III. CLOZE EXERCISES

A

Fill each of the following blanks with only one suitable word:

1. In ..... (I) countries it's ..... (2) to ..... (3) a job of ..... (4) kind. Almost any job is ..... (5) than none at ..... (6) so one can't afford to be ..... (7) fussy. There are luckier people ..... (8) have jobs but not jobs ..... (9) they have chosen ..... (10). Perhaps they work in a particular factory ..... (11) that is the ..... (12) place in ..... (13) town ..... (14) there is work. Others ..... (15) to do what their families push them ..... (16). For ..... (17), they may go into their father's ..... (18) as their father and grandfather ..... (19) before them, ..... (20) they like it or not; they are not consulted themselves.

2. He suddenly ..... (1) of long ..... (2) Cambridge days and ..... (3) the time ..... (4) he ..... (5) almost decided to try ..... (6) foreign service. Serving ..... (7) government abroad was ..... (8) he had always dreamed ..... (9): secret ..... (10) and political scheming, with himself ..... (11) the hero. Funny ..... (12) dreams of that sort stayed with you. One half of your ..... (13) became a marvellous reasoning machine, ..... (14) the ..... (15) wandered over ..... (16) frontiers into ..... (17) countries where ..... (18), romance and ..... (19) death lay waiting ..... (20) the traveller.

3. In the small ..... (1) of Chotagaon in the heart of Southern India,..... (2) a plateau ..... (3) the Deccan, ..... (4) lives a little girl called Shanta. Shanta's father, ..... (5) name is Yeshwant Rao, is a farmer ..... (6) most of the other ..... (7) in the village. Shanta has two ..... (8) brothers and an older brother, ten years old, whose name is Shankar. Yeshwant Rao and his family live in a little mud ..... (9), ..... (10) is just like all the ..... (11) ones in the village. It has two ..... (12) only, with a courtyard and a veranda. Its mud ..... (13) are plastered with cowdung mixed ..... (14) mud and water. When this ..... (15) it makes a hard smooth surface, as good ..... (16) plaster or cement, to ..... (17) out the rain. The house has no ..... (18), only little peepholes here and ..... (19) for light and air to come in,..... (20) the rooms are very dark.

4. ..... (1) Churchill and de Gaulle ..... (2) colourful characters in their ..... (3) right. Both became national ..... (4), both becoming ..... (5) of this role in the same "darkest hour". Each ..... (6) eventually rejected ..... (7) his own ..... (8) when the personality had outlived the symbol. Both were masterly writers with a ..... (9) of history and patriotic inspiration. Both were ..... (10) successful in ..... (11) ancient and unfashionable ..... (12) of rhetoric. Both enjoyed without question ..... (13) strange title ..... (14) "statesman" and yet they came ..... (15) it by widely different ..... (16). Churchill was a professional politician and ..... (17) amateur strategist; de Gaulle a ..... (18) soldier with a dislike bordering ..... (19) contempt for politicians. As statesmen they were not merely

accepted by their countrymen as ..... (20).

5. ..... (1) the coast of Scotland ..... (2) thirty two kilometres ..... (3) the Outer Hebrides ..... (4) a group of seven small ..... (5) called the Flannan Isles. Only ..... (6) of the islands is inhabited, Eilean Mhor, where a lighthouse was ..... (7) in 1899. Three lighthouse keepers ..... (8) there and they are the ..... (9) inhabitants save ..... (10) rabbits and the thousands of seabirds that make the islands their ..... (11). These islands are ..... (12) by tearing west winds, and Atlantic rollers break in clouds of..... (13) against their cliffs. For the lighthouse keepers ..... (14) there is often a test of ..... (15). ..... (16) two months at a time they ..... (17) on the island to keep the warning lamp ..... (18) and then a relief keeper comes ..... (19) the mainland to take each man's place in ..... (20).

6. Do you ..... (1) when and ..... (2) the next Olympic Games will be ..... (3)? The Olympic Games ..... (4) place ..... (5) fourth year. Amateur athletes and sportsmen and women ..... (6) more than sixty ..... (7) nations gather at these Games to ..... (8) against each ..... (9) for the ..... (10) of their country. The Games are named after the town of Olympia in Greece where they were ..... (11) held long ago before Christ was born; and the Greeks have a story ..... (12) how the Games began. In those far..... (13) days the tribes of Greece used to spend much of their time fighting ..... (14) another. This continual quarrelling ..,.. (15) men of different villages and cities ..... (16) those who loved peace, among ..... (17) was a man called Iphitos. Now Iphitos was ..... (18) concerned about this wasteful ..... (19) that he went to the gods and asked them what he could do to keep his friends and neighbours ..... (20) making war on one another.

