12004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Chapter 1Computer Abstraction and Technology

22004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Introduction

bull This course is all about how computers workbull The third revolution for civilizationbull Faster computers have made applications (science fiction)

that were economically infeasible suddenly become practicalndash Automatic teller machine (ATM)ndash Computers in automobilesndash Laptop ndash Human genome projectndash WWW

32004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Introduction

bull But what do we mean by a computer

ndash Different types desktop servers embedded devices

ndash Different uses automobiles graphics finance genomicshellip

ndash Different manufacturers Intel Apple IBM Microsoft Sunhellip

ndash Different underlying technologies and different costs

bull Analogy Consider a course on ldquoautomotive vehiclesrdquo

ndash Many similarities from vehicle to vehicle (eg wheels)

ndash Huge differences from vehicle to vehicle (eg gas vs electric)

bull Best way to learn

ndash Focus on a specific instance and learn how it works

ndash While learning general principles and historical perspectives

42004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Processors sold in 1998-2002

Embedded CPU CPU core

52004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

What you can learn

bull How are programs in high-level language (C or Java) translated into hardware language and how hardware executes it

bull What is the interface between SW and HW and how does SW instruct the HW to perform needed functions

bull What determines the performance of a program and how can a programmer improve performance

bull What techniques can be used by hardware designers to improve performance

62004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Why learn this stuff

bull You want to call yourself a ldquocomputer scientistrdquobull You want to build software people use (need performance)bull You need to make a purchasing decision or offer ldquoexpertrdquo advicebull Both Hardware and Software affect performance

ndash Algorithm determines number of source-level statements and IO operations executed

ndash LanguageCompilerArchitecture determine of machine instructions for each source statement (Chapter 2 and 3)

ndash ProcessorMemory determine how fast instructions are executed (Chapter 5 6 and 7)

ndash IO system (hardware and OS) determines how fast is IObull Assessing and Understanding Performance in Chapter 4

72004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

What is a computer

bull 5 Components

ndash input (mouse keyboard)

ndash output (display printer)

ndash memory (disk drives DRAM SRAM CD)

ndash the processor (datapath and control) Our primary focus

bull implemented using millions of transistors

bull Impossible to understand by looking at each transistor

ndash Or include Network

82004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Inside processor chip

92004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

PC Board

102004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Abstraction

bull Delving into the depths reveals more information

bull An abstraction omits unneeded detail helps us cope with complexity

What are some of the details that appear in these familiar abstractions

swap(int v[] int k)int temp temp = v[k] v[k] = v[k+1] v[k+1] = temp

swap muli $2 $54 add $2 $4$2 lw $15 0($2) lw $16 4($2) sw $16 0($2) sw $15 4($2) jr $31

00000000101000010000000000011000000000001000111000011000001000011000110001100010000000000000000010001100111100100000000000000100101011001111001000000000000000001010110001100010000000000000010000000011111000000000000000001000

Binary machinelanguageprogram(for MIPS)

C compiler

Assembler

Assemblylanguageprogram(for MIPS)

High-levellanguageprogram(in C)

112004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

How do computers work

bull Need to understand abstractions such asndash Applications softwarendash Systems softwarendash Assembly Languagendash Machine Languagendash Architectural Issues ie Caches Virtual Memory Pipeliningndash Sequential logic finite state machinesndash Combinational logic arithmetic circuitsndash Boolean logic 1s and 0sndash Transistors used to build logic gates (CMOS)ndash SemiconductorsSilicon used to build transistorsndash Properties of atoms electrons and quantum dynamics

bull So much to learn

122004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

bull Why not simply write code in assemblybull Why not simply convert HLL statements into bits for the hardware to

interpret

132004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

The role of the compiler

bull The compiler translates a HLL program into the machine language for the given ISA

bull Compilers allow software developers to work at the HLL level without worrying about low-level details of the underlying machine

bull The compiler writerrsquos first responsibility is to ensure that the machine language program

ndash Exactly matches the functionality of the HLL program

ndash Exactly conforms to the ISA specificationbull Compiler product differentiators include

ndash Speed of code execution on the hardware

ndash Code density (reduces memory requirements)

ndash Compilation speed (how long from HLL to machine code)

ndash Debugging capabilities

142004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Instruction Set Architecture

bull A very important abstraction

ndash interface between hardware and low-level software

ndash standardizes instructions machine language bit patterns etc

ndash advantage different implementations of the same architecture

ndash disadvantage sometimes prevents using new innovations

True or False Binary compatibility is extraordinarily important

bull Modern instruction set architectures

ndash IA-32 PowerPC MIPS SPARC ARM and others

152004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Instruction Set Architecture

instruction set

software

hardware

162004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

What is Computer Architecture

Computer Architecture =

Instruction Set Architecture + Machine Organization

172004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

What is Computer Architecture

IO systemInstars Set Proc

Compiler

OperatingSystem

Application

Digital DesignCircuit Design

Instruction Set Architecture

Firmware

Datapath amp Control

Layout

182004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

The ISA and computer hardware

bull The designer of computer hardware (CPU caches MM and IO) must first ensure that the hardware correctly executes the machine code specified in the ISA spec

bull Hardware product differentiators include

ndash Performance (emphasis of this course)

ndash Power dissipation (a huge issue today)

ndash Cost (die size package pin count cooling costs)

ndash Reliability availability serviceability

ndash Ability to upgrade

192004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Software and hardware

CentralProcessing

Unit

Level1Instruction

Cache

Level1Data

Cache

Level2Cache

MainMemory

InputOutput

Interconnectdisk

networketc

instructions operands

keyboardmouse

202004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull ENIAC built in World War II 1943 was the first general purpose computerndash Used for computing artillery firing tablesndash 80 feet long by 85 feet high and several feet widendash Each of the twenty 10 digit registers was 2 feet longndash Used 18000 vacuum tubesndash Performed 1900 additions per secondndash Programming manually by plugging cables and setting switches

ndashSince then

Moorersquos Law

transistor capacity doubles every 18-24 months

httpwwwintelcomresearchsiliconmooreslawhtm

212004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull By W Shockley J Bardeen W Brattain of Bell Lab in 1947bull Much more reliable than vacuum tubesbull Electronic switches in ldquosolidsrdquo

222004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1950

232004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1971年第一個微處理器 Intel 4004

108 KHz 006 MIPS 2300 transistors (10 microns) Bus width 4 bits Memory 640 bytes For Busicom calculator

242004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1977 年 Apple II Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak

252004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz

262004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple

II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston

ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo Followed by dBASE II

272004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1980sbull New processor architectures were introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years

282004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Performance

292004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Factor for improvement

bull Several factors IC technology clock rate power transistors per chip bull Computer architecture pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle bull Mass market market share revenue applications

302004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Year Technology used in computer Relative performance unit cost

1951 Vacuum tube 1

1965 Transistor 35

1975 Integrated circuit 900

1995 Very large-scale integrated circuit 2400000

312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

VLSI Tech

322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)

year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256

14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980

332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity

342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Moorersquos law

352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions

bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)

bull Make it into switch transistor

362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Semiconductor Processing

372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Fallacies and Pitfalls

bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam

bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system

22004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Introduction

bull This course is all about how computers workbull The third revolution for civilizationbull Faster computers have made applications (science fiction)

that were economically infeasible suddenly become practicalndash Automatic teller machine (ATM)ndash Computers in automobilesndash Laptop ndash Human genome projectndash WWW

32004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Introduction

bull But what do we mean by a computer

ndash Different types desktop servers embedded devices

ndash Different uses automobiles graphics finance genomicshellip

ndash Different manufacturers Intel Apple IBM Microsoft Sunhellip

ndash Different underlying technologies and different costs

bull Analogy Consider a course on ldquoautomotive vehiclesrdquo

ndash Many similarities from vehicle to vehicle (eg wheels)

ndash Huge differences from vehicle to vehicle (eg gas vs electric)

bull Best way to learn

ndash Focus on a specific instance and learn how it works

ndash While learning general principles and historical perspectives

42004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Processors sold in 1998-2002

Embedded CPU CPU core

52004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

What you can learn

bull How are programs in high-level language (C or Java) translated into hardware language and how hardware executes it

bull What is the interface between SW and HW and how does SW instruct the HW to perform needed functions

bull What determines the performance of a program and how can a programmer improve performance

bull What techniques can be used by hardware designers to improve performance

62004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Why learn this stuff

bull You want to call yourself a ldquocomputer scientistrdquobull You want to build software people use (need performance)bull You need to make a purchasing decision or offer ldquoexpertrdquo advicebull Both Hardware and Software affect performance

ndash Algorithm determines number of source-level statements and IO operations executed

ndash LanguageCompilerArchitecture determine of machine instructions for each source statement (Chapter 2 and 3)

ndash ProcessorMemory determine how fast instructions are executed (Chapter 5 6 and 7)

ndash IO system (hardware and OS) determines how fast is IObull Assessing and Understanding Performance in Chapter 4

