mefe)

46

vladislav III (poloneT-ungre-

Tis mefe) 21

vlasievi aTanase (moskovis

elCi) 320

vlaheTis elCi 414

volkovi m. 460

Âîëèí Ñ. À. 23vsevolodski ivane (ruseTis

elCi) 300

zaal begi (Sahis karze aRzeve-

buli, qarTvelTa meTauri

da amira, imamyuli _ mirzas

biZa) 341, 348, 351, 355-357,

360, 363, 368, 371, 372

zaal-xani ix. zaal begi

zaza-begi (es unda iyos saxl-

Tuxucesi zaza fanasker-

tel-ciciSvili) ix. fanask-

ertel-ciciSvili zaza

zahra baji 336

Çåâàêèí Å. Ñ. 10, 354, 366, 464

zeinab begumi (Sah Tamazis

qaliSvili qarTveli qal-

isagan) 336, 337, 340

zein ol-mirza 336

zeixavandis gvari (qarTvelebi)

354

zvenigorodski andria (elCi)

299

zvenigorodski semion (ruseTis

elCi) 273, 275, 284, 286

zigmund III 331zigfridi 356

TaTreTis imperatori 30

TaleSis gvari (qarTvelebi)

354

Tamazi (Sah Tamaz I) 176Tamazi (zaal begis Zma) 355

Tamar mefe 445

Tamari (qaixosrosa da dedisme-

dis asuli) 385, 390

TamaraSvili m. 42-45, 47, 49-

55, 57, 60, 61, 75, 100,

304, 308, 310, 311, 318,

326, 450

TayaiSvili e. 205, 304, 390,

445, 473, 474

Taheri batoniSvili 27, 28

Tevdore ivanes Ze (ruseTis

mefe) 267, 269, 270, 272-

274, 276, 281, 282, 284,

285, 303, 306, 314

Teimuraz I 278, 284Teodosi (imperatori) 328

Teodora (ioane II-is qaliS-

vili) 48

Temurlengi 13, 17-20, 22-29,

31, 33, 35-38, 79, 114

TvalSvenieri ivane (qaixosrosa

da dedisimedis Ze) 385,

386, 390, 398, 441

TinaTini (mamia gurielis asu-

li) 170

TinaTini (mefe svimonis ulamaz-

esi SviliSvili, romelic

sparsul da evropul wy-

aroebSi cnobilia gulCaras

(gulCahras) saxeliT) 328,

329

Tokmak-xani ix. Toqmak sulTan

xani (erevnisa da naxiCevanis

gamgebeli)

Tomas herberti 379

Toma mewobeli (istorikosi)

34

Toqmak sulTan xani (erevnisa da

naxiCevanis gamgebeli) 189,

401, 403, 405, 406

Toqmak-xani (SaTamazis elCi

konstantinopolSi) 350

ToxTamiSi (oqros urdos yaeni)

27, 29, 30

TulaSvili (`mefe kimons cxeni

wauqcia brZolasa Sina~)

327

TurmaniZe sulxan 325

iagailo (poloneTis mefe) 20

iakobi (1563 w. kaxeTis samefos

elCi) 182

ianoS huniadi (poloneT-ungre-

Tis mefis vladislav III-is voevoda) 21

ianoS huniadi (poloneTis mefe

vladislav II-is da ungre-Tis voevoda) 46

iauyb-yaeni (uzun-hasanis memkvi-

dre) 95

ibn nasri (gilaneli eqimi)

360

ibrahim vali (Seixi) 32

ibrahimi (Sah Tamazis Ze) 335,

379

536 537

ibrahim feCevi (istorikosi)

147, 155, 156, 186, 208-213,

222, 224, 226, 229, 231,

237, 238, 244-246, 248,

266, 379, 400, 403, 404,

430.

ieronim laski (ungreTis mefe

ferdinandis elCi) 143

iese (kaxTa mefis _ levanisa

da mamis gurielis asulis

_ TinaTinis vaJi, isqander

munSi ieses, SecdomiT,

alixans uwodebs) 165, 170-

173, 179, 204, 211, 257, 375,

377, 380.

iese (kaxeTis mefe aleqsandre

II-is Zma, ufliswuli) 176,

177, 201, 212, 235-277

ieso qriste 100, 146, 195,

196

ivane aTabagi (mesxeTis mflo-

beli) 38

ivane III (1462-1505; moskovis mTavari) 96

ivane IV (ruseTis mefe) 159,

160, 180, 182

izabela (espaneTis dedofali)

99

izma-xani (Sah Tamazis Svili)

379

iluriZe m. 402, 417

imamyuli (dediT qarTveli

ufliswuli), imam-yuli

mirza 353-357, 372

imam-yuli-mirza (Sah Tamazis

vaJi qarTveli mona qalisa-

gan) ix. imamyuli

imamyuli-xani (yizilbaSTa

jaris sardali) 101, 219,

222, 237, 238

imerliSvili v. 151

ingoroyva p. 448

interiano j. (istorikosi),

jorjo interiano 52, 447,

448

ioane galifanteli (episko-

posi) 19

ioane IV (1446-1458, impera-tori) 48

ioane VIII paleologosi (bizan-

tiis imperatori) 20, 101

ioane presviteri 60

ioTamaSvil-SalikaSvilebi 355

ioram-begi 206, 207

iorga (Jorga N. rumineli isto-

rikosi) 65, 72, 87

ioseliani avT. 252

iranis Sahi (Sah abas I) 321iranis Sahis vaJiSvili ix. hamza

mirza

isa-beg Turqimanis qaliSvili

(Sah Tamaz I-is coli)

339

isa-xani ix. iese

islenievi danila 295

ismaili (sinopis batoni) 53

ismaili (Sah Tamazis Ze, Sem-

degSi ismail II) 335ismail I 104, 105, 107-109, 114,

116-118, 121-123, 125, 126, 131, 134-141

ismail II Sahi 151, 194, 197, 198, 200-202, 204, 235, 239,

334, 335, 339, 341, 343-346,

350-352, 356, 358, 361-368,

372-374, 376-382.

isqander munSi (istorikosi)

135, 148, 164, 166-168, 175,

177, 201, 203, 204, 210,

211, 231, 235, 256, 259, 351,

352, 356-358, 362, 365, 384,

406, 407, 437-441

isqander faSa 147

italieli diplomati romSi

135

iuzbaSi rumlu 371

iusuf-begi (qurTi) 188

iusuf faSa [Tbilisis yofili

beglarbegi, imereTis mefe

giorgis Svili (m. svaniZis

varaudiT) iyo] 431iusuf faSa (gamuslimebuli ax-

alcixeli didebuli) 442

iStvan batori ix. batori

iStvan

iju Sarmazan 384

kazimeJ IV (poloneTis mefe)

72, 87

kakabaZe s. 35. 168

kaluli (uzun hasanis ufrosi

vaJi) 85

kaliqstus III (romis papi) 4, 40, 44, 45

kanale juzepe (Canale G., is-torikosi) 455, 461, 462,

464, 466

karabegi (maRris sanjaybegi)

323

karailiuki (mesopotamiis mefis

mama, Turqmani) 55

karl V (1519-1556; imperatori) 139, 140

karpovi s. (Êàðïîâ Ñ. Ï.) 46, 47

kasim bei 220, 224

kaspare de kolunus alberti

460

kasraZe t. 21

kastodinusi (metri, saqarT-

velosa da mesopotamiis

mefis elCi) 59

katerino Zeno (veneciis elCi)

69, 71, 73, 74, 77-79, 81,

85-87, 105, 106, 117, 121,

467

kafas konsuli 465

kacitaZe d. 18, 38. 135, 151, 152,

340, 355

kaxaber yorRanaSvili ix. for-

RanaSvili kaxaber

538 539

kefarsa, igive ̀ bei isaki~ ̀ uzun

hasanis elCi, erovnebiT

espaneli, sarwmunoebiT

ebraeli~, uzun hasanis

mTavari eqimi 73, 76

kvirini lazaro 65. 77

kiknaZe v. 445, 453, 458, 459

kiknaZe r. 33, 81, 92, 105, 174

kilbad (gulbaaT) gurjis 358,

360

kilikiis mTavari 48

kirile (kaxeTis mefis elCi

moskovSi) 285

kir-nilo, nilo (qarTlis mefe

konstantines karis ekle-

siis moZRvari) 96, 97,

98-101

klavixo rui gonsales 25

klementi VIII (romis papi)

290-295, 299, 302, 306,

311, 314

kikola SalikaSvili (varaza Sa-

likaSvilis vaJi _ kokola

cnobili iyos rogorc

mahmud xan dirazis Ze,

Turquli wyaros mixedviT

_ varaza oRlu kaikud-

xani) 189, 190, 191, 399,

409, 423, 436, 437.

komnenosebi 48, 69, 84

konstantine batoniSvili ix.

konstantine Ikonstantine I (1407-1412, daiR-

upa SavbatknianebTan brZo-

laSi 1412 w.) 38

konstantine II (1478-1501) 71, 75, 90-92, 95-97, 99-101, 106, 117, 332, 390, 419

konstantine (kaxeTis ufliswu-

li, aleqsandre II-is Ze)

235, 255, 256, 298, 300

konstantine laskarisi (elCi)

111

kontarini toma sier (konstan-

tinopolis bailo) 136

kontarini ix. ambrojo kon-

tarini (veneciis elCi)

Cornet E. 72, 73, 75, 76kotetiSvili v. 195

Êðûìñêèé Å. À. 308Krumbacher K. 20Kuntze E. 260kumuloviCi aleqsandre 294,

301, 302, 306

kuCena temriuk idaroviCis asu-

li, romelic SeirTo ivane

IV-m, da moskovSi daarqves maria 180

kucia k. 322

laioS II (ungreTis mefe) 142lala mustafa faSa 185-192,

201, 202, 206-212, 218,

219, 222, 223, 224, 227,

245, 257, 378, 393-396,

400, 402, 404, 405, 408-

410, 412, 413, 420, 423,

424, 426

lanua 46

Lanoz K. 140laSqara (kokola SalikaSvilis

Svili) 423

levan av-giorgis Ze 131, 134

levan I dadiani (odiSis mTavari 1532-1572) 470-473, 475

levan II dadiani (odiSis mTa-vari) 192, 473-475

levani (imereTis mefe, igive

baSiaCuki, 1583-1590) 196,

262, 263, 279

levani (kaxeTis mefe; saqarT-

velos mefe), levan xani

131, 137, 140, 141, 143, 146,

164-166, 171, 178, 182, 192,

246

levani `saqarTvelos mefe~ ix.

levan kaxTa mefe

levan-xanis Svili ix. iese

levan xani ix. levan kaxTa

mefe

Leo H. 69levanis asuli, romelic co-

lad gahyva svimon I-s 164leonardo bembo 125

Lanz K. 139, 140leunklaviusi, Leunclavius L.