7. Drying her ..... (1), she looked towards the window and ..... (2) a strange lady ..... (3) up the garden. My mother knew ..... (4) the tall, fearless lady must be Miss Betsey: it..... (5) be nobody else. When she reached the ..... (6), she did not ring the door ..... (7) like other ..... (8). She came and looked ..... (9) the window. She pressed her ..... (10) against the glass, and the end of her ..... (11) became flat and ..... (12). My mother, in her fear, tried to ..... (13) behind her chair. Miss Betsey carried her eyes round the ..... (14) till they ..... (15) her. Her ..... (16) commanded my mother to come and ..... (17) the door. My mother went. "Mrs David Copperfield, I think", said Miss Betsey. "Yes." said mother in a ..... (18) voice. "Miss Trotwood," ..... (19) the visitor, "You have heard of her, I ..... (20) say." 8. Before you ..... (1) shopping for your mother, she makes ..... (2) that you have enough ..... (3) in your ..... (4). This ..... (5) will be in the ..... (6) of coins or banknotes. It is difficult for us to realize that there are shops in ..... (7) parts of the ..... (8) where money as we know ..... (9), coins and notes, would be of ..... (10) use. In the markets and bazaars of these countries a handful of shells, a few beads, a bar of metal or some dogs' teeth might..... (11) useful for ..... (12) goods, but..... (13) and pence, dollars and ..... (14) would buy nothing. For the natives of ..... (15) Indian islands, shells are "money" as are dogs' teeth to the tribes on some of the South Sea Islands. In many ..... (16) the out of the way parts of the ..... (17) however, there is ..... (18) such things as money at all, because there is no ..... (19) for it. In parts of Africa and ..... (20) the native tribes of South America, and some of the more remote islands of the Pacific, selling is still mainly a matter of barter.

9. "While ..... (1) are men, science cannot protect itself. Tjie desire ..... (2) power is too ..... (3) in the ..... (4) of all men. Even as I ..... (5) to you now, events are ..... (6) you wrong. The first atomic ..... (7) has been made!" The Professor's first ..... (8) was ..... (9) of frightened suspicion. ..... (10) he talking to a madman? But, meeting that cold level gaze, he began to ..... (11) that Groom ..... (12) be speaking the ..... (13). Finally, the Professor laughed and said:

"You have a ..... (14) strange sense of..... (15). sir." "1 ..... (.16) you'd laugh," said Groom ..... (17); "but ..... (18) me put a question to you. ..... (19) your opinion, which laboratory in the world is most ..... (20) to have achieved this development?"

10. Early in the morning ..... (1) of the teachers called me out. I was ..... (2) summoned to the office of the ..... (3). At first I thought it must be ..... (4) from my friend, but ..... (5) the way I ..... (6) to have my doubts. She was ..... (7) for me in her office, accompanied ..... (8) the member of the Social Commission ..... (9) thought he ..... (10) known my parents ..... (11) the war. They greeted me ..... (12) and ..... (13) me to sit down. I..... (14) that they were both ..... (15) nervous, though they tried to ..... (16) it. I looked ..... (17) around. We ..... (18) steps in ..... (19) adjoining office. The man from the Commission went into the other room and talked to ..... (20) in there.

B

1. Some people don't mind ..... (1) fat. In ..... (2) countries a good ..... (3) stomach is nothing to ..... (4) ashamed ..... (5). There is a West African saying: "Laugh and ..... (6) fat." Other ..... (7) can ..... (8) slim without ..... (9) effort. But a ..... (10) of people do ..... (11) on ..... (12) much weight and don't like it. The question is, what ..... (13) they do about it? Some put their faith ..... (14) exercise. But the trouble with exercise is that it ..... (15) works up an appetite. You ..... (16) sweat off a couple of ..... (17) playing tennis or ..... (18) a mountain but you put it all ..... (19) on with a big ..... (20) of macaroni cheese or steak and chips or bread and jam.

2. On Sundays on the Continent..... (1) the poorest person puts ..... (2) his ..... (3) suit, tries to ..... (4) respectable, and at the ..... (5) time the life of the country ..... (6) cheerful: in England even the ..... (7) lord or motormanufacturer ..... (8) in some peculiar rags, does ..... (9) shave, and the country becomes ..... (10) and dreary. On the ..... (11) there is ..... (12) topic which should be ..... (13) - the weather; in England ..... (14) you do not..... (15) the phrase "Lovely day, isn't it?" at ..... (16) two hundred times a day, you are considered a ..... (17) dull. On the Continent people ..... (18) a fork as ..... (19) it were a shovel; in England they turn it ..... (20) down and push everything including peas on top of it.

3. "This book is not about heroes. English poetry is ..... (1) yet fit to speak

of them. ..... (2) is it about deeds, or lands, nor anything about glory, however.

might, majesty, dominion ..... (3) power, except War. Above ..... (4) I am not concerned ..... (5) Poetry. My subject is War, and the pity ..... (6) War. The poetry is in the pity.

Yet these elegies are ..... (7) this generation in no sense consolatory. They

may be to the next. ..... (8) a poet can do todays is warm. That is ..... (9) the true

Poet must be truthful." And that is the preface by Wilfred Owen, ..... (10) a volume of his poems which was ..... (11) show, to England, and to ..... (12) intolerant world, the foolishness, unnaturalness, horror, inhumanity, and insupportability ..... (13) war, and to expose, ..... (14) that all could suffer and see, the heroic lies, the willingness ..... (15) the old to sacrifice the ..... (16). This volume, ..... (17) Wilfred Owen imagined it in trench and shellhole and hospital, in the lunatic centre of battle never ..... (18). But many of the ..... (19) that were to have been included in the volume remain, their beauty for ..... (20), their truth obvious, their warning disregarded.

4. By half past twelve, Professor Barstow was ..... (1) tired. He had already ..... (2) 300 km that day. With a sigh of ..... (3), about three quaters of an ..... (4) later, he turned his ..... (5) into the courtyard of the Royal Crown Hotel at Launceston. He got ..... (6), stretched, and with methodical care, locked the ..... (7).

