02_Training Rig Jan09.ppt

8/10/2019 02_Training Rig Jan09.ppt

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Rotary Drilling Rigs

updated A pri l 29, 2008


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A rotary drilling rig is a set of equipments, devices, tools enabling theOil Company to drill a well, at the specific location indicated by the

Exploration (G&G Dept.).

This well will be on-land if located on the ground and off-shore if

located in the sea and obviously, the equipments (rigs) used will be

different.

This presentation will help you to understand :

what are the various types of drilling rigs

what are the main standard components of a drilling rig

what is the people working usually on a drilling rig



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Dri l l ship Semis ubm ersib le Jackup Submersib le Land

Various types of Rigs


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ON LAND RIGS

OFF SHORE RIGS :

Bottom supported units :JackupSubmersibles

Surface BOP

Floating units :

Drill shipsSemi-submersiblesSub sea BOP

Various types of Rigs

Sub s ea BOP


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This is a particular type of floating vessel, usually used as a mobile

offshore drilling unit (MODU), that is supported primarily on large pontoon

-like structures submerged below the sea surface.

The operating decks are elevated 100 or more feet (30 m) above the

pontoons on large steel columns.Once on the desired location, this type of structure is slowly flooded until it

rests on the seafloor.

After the well is completed, the water is pumped out of the buoyancy tanks,

the vessel re-floats and can be towed to the next location.

Submersibles operate in shallow water, since they must rest on the seafloor

(maximum 90m).

Submersible


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A self-contained combination of drilling

rig and floating barge, fitted with three

long support legs that can be raised orlowered independently of each other.

The jack-up is towed onto location with

its legs up and the barge section floating

on the water.

Upon arrival at the drilling location, the

legs are jacked down onto the seafloor

and the entire barge and drilling

structure are slowly raised above the

water to a predetermined height above

the water, so that waves, tide and

currents, act only on the legs and not

the bulky barge and drilling package.

Jack-up operate in shallow water like

submersibles (max 500ft)

Jack-Up


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Jack-Up


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Jack-Up


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Jack-Up


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This is a floating vessel supported by

large pontoon-like structures

submerged below the sea surface.The operating decks are elevated 100

or more feet above the pontoons on

large steel columns.

This design has the advantage of

submerging most of the area of

components in contact with the sea,minimizing the loading from waves

and wind.

Semi-submersibles can operate in a

wide range of water depths, including

deep ultra deep and stormy waters.

They are usually anchored with six to

twelve anchors, computer-controlled

to maintain the exact position of the

semi-submersible.

Semi-Submersible


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Semi-Submersible


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Semi-Submersible


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Semi-Submersible


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Semi-Submersible


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Semi-Submersible


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Is a special ship built to host astandard drilling rig.

Drill ships are the most mobile of all

the mobile drilling units and are used

in remote waters.

They can operate in very deep water

but they are very susceptible to wavemotion and are not suitable to

operate in heavy seas.

They are not anchored to the sea bed

but dynamically positioned with a

series of lateral propellers activated

by computers reading the position

through three satellites.

Drill Ship


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Drill Ship


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POWER SYSTEM

HOISTING SYSTEM

ROTATING/DRILLING SYSTEM

CIRCULATING SYSTEM

SAFETY SYSTEM

Standard Components


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The power system of a rig is usually a series of big diesel-electric

engines.These engines drive generators to produce electric power.

Cables transmit electric power to the various motors to drive all

the rig components.

Power System


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It consists of the:

DERRICK

CABLE

CROWN BLOCK

TRAVELLING BLOCK

HOOK

DRAW-WORKS (OR HOIST)

Hoisting System


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Derrick or Mast


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Derrick or Mast


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Is a wire rope used to support all

the drilling equipment which has

to be run inside the hole.

The cable is rolled on the draw-

works located on the rig floorand passes through the sheaves

(or pulleys) of the crown block at

the top of the derrick and runs

downward to another set of

sheaves fixed in the travelling

block.

Cable


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The fixed set of pulleys also

called sheaves, located at the

top of the derrick, over which

the cable is threaded.

The cable passes several times(8, 10 or 12) between the crown

block and the travelling block.