72004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

What is a computer

bull 5 Components

ndash input (mouse keyboard)

ndash output (display printer)

ndash memory (disk drives DRAM SRAM CD)

ndash the processor (datapath and control) Our primary focus

bull implemented using millions of transistors

bull Impossible to understand by looking at each transistor

ndash Or include Network

82004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Inside processor chip

92004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

PC Board

102004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Abstraction

bull Delving into the depths reveals more information

bull An abstraction omits unneeded detail helps us cope with complexity

What are some of the details that appear in these familiar abstractions

swap(int v[] int k)int temp temp = v[k] v[k] = v[k+1] v[k+1] = temp

swap muli $2 $54 add $2 $4$2 lw $15 0($2) lw $16 4($2) sw $16 0($2) sw $15 4($2) jr $31

00000000101000010000000000011000000000001000111000011000001000011000110001100010000000000000000010001100111100100000000000000100101011001111001000000000000000001010110001100010000000000000010000000011111000000000000000001000

Binary machinelanguageprogram(for MIPS)

C compiler

Assembler

Assemblylanguageprogram(for MIPS)

High-levellanguageprogram(in C)

112004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

How do computers work

bull Need to understand abstractions such asndash Applications softwarendash Systems softwarendash Assembly Languagendash Machine Languagendash Architectural Issues ie Caches Virtual Memory Pipeliningndash Sequential logic finite state machinesndash Combinational logic arithmetic circuitsndash Boolean logic 1s and 0sndash Transistors used to build logic gates (CMOS)ndash SemiconductorsSilicon used to build transistorsndash Properties of atoms electrons and quantum dynamics

bull So much to learn

122004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

bull Why not simply write code in assemblybull Why not simply convert HLL statements into bits for the hardware to

interpret

132004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

The role of the compiler

bull The compiler translates a HLL program into the machine language for the given ISA

bull Compilers allow software developers to work at the HLL level without worrying about low-level details of the underlying machine

bull The compiler writerrsquos first responsibility is to ensure that the machine language program

ndash Exactly matches the functionality of the HLL program

ndash Exactly conforms to the ISA specificationbull Compiler product differentiators include

ndash Speed of code execution on the hardware

ndash Code density (reduces memory requirements)

ndash Compilation speed (how long from HLL to machine code)

ndash Debugging capabilities

142004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Instruction Set Architecture

bull A very important abstraction

ndash interface between hardware and low-level software

ndash standardizes instructions machine language bit patterns etc

ndash advantage different implementations of the same architecture

ndash disadvantage sometimes prevents using new innovations

True or False Binary compatibility is extraordinarily important

bull Modern instruction set architectures

ndash IA-32 PowerPC MIPS SPARC ARM and others

152004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Instruction Set Architecture

instruction set

software

hardware

162004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

What is Computer Architecture

Computer Architecture =

Instruction Set Architecture + Machine Organization

172004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

What is Computer Architecture

IO systemInstars Set Proc

Compiler

OperatingSystem

Application

Digital DesignCircuit Design

Instruction Set Architecture

Firmware

Datapath amp Control

Layout

182004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

The ISA and computer hardware

bull The designer of computer hardware (CPU caches MM and IO) must first ensure that the hardware correctly executes the machine code specified in the ISA spec

bull Hardware product differentiators include

ndash Performance (emphasis of this course)

ndash Power dissipation (a huge issue today)

ndash Cost (die size package pin count cooling costs)

ndash Reliability availability serviceability

ndash Ability to upgrade

192004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Software and hardware

CentralProcessing

Unit

Level1Instruction

Cache

Level1Data

Cache

Level2Cache

MainMemory

InputOutput

Interconnectdisk

networketc

instructions operands

keyboardmouse

202004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull ENIAC built in World War II 1943 was the first general purpose computerndash Used for computing artillery firing tablesndash 80 feet long by 85 feet high and several feet widendash Each of the twenty 10 digit registers was 2 feet longndash Used 18000 vacuum tubesndash Performed 1900 additions per secondndash Programming manually by plugging cables and setting switches

ndashSince then

Moorersquos Law

transistor capacity doubles every 18-24 months

httpwwwintelcomresearchsiliconmooreslawhtm

212004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull By W Shockley J Bardeen W Brattain of Bell Lab in 1947bull Much more reliable than vacuum tubesbull Electronic switches in ldquosolidsrdquo

222004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1950

232004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1971年第一個微處理器 Intel 4004

108 KHz 006 MIPS 2300 transistors (10 microns) Bus width 4 bits Memory 640 bytes For Busicom calculator

242004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1977 年 Apple II Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak

252004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz

262004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple

II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston

ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo Followed by dBASE II

272004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1980sbull New processor architectures were introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years

282004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Performance

292004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Factor for improvement

bull Several factors IC technology clock rate power transistors per chip bull Computer architecture pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle bull Mass market market share revenue applications

302004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Year Technology used in computer Relative performance unit cost

1951 Vacuum tube 1

1965 Transistor 35

1975 Integrated circuit 900

1995 Very large-scale integrated circuit 2400000

312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

VLSI Tech

322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)

year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256

14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980

332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity

342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Moorersquos law

352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions

bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)

bull Make it into switch transistor

362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Semiconductor Processing

372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Fallacies and Pitfalls

bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam

bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system

32004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Introduction

bull But what do we mean by a computer

ndash Different types desktop servers embedded devices

ndash Different uses automobiles graphics finance genomicshellip

ndash Different manufacturers Intel Apple IBM Microsoft Sunhellip

ndash Different underlying technologies and different costs

bull Analogy Consider a course on ldquoautomotive vehiclesrdquo

ndash Many similarities from vehicle to vehicle (eg wheels)

ndash Huge differences from vehicle to vehicle (eg gas vs electric)

bull Best way to learn

ndash Focus on a specific instance and learn how it works

ndash While learning general principles and historical perspectives

42004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Processors sold in 1998-2002

Embedded CPU CPU core

52004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

What you can learn

bull How are programs in high-level language (C or Java) translated into hardware language and how hardware executes it

bull What is the interface between SW and HW and how does SW instruct the HW to perform needed functions

bull What determines the performance of a program and how can a programmer improve performance

bull What techniques can be used by hardware designers to improve performance

62004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Why learn this stuff

bull You want to call yourself a ldquocomputer scientistrdquobull You want to build software people use (need performance)bull You need to make a purchasing decision or offer ldquoexpertrdquo advicebull Both Hardware and Software affect performance

ndash Algorithm determines number of source-level statements and IO operations executed

ndash LanguageCompilerArchitecture determine of machine instructions for each source statement (Chapter 2 and 3)

ndash ProcessorMemory determine how fast instructions are executed (Chapter 5 6 and 7)

ndash IO system (hardware and OS) determines how fast is IObull Assessing and Understanding Performance in Chapter 4

72004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

What is a computer

bull 5 Components

ndash input (mouse keyboard)

ndash output (display printer)

ndash memory (disk drives DRAM SRAM CD)

ndash the processor (datapath and control) Our primary focus

bull implemented using millions of transistors

bull Impossible to understand by looking at each transistor

ndash Or include Network

82004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Inside processor chip

92004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

PC Board

102004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Abstraction

bull Delving into the depths reveals more information

bull An abstraction omits unneeded detail helps us cope with complexity

What are some of the details that appear in these familiar abstractions

swap(int v[] int k)int temp temp = v[k] v[k] = v[k+1] v[k+1] = temp

swap muli $2 $54 add $2 $4$2 lw $15 0($2) lw $16 4($2) sw $16 0($2) sw $15 4($2) jr $31

00000000101000010000000000011000000000001000111000011000001000011000110001100010000000000000000010001100111100100000000000000100101011001111001000000000000000001010110001100010000000000000010000000011111000000000000000001000

Binary machinelanguageprogram(for MIPS)

C compiler

Assembler

Assemblylanguageprogram(for MIPS)

High-levellanguageprogram(in C)

112004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

How do computers work

bull Need to understand abstractions such asndash Applications softwarendash Systems softwarendash Assembly Languagendash Machine Languagendash Architectural Issues ie Caches Virtual Memory Pipeliningndash Sequential logic finite state machinesndash Combinational logic arithmetic circuitsndash Boolean logic 1s and 0sndash Transistors used to build logic gates (CMOS)ndash SemiconductorsSilicon used to build transistorsndash Properties of atoms electrons and quantum dynamics

bull So much to learn

122004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

bull Why not simply write code in assemblybull Why not simply convert HLL statements into bits for the hardware to

interpret

132004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

The role of the compiler

bull The compiler translates a HLL program into the machine language for the given ISA

bull Compilers allow software developers to work at the HLL level without worrying about low-level details of the underlying machine

bull The compiler writerrsquos first responsibility is to ensure that the machine language program

ndash Exactly matches the functionality of the HLL program

ndash Exactly conforms to the ISA specificationbull Compiler product differentiators include

ndash Speed of code execution on the hardware

ndash Code density (reduces memory requirements)

ndash Compilation speed (how long from HLL to machine code)

ndash Debugging capabilities

142004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Instruction Set Architecture

bull A very important abstraction

ndash interface between hardware and low-level software

ndash standardizes instructions machine language bit patterns etc

ndash advantage different implementations of the same architecture

ndash disadvantage sometimes prevents using new innovations

True or False Binary compatibility is extraordinarily important

bull Modern instruction set architectures

ndash IA-32 PowerPC MIPS SPARC ARM and others

152004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Instruction Set Architecture