Professor Barstow did everything methodically, ..... (8) he was applying

the laws of physics or ..... (9) his ..... (10) cat. His lean, pale ..... (11), critical

expression and ..... (12) dark grey suit clearly ..... (13) the precision of his

habits. His lectures before the Royal Society were ..... (14) for their ..... (15)

reviews of fact and their cautious admissions of theory. ..... (16) fact, he deeply

distrusted imagination more ..... (17) usual, as it was telling him what he did

not want to believe, ..... (18) he was a sick man who should be ..... (19)

peacefully in the garden of a hotel somewhere, not racing up and down the .....

(20) in his car.

5. Groom ..... (1) slowly to his feet. His ..... (2) bore a thin smile, but his ..... (3) had narrowed to pinpoints ..... (4) cold anger. His voice ..... (5) to be coming from a great distance.

"All the ..... (6). Professor, 1 shall not ..... (7) your refusal. For the ..... (8) days I expect to be ..... (9) the Ritz Hotel in Paris. I'm travelling by air today. If you change your..... (10)"

But the Professor heard ..... (11) more. A terrible tiredness came ..... (12) his brain. When ..... (13) last he raised his eyes, Groom had ..... (14).

He sank ..... (15) his chair, ..... (16) for his coffee, found ..... (17) cold and, resting his ..... (18) and his hand, gazed out of the window. The sky had ..... (19) cloudy, and light rain was ..... (20).

83

6. I was ..... (1) on a Friday night, at twelve o'clock. As the clock rang out the ..... (2) hour, I began to cry.

Some old ladies ..... (3) I would be ..... (4), because of the day and hour of my ..... (5).

I was a fatherless ..... (6). My father's eyes closed upon the ..... (7) of this world six months before ..... (8) opened. I remember the white stone behind the ..... (9) where his body lay. It filled me with ..... (10). "Poor father!" I thought. "He is lying out there in the ..... (11) when our little house is ..... (12) and bright."

My father's aunt (my great-aunt) was the most commanding ..... (13) in our family. Her name was Miss Trotwood. She lived in a small house ..... (14) the sea, with one servant. My mother ..... (15) her Miss Betsey, but she was afraid of this fearful person and never..... (16) her.

Miss Betsey once ..... (17) my father dearly; but she was deeply angered by his ..... (18). She thought my mother was not..... (19) to him. She never saw my mother, but she ..... (20) that she was not yet twenty.

7. In my early ..... (1), the two people I loved ..... (2) were my mother and Peggotty. I remember them ..... (3) my mother with her pretty hair and young shape, and Peggotty with no shape at..... (4).

One evening, when I was ..... (5) six years old, Peggotty and I were sitting ..... (6) the fire, alone. My mother was ..... (7) the evening with a neighbour. I read a ..... (8) about animals to Peggotty. I..... (9) tired of reading and became very ..... (10). But I..... (11) to go to bed. I held my eyes open with my ..... (12) and watched Peggotty sewing. Peggotty looked up from her sewing and gave me a little ..... (13). "Wake up, Master Davy", she said. "Read ..... (14) another story." I was just ..... (15) a new story, ..... (16) the bell rang. We ..... (17) to the door. There was my mother, looking very ..... (18). With her was a ..... (19) with ..... (20) hair. He was Mr. Murdstone.

8. The doctor's small, delicate ..... (1) rested ..... (2) his kness. He leaned ..... (3) a little and peered ..... (4) his patient's face. His eyes had become ..... (5) to the darkness, and he could ..... (6) Bill's individual features ..... (7). He ..... (8) on the small, shaded light, shielding it with his ..... (9). He sighed and rubbed his hands ..... (10) his forehead with a thoughtful movement.

"Have you ..... (11) some kids at home, too?" asked Bill.

The doctor ..... (12) to the window. He pulled gently on the cord, and the thick ..... (13) parted and slid back soundlessly. "I have three little ..... (14)", he said.

84

The autumn ..... (15) came strongly ..... (16) the room and lay in a bright wedge across the floor, ..... (17) Bill's hands, his rough, uplifted face, and the wall ..... (18).

"Well, now that's ..... (19). I've got three ..... (20) boys. Can you beat that?"

9. I remember once, ..... (1)1 was staying at Mrs Willoughby's, Doc Marlowe was roused out of ..... (2) in the middle of the ..... (3) by a poor woman who was frantic ..... (4) her little girl was ..... (5). This ..... (6) had had the sciatica driven out of her by his liniment, she ..... (7) Doc. He placed her then. She had never been ..... (8) to pay him a ..... (9) for his liniment or his "treatments" and he had ..... (10) her a great many. He got up and ..... (11), and went ..... (12) to her house. The ..... (13) had colic, I suppose. Doc couldn't have had any ..... (14) what was the matter, but he sopped on liniment; he sopped on a ..... (15) bottle. When he came back ..... (16), two hours later, he said he had "relieved the distress". The little girl had gone to ..... (17) and was all ..... (18) the next day,..... (19) on account of Doc Marlowe or in spite of him I don't .....(20).

10. By now I had ..... (1) similar occasions with Hugh, and ..... (2) at firsthand that nothing could dent his cast-iron assurance.

"Well," Elizabeth ..... (3) on, "I must ..... (4) that at ..... (5) I was a little put off, but ..... (6) I began to see that he ..... (7) exactly what he was ..... (8) about, and that he was ..... (9) sincere. Not a bit selfconscious ..... (10) anything, but just eager for me to understand ..... (11) the way he did. It's the ..... (12) way with everything. Everybody ..... (13) in the world is always fumbling and bumbling over deciding ..... (14): what to ..... (15) for dinner, or ..... (16) to manage his job, or ..... (17) to vote for, but Hugh always knows. It's not knowing that makes for ..... (18) those nerves and complexes and things you ..... (19) about, isn't that so? Well, I'll take Hugh, thank you, and leave ..... (20) else to the psychiatrists."