(istorikosi) 119, 120

lion dadiani ix. levan I da-diani

lipartiani 186

liparit dadiani 467

Ëèñîâñêèé À. Â. 20luarsabi (ufliswuli, svimo-

nis Ze) 235

luarsab I (qarTlis mefe 1534-

1556) 143-145, 147, 152, 156,

157, 174, 194, 195, 201, 310,

358, 359, 383, 387

luarsab II (qarTlis mefe, 1606-

1615( 441

luarsab Sermazaan oRli 381

ludoviko bolonieli (cnobili

diplomati, franciskanelTa

ordenis wevri) lui de

bolonia 40-47, 54, 56. 59,

61, 77, 88, 447

lui de bolonia ix. ludoviko

bolonieli

lui XI 60luis xili fernandesi 278,

280

Ìàãèäîâè÷ È. Ï. 20maisuraZe g. 311

makleri f. Macler F. 304, 309, 310

maksud-xani (Sahis elCi) 228,

229

Malcolm J. 361, 369malipiero alesandro (venecieli

diplomati) 303, 306, 316

540 541

malpiero hanibal 117

malus armenieli (somxeTis

batoni) 55

mama iakobi (saqarTvelos mefis

elCi romSi) 311, 314-318

mamarti (raindi, somexTa elCi)

59

mama Cveni (manuCar I dadiani) 474

mamedi (Sah Tamazis Ze) 335

mametanacabi (Mametanazab, uzun hasanis elCi) 66

mamia III dadiani (1512-1532)

444, 474

mamia IV dadiani (1572-1592

188

mamia (gurielis vaJi) 262

mamia (giorgi II-is Zma, m.

svaniZis gamokvleviT mamia

giorgis Svili iyo da ara

Zma) 217

mamisTvaliSvili e. 19, 44, 69,

93, 101, 123, 139, 185, 279,

333, 393, 433, 446, 451

mania (guriis erisTavi) 53

Ìàíàíäÿí ß. À. 10manuel I (1143-1180, bizantiis

imperatori) 12

manuil II paleologi (1391-

1425; imperatori) 17

manuCar begi (romelsac osmale-

Tis divanma saqarTvelos be-

goba uboZa) ix. manuCar II

manuCari (yvaryvare I didis vaJi, yvaryvare III-is biZa, 1475-1487) 127

manuCar II (manuCar-xani, aTabagi 1582-1613), umcrosi Tavadi

127, 128, 130, 191, 193, 218,

233, 236-238, 241-243, 250,

253, 385, 386, 390, 393,

396-408, 410-421, 424-426,

428-431, 433-442

manuCar III (manuCar II-is Ze),

aTabag xani, 439, 441

manuCar xani ix. manuCar IImargarita avstrieli (dedo-

fali) 172

mariam sulTan xanumi 336

marko rosi (ruseTis elCi)

88

marino kavali 470, 473-475

matiaS korvini (1458-1490,

ungreTis mefe) 55, 73,

83, 87

masum beg safavi (saxelmwifo

mdivani) 345, 354

maqsimiliane (avstriis ercher-

cogi) 312, 316

mawyvereli 435

Ìàõìóäîâ ß. Ì. 14, 17, 66, 87, 88

mahmadi (Sahi mohamed xudabende)

199

mahmadi-sulTani (oficialuri

wyaros mixedviT mahmad-

xani) 401

mahd-ulia (mahdi mazandaranis

gamgeblis qaliSvili) 349

mahmud-mirza (Sah Tamazis me-

eqvse vaJi qarTveli mona

qalisagan) 334, 353

mahmud xan dirazis Ze ix. koko-

la varazas Ze SalikaSvili,

romelic cnobili iyo am

saxeliT

mahoni [mcire TurqTa (ay-yoiun-lus _ e.m.) elCi] 59

mahumuti (Turqmani) 55

mehmed aRa da misi amxanagebi

189

mehmed begi (Tbilisis gamge-

beli, sxva cnobebiT kosto-

manis beglar-begi) 193

mehmed girei (yirimis xani) 219,

221, 225

mehmed II (1444-1446, 1451-1481) 39, 40, 58, 61-63, 66, 67, 80. 85

mehmad xani (`sparseTis mefis

generali~) 401

mehmed xani (arzrumis beglar

begi) 143

mehmed sokolu (didi veziri)

224

mehmed sokolus vaJi 224

mehmed faSa (Tbilisis beglar-

begi) 222, 225, 246

mehmed faSa 246

mehmedi (osmalo vaWari) 269

mehmedi (ufliswuli; SemdegSi

mehmed II, 1595-1603) 233mehmed III (1595-1603) 323mehmedi (ovsilis sanjaybegi)

323, 324

mehmed xani (sulTani, murad

xanis Ze) 324

mehmed faSa (arzrumis mamasax-

lisi) 426-430, 464

mgalobliSvili m. 197

meliqseT-begi 34

menabde l. 124

mesxia SoTa 262

mesir hansi (raindi, romelic

iyo ioane presviteris

elCi) 60

mesopotamiis mefe (Tumca

araqristiani, magram qris-

tianebis megobari, romlis

mama Turqmani karailuki

iyo) 54

metreveli el. 24

Ìåöîïñêèé Ôîìà 34mehmed faSa (Tbilisis gamge-

beli) 220

mehmed faSa (osmaleTis sarda-

li) 428-430

mehmed faSa yadimi (diarbeqiris

faSa) 430

mehmed xani (sulTani, murad

xanis Ze) 324

542 543

mzeWabuk I aTabagi (1502-1515), janiki 106, 112, 115, 116,

118

mzeWabuki (qaixosrosa da dedi-

simedis Ze) 385, 390

miguel de abrue de limasi

(portugaliis elCobis me-

Tauri) 375

mikloS varkaCi (avstriis im-

peratorisa da ungreTis

mefis elCi) 282

milanis hercogi 67

minado jovani tomazo (Minadoi) 175, 176, 191, 194, 197, 199, 201-204, 207, 210-212, 242, 243, 344, 345, 348, 349, 351, 362, 376, 394, 395, 405, 409, 411, 412, 414, 415, 424, 428, 430-433

Minadoi T. 176, 197, 215. 217, 221, 223, 224, 228, 230, 232, 240, 241, 321, 335, 364-366, 369, 371

minorski m. (Minorsky V.) 25, 26, 81, 91

mirabeti ix. mirza beki

miranSah batoniSvili 27

miran Sahi 37

mirza ali bei 212, 219

mirza beki anu mirabeti 105

mirza mohamed-xani 375

mirza omari (Seqis erT-erTi

mmarTvelis Svili) 215

mirxondi (sparsulenovani is-

torikosi) 32-35, 38

miqaeli (raindi) 59

miqel (narin daviTis Ze) 444

mixai (valaxeTis voevoda)

309

mixeil aldigieri (trapizonis

imperatori) 54

moraki ix. xoja miraki

mirati ix. xoja miraki

moreas mirliva ali-beg bunavi

(lores beglar-begi) 240

morTaza mehdi faTemi 354,

355

moldaveTis elCi 414

monpelie (safrangeTis venecieli

elCi) 144

Morley W. H. 175, 202, 375Ìîõîâ Í. 299mohamadi 344, 345

mohamed faSa (gamuslimanebuli

mesxi feodali) 441

mohamed-xanis vaJebi 345

mohamed-xan lala 345

mohamed mirza (Sah Tamazs hyavda

isa-beg isubeg Turqomanis

qaliSvilisagan) 334, 339

mohamed hodabanda (iranis Sahi),

mohamed xudabande 175-177,

193, 200-202, 205, 211, 228.