instruction set

software

hardware

162004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

What is Computer Architecture

Computer Architecture =

Instruction Set Architecture + Machine Organization

172004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

What is Computer Architecture

IO systemInstars Set Proc

Compiler

OperatingSystem

Application

Digital DesignCircuit Design

Instruction Set Architecture

Firmware

Datapath amp Control

Layout

182004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

The ISA and computer hardware

bull The designer of computer hardware (CPU caches MM and IO) must first ensure that the hardware correctly executes the machine code specified in the ISA spec

bull Hardware product differentiators include

ndash Performance (emphasis of this course)

ndash Power dissipation (a huge issue today)

ndash Cost (die size package pin count cooling costs)

ndash Reliability availability serviceability

ndash Ability to upgrade

192004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Software and hardware

CentralProcessing

Unit

Level1Instruction

Cache

Level1Data

Cache

Level2Cache

MainMemory

InputOutput

Interconnectdisk

networketc

instructions operands

keyboardmouse

202004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull ENIAC built in World War II 1943 was the first general purpose computerndash Used for computing artillery firing tablesndash 80 feet long by 85 feet high and several feet widendash Each of the twenty 10 digit registers was 2 feet longndash Used 18000 vacuum tubesndash Performed 1900 additions per secondndash Programming manually by plugging cables and setting switches

ndashSince then

Moorersquos Law

transistor capacity doubles every 18-24 months

httpwwwintelcomresearchsiliconmooreslawhtm

212004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull By W Shockley J Bardeen W Brattain of Bell Lab in 1947bull Much more reliable than vacuum tubesbull Electronic switches in ldquosolidsrdquo

222004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1950

232004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1971年第一個微處理器 Intel 4004

108 KHz 006 MIPS 2300 transistors (10 microns) Bus width 4 bits Memory 640 bytes For Busicom calculator

242004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1977 年 Apple II Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak

252004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz

262004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple

II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston

ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo Followed by dBASE II

272004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1980sbull New processor architectures were introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years

282004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Performance

292004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Factor for improvement

bull Several factors IC technology clock rate power transistors per chip bull Computer architecture pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle bull Mass market market share revenue applications

302004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Year Technology used in computer Relative performance unit cost

1951 Vacuum tube 1

1965 Transistor 35

1975 Integrated circuit 900

1995 Very large-scale integrated circuit 2400000

312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

VLSI Tech

322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)

year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256

14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980

332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity

342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Moorersquos law

352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions

bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)

bull Make it into switch transistor

362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Semiconductor Processing

372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Fallacies and Pitfalls

bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam

bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system

42004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Processors sold in 1998-2002

Embedded CPU CPU core

52004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

What you can learn

bull How are programs in high-level language (C or Java) translated into hardware language and how hardware executes it

bull What is the interface between SW and HW and how does SW instruct the HW to perform needed functions

bull What determines the performance of a program and how can a programmer improve performance

bull What techniques can be used by hardware designers to improve performance

62004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Why learn this stuff

bull You want to call yourself a ldquocomputer scientistrdquobull You want to build software people use (need performance)bull You need to make a purchasing decision or offer ldquoexpertrdquo advicebull Both Hardware and Software affect performance

ndash Algorithm determines number of source-level statements and IO operations executed

ndash LanguageCompilerArchitecture determine of machine instructions for each source statement (Chapter 2 and 3)

ndash ProcessorMemory determine how fast instructions are executed (Chapter 5 6 and 7)

ndash IO system (hardware and OS) determines how fast is IObull Assessing and Understanding Performance in Chapter 4

72004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

What is a computer

bull 5 Components

ndash input (mouse keyboard)

ndash output (display printer)

ndash memory (disk drives DRAM SRAM CD)

ndash the processor (datapath and control) Our primary focus

bull implemented using millions of transistors

bull Impossible to understand by looking at each transistor

ndash Or include Network

82004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Inside processor chip

92004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

PC Board

102004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Abstraction

bull Delving into the depths reveals more information

bull An abstraction omits unneeded detail helps us cope with complexity

What are some of the details that appear in these familiar abstractions

swap(int v[] int k)int temp temp = v[k] v[k] = v[k+1] v[k+1] = temp

swap muli $2 $54 add $2 $4$2 lw $15 0($2) lw $16 4($2) sw $16 0($2) sw $15 4($2) jr $31

00000000101000010000000000011000000000001000111000011000001000011000110001100010000000000000000010001100111100100000000000000100101011001111001000000000000000001010110001100010000000000000010000000011111000000000000000001000

Binary machinelanguageprogram(for MIPS)

C compiler

Assembler

Assemblylanguageprogram(for MIPS)

High-levellanguageprogram(in C)

112004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

How do computers work

bull Need to understand abstractions such asndash Applications softwarendash Systems softwarendash Assembly Languagendash Machine Languagendash Architectural Issues ie Caches Virtual Memory Pipeliningndash Sequential logic finite state machinesndash Combinational logic arithmetic circuitsndash Boolean logic 1s and 0sndash Transistors used to build logic gates (CMOS)ndash SemiconductorsSilicon used to build transistorsndash Properties of atoms electrons and quantum dynamics

bull So much to learn

122004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

bull Why not simply write code in assemblybull Why not simply convert HLL statements into bits for the hardware to

interpret

132004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

The role of the compiler

bull The compiler translates a HLL program into the machine language for the given ISA

bull Compilers allow software developers to work at the HLL level without worrying about low-level details of the underlying machine

bull The compiler writerrsquos first responsibility is to ensure that the machine language program

ndash Exactly matches the functionality of the HLL program

ndash Exactly conforms to the ISA specificationbull Compiler product differentiators include

ndash Speed of code execution on the hardware

ndash Code density (reduces memory requirements)

ndash Compilation speed (how long from HLL to machine code)

ndash Debugging capabilities

142004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Instruction Set Architecture

bull A very important abstraction

ndash interface between hardware and low-level software

ndash standardizes instructions machine language bit patterns etc

ndash advantage different implementations of the same architecture

ndash disadvantage sometimes prevents using new innovations

True or False Binary compatibility is extraordinarily important

bull Modern instruction set architectures

ndash IA-32 PowerPC MIPS SPARC ARM and others

152004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Instruction Set Architecture

instruction set

software

hardware

162004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

What is Computer Architecture

Computer Architecture =

Instruction Set Architecture + Machine Organization

172004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

What is Computer Architecture

IO systemInstars Set Proc

Compiler

OperatingSystem

Application

Digital DesignCircuit Design

Instruction Set Architecture

Firmware

Datapath amp Control

Layout

182004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

The ISA and computer hardware

bull The designer of computer hardware (CPU caches MM and IO) must first ensure that the hardware correctly executes the machine code specified in the ISA spec

bull Hardware product differentiators include

ndash Performance (emphasis of this course)

ndash Power dissipation (a huge issue today)

ndash Cost (die size package pin count cooling costs)

ndash Reliability availability serviceability

ndash Ability to upgrade

192004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Software and hardware

CentralProcessing

Unit

Level1Instruction

Cache

Level1Data

Cache

Level2Cache

MainMemory

InputOutput

Interconnectdisk

networketc

instructions operands

keyboardmouse

202004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull ENIAC built in World War II 1943 was the first general purpose computerndash Used for computing artillery firing tablesndash 80 feet long by 85 feet high and several feet widendash Each of the twenty 10 digit registers was 2 feet longndash Used 18000 vacuum tubesndash Performed 1900 additions per secondndash Programming manually by plugging cables and setting switches

ndashSince then

Moorersquos Law

transistor capacity doubles every 18-24 months

httpwwwintelcomresearchsiliconmooreslawhtm

212004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull By W Shockley J Bardeen W Brattain of Bell Lab in 1947bull Much more reliable than vacuum tubesbull Electronic switches in ldquosolidsrdquo

222004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1950

232004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1971年第一個微處理器 Intel 4004

108 KHz 006 MIPS 2300 transistors (10 microns) Bus width 4 bits Memory 640 bytes For Busicom calculator

242004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1977 年 Apple II Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak

252004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz

262004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple

II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston

ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo Followed by dBASE II

272004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1980sbull New processor architectures were introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years

282004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Performance

292004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Factor for improvement

bull Several factors IC technology clock rate power transistors per chip bull Computer architecture pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle bull Mass market market share revenue applications

302004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Year Technology used in computer Relative performance unit cost

1951 Vacuum tube 1

1965 Transistor 35

1975 Integrated circuit 900

1995 Very large-scale integrated circuit 2400000

312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

VLSI Tech

322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)

year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256

14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980

332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity

342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Moorersquos law

352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions

bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)

bull Make it into switch transistor

362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Semiconductor Processing

372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Fallacies and Pitfalls

bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam

bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system

52004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

What you can learn

bull How are programs in high-level language (C or Java) translated into hardware language and how hardware executes it

bull What is the interface between SW and HW and how does SW instruct the HW to perform needed functions

bull What determines the performance of a program and how can a programmer improve performance

bull What techniques can be used by hardware designers to improve performance

62004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Why learn this stuff

bull You want to call yourself a ldquocomputer scientistrdquobull You want to build software people use (need performance)bull You need to make a purchasing decision or offer ldquoexpertrdquo advicebull Both Hardware and Software affect performance

ndash Algorithm determines number of source-level statements and IO operations executed

ndash LanguageCompilerArchitecture determine of machine instructions for each source statement (Chapter 2 and 3)

ndash ProcessorMemory determine how fast instructions are executed (Chapter 5 6 and 7)

ndash IO system (hardware and OS) determines how fast is IObull Assessing and Understanding Performance in Chapter 4