In this way is possible to use a

single cable to support heavy

loads.

Crown Block


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The set of sheaves that move up and

down in the derrick.

The wire rope threaded through them isthreaded (or "reeved") back to the

stationary crown block.

On the base of the travelling block is

attached the hook.

Travelling Block


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The hook is used to handle all

the equipment which will be runinside the hole.

Hook


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The machine (winch-like) on the rig

floor, consisting of a large-diameter

steel spool, brakes, a power source

and assorted auxiliary devices.

The cable is run downward from the

crown block and wrapped aroundthe draw-works spool.

The primary function of the draw-

works is to reel out and reel in the

cable, causing the vertical (up &

down) movement of the travelling

block, hanged to the crown block.

Draw-Works


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It consists of the:

ROTARY TABLE AND KELLY SYSTEM

TOP DRIVE

DRILL STRING

DOWN HOLE MOTORS OR TURBINES

DRILL BITS

Rotating and Drilling System


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The kelly is a long square or

hexagonal steel pipe and is used totransmit rotary motion from the

rotary table and kelly bushing to the

entire drill-string and bit.

It allows also the drill-string to

be lowered or raised while rotating.

The kelly goes through the kellybushing, which is driven by

the rotary table. The kelly bushing

has an inside profile matching the

kelly's outside profile (either square

or hexagonal), so that the kelly can

freely move up and down inside.

Rotary Table & Kelly


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Rotary Table & Kelly


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On modern rigs, the Kelly is being

replaced by the Top Drive:

This device consists of one or moremotors (electric or hydraulic) that

rotates a drive shaft.

The drive shaft is attached to the

top of the drill-string which will

rotate as well.

The topdrive is suspended from thehook, so the rotary mechanism

is free to travel up and down the

derrick.

It enables to drill with three pipes

(one stand) instead of using single

lengths of pipe.It also enables the driller to quickly

engage the pumps or the rotary

while tripping pipe.

Top Drive


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Top Drive


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Top Drive


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The combination of the drill pipes,

the bottom hole assembly (BHA)and any other tools used to make

the drill bit turn at the bottom of

the well.

Drill String


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The lower portion of the drill string, consisting

generally of (starting from the bottom), the bit, bit sub,

stabilizers, bumpers, shock absorber, drill collars,

heavy weight drill pipes, jarring devices ("jars") and

cross-over for various thread forms.

The bottom hole assembly must provide force for thebit to break the rock (weight on bit), survive a hostile

mechanical environment and provide the driller with

directional control of the well.

Oftentimes the BHA includes a mud motor, some

directional drilling and measuring equipment,

measurements-while-drilling tools, logging-while-drilling tools and other specialized devices.

Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA)


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Heavy, thick-walled steel tube used between the drill pipes

and the bit to put weight on the bit.

In some case are used spiral collars.

Average length is around 9.5 m.

Threaded connections (male on one end and female on theother), enable that multiple collars can be screwed together

along with other down hole tools to make the bottom hole

assembly.

Drill Collars


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Short piece of pipe (1-1.5 m) with steel spiral blades

of the same diameter of the bit.In this way it is possible to keep the hole vertical.

The stabilizers (5 is a maximum) are mounted

between the drill collars.

Stabilizers


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Stabilizers


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Stabilizers


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A mechanical device used down hole to deliver an impact load

to another down hole component, when the drill string isstuck.

There are two primary types : hydraulic and mechanical jars.

Jars can be designed to strike up, down, or both.

Jar


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Short threaded pieces of pipe used to adapt parts

of the drilling string which cannot otherwise bescrewed together because of difference in pipe

diameter, thread size or design.

Cross Over Subs


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A type of drill pipes whose walls are thicker and collars

(tool-joints) are longer than conventional drill pipes.

HWDP are stronger and have higher tensile strength than

conventional drill pipes, so it is placed near the top of a

long drill string for additional support.The average length of a single pipe is 9.5 m.

Heavy Weight Drill Pipes


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Tubular steel pipe fitted with special threaded ends called tool joints.

The drill pipes connect the rig surface equipment with the bottom

hole assembly and the bit, both to pump drilling fluid to the bit and tobe able to raise, lower and rotate the bottom hole assembly and the

bit.