234, 235, 280,. 334, 337,

340, 341, 343, 349, 362,

374, 380-382, 386, 396,

398, 407

mohamed xudabande ix. mohamed

hodabanda

mohamed xudabendes deda 334

muafi (halabis faSa) 232

munejim-baSi (osmalo isto-

rikosi) 81, 113, 218

murad-mirza 336

muradi (uzun hasanis SviliS-

vili) 108, 109

murad III (1574-1595, sulTani

185, 199, 219, 223, 227,

260, 261, 324, 350, 378,

395, 404, 412, 414, 422,

426, 428

murad xani ix. muradIIImurad faSa (osmalTa sardali)

441

Ìóðçàêåâè÷ Í. 11murati (kaxeTis mefe, aleqsan-

dre II-is mier moskovSi

gagzavnili elCi) 96

Ìuratori L. A. 67musa _ mirza 336

mustafa naima (istorikosi)

194, 195

mustafa selianiqi (osmalo is-

torikosi) 209, 233, 291-

244, 255, 259, 304, 404

mustafa faSa ix. lala mustafa

faSa

mustafa faSa (zulyadris

beglarbegi) 220, 221

mustafa (maraSis beglarbegi)

223

mustafa ali (Turqi isto-

rikosi) 231

mustafa ix. manuCar IImustafa-mirza (dediT qarTveli

ufliswuli, Sah Tamazs

hyavda qarTveli mona qal-

isagan) 334, 335, 349, 353, 372, 379

mustafa lala faSa 403, 406,

411, 412, 415, 420, 422

mustafa (manuCari) 426, 427,

430, 432

muxranbatonebi 389

muxranbatoni arCili 419

muhamedi (Sah Tamazis Ze) 379

muhamedi (cru winaswarme-

tyveli) 196

muhamedi (Sah ismail II-is Zma) 375

muhamed xudabende 430

mcire somxeTis mTavari 47

nabuT-aRa (iranis elCi) 232,

233, 236

naTaZe gr. 413, 418

Íàêàøèäçå Í. Ò. 331nasrola falsafi (iraneli is-

torikosi) 335, 336

neapolitaniis mefe 312

negroni (Tarjimani) 315

544 545

Neck R. 141nestan darejan (qarTlis dedo-

fali) 419

nestan darejani (kaxTa mefe

levanis asuli) 157

nizami (laCinis sanjaybegi)

323

nikoli (metri; frangi maswav-

lebeli, damrigebeli) 59

nikolo krespo (arqipelagis

hercogi; misi qaliSvilebi

colad hyavdaT katerino

Zenos da uzun hasans) 15,

78

nikolo (elCi) 73

nikolo justiniani bailo 115-

117

nikoloz Tbileli 54, 75

nikoloz V (romis papi) 40,

41

nilo ix. kir-nilo (qarTlis

mefe konstantines karis

eklesiis moZRvari)

niniZe d. 28

Íîâèêîâ Íèêîëàé 294Íîâîñåëüöåâ À. Ï. 113, 153Íîâîñåëüñêèé À. À. 331nuri ali (isboris sanjaybegi)

323

nusreT-name (ist.) 408

odiSeli 310

odiSis mTavari 262, 468

ozbegebi 386

ozdemir-oRlu 213

omar Tobani 32-34, 37

omar mirza 30, 32-34, 37

omar mirzas mama 34

omar mirzas Zma 34

omar faSa 236, 252

onibene paolo 86, 87

osman faSa (Sirvanisa da nax-

Wevanis gamgebeli) 193,

213, 218-219, 226, 244,

246-249

oqros urdos yaeni 452

pavle II [piero barbo; 1464-

1471] barbaro 67, 90, 91pavle III (romis papi) 145paiWaZe d. 41, 44, 56, 60

paleologi mixeili 8, 9

pasinis begi 187

petre geraldi (kenterberiis

arqiepiskoposi) ix. ger-

aldi petre

petre maroniti (ismailis elCi,

beri) 140

petre I 284petro biZaro, pietro biZaro

197, 208, 222, 404

petro de negro (ferninand I-is elCi) 140

petruSevski i.p. (Ïåòðóøåâñêèé È. Ï.) 36, 37, 74, 108, 336

Ïåí÷êî Í. À. 10, 464, 466Ïèãóëåâñêàÿ Í. Â. 336

pietro biZaro ix. petro bi-

Zaro

pietro barro ix. pavle IIpietro veskonti (1318 w.)

pietro miqele 246

pivovi petre (rusi elCi) 269,

277, 289

pineli gerardo ix. gerardo

pineli

pius II (enea silvius pikolo-

mini, romis papi 1458-1464)

39, 45, 54, 57, 60, 319

Ïëåøêîâà À. 7Porsilus H. henrix porSa (is-

torikosi) 400, 406, 407,

413

poluxanovi stefane 277, 289

portugaliis mefe 65

posevino 265-267

Jak keri (Sarl VII-is mrCeveli

da xazinadari) 7

Jana d’ arki 46

Jan de balbi (elCi, romelic

karl V-m gagzavna sefianTa saxelmwifoSi) 139

Jan lui bake gramoni, bake gra-

moni (istorikosi) 112, 127,

128, 131, 137

Jan Sardeni 197, 202

Jirov-zasekin [aleqsandre Te-

vdoris Zis elCoba (1600-

1601)] 331

Jordania g. 102, 311

Jordania T. 89, 419, 420

Jofrua da tuzi 46

Juie m. (frangi diplomati) 186,

188, 400, 416, 417

JuJunaZe o. 21, 101

raba, rabia, fabia [anakosiis (anagosiiis) mTavari, xelm-

wife] 49, 52, 450, 451

raguzis elCi 414

ramazi (daviT X-is Ze) 31Ramusio G. B. 18, 48, 51-53, 73,

82, 83, 88, 105, 107, 108, 447, 449, 461

rafaele monterosa (kafis kon-

suli) 465

Ðàõìàíè À.À. 250rezvani (osmalo sardali)

432

rodvan faSa 240, 241

rizvan faSa (diarbeqiris

beglarbegi) 221

Ðîìàñêåâè÷ À.À. 23romis saRvTo imperiis impera-

tori ferdinand IrosTem faSa (didveziri) 157,

158

rostom amatakisSvili 423

rostomi (imereTis mefe 1590-

1605) 262, 264, 320

rudolf II (impetatori) 294, 295, 300, 309, 311, 312,

317, 320

546 547

rui gonsales de klavixo,

Ðþè Ãîíçàëåñ äå Êëàâèõî (dabadebis weli ucnobia.

gardaicvala 1412 wels;

kastilieli didebuli,

Tavisi droisaTvis kargad

ganaTlebuli. kastiliis

mefem erike III-m elCad

gagzavna TemurlengTan sa-

maryandSi) 19, 28-37

rumlu (Turqmenebis tomidan)

354

rusin-danilovi (astraxanis

meTofeTa asisTavi, tol-

maCi) 269

rustem faSa 240

saam mirza (Sah-abas I-is Zma) 204, 211

saam-mirzis asuli 175

saakaZe giorgi 259

saakaZe siauS (giorgi saakaZis

mama) 259

sadr ad-din xani 372

saveri (aleqsandre mefem gag-

zavna lala faSas banakSi)

210

sazakuris faSa 429

salamaT-girei xani 441

salamaT qarTveli (qarTveli

mTavari) 404

santa severini (kardinali)

315

sanuto marino (venecieli av-

tori) 109, 111, 115-117, 126,

135, 143

san franCesko 77

sara-xaTuni (uzun hasanis deda,

romelic mehmed II-sTan mosalaparakeblad gagza-

vna) 62

satofbei 111

safar faSa (beqa jayeli, aTa-

bagi) 442, 443

safrangeTis elCi konstanti-

nopolSi 113

seid-beg qamene 372

seid sajadi (arabistanis gamge-

beli) 375

selim I (1512-1520), Sah-zade selim-xani 112-120, 122,

123, 125, 126, 128

selim II (1566-1574) 161, 162, 183

selimi (ufliswuli) ix. se-

lim IIsevinduq-begi (sparseli dide-

buli) 151

semender begi 220

serasqeri manuCar ix. manuCar

IIsefe al-din isxaki (1252-1334;

sefianTa ordenis damaarse-

beli) 374

`sefevidi princesa~ (Sahis Zmis

saam-mirzas asuli) 204

sexnia amatakis Ze 423

svaniZe m. 113, 115, 147, 150, 152,

190, 191, 206, 214, 217,

222-224, 227, 229, 234,

236-238, 245, 255, 259-261,

306, 307, 321, 328, 329,

336, 340, 393, 397, 408,

416, 417, 421, 422, 431,

435, 438, 440, 456

svanTa erisTavi 444

svimon de lili (ferdinand I-is elCi) 140

svimon I (v. hincis TqmiT, isla-

mis miRebis Semdeg mahmuds

eZaxdnen) 124, 156, 157, 161,

164-167, 169, 170, 173-175,

177-179, 182, 183, 194-205,

217, 218, 222-224, 227-229,

232-234, 236, 241, 244,

248-253, 258-265, 275-280,

289, 290, 302-304, 306-318,

320-326, 328, 329, 332,

375, 377, 380, 396, 406,

407, 410, 419, 420, 426-

428, 432, 436-438, 440, 441

svimon xani, svimon gurji

aq arian Setanili.

svimon mefis saidumlo agenti

316, ix. agreTve svimon

mefe.

svimon xanis qaliSvili 438, ix.

agreTve svimon mefe

siaoS-beg (gamoCenili qarTveli

mxatvari) 352

sigizmundi (germaniis impera-

tori, romelic amave dros

ungreTis mefec iyo) 20

sinan begi (arbkeris mmarTveli)

220

sinan-faSa (didveziri, mTavar-

sardali) 127

sinan faSa (jer mesame veziri,

Semdeg didveziri, aRmosav-

leTis jarebis mTavar-

sardali), xoja sinan faSa

227-233, 254

sinan faSas vaJi 254

sinopis mTavari 48

sincendorfi ioahim (germaniis

elCi konstantinopolSi)

414

siqstus IV (romis papi) 75siqst V (romis papi 1585-1590)