72004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

What is a computer

bull 5 Components

ndash input (mouse keyboard)

ndash output (display printer)

ndash memory (disk drives DRAM SRAM CD)

ndash the processor (datapath and control) Our primary focus

bull implemented using millions of transistors

bull Impossible to understand by looking at each transistor

ndash Or include Network

82004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Inside processor chip

92004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

PC Board

102004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Abstraction

bull Delving into the depths reveals more information

bull An abstraction omits unneeded detail helps us cope with complexity

What are some of the details that appear in these familiar abstractions

swap(int v[] int k)int temp temp = v[k] v[k] = v[k+1] v[k+1] = temp

swap muli $2 $54 add $2 $4$2 lw $15 0($2) lw $16 4($2) sw $16 0($2) sw $15 4($2) jr $31

00000000101000010000000000011000000000001000111000011000001000011000110001100010000000000000000010001100111100100000000000000100101011001111001000000000000000001010110001100010000000000000010000000011111000000000000000001000

Binary machinelanguageprogram(for MIPS)

C compiler

Assembler

Assemblylanguageprogram(for MIPS)

High-levellanguageprogram(in C)

112004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

How do computers work

bull Need to understand abstractions such asndash Applications softwarendash Systems softwarendash Assembly Languagendash Machine Languagendash Architectural Issues ie Caches Virtual Memory Pipeliningndash Sequential logic finite state machinesndash Combinational logic arithmetic circuitsndash Boolean logic 1s and 0sndash Transistors used to build logic gates (CMOS)ndash SemiconductorsSilicon used to build transistorsndash Properties of atoms electrons and quantum dynamics

bull So much to learn

122004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

bull Why not simply write code in assemblybull Why not simply convert HLL statements into bits for the hardware to

interpret

132004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

The role of the compiler

bull The compiler translates a HLL program into the machine language for the given ISA

bull Compilers allow software developers to work at the HLL level without worrying about low-level details of the underlying machine

bull The compiler writerrsquos first responsibility is to ensure that the machine language program

ndash Exactly matches the functionality of the HLL program

ndash Exactly conforms to the ISA specificationbull Compiler product differentiators include

ndash Speed of code execution on the hardware

ndash Code density (reduces memory requirements)

ndash Compilation speed (how long from HLL to machine code)

ndash Debugging capabilities

142004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Instruction Set Architecture

bull A very important abstraction

ndash interface between hardware and low-level software

ndash standardizes instructions machine language bit patterns etc

ndash advantage different implementations of the same architecture

ndash disadvantage sometimes prevents using new innovations

True or False Binary compatibility is extraordinarily important

bull Modern instruction set architectures

ndash IA-32 PowerPC MIPS SPARC ARM and others

152004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Instruction Set Architecture

instruction set

software

hardware

162004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

What is Computer Architecture

Computer Architecture =

Instruction Set Architecture + Machine Organization

172004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

What is Computer Architecture

IO systemInstars Set Proc

Compiler

OperatingSystem

Application

Digital DesignCircuit Design

Instruction Set Architecture

Firmware

Datapath amp Control

Layout

182004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

The ISA and computer hardware

bull The designer of computer hardware (CPU caches MM and IO) must first ensure that the hardware correctly executes the machine code specified in the ISA spec

bull Hardware product differentiators include

ndash Performance (emphasis of this course)

ndash Power dissipation (a huge issue today)

ndash Cost (die size package pin count cooling costs)

ndash Reliability availability serviceability

ndash Ability to upgrade

192004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Software and hardware

CentralProcessing

Unit

Level1Instruction

Cache

Level1Data

Cache

Level2Cache

MainMemory

InputOutput

Interconnectdisk

networketc

instructions operands

keyboardmouse

202004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull ENIAC built in World War II 1943 was the first general purpose computerndash Used for computing artillery firing tablesndash 80 feet long by 85 feet high and several feet widendash Each of the twenty 10 digit registers was 2 feet longndash Used 18000 vacuum tubesndash Performed 1900 additions per secondndash Programming manually by plugging cables and setting switches

ndashSince then

Moorersquos Law

transistor capacity doubles every 18-24 months

httpwwwintelcomresearchsiliconmooreslawhtm

212004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull By W Shockley J Bardeen W Brattain of Bell Lab in 1947bull Much more reliable than vacuum tubesbull Electronic switches in ldquosolidsrdquo

222004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1950

232004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1971年第一個微處理器 Intel 4004

108 KHz 006 MIPS 2300 transistors (10 microns) Bus width 4 bits Memory 640 bytes For Busicom calculator

242004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1977 年 Apple II Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak

252004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz

262004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple

II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston

ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo Followed by dBASE II

272004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1980sbull New processor architectures were introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years

282004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Performance

292004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Factor for improvement

bull Several factors IC technology clock rate power transistors per chip bull Computer architecture pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle bull Mass market market share revenue applications

302004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Year Technology used in computer Relative performance unit cost

1951 Vacuum tube 1

1965 Transistor 35

1975 Integrated circuit 900

1995 Very large-scale integrated circuit 2400000

312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

VLSI Tech

322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)

year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256

14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980

332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity

342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Moorersquos law

352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions

bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)

bull Make it into switch transistor

362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Semiconductor Processing

372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Fallacies and Pitfalls

bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam

bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system

62004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Why learn this stuff

bull You want to call yourself a ldquocomputer scientistrdquobull You want to build software people use (need performance)bull You need to make a purchasing decision or offer ldquoexpertrdquo advicebull Both Hardware and Software affect performance

ndash Algorithm determines number of source-level statements and IO operations executed

ndash LanguageCompilerArchitecture determine of machine instructions for each source statement (Chapter 2 and 3)

ndash ProcessorMemory determine how fast instructions are executed (Chapter 5 6 and 7)

ndash IO system (hardware and OS) determines how fast is IObull Assessing and Understanding Performance in Chapter 4

72004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

What is a computer

bull 5 Components

ndash input (mouse keyboard)

ndash output (display printer)

ndash memory (disk drives DRAM SRAM CD)

ndash the processor (datapath and control) Our primary focus

bull implemented using millions of transistors

bull Impossible to understand by looking at each transistor

ndash Or include Network

82004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Inside processor chip

92004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

PC Board

102004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Abstraction

bull Delving into the depths reveals more information

bull An abstraction omits unneeded detail helps us cope with complexity

What are some of the details that appear in these familiar abstractions

swap(int v[] int k)int temp temp = v[k] v[k] = v[k+1] v[k+1] = temp

swap muli $2 $54 add $2 $4$2 lw $15 0($2) lw $16 4($2) sw $16 0($2) sw $15 4($2) jr $31

00000000101000010000000000011000000000001000111000011000001000011000110001100010000000000000000010001100111100100000000000000100101011001111001000000000000000001010110001100010000000000000010000000011111000000000000000001000

Binary machinelanguageprogram(for MIPS)

C compiler

Assembler

Assemblylanguageprogram(for MIPS)

High-levellanguageprogram(in C)

112004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

How do computers work

bull Need to understand abstractions such asndash Applications softwarendash Systems softwarendash Assembly Languagendash Machine Languagendash Architectural Issues ie Caches Virtual Memory Pipeliningndash Sequential logic finite state machinesndash Combinational logic arithmetic circuitsndash Boolean logic 1s and 0sndash Transistors used to build logic gates (CMOS)ndash SemiconductorsSilicon used to build transistorsndash Properties of atoms electrons and quantum dynamics

bull So much to learn

122004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

bull Why not simply write code in assemblybull Why not simply convert HLL statements into bits for the hardware to

interpret

132004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

The role of the compiler

bull The compiler translates a HLL program into the machine language for the given ISA

bull Compilers allow software developers to work at the HLL level without worrying about low-level details of the underlying machine

bull The compiler writerrsquos first responsibility is to ensure that the machine language program

ndash Exactly matches the functionality of the HLL program

ndash Exactly conforms to the ISA specificationbull Compiler product differentiators include

ndash Speed of code execution on the hardware

ndash Code density (reduces memory requirements)

ndash Compilation speed (how long from HLL to machine code)

ndash Debugging capabilities

142004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Instruction Set Architecture

bull A very important abstraction

ndash interface between hardware and low-level software

ndash standardizes instructions machine language bit patterns etc

ndash advantage different implementations of the same architecture

ndash disadvantage sometimes prevents using new innovations

True or False Binary compatibility is extraordinarily important

bull Modern instruction set architectures

ndash IA-32 PowerPC MIPS SPARC ARM and others

152004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Instruction Set Architecture