The average length of a single pipe is 9.5 m. Typically drill pipes are

5 in diameter, but can be 3 or 5 .

Tool

jointsDrill

collars

Drillpipes

Drill Pipes


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Drill String description

D H l M t & T bi


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A downhole motor / turbine is apipe containing a special

device that uses the hydraulic

impact of the mud to rotate the

shaft or the blades.

The motor is attached to the

bottom of the drill string and thebit is screwed to the bottom of

the motor. In this way it is

possible to drill, rotating only

the bit, without rotating the

entire drill string (sliding).

They are used specially in

directional drilling.

Down Hole Motors & Turbines

D illi Bit


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The drilling BIT is the tool used to destroy the rock, by crushing or by

cutting.

The energy necessary to do so is given by the rotation and by the weight

applied to the bit through the drilling string.

Two families of bits are used : Tricones Bits and Diamond Bits.

Tricones bitsare used to drill soft, hard or abrasive formations using

a high WOB(weight on bit : 10 to 30 tons) and low RPM(rotation per

minute : 50 to 200 rpm).

Tricones bits work by crushing (compression).

Diamond bitsare used to drill compact but not abrasive formations

using very low WOB (1 to 10 tons) and very high RPM (500 to 1500rpm).

Diamond bits work by cutting (Diamond is the hardest mineral).

Drilling Bits

T i Bit


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The roller-cone (Tricones) bit has three conical cutters or cones that havespiked teeth around them. As the drill string is rotated, the bit cones roll

along the bottom of the hole in a circle. As they roll, the teeth come in

contact with the bottom of the hole, crushing the rock immediately below

and around the bit tooth due to the pressure applied on the rock and the

rotational movement.

As the cone rolls, the tooth then lifts off the bottom of the hole and a highvelocity fluid jet strikes the crushed rock chips to remove them from the

bottom of the hole.

There are two main types of roller-cone bits:

steel milled-tooth bits carbide insert bits

Tricones Bits

T i Bit


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Tricones Bits

St l Mill d T th Bit


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Those bits are used to drill soft,

plastic or un-cemented rocks

such as : ShaleClay, Sands,

Chalk ...

The need high WOB and

relatively low RPM.

Steel Milled Tooth Bits

St l Mill d T th & I t Bit Bit


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Steel Milled Tooth & Insert BitsBits

Tungstene Carbide Insert Bits


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Those bits are used to drill hard

and abrasive formations such as

Sandstones, Quarzite, Limestones

with Chert...

The need very high WOB and low

RPM.

Tungstene Carbide Insert Bits

Diamond Bits


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PDC bit Diamond bit

Diamond Bits

Diamond Bits


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Diamond Bits

PDC Bits


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Jets nozzles

PDC (Policrystalline Diamond Compact) :

It uses polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) cutters to shear rock with a

continuous scraping motion.

These cutters are synthetic diamond disks about 1/8-in. thick and about 1/2 to 1 in.

in diameter.

This type of bit has not rotating parts.

PDC are used to drill hard but not abrasive rocks.

They need low WOB and very high RPM.

PDC Bits

PDC Bits


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PDC Bits

Diamond (Impregnated) Bits


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The bit body is made of tungsten

carbide and has a series of jet nozzles in

the central part to permit the circulation

of the drilling fuid.

The external and central surfaces

are covered by small industrial diamonds

directly inserted in the bit body.

This type of bit has not rotating parts.

Diamond bits are used to drill hard but

not abrasive rocks.

They need low WOB and very high RPM.

Diamond (Impregnated) Bits

Circulating System


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It consists of the :

DRILLING FLUID

MUD PITS

MUD PUMPS

FLOW LINE (MUD RETURN LINE)

SHALE SHAKERS

Circulating System

Drilling Fluid (Mud)


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Mud is a mixture of clay, usually bentonite, and water based or oil / diesel

oil based, circulated through the well during rotary drilling.

From the mud pits, the mud is pumped by the rig pumps into the hole

through the drill string and the bit. Coming out from the jet nozzles the

mud has enough pressure to remove cuttings from the bottom of the well.