267

siciliis mefe 65, 75

Ñêðæèíñêàÿ Å. Ð. 9Ñìèðíîâ È. À. 180, 237Ñîêîëîâ Í.Ò. 13solaq-zade (XVII saukunis

Turqi istorikosi) 112,

113, 224

soleimani (ufliswuli) 370

soleiman xalifa Samlu (sul-

Taniis gamgebeli) 354,

363

548 549

solimani (Sah Tamazis Ze) 335

solomon II (imereTis mefe)

324

solomoni (kaxeTis mefe aleqsan-

dre II-is warmomadgeneli)

286

soranco vetore ix. vetore

soranco

sorso mefe (giorgi VII) 29spandujino Teodoro (Span-

dugino T.) 109, 111, 117sparseTis Sahi ix. Sah-abas Ispediari (kastimenes mama) 53

sreznevski i. 5, 29

stefnaZe j. 173

Ñòðîåâà È. Â. 336suleiman I (1520-1565; sulTani)

134

suleiman II kanuni (1520-1566, sulTani) 139, 143, 150,

153, 155, 156, 163, 383

sulTan ibrahim-mirza (bahram-

mirzas vaJi da Sah Tamazis

Zmis Svili, saxlTuxucesi,

poeti, mxatvari, musikosi)

350

sulTani ix. suleiman IIsuleiman-begi 159

Sah-Tamazs Svilebi hyavda Samxa-

lis disa da Cerqezi xar-

Webisagan 334, 379

sulaiman-mirza

axmad-mirza

junaid-mirza

suleiman faSa (osmaleTis did-

veziri) 144

sulTan zade xanumi (Sah Tamaz-

is coli) 348

sulTan ismaili ix. ismail II (Sahi)

sulTan ismailis momxreTa

moZule, 356, ix. agreTve

ismail II (Sahi)sulTan muradi ix. murad III sulTan-mahmud-xani (gamusli-

manebul svimons sulTan-

mahmud xani daarqves) ix.

svimon IsulTan ziad oRli 159

sulTan Taheri 26

sulTan mohamed xudabanda

surgulaZe i. 44

suriano francisko (Suriano Franc) 124

tabataZe k. 28, 112, 162, 170,

174, 339, 340, 357, 360

tabaRua i. 100, 146, 147, 173,

309, 310, 414, 418, 425

tardi li (Tardy L.) 55, 74, 79, 80, 86, 99, 143, 151, 153, 155, 161, 169, 183, 243, 244, 246, 247, 249, 251, 252, 282, 285, 293, 294, 296, 299, 301, 302, 304, 306, 308, 311-316, 318, 320-322, 379, 414, 434, 437,

441, 469, 473tarsa (mefe aleqsandres war-

momadgeneli) 276

taxiril (baRdadis mflobelis

ahmedis Svili, hulaRu-

yaenis STamomavali) 24, 25

temriuk idaroviCi 180

ter-iakobi (svimon I-is elCi)

157, 308, 310, 311, 313-314,

316-318

ter-iakobis vaJi 311

tivaZe T.g. 96, 182, 281, 282,

298, 311

tokmaki (revanis sulTani)

426

torxi (diaki, ruseTis elCi)

273

trapizonis imperatori, tra-

pezundis imperatori (da-

viTi) 40, 47, 56-57, 59,

463

transilvaniis mTavari 299,

310

transilvaniis imperatori ix.

transilvaniis mTavari

uzun hasani (1453-1478; trap-

ezuntis imperatoris siZe)

48, 51, 53, 54, 61-66, 69-76,

78-93, 95, 108, 110, 115,

447, 467, 468

uluR beg baiaTi ix. don xuan

le persia

umcrosi Tavadi ix. manuCar II aTabagi

uspenski T. 54

uruSaZe l. 174

usTajlu (tomi) 353, 354,

357

fabia (anagoziis mTavari ix.

raba

falsafi 337

falmeraieri (Fallmereyer Jac. PH) 48, 50, 55, 81

fanaskertel-ciciSvili zaza,

zaza-begi 171

Ôàðçàëèåâ À. Ì. îãëû 186-189, 191, 193, 207, 210, 214, 216-218, 220, 221, 229-231, 233, 245, 399,405, 406, 446

faraji (egviptis sulTani)

36

fari-beg yojlu qorCi Turqe-

mani 356

faroxzad begi (qarTveli um-

aRlesi xazinadari) 352,

372

farsadan gorgijaniZe ix. gorgi-

janiZe farsadan

ferdinandi (neapolitaniis

mefe) 67, 76, 77, 99

550 551

ferdinan I (imperator karl

V-is umcrosi Zma, ungre-Tis mefe, SemdegSi saRvTo

romis imperiis imperatori

1526-1529) 140, 141, 155,

158, 284, 469

feri-xan-xanumi (Sah Tamazis

asuli) 335, 343, 348, 349,

351-353, 363-365, 368-371,

379, 380

ferixan-xanumi (ismail II-is coli) 376

ferhad-faSa 238, 243, 245, 250-

254, 259, 263, 307, 321,

426, 427, 431-435

filipe II (espaneTis mefe) 271, 295, 309, 311

filipe III keTili (1419-1467;

iyo burgundiis hercogi)

46, 47, 50, 54, 60

filipo klaverenca 459

filipo s. (Filippo S.) 93fir axmedi (yaramaniis mTavari)

65

fir-mohamedi 348

Fisher S. 112Foscarini 14, 65fransua I (1515-1547; safrange-

Tis mefe) 140, 144

Francesco Manuel Alves 202franCesko lomelino 460

franCesko vendramini (veneciis

elCi) 312

freduCe (XV saukunis kar-

tografi; 1491) 447, 448,

452

fridrix III (1455-1493; impera-tori) 55, 56

fugeri (gazeTis gamomcemeli)

321-323, 434

fuTuriZe g. 192, 209, 233,

242-244, 255, 259, 404fuTuriZe v. 105, 171, 135

qaixosro (yvaryvare III-is mcirewlovani memkvidre)

113

qaixosro II aTabagi (1535-1573) 146, 147, 187, 338, 381-384,

388-390, 403, 407, 408,

416, 419, 426, 436, 439

qaixosro II-is qvrivi 382, ix. agreTve dedisimedi

qasqadin axalcixeli 55

qeTevan dedofali, wamebuli

388

qemali (= Samxali) 363

qoiar amilaxorisSvili 409

qristekoCi (waCxuris mTa-

varangelozis yma, waCxure-

lis Zma, dadianis despani)

473-475

qristefori (veneciis doqi)

79

qristofore uZrugi (varkaCis

msaxurTuxucesi) 296

qristoforo de kanevale (cx-

umis konsuli) 467

quCuqi (samanis sanjaybegi)

323

Razi girei (yirimis xanis adil

gireis Zma) 219, 331

Razi (selmasis sanjaybegi)

323

RvaberiZe c. 139

Rolami (Cerqezi, vinc, Saraf-

xaniT, mokla heidar mirza)

371

yazi ahmed Rafari 171

yara iaziCi (1599-1603; anato-

liaSi osmaleTis sulTnis

winaaRmdeg ajanyebulTa

xelmZRvaneli) 322

yaramaniis (kilikiis) mTavari

47, 48, 53

yaramaniis amira ix. yaramaniis

mTavari

yara-iusufi 34-36

yaraxani (yizilbaSTa jaris

meTauri) 222, 401

yauxCiSvili s. 62, 63

yaflani (kaxeTis mefis elCi

moskovSi) 285

yvaryvare II didi (1451-1498,

aTabagi, gurgura, gurgu-

ram-beki 43, 46-53, 55, 56,

61, 80, 81, 93, 104-106, 111,

121, 394, 449

yvaryvare III aTabagi (1515-1535) 127-133, 137, 143, 146, 187, 383, 416

yvaryvare IV aTabagi (1574-1581), gregori 187, 191, 218, 342,

384, 386, 388, 390, 393,

396, 398, 402, 403, 408,

409, 411, 413, 414, 416,

418-422, 449

yizil-ahmad oRli mirza (me-

hmed mirza begi (baiburTis

gamgebeli) 128-130

yirimis xani 20, 293, 300

yorRanaSvili kaxaber 183, 326

yurSita (kaxeTis mefis elCi

moskovSi) 285

SalikaSvilebi 190, 342, 398,

399, 423, 424

SalikaSvilebis qali 202, 337,

343, 389

SalikaSvili ediSer 434

SalikaSvili elia 434

SalikaSvili varaza. ix. varaza

SalikaSvili

SalikaSvili kokola ix. kikola

SalikaSvili

SalikaSvili oTar (samcxis

umsxvilesi feodali) 143,

334, 337, 338, 381, 386,

387, 390

552 553

Samadavle dadiani (1474-1477;

odiSis mTavari, liparit

dadianis Ze) 467

Samxali, romelmac mokla hei-

dar mirza 371-373, 379

Samxal sulTani, Cerqezebis

beladi ferixan xanumisa da

suleiman mirzas biZa) 353

Sarad ad-din ali iezdi 25

Saraf-xan biTlisi (Øàðàô-õàí Øàìñàääèí Áèäëèñè, istorikosi) 125, 131, 132,

163, 201, 202, 219, 334,

339, 346, 348, 354-356,

360, 361, 367-373, 376, 381,

388, 426, 428, 433

Saraf-xani 347

SaraSiZe q. 385, 401, 425, 434

Sardeni ix. Jan Sardeni

Sarl V valua

Sarl VII 7, 46, 60

Sah-abasi, Sah-abas I (1587-1529), 172, 258, 280, 281, 283, 288, 291, 296, 298, 304, 305, 307, 312, 316, 317, 319. 320, 328, 332, 336, 337, 375, 386, 437, 439, 440