instruction set

software

hardware

162004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

What is Computer Architecture

Computer Architecture =

Instruction Set Architecture + Machine Organization

172004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

What is Computer Architecture

IO systemInstars Set Proc

Compiler

OperatingSystem

Application

Digital DesignCircuit Design

Instruction Set Architecture

Firmware

Datapath amp Control

Layout

182004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

The ISA and computer hardware

bull The designer of computer hardware (CPU caches MM and IO) must first ensure that the hardware correctly executes the machine code specified in the ISA spec

bull Hardware product differentiators include

ndash Performance (emphasis of this course)

ndash Power dissipation (a huge issue today)

ndash Cost (die size package pin count cooling costs)

ndash Reliability availability serviceability

ndash Ability to upgrade

192004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Software and hardware

CentralProcessing

Unit

Level1Instruction

Cache

Level1Data

Cache

Level2Cache

MainMemory

InputOutput

Interconnectdisk

networketc

instructions operands

keyboardmouse

202004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull ENIAC built in World War II 1943 was the first general purpose computerndash Used for computing artillery firing tablesndash 80 feet long by 85 feet high and several feet widendash Each of the twenty 10 digit registers was 2 feet longndash Used 18000 vacuum tubesndash Performed 1900 additions per secondndash Programming manually by plugging cables and setting switches

ndashSince then

Moorersquos Law

transistor capacity doubles every 18-24 months

httpwwwintelcomresearchsiliconmooreslawhtm

212004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull By W Shockley J Bardeen W Brattain of Bell Lab in 1947bull Much more reliable than vacuum tubesbull Electronic switches in ldquosolidsrdquo

222004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1950

232004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1971年第一個微處理器 Intel 4004

108 KHz 006 MIPS 2300 transistors (10 microns) Bus width 4 bits Memory 640 bytes For Busicom calculator

242004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1977 年 Apple II Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak

252004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz

262004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple

II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston

ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo Followed by dBASE II

272004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1980sbull New processor architectures were introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years

282004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Performance

292004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Factor for improvement

bull Several factors IC technology clock rate power transistors per chip bull Computer architecture pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle bull Mass market market share revenue applications

302004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Year Technology used in computer Relative performance unit cost

1951 Vacuum tube 1

1965 Transistor 35

1975 Integrated circuit 900

1995 Very large-scale integrated circuit 2400000

312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

VLSI Tech

322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)

year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256

14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980

332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity

342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Moorersquos law

352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions

bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)

bull Make it into switch transistor

362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Semiconductor Processing

372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Fallacies and Pitfalls

bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam

bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system

72004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

What is a computer

bull 5 Components

ndash input (mouse keyboard)

ndash output (display printer)

ndash memory (disk drives DRAM SRAM CD)

ndash the processor (datapath and control) Our primary focus

bull implemented using millions of transistors

bull Impossible to understand by looking at each transistor

ndash Or include Network

82004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Inside processor chip

92004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

PC Board

102004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Abstraction

bull Delving into the depths reveals more information

bull An abstraction omits unneeded detail helps us cope with complexity

What are some of the details that appear in these familiar abstractions

swap(int v[] int k)int temp temp = v[k] v[k] = v[k+1] v[k+1] = temp

swap muli $2 $54 add $2 $4$2 lw $15 0($2) lw $16 4($2) sw $16 0($2) sw $15 4($2) jr $31

00000000101000010000000000011000000000001000111000011000001000011000110001100010000000000000000010001100111100100000000000000100101011001111001000000000000000001010110001100010000000000000010000000011111000000000000000001000

Binary machinelanguageprogram(for MIPS)

C compiler

Assembler

Assemblylanguageprogram(for MIPS)

High-levellanguageprogram(in C)

112004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

How do computers work

bull Need to understand abstractions such asndash Applications softwarendash Systems softwarendash Assembly Languagendash Machine Languagendash Architectural Issues ie Caches Virtual Memory Pipeliningndash Sequential logic finite state machinesndash Combinational logic arithmetic circuitsndash Boolean logic 1s and 0sndash Transistors used to build logic gates (CMOS)ndash SemiconductorsSilicon used to build transistorsndash Properties of atoms electrons and quantum dynamics

bull So much to learn

122004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

bull Why not simply write code in assemblybull Why not simply convert HLL statements into bits for the hardware to

interpret

132004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

The role of the compiler

bull The compiler translates a HLL program into the machine language for the given ISA

bull Compilers allow software developers to work at the HLL level without worrying about low-level details of the underlying machine

bull The compiler writerrsquos first responsibility is to ensure that the machine language program

ndash Exactly matches the functionality of the HLL program

ndash Exactly conforms to the ISA specificationbull Compiler product differentiators include

ndash Speed of code execution on the hardware

ndash Code density (reduces memory requirements)

ndash Compilation speed (how long from HLL to machine code)

ndash Debugging capabilities

142004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Instruction Set Architecture

bull A very important abstraction

ndash interface between hardware and low-level software

ndash standardizes instructions machine language bit patterns etc

ndash advantage different implementations of the same architecture

ndash disadvantage sometimes prevents using new innovations

True or False Binary compatibility is extraordinarily important

bull Modern instruction set architectures

ndash IA-32 PowerPC MIPS SPARC ARM and others

152004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Instruction Set Architecture

instruction set

software

hardware

162004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

What is Computer Architecture

Computer Architecture =

Instruction Set Architecture + Machine Organization

172004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

What is Computer Architecture

IO systemInstars Set Proc

Compiler

OperatingSystem

Application

Digital DesignCircuit Design

Instruction Set Architecture

Firmware

Datapath amp Control

Layout

182004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

The ISA and computer hardware

bull The designer of computer hardware (CPU caches MM and IO) must first ensure that the hardware correctly executes the machine code specified in the ISA spec

bull Hardware product differentiators include

ndash Performance (emphasis of this course)

ndash Power dissipation (a huge issue today)

ndash Cost (die size package pin count cooling costs)

ndash Reliability availability serviceability

ndash Ability to upgrade

192004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Software and hardware

CentralProcessing

Unit

Level1Instruction

Cache

Level1Data

Cache

Level2Cache

MainMemory

InputOutput

Interconnectdisk

networketc

instructions operands

keyboardmouse

202004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull ENIAC built in World War II 1943 was the first general purpose computerndash Used for computing artillery firing tablesndash 80 feet long by 85 feet high and several feet widendash Each of the twenty 10 digit registers was 2 feet longndash Used 18000 vacuum tubesndash Performed 1900 additions per secondndash Programming manually by plugging cables and setting switches

ndashSince then

Moorersquos Law

transistor capacity doubles every 18-24 months

httpwwwintelcomresearchsiliconmooreslawhtm

212004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull By W Shockley J Bardeen W Brattain of Bell Lab in 1947bull Much more reliable than vacuum tubesbull Electronic switches in ldquosolidsrdquo

222004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1950

232004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1971年第一個微處理器 Intel 4004

108 KHz 006 MIPS 2300 transistors (10 microns) Bus width 4 bits Memory 640 bytes For Busicom calculator

242004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1977 年 Apple II Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak

252004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz

262004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple

II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston

ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo Followed by dBASE II

272004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1980sbull New processor architectures were introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years

282004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Performance

292004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Factor for improvement

bull Several factors IC technology clock rate power transistors per chip bull Computer architecture pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle bull Mass market market share revenue applications

302004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Year Technology used in computer Relative performance unit cost

1951 Vacuum tube 1

1965 Transistor 35

1975 Integrated circuit 900

1995 Very large-scale integrated circuit 2400000

312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

VLSI Tech

322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)

year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256

14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980

332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity

342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Moorersquos law

352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions

bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)

bull Make it into switch transistor

362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Semiconductor Processing

372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Fallacies and Pitfalls

bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam

bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system

82004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Inside processor chip

92004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

PC Board

102004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Abstraction

bull Delving into the depths reveals more information

bull An abstraction omits unneeded detail helps us cope with complexity

What are some of the details that appear in these familiar abstractions

swap(int v[] int k)int temp temp = v[k] v[k] = v[k+1] v[k+1] = temp

swap muli $2 $54 add $2 $4$2 lw $15 0($2) lw $16 4($2) sw $16 0($2) sw $15 4($2) jr $31

00000000101000010000000000011000000000001000111000011000001000011000110001100010000000000000000010001100111100100000000000000100101011001111001000000000000000001010110001100010000000000000010000000011111000000000000000001000

Binary machinelanguageprogram(for MIPS)

C compiler

Assembler

Assemblylanguageprogram(for MIPS)

High-levellanguageprogram(in C)