Special chemicals are added to the mud to compensate for the varying

composition of the water and the formation being drilled and to increase

the weight of the column (BaSO4 Barite).

The main functions of the drilling fluids are:

Bottom hole cleaning

Cooling and lubricating the bit

Bringing cuttings to the surface

Depositing a mud cake on the walls of the hole to prevent loss of

fluids to the formationPrevent the collapse of unstable strata into the hole and the

intrusion of water from water-bearing formations

Holding back sub-surfaces pressures (to avoid blow out)




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The mud used in modern drilling operations is a mixture of liquids, reactive

solids and inert solids. The liquid phase may be fresh water, diesel oil or

crude oil.

Physical and Chemical properties :

Density (Mud Weigh t) :necessary to create an hydrostatic pressure

Viscosi ty :a high viscosity is useful to keep in suspension the cuttingswhen the circulation is stopped, but it slows down the sand sedimentation

in the pits and does not permit the gas release inside the mud

Water loss o r Filtrate :the liquid that filters from the mud into the formation

Mud cake : the thin layer of mud solids that forms on the wall of the holeduring the filtration

pH :always between 8-13 to avoid corrosion of the steel tools


Mud Pits


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Large rectangular tanks that contain drilling fluid (mud) on the rig. They areconnected each other and to the mud pumps, making the active mud

system.

Depending on their main purpose they can be called:

SETTLING PIT: permits to separate the fine sediments (specially sand) from

the mud per decantation

MIXING PIT: where is possible to prepare the new mud

SLUG PIT: where is stored mud with different characteristics (density)

RESERVE PIT: where the mud is stored to be used in emergency situations

SUCTION PIT: connected directly to the pumps

TRIP TANK: small cylindrical tank used during a trip (pulling out of the hole

the drill string)

Mud Pits

Mud Pits


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Mud Pits

Mud Pits


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Trip tank

Mud Pits

Mud Pumps


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Large pumps used to circulate the mud on a drilling rig.

A typical mud pump is a piston pump whose pistons travel in replaceable

liners. In base of the diameter of these liners changes the volume pumped

for each pump stroke.

They pick up the mud from the suction pit and force the mud into and down

the drill string and to the bit.

At the bit the mud jets out from the bit nozzles to move cuttings away from

the bit and also to cool the bit.

The mud then moves back up into the annulus to the surface and reaches

again the suction pit.

Mud Pumps

Mud Pumps


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Mud Pumps

Mud Return Line Flow Line


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Since the mud picks up cutting produced by the bit, it carries them as it

returns to the surface. The mud and the cuttings return to the surface in the

space between the outside of the drill string and the inside of the hole. This

space is the ANNULUS.At the surface, the mud and cuttings leave the well through a side outlet

with a pipe on it: this pipe is the FLOW LINE.

At the end of the flow line, mud and cutting fall onto vibrating screens (or

sieves) called the SHALE SHAKERS.




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Shale Shakers


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While drilling, it indispensable to

remove the cuttings from the mud.

For this purpose, the mud coming

out the Flow line falls on the Shale

shakers acting as vibrating

screens.The liquid phase of the mud and the

solids smaller than the wire mesh

pass through the screen (and go

back to the pits) while larger solids

are retained on the screen, fall out

of the screen and are discarded.

Shale Shakers

Shale Shakers


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Shale Shakers

Safety System


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It consists of the:

BOP stack (Blow out preventers)

Choke manifold

Safety System

Blow Out Preventers - BOPs


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It consists of a series of large valves at

the top of the well that can be closed in

case of emergency : Blow Out which

means the well is in eruption andcannot be controlled in another way

than to be shut-in.

Those valves are usually operated

remotely via hydraulic actuators.

Blow Out Preventers BOPs

Blow Out Preventers - BOPs


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BOPs come in a variety of styles, sizes

and pressure ratings. Some can

effectively close over an open well bore,some are designed to seal around

tubular components in the well (drill

pipe, casing or tubing) and others are

fitted with hardened steel shearing

surfaces that can actually cut off the

drill pipe.Since BOPs are critically important to

the safety of the people and of the

entire drilling operation, they are

inspected, tested and refurbished at

regular intervals determined by a

combination of risk assessment, local

practice, well type and legal

requirements.

ow Ou eve e s O s

Annular Preventer


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This huge valve is designed to

form a seal in the annular space

between the pipes and the casingand if no pipe is present, on the

casing itself.