1. There seems to be an odd ..... (1) that there is something meritorious ..... (2) working. Why? In early times, man went out to ..... (3) animals in ..... (4) to feed ..... (5) and keep ..... (6). Later he toiled over crops, and sowed and ..... (7) for the ..... (8) reason. Nowadays, he rises early, ..... (9) the 8.15 and sits in an ..... (10) all day still for that reason. He ..... (11) it to eat and have a roof ..... (12) his head and, if skilled and lucky, to go a bit..... (13) and have comfort

85

and entertainment as ..... (14). I don't think necessity is the ..... (15) of invention; invention, ..... (16) my opinion, arises directly ..... (17) idleness, possibly lazine-ss even. To ..... (18) oneself trouble. That is the big secret ..... (19) has ..... (20) us down the ages hundreds of thousands of years.

2. There is no question ..... (1) the park did me a world of good. It gave me privacy, but..... (2) than that, it allowed me to pretend that I was not..... (3) bad off as I really was. The grass and the trees ..... (4) democratic, and as I loafed in the sunshine of a late afternoon, ..... (5) climbed among the rocks in the early evening to look ..... (6) a place to sleep, I felt that I ..... (7) blending into the environment, that even to a practiced ..... (8) I could ..... (9) passed for ..... (10) of the picnickers or strollers around me. The streets ..... (11) not allow for such delusions. Whenever I walked ..... (12) the crowds, I was quickly shamed into ..... (13) awareness of myself. Each day I became a little dirtier than I ..... (14) been the day before, a little more ragged and confused, a little more different ..... (15) everyone ..... (16). In the park, I did not ..... (17) to carry around this burden ..... (18) self consciousness. If the streets forced me to see ..... (19) as ..... (20) saw me, the park gave me the chance to return to my inner life.

3. I do not want to alarm ..... (1), but I feel ..... (2) is my duty to ..... (3) you that in ..... (4) pages ahead you will ..... (5), as the title of this book ..... (6), a green ghost. In ..... (7) to the ghost you will encounter some strange pearls, ..... (8) a little dog who plays no part in the story ..... (9) he does nothing at ..... (10). Or, does he ..... (11) a part? Sometimes doing ..... (12) is as important as ..... (13) something. It will be worth thinking about.

I could tell you of many other..... (14) episodes, exciting adventures and suspenseful ..... (15) that you will be encountering, but I feel ..... (16) you would ..... (17) read about these for ..... (18). So I will content myself ..... (19) introducing, as I promised them I ..... (20), The Three Investigators.

4. Emily was packing again. Her ..... (1) were open on the bed, and the bed was piled ..... (2) clothing, but she could not decide what to put..... (3). She wanted to take everything, so ..... (4) she would not have to return ..... (5) Convers ever again; and she wanted to throw everything ..... (6) and walk ..... (7) of the house free and clear. Free and clear! But when she arrived at Rabbit Hills ..... (8) any luggage, her mother, and Walter ..... (9) job it was to carry ..... (10) in from the car, and Helen who was going to unpack, would ..... (11) it most peculiar and inexplicable. They would think it..... (12) peculiar still if she ..... (13) to arrive with piles of trunks and bags, but ..... (14) inexplicable. Such an amount of luggage ..... (15) be the same as a public announcement that she

86

had left her husband and Emily wanted to ..... (16) this announcement privately, in her own good time, ..... (17) that was. The ..... (18) was, no time would be good for such ..... (19). It was utterly impossible that it ..... (20) be well received.

5. F.I.F.A. officials are ..... (1) questioning the ..... (2) about last Sunday's World Cup Final, ..... (3) which he sent off two ..... (4): Diego Thespiano, whom some have ..... (5) "the world's greatest living actor", ..... (6) Cyril Stamper, "the Romford Ripper".

"I don't ..... (7) people shouting ..... (8) me, especially in Spanish", said

Stamper, "but I can ..... (9) you that I..... (10) not punch Diego. He tripped over

his own ..... (11) and his nose collided ..... (12) my fist. Anyway, as ..... (13) as

he was ..... (14) the red card ..... (15) overacting, he was up again trying to

rearrange my front ..... (16). I think F.I.F.A. ..... (17) make him pay my dentist

for all the repairs .....(18) he is going to have to make."

If the Football Association finds Stamper ..... (19) of bringing the game into disrepute, it will suspend him for the twenty third ..... (20) in his career.

6. Our family was a very democratic ..... (1): we were not a family in

which ..... (2) was a father who did a job, a mother who did a job, and the kids

who did what they were ..... (3). As each one of ..... (4) came to the use of

reason, as it were, we were ..... (5) in the family decisions. Once we knew .....

(6) to count, we were involved in the family expenditure. We never had regular pocket-money ..... (7) children, but if we needed money for something, we got

..... (8). As long as the money ..... (9) there, we could have some, even for

frivoulous and unnecessary ..... (10). But we were brought ..... (11) to reflect

that since we could get what we asked ..... (12), we ..... (13) to be ..... (14)

responsible about asking. ..... (15) you wanted something only because

someone ..... (16) had it, you were forced to ..... (17), "Well, that's not much of

a reason. I don't..... (18) need it", and reconcile ..... (19) to doing ..... (20) it.