112004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

How do computers work

bull Need to understand abstractions such asndash Applications softwarendash Systems softwarendash Assembly Languagendash Machine Languagendash Architectural Issues ie Caches Virtual Memory Pipeliningndash Sequential logic finite state machinesndash Combinational logic arithmetic circuitsndash Boolean logic 1s and 0sndash Transistors used to build logic gates (CMOS)ndash SemiconductorsSilicon used to build transistorsndash Properties of atoms electrons and quantum dynamics

bull So much to learn

122004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

bull Why not simply write code in assemblybull Why not simply convert HLL statements into bits for the hardware to

interpret

132004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

The role of the compiler

bull The compiler translates a HLL program into the machine language for the given ISA

bull Compilers allow software developers to work at the HLL level without worrying about low-level details of the underlying machine

bull The compiler writerrsquos first responsibility is to ensure that the machine language program

ndash Exactly matches the functionality of the HLL program

ndash Exactly conforms to the ISA specificationbull Compiler product differentiators include

ndash Speed of code execution on the hardware

ndash Code density (reduces memory requirements)

ndash Compilation speed (how long from HLL to machine code)

ndash Debugging capabilities

142004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Instruction Set Architecture

bull A very important abstraction

ndash interface between hardware and low-level software

ndash standardizes instructions machine language bit patterns etc

ndash advantage different implementations of the same architecture

ndash disadvantage sometimes prevents using new innovations

True or False Binary compatibility is extraordinarily important

bull Modern instruction set architectures

ndash IA-32 PowerPC MIPS SPARC ARM and others

152004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Instruction Set Architecture

instruction set

software

hardware

162004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

What is Computer Architecture

Computer Architecture =

Instruction Set Architecture + Machine Organization

172004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

What is Computer Architecture

IO systemInstars Set Proc

Compiler

OperatingSystem

Application

Digital DesignCircuit Design

Instruction Set Architecture

Firmware

Datapath amp Control

Layout

182004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

The ISA and computer hardware

bull The designer of computer hardware (CPU caches MM and IO) must first ensure that the hardware correctly executes the machine code specified in the ISA spec

bull Hardware product differentiators include

ndash Performance (emphasis of this course)

ndash Power dissipation (a huge issue today)

ndash Cost (die size package pin count cooling costs)

ndash Reliability availability serviceability

ndash Ability to upgrade

192004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Software and hardware

CentralProcessing

Unit

Level1Instruction

Cache

Level1Data

Cache

Level2Cache

MainMemory

InputOutput

Interconnectdisk

networketc

instructions operands

keyboardmouse

202004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull ENIAC built in World War II 1943 was the first general purpose computerndash Used for computing artillery firing tablesndash 80 feet long by 85 feet high and several feet widendash Each of the twenty 10 digit registers was 2 feet longndash Used 18000 vacuum tubesndash Performed 1900 additions per secondndash Programming manually by plugging cables and setting switches

ndashSince then

Moorersquos Law

transistor capacity doubles every 18-24 months

httpwwwintelcomresearchsiliconmooreslawhtm

212004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull By W Shockley J Bardeen W Brattain of Bell Lab in 1947bull Much more reliable than vacuum tubesbull Electronic switches in ldquosolidsrdquo

222004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1950

232004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1971年第一個微處理器 Intel 4004

108 KHz 006 MIPS 2300 transistors (10 microns) Bus width 4 bits Memory 640 bytes For Busicom calculator

242004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1977 年 Apple II Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak

252004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz

262004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple

II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston

ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo Followed by dBASE II

272004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1980sbull New processor architectures were introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years

282004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Performance

292004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Factor for improvement

bull Several factors IC technology clock rate power transistors per chip bull Computer architecture pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle bull Mass market market share revenue applications

302004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Year Technology used in computer Relative performance unit cost

1951 Vacuum tube 1

1965 Transistor 35

1975 Integrated circuit 900

1995 Very large-scale integrated circuit 2400000

312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

VLSI Tech

322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)

year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256

14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980

332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity

342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Moorersquos law

352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions

bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)

bull Make it into switch transistor

362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Semiconductor Processing

372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Fallacies and Pitfalls

bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam

bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system

92004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

PC Board

102004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Abstraction

bull Delving into the depths reveals more information

bull An abstraction omits unneeded detail helps us cope with complexity

What are some of the details that appear in these familiar abstractions

swap(int v[] int k)int temp temp = v[k] v[k] = v[k+1] v[k+1] = temp

swap muli $2 $54 add $2 $4$2 lw $15 0($2) lw $16 4($2) sw $16 0($2) sw $15 4($2) jr $31

00000000101000010000000000011000000000001000111000011000001000011000110001100010000000000000000010001100111100100000000000000100101011001111001000000000000000001010110001100010000000000000010000000011111000000000000000001000

Binary machinelanguageprogram(for MIPS)

C compiler

Assembler

Assemblylanguageprogram(for MIPS)

High-levellanguageprogram(in C)

112004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

How do computers work

bull Need to understand abstractions such asndash Applications softwarendash Systems softwarendash Assembly Languagendash Machine Languagendash Architectural Issues ie Caches Virtual Memory Pipeliningndash Sequential logic finite state machinesndash Combinational logic arithmetic circuitsndash Boolean logic 1s and 0sndash Transistors used to build logic gates (CMOS)ndash SemiconductorsSilicon used to build transistorsndash Properties of atoms electrons and quantum dynamics

bull So much to learn

122004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

bull Why not simply write code in assemblybull Why not simply convert HLL statements into bits for the hardware to

interpret

132004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

The role of the compiler

bull The compiler translates a HLL program into the machine language for the given ISA

bull Compilers allow software developers to work at the HLL level without worrying about low-level details of the underlying machine

bull The compiler writerrsquos first responsibility is to ensure that the machine language program

ndash Exactly matches the functionality of the HLL program

ndash Exactly conforms to the ISA specificationbull Compiler product differentiators include

ndash Speed of code execution on the hardware

ndash Code density (reduces memory requirements)

ndash Compilation speed (how long from HLL to machine code)

ndash Debugging capabilities

142004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Instruction Set Architecture

bull A very important abstraction

ndash interface between hardware and low-level software

ndash standardizes instructions machine language bit patterns etc

ndash advantage different implementations of the same architecture

ndash disadvantage sometimes prevents using new innovations

True or False Binary compatibility is extraordinarily important

bull Modern instruction set architectures

ndash IA-32 PowerPC MIPS SPARC ARM and others

152004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Instruction Set Architecture

instruction set

software

hardware

162004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

What is Computer Architecture

Computer Architecture =

Instruction Set Architecture + Machine Organization

172004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

What is Computer Architecture

IO systemInstars Set Proc

Compiler

OperatingSystem

Application

Digital DesignCircuit Design

Instruction Set Architecture

Firmware

Datapath amp Control

Layout

182004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

The ISA and computer hardware

bull The designer of computer hardware (CPU caches MM and IO) must first ensure that the hardware correctly executes the machine code specified in the ISA spec

bull Hardware product differentiators include

ndash Performance (emphasis of this course)

ndash Power dissipation (a huge issue today)

ndash Cost (die size package pin count cooling costs)

ndash Reliability availability serviceability

ndash Ability to upgrade

192004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Software and hardware

CentralProcessing

Unit

Level1Instruction

Cache

Level1Data

Cache

Level2Cache

MainMemory

InputOutput

Interconnectdisk

networketc

instructions operands

keyboardmouse

202004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull ENIAC built in World War II 1943 was the first general purpose computerndash Used for computing artillery firing tablesndash 80 feet long by 85 feet high and several feet widendash Each of the twenty 10 digit registers was 2 feet longndash Used 18000 vacuum tubesndash Performed 1900 additions per secondndash Programming manually by plugging cables and setting switches

ndashSince then

Moorersquos Law

transistor capacity doubles every 18-24 months

httpwwwintelcomresearchsiliconmooreslawhtm

212004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull By W Shockley J Bardeen W Brattain of Bell Lab in 1947bull Much more reliable than vacuum tubesbull Electronic switches in ldquosolidsrdquo

222004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1950

232004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1971年第一個微處理器 Intel 4004

108 KHz 006 MIPS 2300 transistors (10 microns) Bus width 4 bits Memory 640 bytes For Busicom calculator

242004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1977 年 Apple II Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak

252004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz

262004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple

II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston

ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo Followed by dBASE II

272004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1980sbull New processor architectures were introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years

282004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Performance

292004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Factor for improvement

bull Several factors IC technology clock rate power transistors per chip bull Computer architecture pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle bull Mass market market share revenue applications

302004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Year Technology used in computer Relative performance unit cost

1951 Vacuum tube 1

1965 Transistor 35

1975 Integrated circuit 900

1995 Very large-scale integrated circuit 2400000

312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

VLSI Tech

322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)

year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256

14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980

332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity

342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Moorersquos law

352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions

bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)

bull Make it into switch transistor

362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Semiconductor Processing

372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Fallacies and Pitfalls

bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam

bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system

102004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Abstraction

bull Delving into the depths reveals more information

bull An abstraction omits unneeded detail helps us cope with complexity

What are some of the details that appear in these familiar abstractions

swap(int v[] int k)int temp temp = v[k] v[k] = v[k+1] v[k+1] = temp

swap muli $2 $54 add $2 $4$2 lw $15 0($2) lw $16 4($2) sw $16 0($2) sw $15 4($2) jr $31

00000000101000010000000000011000000000001000111000011000001000011000110001100010000000000000000010001100111100100000000000000100101011001111001000000000000000001010110001100010000000000000010000000011111000000000000000001000

Binary machinelanguageprogram(for MIPS)

C compiler

Assembler

Assemblylanguageprogram(for MIPS)

High-levellanguageprogram(in C)