They rate from 3,000 to 15,000 psi.

Rams Stack


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Below the annular BOP, are additional

rams :

Shear ram : will cut off the drill pipes

and close the well in case of eruption

through the drill pipes.

Pipe rams : will seal around the drill

pipes.

Blind rams : will seal the well without

drill pipes.

Rams Stack


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Choke Manifold


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This is an arrangement of piping and valves designed to control,

distribute and monitor the fluid flow when the well is shut-in (BOP are

closed).

In this case the annular mud will flow through a variable diameter choke

in order to hamper the uncontrolled eruption. In this way it will bepossible to weight up the mud and to neutralize the influx of fluid from

the formation.

Like the BOP, the choke manifold has a fundamental importance for the

safety.

Choke Manifold


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People working on the rig


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Company man (drilling engineer) :The representative of the Oil Company or Operator on a drilling location.

For land operations, the company man is responsible for operational

issues on the location, including the safety and efficiency of the project.

Offshore, depending on the regulatory requirements, there might be an

offshore installation manager, employed by the drilling contractor, who

has the last word on safety and vessel integrity issues, but not onoperational issues.

Well site Geologist :

Often a consultant, or less frequently an Oil Company staff, he is

responsible of all items related to the geological interpretation and

advices the Company Man on operational requirements such as

circulating for bottom-up, coring, logging runs and testing requirements.

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Tool pusher :

He is responsible for the functioning of the drilling rig for the drilling

contractor.

The tool pusher is usually a senior, experienced individual who has worked

his way up through the ranks of the drilling crew positions.His job includes ensuring that the rig has sufficient materials, spare parts and

skilled personnel to ensure efficient operations.

The tool pusher also serves as a trusted advisor to many personnel on the rig

site, including the operator's representative, the company man.

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from TOTAL

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Driller :He is the supervisor of the rig crew. The

driller is responsible for the efficient

operation as well as the safety of the

crew and normally has many years of

experience.

The driller dr ivesthe rig : he operatesthe pumps, draw works and rotary table

via the driller console, a control room of

gauges, control levers, rheostats, and

other pneumatic, hydraulic and

electronic instrumentation.

The driller also operates the draw works

brake using a long-handled lever.



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Drilling Crew :

Personnel who operates the drilling rig

and reports to the driller.

The crew consists of motor man,

roustabouts, roughnecks, floor hands,

lead tong operators, derrick men, andassistant drillers.

Since drilling rigs operate 24 hours a

day, there are at least two crews (twelve

hour work shifts called tours, more

common when operating offshore), or

three crews (eight hour tours, morecommon onshore).



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Service companies:

The Mud Engineer is responsible of the drilling fluid (mud). He tests it

continuously and prescribes necessary treatments to ensure the

recommended properties.

He also works closely with the rig's derrick man, who is in charge of the

treatment.

The Directional Driller is responsible of the correct trajectory of the well in

case of directional well (inclination and azimuth).

He will consider parameters as rotary speed, weight on bit, down hole motors

and will monitor the trajectory according to the deviation surveys.

The Cementer is in charge of preparing and pumping the cement slurry

needed to cement the casing after a section of the well is run.



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MWDLWD Operator :

He is in charge to collect and analyze data coming from MWD or LWD tools.

MWD (Measurement While Drilling) is a special tool that allows to measuredifferent parameters (mainly deviation) while drilling. Those measurements

are made downhole, stored in solid-state memory for some time and later

transmitted to the surface.

Data transmission methods vary from company to company, but usually

involve digitally encoding data and transmitting to the surface as pressure

pulses in the mud system.LWD (Logging While Drilling) measures formation parameters like resistivity,

porosity, sonic velocity, gamma ray.

Casing Operator:

In charge of running the casing into the hole. Ensures that each joint is in

good order and is properly screwed onto the previous one.

Coring Hand:

In charge of running the coring equipment and collecting the core samples.



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END OF SLIDE SHOW

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02_Training Rig Jan09.ppt