7. Today ..... (1) feel a strength in numbers. They no longer feel ..... (2) or isolated in their opinions and ..... (3). Through the media and through ..... (4) TV in ..... (5), we know ..... (6) today about people's opinions and outlooks than at any ..... (7) time in history. TV pays famous people huge sums of ..... (8) to sit around in a studio 'chatshow' and tell us ..... (9) wants putting right in the .....

(10) (As if we didn't know!). Unfortunately a lot of the opinions contribute .....

(11) or nothing. The more popular outlets go in for opinion polls, which depend ..... (12) the particular sample polled, and usually ..... (13) whatever the paper or magazine wants to. Beware therefore of ..... (14) that begin The general opinion is that ...', 'It's generally felt, believed, thought, held that ...".

87

..... (15) opinions are ten a penny. But what emerges is that there is a basis ..... (16) action, and if an issue is ..... (17) worthwhile, then the sparks really ..... (18) to fly. The only ..... (19) guide to the here and now is when opinion begins to crystallize and bite sufficiently to get a health warning bill ..... (20) Parliament.

8. The Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II..... (1)2 June 1953 was ..... (2) by nearly a quarter of the human beings then ..... (3) on earth. The inhabitants of Britain and the Commonwealth numbered ..... (4) 650 million, and a fair proportion of them ..... (5) to have congregated in London ..... (6) the time the day arrived. The hotels and boarding houses ..... (7) full. All seats in the stands ..... (8) been reserved as soon as booking opened, and tickets were selling on the ..... (9) market for 40 or 50 ..... (10). Balconies ..... (11) the route cost..... (12) more (3500 for fifty, including champagne), and outside the capital streets organized the distribution of neighbours ..... (13) the recently available television sets (The best Coronation souvenir..... (14) all).

There were holidays for everyone, mugs, plates, pamphlets and badges presented ..... (15) schoolchildren, and car radio aerials had little Union ..... (16) fluttering chirpily on ..... (17). The Coronation occupied a ..... (18) day, but excited anticipation maintained its enthusiasm for a whole year ..... (19) than any publicist would ..... (20) dared venture and it left a warm glow in its aftermath.

9. At different ..... (1), different people and different countries have ..... (2) the lead and greatly added to man's ..... (3) of the world. Such was the case in the 15th and 16lh ..... (4), the great period of exploration ..... (5) Portuguese and Spanish ..... (6). In 1488 ..... (7) Portuguese navigator Bartholomew Diaz ..... (8) the Cape of ..... (9) Hope and in 1497 ..... (10) fellow countryman Vasco da Gama ..... (11) India. Seeking a new route, Christopher Columbus ..... (12) westwards ..... (13) Europe in 1492, convinced that he ..... (14) get to the fabulous East Indies. Instead he ..... (15) in the Bahama ..... (16) and West Indies. On later ..... (17) he visited South America and the Gulf of Mexico, ..... (18) to find a passage across Panama. The new continent of America was to be ..... (19) after a Florentine explorer, after..... (20) Venezuela is also called.

10. Dominating our little corner of the ..... (1) is the mighty, glowing orb of the sun. Travelling ..... (2) it at different distances in great elliptical ..... (3) are the Earth and the ..... (4) planets. Some ..... (5) the planets are themselves the centre of tiny, solar type systems, with one or ..... (6) moons or satellites revolving around ..... (7). The sun, the planets and their moons form ..... (8) major part of the solar system. But ..... (9) are a number of ..... (10), minor

88

bodies which also ..... (11) to it and travel, ..... (12) the planets, in paths around the sun. These are the asteroids, meteors ..... (13) comets. The sun and ..... (14) these bodies travel through space ..... (15) a great physical unit, or 'family', ..... (16) together ..... (17) the sun's gravitational ..... (18). The warmth and ..... (19) of the sun are the most important things to us on earth, for ..... (20) them there would be no life of any kind.

D

1. Lawrence Olivier gave this interview to Kenneth Harris of The Observer, one of the leading Sunday papers, in 1969.

Harris: How has television affected the theatre?

Olivier: Well, ..... (1) popularity ..... (2) that millions of ..... (3) take

drama for granted. With hours and ..... (4) every week, the viewers can have a

bellyful of drama. ..... (5) it's "The Forsyte Saga" or a Western, it's all drama, of

a..... (6).

If you're ..... (7) to attract a man and his wife away ..... (8) their TV set ..... (9) a winter's night, and ..... (10) them to a play in the theatre, you've got to grip them and keep them gripped. They've got to ..... (11) more than when they're sitting in ..... (12) of that set.

Now you do have ..... (13) advantages in the theatre. The telly is perfect ..... (14) things that have ..... (15) specially built for it like "SoftlySoftly" or "The Forsyte Saga" and ..... (16) specially devised series or unique features which are written, shaped, shot and organised for TV. But the ..... (17) cannot give you the peculiar condition of the theatre, ..... (18) we are allowed to get back to life ..... (19) people and relations in depth; perspectives, angles, distances; all telling the story and presenting the drama, as ..... (20) as what is being said.