Sah-abasi 312, 353, 355, 356,

358-367, 369, 376-379, 381,

382, 384, 386-388, 391, 392,

398, 423, 470

Sah-abasis Zmis saam-mirzas

asuli (romelic colad

SerTes ieses) 213

Sah-zade selim-xani ix. selim ISah-Tamaz I (1524-1576; ismail

I-is vaJi) 139, 140, 143-145, 147-153, 155-157, 161-163,

165, 167, 169, 171, 173,

185, 193, 195-198, 200,

204, 205, 234, 255, 256,

333-337, 339, 340, 342-

350, 352

Sah-iakubis bebia 111

Sahverdi sulTani (yarabaxis

gamgebeli) 155

Sah-ismail I (1502-1524); sefi-anTa saxelmwifos damaarse-

beli, sefianTa dinastiis

pirveli warmomadgeneli)

103, 110, 111, 115, 118, 119,

124, 125, 127, 130, 131, 175,

200, 201, 333

Sah ismail II 341, 342, 374, 375, 407, 409

Sah iusuf faSa 439

Sah-rostom luri 375

Sahsevanebi (Sahis megobrebi)

352

Sah yulu bin hamza mira

(sparseli didebuli usta-

julus tomidan) 151

Sah-xudabanda ix. mohamed xuda-

banda

Seiban-xani (uzbekebis mbrZane-

beli) 109, 110

ServaSiZe (afxazeTis erisTavi)

444, 446

ServaSiZeebi 446

Sveigeri (germaneli misioneri)

413

Seixavende 357

Sengelia n. 113, 218, 219, 223,

224, 260, 262, 264, 325,

326

Sermazan oRli (haqimi) 381

Sermazani (diasamiZe elias

Svili) 423

Sehsufar-ojli (zul-yadries

begi) 127

Sidraddin-xan (saxelmwifo mdi-

vnis masum beg safavis vaJi,

heidar-mirzas aRmzrdeli

zei-xavandis gvaridan) 354

Siltbergeri hans (raind raix-

artingenis saWurvelmt-

virTveli) 22-24, 279,

446, 447

Stefan rezvani (moldaveTis

mTavari) 309

SCelkaSi andrei (dumis anu sab-

Wos mdivani, diaki) 273

Caladini pietro (kunZul xva-

ris episkoposi) 295, 296

CerqezeTis Samhali 256

CerqezTa Samxalis da 353

Cikali faSa 253

ColayaSvili (`WkuiT suleli

da uRmrTo~) 391

ColoyaSvili beena 123, 124

ColoyaSvili garsevan 137

ColoyaSvili oTar (aleqsan-

dre mefis saxlTuxucesi)

339, 382

CoCievi v.g. 113, 128, 139, 144,

153, 165, 188, 258, 292

CubinaSvili l. 442

Öàãàðåëè À.À. 124Zwiedirek _ Sü denhorst H. 14cincaZe 96, 97, 178, 179, 275

Zinkeisen I. W. 20, 68ciciSvili farsadan 325

cru dimitri I 331cru dimitri II 331

wareci hovanes 322

waCxuris mTavarangelozi 473

waCxurulis ojaxi 474

WiWinaZe z. 329

Wyonia al. 129

xadim mehmedi 430

xalifa ansar faradaRlu (is-

mailis satusaRos ufrosi)

352, 353, 373

554 555

Charrière E. 140, 144, 219, 226, 252, 413, 414, 417

xalkokondile laonike (Chal-cocondilae L.) 62

Õåííèã Ð. 20xvorostini andrei ivanes Ze

297-298

xolafa 370

xolefa-begi (iraneli sardali)

104, 105

xondemiri (sparsi istorikosi)

131, 132

xose manuel floristani 278,

280

xotovi (yabardos mTavari)

257

xoja kostulsa (kafis mo-

qalaqe) 462

xoja miraki (cnobili julfeli

vaWari) ix. moraki, mirati

xoja sinan faSa ix. sinan

faSa

xusrev faSa (mTavarsardlis

movaleobis Semsrulebeli)

227, 254

javaxiSvili ivane 27, 29, 38,

49, 50, 54, 92, 93, 145,

157, 166, 171, 234, 257, 273,

290, 291, 293, 402, 410,

449, 450

jakomo juliano 116

jakomo (italiaSi mcxovrebi

vinme somexi) 313

janbaz Cukuri 189

janiki ix. mzeWabuk I aTabagijan feri xanumi (zaal begis

asuli; Sah Tamazis pirveli

coli) 355

jargazi _ Samxal- avSari 373

jafariZe g. 123

jafar faSa (osmaleTis sarda-

li) 253, 323, 327

jafar faSa (desTuris aRm-

srulebeli) 324

jayelebi 342, 398, 400, 402,

409, 410, 423-425

jayelTa dinastia 338

jayelTa ojaxi 218

jayel-cixisjvrelebi 386, 399,

416

jahan-ara (istorikosi) 81

jelal ed-din mohamed aqbari

437

jenkinsoni anton 173, 174,

180-182

jilberi 46

jiqia sergi 194, 195, 209, 259,

261, 324, 328

jovani (ianoS) vitezi (episko-

posi) 39

jovani maria anjolelo 82,

115

jovani meqeli (istorikosi)

209, 240, 243

jovani miqeli (veneciis siri-

eli elCi) 404

jovio paolo (Giovio P.) 103, 104, 112

`jorjanebi~ (aleqsandro beks,

gurguram beks, mirabets ase

uwodebda maT Zeno) 105

jorjo interiano (ist.) ix.

interiano jorjo

josafat barbaro 18, 82, 84,

85, 87, 88

juzepe kanale ix. kanale j.

hamza mirza (iranis taxtis

memkvidre, Sah xodabendes

vaJi) 234, 250, 259, 375

hamza (Sah Tamazis Svili) 379

Hacluyt R. Voiages 181hameri i. (Hammer J.) 25, 26, 115,

193, 229, 231-233, 306, 329, 360, 372, 401-403, 408

hanibal malapiero ix. malipi-

ero hanibal

hasan-beg rumlu [sefianTa xanis (XVI s.) istorikosi] 104, 105, 128, 130, 138, 148, 159, 165, 167, 171-174, 358, 384, 385

hasan faSa (osmaleTis sardali)

224, 225, 238-240, 244,

246, 247, 252, 292

hasan-xan usTajlu 439

haji bin-zade (am saxeliT cno-

bili iyo ahmed-faSa) 220,

221, 224, 285

haji xosrovi (varkaCis mixed-

viT, xaji xosrovi warmo-

SobiT litveli yofila.

tyveobaSi Cavarda da iranSi

moxvda) 296, 298

heidi v. (Heyd W.) 10, 57, 60, 452, 453

heidari (Sah Tamazis Ze) 335,

336, 343, 346-353, 355-358,

360-364, 366, 368-375, 349,

382

heidaris deda 341, 342

heidar faSa 245

henri VI (inglisis mcirewlo-

vani mefe) 46

henrix porSa ix. Porsius H.herberti 343

heqim Celebi 195

hinci valter (Hinz W.) 70, 91, 201, 204, 205, 335, 345, 353, 356, 360, 363, 366, 368, 372, 375

hosein-beg iuzbaSi usTajlu

356, 369, 371

hulaRu-yaeni 24

huseini (Turqi istorikosi)

113

husein faSa 220, 221, 321

husein begi (dainiSna goris

sanjaybegad) 217

556 557

husein beg usTajlu (aseulis

meTauri da amira, mustafa-

mirzas aRmzrdeli) 353,

366, 367, 372

husein-yuli xolafa rumlu

353, 356, 367-369, 372,

373

ßêóáîâñêèé Ë.Þ. 16, 17, 29, 30

II. geografiuli saxelebi

adleri 148

adrianopoli 157

avniki 142

avogazia 447, 448

avstria 6, 139, 142, 184, 265,

268, 281, 294, 226-298,

312

avRaneTi 14

azerbaijani 11, 15, 25, 30, 31,

34, 37, 74, 103, 108, 109,

142, 165, 187, 215, 291,

411, 439

azia 18, 73, 301, 322

azovis zRva 9, 10, 470

azovis zRvis koloniebi 459

àzrum-trapizoni~ 473

akermani (yofili monkastro)