112004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

How do computers work

bull Need to understand abstractions such asndash Applications softwarendash Systems softwarendash Assembly Languagendash Machine Languagendash Architectural Issues ie Caches Virtual Memory Pipeliningndash Sequential logic finite state machinesndash Combinational logic arithmetic circuitsndash Boolean logic 1s and 0sndash Transistors used to build logic gates (CMOS)ndash SemiconductorsSilicon used to build transistorsndash Properties of atoms electrons and quantum dynamics

bull So much to learn

122004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

bull Why not simply write code in assemblybull Why not simply convert HLL statements into bits for the hardware to

interpret

132004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

The role of the compiler

bull The compiler translates a HLL program into the machine language for the given ISA

bull Compilers allow software developers to work at the HLL level without worrying about low-level details of the underlying machine

bull The compiler writerrsquos first responsibility is to ensure that the machine language program

ndash Exactly matches the functionality of the HLL program

ndash Exactly conforms to the ISA specificationbull Compiler product differentiators include

ndash Speed of code execution on the hardware

ndash Code density (reduces memory requirements)

ndash Compilation speed (how long from HLL to machine code)

ndash Debugging capabilities

142004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Instruction Set Architecture

bull A very important abstraction

ndash interface between hardware and low-level software

ndash standardizes instructions machine language bit patterns etc

ndash advantage different implementations of the same architecture

ndash disadvantage sometimes prevents using new innovations

True or False Binary compatibility is extraordinarily important

bull Modern instruction set architectures

ndash IA-32 PowerPC MIPS SPARC ARM and others

152004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Instruction Set Architecture

instruction set

software

hardware

162004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

What is Computer Architecture

Computer Architecture =

Instruction Set Architecture + Machine Organization

172004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

What is Computer Architecture

IO systemInstars Set Proc

Compiler

OperatingSystem

Application

Digital DesignCircuit Design

Instruction Set Architecture

Firmware

Datapath amp Control

Layout

182004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

The ISA and computer hardware

bull The designer of computer hardware (CPU caches MM and IO) must first ensure that the hardware correctly executes the machine code specified in the ISA spec

bull Hardware product differentiators include

ndash Performance (emphasis of this course)

ndash Power dissipation (a huge issue today)

ndash Cost (die size package pin count cooling costs)

ndash Reliability availability serviceability

ndash Ability to upgrade

192004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Software and hardware

CentralProcessing

Unit

Level1Instruction

Cache

Level1Data

Cache

Level2Cache

MainMemory

InputOutput

Interconnectdisk

networketc

instructions operands

keyboardmouse

202004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull ENIAC built in World War II 1943 was the first general purpose computerndash Used for computing artillery firing tablesndash 80 feet long by 85 feet high and several feet widendash Each of the twenty 10 digit registers was 2 feet longndash Used 18000 vacuum tubesndash Performed 1900 additions per secondndash Programming manually by plugging cables and setting switches

ndashSince then

Moorersquos Law

transistor capacity doubles every 18-24 months

httpwwwintelcomresearchsiliconmooreslawhtm

212004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull By W Shockley J Bardeen W Brattain of Bell Lab in 1947bull Much more reliable than vacuum tubesbull Electronic switches in ldquosolidsrdquo

222004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1950

232004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1971年第一個微處理器 Intel 4004

108 KHz 006 MIPS 2300 transistors (10 microns) Bus width 4 bits Memory 640 bytes For Busicom calculator

242004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1977 年 Apple II Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak

252004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz

262004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple

II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston

ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo Followed by dBASE II

272004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1980sbull New processor architectures were introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years

282004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Performance

292004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Factor for improvement

bull Several factors IC technology clock rate power transistors per chip bull Computer architecture pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle bull Mass market market share revenue applications

302004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Year Technology used in computer Relative performance unit cost

1951 Vacuum tube 1

1965 Transistor 35

1975 Integrated circuit 900

1995 Very large-scale integrated circuit 2400000

312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

VLSI Tech

322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)

year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256

14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980

332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity

342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Moorersquos law

352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions

bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)

bull Make it into switch transistor

362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Semiconductor Processing

372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Fallacies and Pitfalls

bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam

bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system

112004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

How do computers work

bull Need to understand abstractions such asndash Applications softwarendash Systems softwarendash Assembly Languagendash Machine Languagendash Architectural Issues ie Caches Virtual Memory Pipeliningndash Sequential logic finite state machinesndash Combinational logic arithmetic circuitsndash Boolean logic 1s and 0sndash Transistors used to build logic gates (CMOS)ndash SemiconductorsSilicon used to build transistorsndash Properties of atoms electrons and quantum dynamics

bull So much to learn

122004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

bull Why not simply write code in assemblybull Why not simply convert HLL statements into bits for the hardware to

interpret

132004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

The role of the compiler

bull The compiler translates a HLL program into the machine language for the given ISA

bull Compilers allow software developers to work at the HLL level without worrying about low-level details of the underlying machine

bull The compiler writerrsquos first responsibility is to ensure that the machine language program

ndash Exactly matches the functionality of the HLL program

ndash Exactly conforms to the ISA specificationbull Compiler product differentiators include

ndash Speed of code execution on the hardware

ndash Code density (reduces memory requirements)

ndash Compilation speed (how long from HLL to machine code)

ndash Debugging capabilities

142004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Instruction Set Architecture

bull A very important abstraction

ndash interface between hardware and low-level software

ndash standardizes instructions machine language bit patterns etc

ndash advantage different implementations of the same architecture

ndash disadvantage sometimes prevents using new innovations

True or False Binary compatibility is extraordinarily important

bull Modern instruction set architectures

ndash IA-32 PowerPC MIPS SPARC ARM and others

152004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Instruction Set Architecture

instruction set

software

hardware

162004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

What is Computer Architecture

Computer Architecture =

Instruction Set Architecture + Machine Organization

172004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

What is Computer Architecture

IO systemInstars Set Proc

Compiler

OperatingSystem

Application

Digital DesignCircuit Design

Instruction Set Architecture

Firmware

Datapath amp Control

Layout

182004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

The ISA and computer hardware

bull The designer of computer hardware (CPU caches MM and IO) must first ensure that the hardware correctly executes the machine code specified in the ISA spec

bull Hardware product differentiators include

ndash Performance (emphasis of this course)

ndash Power dissipation (a huge issue today)

ndash Cost (die size package pin count cooling costs)

ndash Reliability availability serviceability

ndash Ability to upgrade

192004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Software and hardware

CentralProcessing

Unit

Level1Instruction

Cache

Level1Data

Cache

Level2Cache

MainMemory

InputOutput

Interconnectdisk

networketc

instructions operands

keyboardmouse

202004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull ENIAC built in World War II 1943 was the first general purpose computerndash Used for computing artillery firing tablesndash 80 feet long by 85 feet high and several feet widendash Each of the twenty 10 digit registers was 2 feet longndash Used 18000 vacuum tubesndash Performed 1900 additions per secondndash Programming manually by plugging cables and setting switches

ndashSince then

Moorersquos Law

transistor capacity doubles every 18-24 months

httpwwwintelcomresearchsiliconmooreslawhtm

212004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull By W Shockley J Bardeen W Brattain of Bell Lab in 1947bull Much more reliable than vacuum tubesbull Electronic switches in ldquosolidsrdquo

222004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1950

232004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1971年第一個微處理器 Intel 4004

108 KHz 006 MIPS 2300 transistors (10 microns) Bus width 4 bits Memory 640 bytes For Busicom calculator

242004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1977 年 Apple II Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak

252004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz

262004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple

II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston

ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo Followed by dBASE II

272004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1980sbull New processor architectures were introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years

282004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Performance

292004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Factor for improvement

bull Several factors IC technology clock rate power transistors per chip bull Computer architecture pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle bull Mass market market share revenue applications

302004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Year Technology used in computer Relative performance unit cost

1951 Vacuum tube 1

1965 Transistor 35

1975 Integrated circuit 900

1995 Very large-scale integrated circuit 2400000

312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

VLSI Tech

322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)

year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256

14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980

332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity

342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Moorersquos law

352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions

bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)

bull Make it into switch transistor

362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Semiconductor Processing

372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Fallacies and Pitfalls

bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam

bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system

122004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

bull Why not simply write code in assemblybull Why not simply convert HLL statements into bits for the hardware to

interpret

132004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

The role of the compiler

bull The compiler translates a HLL program into the machine language for the given ISA

bull Compilers allow software developers to work at the HLL level without worrying about low-level details of the underlying machine

bull The compiler writerrsquos first responsibility is to ensure that the machine language program

ndash Exactly matches the functionality of the HLL program

ndash Exactly conforms to the ISA specificationbull Compiler product differentiators include

ndash Speed of code execution on the hardware

ndash Code density (reduces memory requirements)

ndash Compilation speed (how long from HLL to machine code)

ndash Debugging capabilities

142004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Instruction Set Architecture

bull A very important abstraction

ndash interface between hardware and low-level software

ndash standardizes instructions machine language bit patterns etc

ndash advantage different implementations of the same architecture

ndash disadvantage sometimes prevents using new innovations

True or False Binary compatibility is extraordinarily important

bull Modern instruction set architectures

ndash IA-32 PowerPC MIPS SPARC ARM and others

152004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Instruction Set Architecture