2. Man's existence on earth depends ..... (1) all the other living matter.....

(2) him and a large part of this belongs ..... (3) the plant kingdom. ..... (4) the

extraordinary variety of living organisms that make ..... (5) the world of plants,

animal life could not ..... (6) and our planet ..... (7) be a barren and lifeless

world of deserts. Some plants are of ..... (8) use than others. High on the list of

plants upon ..... (9) our lives depend are the food crops. The grass family is

probably the ..... (10) important of these, ..... (11) it supplies the world ..... (12)

its wheat, rice, oats, barely and sugar cane. ..... (13) a certain amount of

processing, these are all ..... (14) more or ..... (15) as they are grown. Other

grasses provide the basic foodstuff for cattle and sheep. Then there are root

89

crops ..... (16) as potatoes and carrots, as ..... (17) as the great..... (18) of fruits. Some plants give us beverages ..... (19) tea and ..... (20).

3. Apes are men's ..... (1) living cousins. Like ..... (2) they have no tail.

and can ..... (3) upright, although normally they walk about on all ..... (4). The

..... (5) ape is the Gorilla which may ..... (6) to one and a half metres and ..... (7)

over 250 kilograms. It is a shy animal which roams the Congo ..... (8) in Africa

in small family parties. There is also a mountain race. The Gorilla is a vegetarian, ..... (9) for fruit, bamboo shoots and leaves. ..... (10) night it builds

platforms in the trees in which the family ..... (11), the male gorilla usualy

staying below on ..... (12). This ape has tremendous ..... (13) and can become

dangerous ..... (14) annoyed. At one time there ..... (15) strange tales about

these hairy 'apemen' of the bush. Actually the gorillas are delicate in captivity, and can quickly ..... (16) illnesses such as colds ..... (17) humans. This is .....

(18) their cages are ..... (19) with glass also to ..... (20) in the warmth.

4. After the romantic period ..... (1) in the 19th century England there was ..... (2) great literary 'fashion'. At the beginning of the Victorian ..... (3) there were two ..... (4) English poets, Alfred Lord Tennyson and Robert Browning. Tennyson wrote lyric poems and verse dramas not intended to be ..... (5). A weakness in his work ..... (6) in the feeling that ..... (7) old, beautiful and romantic themes were suitable ..... (8) poetry, so ..... (9) the truth to life ..... (10) makes poetry "come alive" is, for the ..... (11) part missing. Browning, too, ..... (12) to set his poetry in ..... (13) ages, but because he was chiefly .....(14) in the kinds of moral and religious problems which have applied ..... (15) all times, his work is ..... (16) alive and ..... (17) remained so. The PreRaphaelite Brotherhood, that grew up in the latter half of the century, was an association of poets, painters and craftsmen, ..... (18) ideals were those of medieval times, and for this reason they called ..... (19) PreRaphaelites. They were ..... (20) by Dante Gabriel Rossetti.

5. Widowed Aunt Dorothy lived ..... (1). Having a comfortable ..... (2) and ..... (3) children, she had no need to ..... (4). Plump, plain and gifted ..... (5) a vivid imagination, she devoted ..... (6) of her time ..... (7) gossip. Her keen eye ..... (8) nothing and she specialized in ..... (9) other people's secrets. She ..... (10) make some carefully chosen ..... (11) apparently innocent remark and then watch the effect it ..... (12) on each of ..... (13) companions. She noticed a ..... (14) deal and skilfully ..... (15) many things she ..... (16) not actually discover. As a ..... (17) she could ..... (18) her close friends some sensational ..... (19) of information ..... (20) only later became generally known.

90

6. The dream changed. ..... (1) hours, it seemed, I had ..... (2) wandering

aimlessly ..... (3) a silent forest of pine trees; now I was alone ..... (4) a boat.....

(5) was drifting along lazily, past tree-covered islands, ..... (6) bare rocky edges

rose abruptly ..... (7) the transparent water. I was ..... (8) carried between grassy

banks .....(9) meadows sprinkled with buttercups sloped ..... (10) the river. Soft

fluffy clouds ..... (11) reflected in the velvet surface of the water. The current

must ..... (12) been steady and strong, for the boat kept ..... (13) forward

smoothly, without meeting ..... (14) obstacle, as though it..... (15) being steered

..... (16) some invisible hand. Soothed by the peace of my journey, I had .....

(17) all count of time but eventually I ..... (18) aware ..... (19) the boat was

gliding slowly towards the bank. At this point, on a narrow stretch of silver sand, an ..... (20) man was standing, his hand shading his eyes.

7. The rain started ..... (1) dusk was falling. He had been walking ..... (2) ten o'clock and he was beginning to ..... (3) extremely tired. Overhead, heavy ..... (4) clouds were ..... (5) ominously; a few streaks ..... (6) what had been a fiery sunset gleamed for a ..... (7) on the dark bog puddles ahead, but these soon faded, ..... (8) a uniform greyness of earth and sky. The narrow muddy path twisted ..... (9) avoid boulders covered with spongy moss and the ..... (10) scattered bushes. As the rain ..... (11) now obviously set in and was falling with increasing determination, ..... (12) wearily unfolded his raincoat and put it ..... (13). He fumbled in his ..... (14) for his small torch, ..... (15) he would probably need ..... (16) long. He was getting ..... (17) so he greedily munched ..... (18) of his stock of ginger biscuits and chocolate. He had ..... (19) idea of how far he had still to walk; so ..... (20) as he was concerned he was the sole inhabitant of a deserted world.