450

akra 7

ala-TaRis veli 32

alamuTis cixe, kahkahes cixe,

yalyalas cixe, yahyalas

cixe 151, 165, 173, 193, 197,

200, 202, 204, 209, 245,

346, 350-351, 362, 363, 372,

373, 375, 379, 407, 419

algeTi 327

alepo 66, 125, 126, 135, 176,

246

alTunyala, oqros cixe, dedi-

simedis koSki, 242, 395,

402, 411, 427, 428, 432,

433, 442

alinja ix. alinji

alinji, alinja, alinjis cixe

22, 28

alinjis cixe ix. alinja

amasia, amasiis zavi 117, 121, 133,

151, 153, 154, 158, 162, 184,

185, 188, 189, 229, 250,

346, 380, 387, 388, 398

amasiis zavi ix. amasia

amalfi 5

amani 126

amierkavkasia 13, 17, 31, 41, 94,

154, 157, 183, 185, 208,

210, 218, 219, 221, 227,

229, 253, 282, 305, 329,

330, 400

anagozia 53

anakosia (afxazeTi), anakofia

52, 450, 451

anakofia ix. anakosia

anatolia 49, 53, 57, 148-150,

158, 322, 441

angaqsia 447

angozia 451

angora 19, 22

antioqia 7, 59

arabeTi 69

arabkeri 220

aragoni 6

aragonis samefo 68

aragui 213

araqsi (md.) 28

ardebili 103, 253, 363, 373,

374

arezispireTi 28

areSi 212, 218

arzrumi 31, 142, 143, 148, 185,

189, 215, 217, 218, 222, 228,

232, 233, 236, 242, 244,

249, 322, 344, 346, 383,

413, 424, 428, 432, 434

armani 323

armenia 62

artaani 49, 112, 156, 190, 242,

400, 402, 421

artanuji 148

apokasia (afxazeTi) 450

astraxani 18, 266, 269-271,

274, 280, 288, 301

astraxanis saxano 159

atika 17

afrika 99

afxazeTi 53, 56, 444, 446, 448,

449, 456, 460, 462

afxazeTis saerisTavo (masSi

sabediano ar Sedioda) 52,

448, 451

aRmosavleTi (levanti) 7, 16

aRmosavleTi amierkavkasia 179,

212, 213, 225-238

aRmosavleTi afrika 279

aRmosavleTi evropa 10, 16,

70

aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo 93,

102, 135, 153-155, 186, 187, 280, 281, 296, 333, 427, 468

aRmosavleTi somxeTi 291

aRmosavleTi qveynebi 8, 10, 14,

45, 47, 94

aRmosavleTi SavizRvispireTi

452, 462

ay-yoiunlus (TeTrbatknianTa)

saxelmwifo 14-16, 41, 42,

46, 59, 61, 64, 66, 69, 70.

75, 77, 78, 80, 81, 83-89,

92, 95, 105, 108, 109, 319,

467

awefi 327

awyueri 81

awyuri 218, 422, 424, 426

awyuri, awyuEri, awyuris san-

jayi, awyuris cixe 393,

395, 399, 401, 402, 405,

410, 411, 416

awyuEri ix. awyuri

558 559

awyuris sanjayi ix. awyuri

awyuris cixe ix. awyuri

aWara 112, 143, 253, 392

axaldaba 398, 436, 442

axalqalaqi 191, 236, 383, 409,

411, 427, 433

axalqalaqi javaxeTis 383

axalcixe, axalcixis vilaieTi

242, 253, 406, 412, 432,

433, 436, 440, 441

axalcixis vilaieTi ix. axal-

cixe

axalcixis safaSo [ase iwode-boda yofili samcxe-saaTa-

bago] 443axalcixis mxare 438, 439

axalcixis cixe 439

axlo aRmosavleTi 9, 37, 42,

94, 99, 120, 159, 160, 164,

277, 283, 297, 301, 305,

321, 329, 451

axCis qvabis cixe 191

ahlaTi 142

ahsanobadi 439

babiloni 23, 25, 163

babiloni (baRdadi) 23

baTumi 22, 46, 51, 52, 253

balkaneTi 6, 19, 39, 253

baiazidi 163

baiburTi 112, 113, 128

baraTiani 90

barselona 7

basiani 104, 156, 168, 383

baqo 237

baqos zRva (kaspiis zRva) 104

baRdadi 17, 26, 35-36, 109, 126,

142, 163, 169, 347

bedianis samTavro 449

belgradi 139

beiruTi 14

bizantia, bizantiis imperia

7-9, 13, 12, 20, 35, 70,

296, 452

bizantiisa da trapizonis

saxelmwifoebi 97

biWvinTa 459, 454

bosfori 19

brabantis sahercogo 46

bulgareTi 11, 21

buda (ungreTis dedaqalaqi)

139

burgoni 54, 55, 60, 65, 449

burgundia 46

burgonia 51

burgosas xelnawerTsacavi 99

bursa (qalaqi) 14, 15, 53, 61

gagra 445, 447, 448

ganja 32, 159, 182, 228, 254,

430

geguTi 456

gelaTi 383

geliyaris klde 326

genti 60

genua 5-7, 10, 11, 15, 68, 460,

462, 464, 466

genuis kolonia 456

genuis respublika 444, 451,

453-455, 461, 462, 465

genuis san-jorjos banki 454

genuis SavizRvispireTis savaWro

koloniebi 462

germania 77, 94, 296, 317-319

germaniis saamiro 6, 16-10, 39

gilani 14

golgoTa 123

gorgora, gurgura (evropele-

bi yvaryvare II didis am

saxeliT aRniSnavdnen sam-

cxe-saaTabagos) 394

gori, Sida qarTli 92, 93, 130,

166, 203, 216-218, 222, 223, 236, 245, 246, 249, 253, 264, 323, 326, 327, 427, 436

goris cixe 195, 324, 325

goris juari 203

gremi 228

gurgura ix. gorgora

guria 56, 133, 134, 253, 436

guriis samTavro 449

gurjistani 187

gurjistanis sabeglarbego

213

`dad-eli~ (anu tao) 130

damasko 14, 125, 128, 220,

229

dania 20

dardaneli 19, 66, 84

darubandi 237, 275, 280, 287,

288, 292, 308

darubandis gza 226

dasavleTi evropa 5, 10, 12, 41,

58, 94, 95, 99, 135, 195,

295, 277, 278, 450, 454

dasavleTi irani 291

dasavleTi samcxe 421

dasavleTi saqarTvelo 112, 113,

141, 146, 184, 264, 288,

290, 291, 332, 445, 455,

460, 468

dasavleTis qristianuli sam-

yaro 458

daRestani 237, 266, 269, 280

dedisimedis koSki ix. alTu-

nyala

demoTis cixe 436

darbaqiri 324

diarbeqiri 283

didi armenia 54

didi iberia 55

dmanisi 229, 231, 232, 240,

245, 254

dmanisis gza 225

dmanisis viwrobebi 220

dmanisis xeoba 225, 238

doni (mdinare) 55

dunai (mdinare) 47, 55

dunaispireTi 20

560 561

egeosis zRva 20

egvipte 12, 34, 36, 74, 96, 121-

124, 455, 472

edirne (qalaqi) 114

evropa 1, 8, 14-20, 22, 39, 40,

42, 46, 47, 51, 64, 65, 70,

71. 73, 86, 87, 89, 94, 95,

99, 102, 106, 123, 139, 141,

142, 179, 194, 223, 250,

252, 268, 278, 287, 288,

292-294, 299, 304, 307,

311-314, 319-321, 467, 449

evbea ix. negroponte

evfrati (mdinare) 69, 85, 117

eTiopia 41

elbrusis mTebi 351

enos sagrafo 46

erayi 14, 109

erevani 244, 247, 293, 385,

405, 439

erevnis olqi 130

erevnis cixe 439

erzinjani 62, 104, 112, 113,

139

erwo-TianeTi 89

espaneTi 31, 94, 97-99, 141,

172, 265, 279, 280, 287,

295, 296, 300, 303, 309,

311, 318, 319

eCmiaZini 311

valaxeTi 309

vale 191

vani 142, 316, 324

vanis provincia 316vanis qvabi 384

varna 21

varZia 381

velis cixe 400, 401

vena 139, 312

venecia 5-8, 12, 14, 15, 40, 56,

57, 64-68, 71-74, 76-79, 83-

88, 117, 125, 126, 142, 176,

246, 265, 296, 300, 312,

313, 404, 434, 452, 464,

465, 467

veneciis koloniuri imperia

13

veneciis respublika 13, 57, 110,

142, 265, 268, 284, 310

vlaxeTi 254, 294

volga 288

volgispireTi 159, 161

volga-astraxanis magistrali

160

zagemi 439, 215

zani (qalaqi) 316

zelandiis sagrafo 46

zenjani 291

zulyadri 223

zul-yadre 127

Tavrizi 14, 15, 17, 26, 31, 32,

34, 36, 38, 74, 86-88, 105-

109, 116, 117, 119, 121, 147,

155, 228, 239, 248-250,

253, 268, 317, 324, 344,

345, 351, 386

Tbilisi, Tfilisi, tfilisi

90-93, 136, 138, 139, 166-

160, 174, 182, 191-194, 199,

202, 206, 211, 213, 215-217,

219-223, 227-230, 236, 238,

240, 241, 246, 251, 252,

276, 320, 321, 359, 387,

410, 428, 431, 432, 439

TeTrcixe 408

TeleTi 138

Tergi 270. 275, 280

Tergis cixe 271

Terjana ix. Terjani

Terjani, Terjana 86, 88, 129

Terjola 262

Tmogvi, Tmogvis cixe 191, 342,

384, 386, 392, 409, 410,

422, 424

Tmogvis cixe ix. Tmogvi

TorTumi 112

TurqeTi 74, 126, 143, 178, 273,

279, 306, 312

TuyaTi 84

Tfilis ix. Tbilisi

iaRlujis mTa 138

ìberia~ (am saxeliT moixse-

niebdnen sxvadasxva samefo-

samTavroebad danawilebul

saqarTvelos) 298

iedi kules cixe (mdebareobda

zRvis piras. Turqulad

yedi niSnavs Svids, kule

_ cixes, e.i. SvidkoSkiani

cixe) 195, 327, 328

iekbri (yazvinidan ori dRis

savalzea) 313, 315

ierusalimi 41, 97, 122, 134,

139, 278, 307

iveria 194, 298

ikorTa 145

imereTi 45, 56, 60, 82, 86, 92,

93, 95, 142, 143, 150, 152,

183, 186, 188, 196, 261-264,

278, 290, 294, 383, 443,

444, 470, 475

imereTis samefo 468

imierkavkasia 288

inglisi 6, 141, 145

indi (mdinare) 69

indoeTi 10, 14, 41, 47, 301,

437, 438

indoeTis zRva 69

iori (mdinare), kapri, kafuri

29, 206, 209

irani 15, 23, 34, 47, 77, 98,

99, 103, 104, 111, 114, 118,

127-129, 132-134, 136, 138,

143, 147-149, 151-155, 158,

159, 166, 175-179, 182-186,

190-192, 195, 204, 206,

562 563

211, 223, 228-230, 233, 234,

250, 251, 253, 256, 259,

265-269, 272, 273, 277,

278, 280, 281, 284, 291-

295, 297-300,. 302, 304-

307, 311, 316-319, 330-334,

346, 354-356, 360, 375, 378,

379, 383, 386, 387, 392,

396, 400. 419, 430, 434,

441, 468

iranis azerbaijani 27, 29

iran-osmaleTi 329, 398

isbori 323

ispiri 112

italia 5, 6, 8, 12, 40, 56, 64, 67, 68, 296, 313, 317-319

itriis eklesia 200, 205

kavkasia 11, 55, 127, 134, 157,

159-161, 184, 188, 194, 225,

237, 253, 266, 267, 269,

276, 281, 283, 290, 291,

293, 301, 302, 305, 308,

329, 331, 464

kavkasiis SavizRvispireTi 454

kavkasiis SavizRvispira qalaqe-

bi 452

kavkasiis gadmosasvlelebi 29

kavkasionis qedi 447

kafo buqso 454

kairo 96, 97, 124

kalmarini (qalaqi mdebare-

obda md. araqsze. rogorc

varaudoben es unda iyos

sumari) 28

kapadokia 150, 151, 469

kapri (mdinare) ix. iori (mdin-

are)

karahisari 424

kaspiis zRva 69, 159, 184, 269,

288, 301

kaspiis zRvis samxreT-dasavleT

sanapiro 281

kaspiis zRvis Crdilo sanapiro

281

kaspiis mTa 447

kastilia 6, 35

kafa (feodosia) 10, 11, 41, 74,

86, 451, 452, 457, 461-465,

470

kafuri (mdinare, s. jiqias

gamokvleviT kafri igive

ioria) ix. iori

kaxeTi 83, 92, 95, 96, 103-106,

118, 131, 134, 135, 138, 141,

155-159, 161, 164-166, 175,

203, 206-208, 210-215, 217,

219, 226, 230, 233-235,

238, 246, 248, 254, 255,

257, 266, 268-274, 276,

278, 280, 282-284, 246,

289, 290, 292, 298, 300,

302-308, 314, 315, 329, 330,

332, 382, 388, 391, 435

kahkahes cixe ix. alamuTis

cixe

kelasuri (mdinare) 452

kexvis cixe 396, 413

kviprosi (kunZuli) 135, 312

kilikia 48, 53

kioja 12

klarjeTi 143

klitxea 51

kola (patara artaani) 112

kolxeTi 63, 447, 470

komo 265

kompieni (qalaqi) 46

konia 14

konstantinopoli 5, 7, 9, 12,

13, 17, 39, 56, 57, 60, 66,

98, 115, 125, 126, 136, 143,

155, 162, 169, 176, 288,

294, 371, 413, 414, 417,

418, 469, 473

laTinTa imperia 6, 13, 452

laiaco-aiaco 448

laCini 323

levanti, aRmosavleTi 7, 12, 16,

142

livonia 20

limburgis sahercogo 46

litva 20, 97, 265, 284, 294

lore 92, 240, 245, 321, 323

lores cixe 320, 321

luristani 291

luka 6

lukis respublika 68

luresTani 372

luristani 14

luqsemburgis sahercogo 46

lucki (qalaqi) 20

makedonia 11

malaTia (md. mtkvris napirze)

85

mamluqTa egvipte 123

mantua 56. 58

mantuis samarkizo 68

marabda 442

maranda 33

maraSi 243

marko otobano 314, 315

marmarilos zRvispiri 327

maroko 10

marseli 7

maRzulangurji 32, 34

maRranis cixe 134

maRri 323

maxlobeli aRmosavleTi ix.

axlo aRmosavleTi

mahmudi sof. 109

mgelcixe 90, 388, 419

`megrelebis navsadguri~ 452

`meore romi~ (konstantinopo-

li) 60

mervi (qalaqi) 109

merqiopes xidi (gadebulia md.

sakijanze) 109

564 565

mesopotamia 54, 59

mesxeTi 38, 393, 442

mesxeTis axalcixe 438

milani 6, 61, 66, 67

modenis sahercogo 68

moldaveTi 254, 294, 309

monkastro (dRevandeli aker-

mani) 456

monkastros gza, akermani 77,

82

monpelie 7

morea 11

moskovi 160, 161, 170, 180, 182,

252, 253, 256, 267-274,

276, 277, 279-289, 292-

306, 314, 320, 330, 331

moskovis samefo, samTavro sa-

xelmwifo 95, 96, 159, 141,

169

mtkuari ix. mtkvari

mtkvari (mdinare), mtkuari 193,

213, 220, 236

muxaTgverdi 167

muxrani 90, 92, 411

muxranis veli 237

mcire azia 6, 9, 13, 22, 39,

41, 109

mcire iberia 54

mcire somxeTi 54, 69, 450

namiuris sagrafo 46

narbona 7

naxWevani 26, 32, 38, 130, 145,

189, 226, 239, 240, 405

neapoli 74, 76, 87

neapolitania 67, 75

negroponte, evbea (kunZuli)