8. She awoke with a sick ..... (1) of dread. The room was ..... (2) darkness, with a heap ..... (3) dying embers in the grate. Before turning ..... (4) the light, she groped ..... (5) way to the window. Fog, yellow and opaque, was pressing against the panes, muffling ..... (6) sounds of the few ..... (7) whom circumstances compelled to ..... (8) out of..... (9). She drew the ..... (10) to shut out its grimy, dreary ugliness. Her uneasy feeling of ..... (11) catastrophe was ..... (12); she pulled ..... (13) together firmly and went to stoke the fire, this time with lumps of coal. Heavy steps were ..... (14) the house; ..... (15) was a single commanding knock. With the shovel still clutched in ..... (16) hand, her fingers automatically ..... (17) her apron ribbons, she went to ..... (18) the door. Blocking the opensided porch, framed ..... (19) the enveloping fog, ..... (20) a tall gravefaced policeman.

91

9. In my ..... (1) case, for ..... (2), it was at this period ..... (3) I first..... (4)

the most important truth ..... (5) myself; ..... (6), that I'm non competitive. The

urge to go one better ..... (7) the next man, which seems to dominate ..... (8)

people's lives in one way or ..... (9) is something I just ..... (10) not have built

into me. ..... (11)1 think over it now, I..... (12) see just how much of a puzzle I

..... (13) to my schoolmasters; in ..... (14) of the fact that I didn't give much .....

(15) and worked fairly steadily I was disliked ..... (16) nearly all the people .....

(17) had charge of me. What ..... (18) have needled them most was that I was

incapable ..... (19) absorbing the one ..... (20) they were all put there to teach -

that life is a competition.

10. ..... (1) that term Tommy distinguished ..... (2) in two ways besides

..... (3) steadily ..... (4) the bottom of the class he ..... (5) so recently led. He

made a fiery ..... (6) in the debating society ..... (7) the iniquity of the Colour

Bar, which rather pleased ..... (8) teachers, ..... (9) it is a wellknown fact that

the young must pass ..... (10) these phases of rebellion ..... (11) settling down to

conformity. In ..... (12), the greater the verbal rebellion, ..... (13) more settled

was the conformity likely to ..... (14). In secret Tommy got books from the city

..... (15) such as are not usually ..... (16) by boys of his ..... (17) on the history

of Africa, and on comparative anthropology, and passed from there ..... (18) the

history of the moment, most particular ..... (19) of the relations ..... (20) black

and white and coloured.

E

1. Clarence was not close ..... (1) his father, but he respected ..... (2). Ralph made a decent salary, had a skilled ..... (3), and he had got..... (4) he was with ..... (5) college education, merely by taking correspondence courses ..... (6) engineering and by studying ..... (7) night. The fact ..... (8) Clarence had gone to Cornell, ..... (9) Ivy League University, for four ..... (10), was a source of ..... (11) to his father, Clarence knew ... A diploma from Cornell was something Clarence had and his father had ..... (12). His father had ..... (13) said to him, "I..... (14) you to work summers, be a waiter ..... (15) a taxi driver ..." ..... (16) of rich families said that to ..... (17) sons and daughters. Clarence had gone to Cornell ..... (18) a prince ... Clarence ..... (19) to admit his parents were decent, honest people and he didn't meet the like ..... (20) day in New York.

2. ..... (1)1 arrived in England I ..... (2) I knew English. After I'd ..... (3)

here an ..... (4) I realized that I did ..... (5) understand one word. In ..... (6) first

week I picked up a tolerable knowledge ..... (7) the language and the ..... (8)

92

seven years convinced ..... (9) gradually but throughly that I ..... (10) never know it really ..... (11), let ..... (12) perfectly. This is sad. My ..... (13) consolation being ..... (14) nobody speaks English ..... (15). Remember that those 500 words ..... (16) average Englishman uses are ..... (17) from being the ..... (18) vocabulary of the language. You may learn another 500 and another 5,000 and yet another 50,000 and still you may come ..... (19) a further 50.000 you have never heard of before, and nobody else ..... (20).

3.1..... (1) back from school this afternoon, feeling for once, more or ..... (2) contented. The sun ..... (3), shining, ..... (4) been shining all day, and the part of town we live ..... (5) is pleasant ..... (6), with wide treelined ..... (7). I swung in at the gate, eager to dump my school kit and go ..... (8) to play for half ..... (9) hour, before ..... (10) called in to the table. But as soon as I..... (11) the garden, there ..... (12) was, my brother waiting forme. Not..... (13) waiting, but standing there ..... (14) if he'd ..... (15) rooted ..... (16) the spot ..... (17) hours, waiting for me to come ..... (18). Anyway, I..... (19) see that he ..... (20) something to show me.

4. The Independent Television Authority was created ..... (1) Act of Parliament ..... (2) July, 1954 to provide additional television broadcasting services to ..... (3) provided by ..... (4) British Broadcasting Corporation. In 1972 it was ..... (5) the Independent Broadcasting Corporation and ..... (6) functions ..... (7) extended to ..... (8) the provision of a local radio service. The Authority consists ..... (9) a Chairman and ten members ..... (10) by the Home Secretary of ..... (11) three make Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland their respective responsibilities) and a permanent staff ..... (12) the Director General ... The Authority is ..... (13) to obtain its normal programme supply ..... (14) programme companies ..... (15) pay the Authority a rental to enable it to carry ..... (16) its duties. Fifteen television companies provide programmes in the 14 ITV regions (two companies ..... (17) the London contract, one operating at the weekends, the ..... (18) during the week). These companies ..... (19) financed by the sale of advertising ..... (20).