68

niderlandebi 319

nimfea 8, 9

nikopoli 17, 22

nokofsia 52, 451

niqozia 117

odiSi 133, 143, 183, 446, 447

odiSis saerisTavo 448

odiSis samTavro 444, 449, 451,

467-469

ovsili 323, 324

olTisi, olTisis sanjayi 112,

402, 405, 412, 416, 417,

421

orbeTi 90

ormuzi 303

osmaleTi 13, 15, 16, 18, 20-22,

35, 36, 40, 42, 46-49, 55-

58, 63-66, 68, 70, 71, 75,

78-83, 86-88, 90-93, 96, 98,

101-103, 110-112, 115, 121-

123, 125, 127-129, 133, 134,

136-143, 145, 147, 148, 151-

155, 158, 159, 169, 176, 177,

182, 184-186, 194, 201, 204-

209, 213, 223, 227, 229,

230, 232, 237, 244-246,

248-251, 253-255, 257-261,

265, 268, 269, 271, 272,

275, 277-285, 287-289, 291-

297, 299. 301, 304, 306,

307, 311, 316-320, 330-332,

346, 348, 380. 386, 387,

393, 394, 398, 400, 407,

409, 410, 420, 421, 423,

427, 435-437, 441, 443,

460, 467-470

osmaleTis divani 128

osmaleTis imperia 147

osmaleTis sazRvrebi siriaSi

136

otrara 36

oqros urdo 10, 17, 18, 27, 29,

30, 69, 452, 462

ofSkviTi 264

oqros cixe ix. alTunyala

oZrxe 411

palestina 6, 124

parizi 425

pasinis begi 187

peloponesi 17

piza 5, 6, 8, 10

pikardiis olqi 46

poloneTi 20, 21, 46, 77, 86,

87, 97, 254, 279, 284, 294,

302, 311, 418, 469

porta 414, 420

portugalia 6, 141, 279, 375

praRa 309, 317, 318

prusia 20

raguza (qalaqi) 116

raWa 92

reimsi 60

rioni (mdinare) 191, 192, 469,

470

rodosi 66

romi 42, 43, 53, 57, 61, 65, 77,

87, 97, 101, 140, 146, 147,

265, 278, 284, 287, 293,

296, 306, 315, 318, 449

rumelia 156, 159, 161

rumis sasulTno 458

ruseTi 39, 88, 134, 178, 180-

182, 184, 203, 254, 257,

265-267, 270, 273, 277,

278, 280-292, 294-298,

300-305, 307, 329-331,

415, 462

saaTabago 121, 130, 151, 342,

383, 386, 391-394, 398. 401,

402, 410, 439

sabaraTiano 198, 326

sabediani 93, 460

save (qalaqi) 345

savois sahercogo 60

saTaTreTi 69

sakijani (mdinare) 109

saloniki 20

566 567

samani 323

samaryandi 31

samegrelo (bendia) 22, 47, 49,

51, 53, 56, 184, 233, 290,

308, 447, 449, 451, 467,

472, 475

samegrelos samTavro 468

samuri (mdinare) 165

samcxe 46, 50-52, 56, 69, 81-83,

93, 118, 119, 121, 127, 128,

133, 138, 147, 148, 156, 170,

190, 206, 237, 240, 251,

293, 377, 385-388, 390,

391, 392, 396-399, 408,

411, 416, 421, 423-425, 430,

431, 435, 436

samcxe-saaTabago 80, 81, 83, 93,

105, 111, 113, 115, 118, 121,

127-131, 135, 186, 326, 334,

338, 339, 381, 382, 384, 391,

394, 397, 400, 442, 461

samxreTi azerbaijani 36, 103

samxreT-aRmosavleTi evropa

145, 184

samxreT-aRmosavleTi kavkasia

398

samxreT ruseTis velebi 51,

55

samxreTi saqarTvelo 112, 113,

389, 397, 419

samxreTi somxeTi 17

sarai berqe 17

sarTiWala 211

safrangeTi 6, 7, 46, 58-60, 94,

123, 140, 142, 144, 145, 218, 318, 319, 434

saqarTvelo 11, 14, 15, 27-32,

36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 44-48,

50-52, 55-57, 59, 62-64,

69-75, 77-79, 81-83, 86-90,

92-95, 98, 99, 102-105, 110,

111, 113, 114, 118-123, 125,

127-130, 132-139, 141-147,

149, 150, 152-158, 160-163,

167, 172-174, 182, 184, 186,

188-190, 192, 194. 196, 199,

200-205, 215, 219, 221-225,

228, 234, 240, 242-245,

248, 249, 251, 253-255,

257, 259, 265-268, 270,

272, 276, 280, 284-286,

288-292, 348, 355, 358, 384,

387, 388, 394, 398, 400,

401, 405-407, 409, 410,

413, 414, 435, 437, 440,

447-450, 461-463

saqarTvelos sazRvari 190

saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTi

452

saqarTvelo-CerqezeTis gza 53

saqarTvelos jiqeTi 448

saqsonia 6

saSamxlo 269-275, 280, 281,

283, 286, 305

saSamxlo-daRestani 160

sebastopolisi ix. soxumi

sevastopolisi ix. soxumi

selmasi 323

sent-omeri (qalaqi) 60

seuti (maroko) 10

sefianTa irani 123, 136, 142

sefianTa saxelmwifo 112, 125

sefianTa yizilbaSuri saxelm-

wifo 110-112, 125

sienis respublika 68

sivasi 188

sinea 6

sinopi 48, 53, 62

siria 6, 7, 12, 36, 39, 125-128,

136, 246, 312

sionis mTa 124

skanda 92, 93

skutari 413

sogmeni 115, 118

somxeTi, somxeTi didi 13, 27,

30-32, 34, 35, 41, 46, 55,

74, 90, 91, 113, 147, 194somxeTi didi ix. somxeTi

somxiTi 381, 420

somxiT-sabaraTiano 167, 168

soxoista 150, 383

soxumi, cxumi, sevastopolisi,

sebastopolisi 10, 11, 56,

74, 86, 447, 451-458, 461,

464, 467

sparseTi 10, 11, 62, 104, 105,

154, 155, 176, 185, 217,

279, 306, 312, 314, 379,

398, 402, 405, 407, 427,

437, 473

sparseTis yure 10, 11, 42

stamboli, stambuli 127, 128,

156, 157, 159, 214, 218, 228,

229, 232, 233, 236, 237,

242, 243, 247, 248, 250-

253, 261, 262, 245, 276,

291, 306, 317, 322, 327,

329, 339, 382, 383, 391,

396, 417, 434, 435, 442,

471, 473-475

stambuli ix. stamboli

sulTania 354, 363

sumari ix. kalmarini

sunja-saCaCno-xunZaxi (Tergidan

kaxeTisken mimavali gza)

270

surami 130, 419

tabaxmela 251

tamani 11

tana (q. azovi; azovis zRvis um-

niSvnelovanesi navsadguri)

10, 11, 52, 55, 452

tao 143

tao-klarjeTi 387

taSiri 321

Òåðåê 274tiumeni 288

togati 15

toledo 140

translvania 254, 309, 310

trapezundi ix. trapizoni

trapizoni, trapezunti, trapi-

568 569

zonis imperia 16, 39, 45,

47, 48, 50, 54, 57, 59, 61,

63, 65, 69, 72, 84. 95, 98.

111-113, 141, 293, 319, 450,

462

trapizonis sazRvrebi 107

tripoli 7, 14, 125, 312

tuafse 448

turini 12

tfilisi ix. Tbilisi

ulusi 29

ungreTi 17, 20, 21, 39, 47, 55,

86, 87, 139-143, 145, 147,

157, 158, 184, 191, 194,

434

uRaRno (cixe-simagre) 445

fazisi (mdinare) 62, 192

farsi 31

farcxisi 326

ferara (1437-1439 ww. Sedga

florenciis kreba) 100,

101

feraris sahercogo 68

feodosia ix. kafa

flandria 60

florencia 5, 6, 21, 57, 58,

67, 68

florenciis respublika 67,

68

foTi 191

foTis cixe 191

frangis qveyana 134

fsou (mZimTa) 448-449

qarTli 32, 83, 89, 92, 95,

103-105, 112, 118, 123, 130,

131, 134-138, 141-145, 147,

148, 150, 152, 154, 158-161,

164, 165, 171, 184, 202-205,

223, 228, 260, 290, 292,

294, 303, 304, 306, 314,

315, 318, 320-322, 324, 226,

360, 380, 383, 384, 387, 411,

426, 437, 441, 443

qarTl-kaxeTi 125

qaSani 372

qajTa cixe, SaiTanyala, Cildi-

ris cixe 103, 105, 107,

191, 308, 324, 342, 400,

401, 406

qvemo qarTli 169

qoChisari 125

quTaisi 11, 92, 93, 192, 344,

444, 446

qurTistani 125

Raza 122

yazbegi 351

yazvini, yazmini 163, 167-169,

171, 172, 174, 183, 196, 198,

200, 209, 253, 300, 311-313,

315, 339, 340, 343, 350,

351, 358-360, 362, 363, 373,

374, 377, 388, 419

yazmini ix. yazvini

yalyalas cixe ix. alamuTis

cixe

yarabaRi, yarabaxi 159, 160, 180,

182, 188, 254, 257, 266,

359, 382

yarabaRis veli 30

yrbaxi ix. yarabaRi

yaramania 47, 48, 65, 69, 84, 85,

111, 156, 237

yaramaniis saamiro 95

yarayaRa 427

yara-yoiunlus (SavbatknianTa)

saxelmwifo 38, 67

yaraxani 399

yaraja-ardahani 130

yarsi 38, 119, 142, 188, 194,

221, 223-225, 228, 231, 242,

247, 249, 253, 293, 295,

412, 430, 432

yahyahes cixe ix. alamuTis

cixe

yvelis cixe 392

yivCaReTi 69

yizilbaSebis saxelmwifo 103,

108, 114

yizilbaSuri irani 102

yirimi 11, 73, 219, 225, 226,

275

yirimis naxevarkunZuli 452

yirimis savaWro koloniebi

455

yirimis saxano 268, 274, 275

yumi 372

Savi zRva, SavizRvispireTi 9-11,

51, 52, 135, 183, 447, 450,

452, 455, 456, 461, 467

Savi zRvis koloniebi 459

SavizRvispireTi ix. Savi zRva

Savi zRvis samxreTi navsadgure-

bi 13

Savi zRvis faqtoriebi 460

Savi zRvis CrdiloeTiT mdebare

qveynebi 13

SavSeTi 387

SaiTanyala ix. qajTa cixe

Samaxia 103, 105, 107, 178, 308

Saruri (sof.) 107

Saqi 102, 171, 175, 182, 209,

211, 211, 258, 384

Sida qarTli ix. gori

Sirvani 14, 15, 32, 101, 104, 107,

136, 163, 170, 185, 187, 193,

206, 207, 209-215, 219,

225-227, 234, 281, 291,

292, 393, 395, 411, 412

Sirazi 198, 344, 419

Siraqis veli 210

Semaxa 410

Semaxia 178, 181

SvedeTi, Svecia 6, 265, 331

Svecia ix. SvedeTi

Sorapani 444

Sua azia 14, 36

SxeTis cixe 262

570

Caldirani 125

CaxruxaZis saydari 325

Ceremikis sadgomi 188, 189

CerqezeTi 52, 180, 182, 267,

302

CerqezeTi _ xevi _ mTiuleT-

kaxeTi _ Tergidan kolx-

eTisaken mimavali gza 270

Cildiri, Cildiris veli 253,

264, 400, 403-406, 408-

410, 416-418, 420, 422,

424, 431, 436

Cildiris veli ix. Cildiri

Cildiris cixe ix. qajTa cixe

Cildir Cukuri 188

CineTi 14, 37, 47

Corumi 20

Coxur-saadi (erevnis olqi _

e.m.) 104

CrdiloeTis qveynebi 45

Crdilo daRestani 292

Crdilo italia 8

Crdilo kavkasia 184, 280,

462

cixedidi 170, 171

cixijuari 436

cxinvali 324

cxumis saerisTavo 444-446

waxuris zemo weli 165

wm. franCeske 45

WaneTi 112, 143

Woroxis yeli 421

xaxuli 409

xerTvisi 409, 422, 424

xvarazmi 14

xvari (dalmacos kunZuli) 295,

296

xmelTaSua zRva 6, 7, 11, 66

xmelTaSua zRvis aRmosavleT

nawili 12

xorasani 19, 386

javaxeTi 242, 342, 383, 423

jvarcmis eklesia 124

jvris monasteri 124

jiqeTi 451

`jorjania~ (am saxeliT moixse-

niebdnen sxvadasxva samefo-

samTavroebad danawilebul

saqarTvelos) 106

julfa 311

habsburgebis imperia 142, 145,

147

hamatani 223, 247

hasan-yala 291

heraTi 344, 345

holandiis sagrafo 46

hormuzi 279

eldar mamisTvaliSvili

saqarTvelos sagareo politika da saqarTvelos sagareo politika da

diplomatia diplomatia

I

(XV-XVI ss.)

gamomcemloba `meridiani~

Tbilisi 2009

redaqtori neli elizbaraSvilineli elizbaraSvili

teq. redaqtori inga navrozaSviliinga navrozaSvili

gamomcemloba `meridiani~,

al. yazbegis gamz. #47

E – mail: [email protected] 39-15-22