5. On the evening ..... (1) Friday, 26 May 1979 the world ..... (2) shocked to learn ..... (3) an American Airlines DC 10 airliner ..... (4) crashed on ..... (5) from Chicago O'Hare International ..... (6). The lives of 273 ..... (7) were lost in the ..... (8) disaster in the history of..... (9) in the United States. In Cincinnati. Ohio, 23-year-old office manager David Booth ..... (10) slumped in horrified disbelief in ..... (11) of his television. For ten consecutive nights ..... (12) the disaster he had ..... (13) the same terrible nightmare. First, he heard the ..... (14) of engines failing, then looked on helplessly ..... (15) a huge American Airlines

93

aeroplane swerved sharply, rolled over and crashed ..... (16) the ground ..... (17) a mass of red and orange flames. Each time he ..... (18) in terror and was obsessed all day ..... (19) the memory of the hideous ..... (20).

6. In future population will ..... (1) more evenly distributed and a ..... (2) percentage will get involved ..... (3) part-time food production. The resulting simplification ..... (4) society will allow ..... (5) a greater variety within ..... (6) individual's life, including ..... (7) for education and work. And contrary ..... (8) the forebodings of the technophobes. modern technology facilitates rather ..... (9) hinders this trend ..... (10) decentralization and individualization. New ..... (11) of power, new ..... (12) of materials, new ..... (13) of fabrication, and new ..... (14) of transport all comprise a technology ..... (15) is relatively simple to ..... (16) and inexpensive to operate. This new society now emerging may appear to ..... (17) a regression in ..... (18) to the glamour of the contemporary affluent Western world ... In this sense, the global scene today is reminiscence ..... (19) the European continent..... (20) the fall of Rome.

7. No one knows how ..... (1) species of animals and plants there are on ..... (2). Estimates range ..... (3) three million to ten million. And ..... (4) these, only 1.6 million are ..... (5) to exist. The rest, ..... (6) insects are simply ..... (7) to exist. For identification purposes, a species is the smallest ..... (8) of classification normally ..... (9) to distinguish different ..... (10) of animals or plants. The American study ..... (11) certain projections, dependent..... (12) the variable number of species and based on varying rates ..... (13) deforestation. The ..... (14) pessimistic forecast is that 437,000 species will vanish ..... (15) the end of the century, while the ..... (16) pessimistic puts the ..... (17) at 1,875,000. Extinction ..... (18) always been a natural part of life on the planet. But ..... (19) humans appeared on the scene we have progressively ..... (20) our ability to alter the environment and hunt animals to extinction.

8. In 1947, a group of Norwegian adventurers set ..... (1) on a simple balsa ..... (2) equipped with a single huge ..... (3) and a long steering oar to ..... (4) the Pacific, exactly ..... (5) KonTiki and his Indians had done, according to legend, hundreds of ..... (6) ago. They expected to face the usual hazards of ..... (7), violent winds, treacherous currents, waterspouts, all particularly ..... (8) to their frail raft. Their greatest danger, however, was ..... (9) to come from enormous ..... (10). These creatures were ..... (11) to be so voracious that if one of ..... (12) fastened on a piece of meat and ..... (13) on the hook, another would come and devour its captured..... (14). They had tentacles that could ..... (15) a shark and scar great whales, and a devilish..... (16) like an eagle's to tear at a victim's ..... (17). Furthermore they could use their long arms to exlore every

94

cranny on the raft ..... (18) they floated alongside. What made them an especially terrifying prospect to the explorers ..... (19) that they alone of marine creatures could climb aboard, and the area in the Pacific which they haunted in considerable numbers had to be ..... (20).

9. The Middle East was the ..... (1) of Western civilization. The achievements of the ..... (2) peoples who first ..... (3) in Mesopotamia, now called Iraq, were of ..... (4) importance to the ..... (5) of Europe. They ..... (6) writing, the wheel, and a whole ..... (7) of life that is the foundation of our ..... (8). Even that was by ..... (9) means the total contribution of the Middle East. When the Roman Empire ..... (10) in the fifth century, Europe sank for two hundred years into a ..... (11) of ignorance, confusion, and constant war. Then it was that the Arabs kept ..... (12) the learning of the ancient world. They ..... (13) as a bridge between East and West, bringing to Europe our present numerical ..... (14) from India and the use of paper for ..... (15) from China. Today the technical ..... (16) of the West, which ..... (17) their ..... (18) beginnings to the Middle East, are repaying some of their ..... (19) by bringing to the Arabs the wealth they need to establish ..... (20) countries firmly in the modern world.

10. At the beginning of this ..... (1). Polar exploration was another name for ..... (2) adventure. It ..... (3) the imagination and ..... (4) man to pit himself against the ..... (5) and gain a footing where human feet had never before ..... (6). The emphasis was on physical ..... (7) and on the opportunities it offered for the exercise of personal ..... (8) and even ..... (9). Moreover, in those ..... (10) explorers really did turn their backs ..... (11) the world, entering on a state of isolation. The fact had to be faced that after they had set..... (12) they might never be heard ..... (13) again. Once the members of the Shackleton ..... (14) had left New Zealand ..... (15) New Year's Day. 1908, they might ..... (16) taken off into space for all that the public knew about what was happening to them in the ..... (17) twelve months. Contrast these conditions ..... (18) those of Polar exploration today. Dr. Fuchs, the leader of the Commonwealth Transantarctic expedition, was ..... (19) to return to England for a time in the middle of the exploration and ..... (20) remain in touch by radio with his colleagues in Antarctica.