instruction set

software

hardware

162004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

What is Computer Architecture

Computer Architecture =

Instruction Set Architecture + Machine Organization

172004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

What is Computer Architecture

IO systemInstars Set Proc

Compiler

OperatingSystem

Application

Digital DesignCircuit Design

Instruction Set Architecture

Firmware

Datapath amp Control

Layout

182004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

The ISA and computer hardware

bull The designer of computer hardware (CPU caches MM and IO) must first ensure that the hardware correctly executes the machine code specified in the ISA spec

bull Hardware product differentiators include

ndash Performance (emphasis of this course)

ndash Power dissipation (a huge issue today)

ndash Cost (die size package pin count cooling costs)

ndash Reliability availability serviceability

ndash Ability to upgrade

192004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Software and hardware

CentralProcessing

Unit

Level1Instruction

Cache

Level1Data

Cache

Level2Cache

MainMemory

InputOutput

Interconnectdisk

networketc

instructions operands

keyboardmouse

202004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull ENIAC built in World War II 1943 was the first general purpose computerndash Used for computing artillery firing tablesndash 80 feet long by 85 feet high and several feet widendash Each of the twenty 10 digit registers was 2 feet longndash Used 18000 vacuum tubesndash Performed 1900 additions per secondndash Programming manually by plugging cables and setting switches

ndashSince then

Moorersquos Law

transistor capacity doubles every 18-24 months

httpwwwintelcomresearchsiliconmooreslawhtm

212004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull By W Shockley J Bardeen W Brattain of Bell Lab in 1947bull Much more reliable than vacuum tubesbull Electronic switches in ldquosolidsrdquo

222004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1950

232004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1971年第一個微處理器 Intel 4004

108 KHz 006 MIPS 2300 transistors (10 microns) Bus width 4 bits Memory 640 bytes For Busicom calculator

242004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1977 年 Apple II Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak

252004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz

262004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple

II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston

ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo Followed by dBASE II

272004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1980sbull New processor architectures were introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years

282004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Performance

292004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Factor for improvement

bull Several factors IC technology clock rate power transistors per chip bull Computer architecture pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle bull Mass market market share revenue applications

302004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Year Technology used in computer Relative performance unit cost

1951 Vacuum tube 1

1965 Transistor 35

1975 Integrated circuit 900

1995 Very large-scale integrated circuit 2400000

312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

VLSI Tech

322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)

year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256

14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980

332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity

342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Moorersquos law

352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions

bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)

bull Make it into switch transistor

362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Semiconductor Processing

372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Fallacies and Pitfalls

bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam

bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system

132004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

The role of the compiler

bull The compiler translates a HLL program into the machine language for the given ISA

bull Compilers allow software developers to work at the HLL level without worrying about low-level details of the underlying machine

bull The compiler writerrsquos first responsibility is to ensure that the machine language program

ndash Exactly matches the functionality of the HLL program

ndash Exactly conforms to the ISA specificationbull Compiler product differentiators include

ndash Speed of code execution on the hardware

ndash Code density (reduces memory requirements)

ndash Compilation speed (how long from HLL to machine code)

ndash Debugging capabilities

142004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Instruction Set Architecture

bull A very important abstraction

ndash interface between hardware and low-level software

ndash standardizes instructions machine language bit patterns etc

ndash advantage different implementations of the same architecture

ndash disadvantage sometimes prevents using new innovations

True or False Binary compatibility is extraordinarily important

bull Modern instruction set architectures

ndash IA-32 PowerPC MIPS SPARC ARM and others

152004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Instruction Set Architecture

instruction set

software

hardware

162004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

What is Computer Architecture

Computer Architecture =

Instruction Set Architecture + Machine Organization

172004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

What is Computer Architecture

IO systemInstars Set Proc

Compiler

OperatingSystem

Application

Digital DesignCircuit Design

Instruction Set Architecture

Firmware

Datapath amp Control

Layout

182004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

The ISA and computer hardware

bull The designer of computer hardware (CPU caches MM and IO) must first ensure that the hardware correctly executes the machine code specified in the ISA spec

bull Hardware product differentiators include

ndash Performance (emphasis of this course)

ndash Power dissipation (a huge issue today)

ndash Cost (die size package pin count cooling costs)

ndash Reliability availability serviceability

ndash Ability to upgrade

192004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Software and hardware

CentralProcessing

Unit

Level1Instruction

Cache

Level1Data

Cache

Level2Cache

MainMemory

InputOutput

Interconnectdisk

networketc

instructions operands

keyboardmouse

202004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull ENIAC built in World War II 1943 was the first general purpose computerndash Used for computing artillery firing tablesndash 80 feet long by 85 feet high and several feet widendash Each of the twenty 10 digit registers was 2 feet longndash Used 18000 vacuum tubesndash Performed 1900 additions per secondndash Programming manually by plugging cables and setting switches

ndashSince then

Moorersquos Law

transistor capacity doubles every 18-24 months

httpwwwintelcomresearchsiliconmooreslawhtm

212004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull By W Shockley J Bardeen W Brattain of Bell Lab in 1947bull Much more reliable than vacuum tubesbull Electronic switches in ldquosolidsrdquo

222004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1950

232004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1971年第一個微處理器 Intel 4004

108 KHz 006 MIPS 2300 transistors (10 microns) Bus width 4 bits Memory 640 bytes For Busicom calculator

242004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1977 年 Apple II Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak

252004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz

262004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple

II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston

ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo Followed by dBASE II

272004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1980sbull New processor architectures were introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years

282004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Performance

292004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Factor for improvement

bull Several factors IC technology clock rate power transistors per chip bull Computer architecture pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle bull Mass market market share revenue applications

302004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Year Technology used in computer Relative performance unit cost

1951 Vacuum tube 1

1965 Transistor 35

1975 Integrated circuit 900

1995 Very large-scale integrated circuit 2400000

312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

VLSI Tech

322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)

year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256

14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980

332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity

342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Moorersquos law

352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions

bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)

bull Make it into switch transistor

362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Semiconductor Processing

372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Fallacies and Pitfalls

bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam

bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system

142004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Instruction Set Architecture

bull A very important abstraction

ndash interface between hardware and low-level software

ndash standardizes instructions machine language bit patterns etc

ndash advantage different implementations of the same architecture

ndash disadvantage sometimes prevents using new innovations

True or False Binary compatibility is extraordinarily important

bull Modern instruction set architectures

ndash IA-32 PowerPC MIPS SPARC ARM and others

152004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Instruction Set Architecture

instruction set

software

hardware

162004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

What is Computer Architecture

Computer Architecture =

Instruction Set Architecture + Machine Organization

172004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

What is Computer Architecture

IO systemInstars Set Proc

Compiler

OperatingSystem

Application

Digital DesignCircuit Design

Instruction Set Architecture

Firmware

Datapath amp Control

Layout

182004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

The ISA and computer hardware

bull The designer of computer hardware (CPU caches MM and IO) must first ensure that the hardware correctly executes the machine code specified in the ISA spec

bull Hardware product differentiators include

ndash Performance (emphasis of this course)

ndash Power dissipation (a huge issue today)

ndash Cost (die size package pin count cooling costs)

ndash Reliability availability serviceability

ndash Ability to upgrade

192004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Software and hardware

CentralProcessing

Unit

Level1Instruction

Cache

Level1Data

Cache

Level2Cache

MainMemory

InputOutput

Interconnectdisk

networketc

instructions operands

keyboardmouse

202004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull ENIAC built in World War II 1943 was the first general purpose computerndash Used for computing artillery firing tablesndash 80 feet long by 85 feet high and several feet widendash Each of the twenty 10 digit registers was 2 feet longndash Used 18000 vacuum tubesndash Performed 1900 additions per secondndash Programming manually by plugging cables and setting switches

ndashSince then

Moorersquos Law

transistor capacity doubles every 18-24 months

httpwwwintelcomresearchsiliconmooreslawhtm

212004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull By W Shockley J Bardeen W Brattain of Bell Lab in 1947bull Much more reliable than vacuum tubesbull Electronic switches in ldquosolidsrdquo

222004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1950

232004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1971年第一個微處理器 Intel 4004

108 KHz 006 MIPS 2300 transistors (10 microns) Bus width 4 bits Memory 640 bytes For Busicom calculator

242004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1977 年 Apple II Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak

252004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz

262004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple

II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston

ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo Followed by dBASE II

272004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1980sbull New processor architectures were introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years

282004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Performance

292004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Factor for improvement

bull Several factors IC technology clock rate power transistors per chip bull Computer architecture pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle bull Mass market market share revenue applications

302004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Year Technology used in computer Relative performance unit cost

1951 Vacuum tube 1

1965 Transistor 35

1975 Integrated circuit 900

1995 Very large-scale integrated circuit 2400000

312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

VLSI Tech

322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)

year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256

14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980

332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity

342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Moorersquos law

352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions

bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)

bull Make it into switch transistor

362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Semiconductor Processing

372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Fallacies and Pitfalls

bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam

bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system

152004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Instruction Set Architecture

instruction set

software

hardware

162004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

What is Computer Architecture

Computer Architecture =

Instruction Set Architecture + Machine Organization

172004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

What is Computer Architecture

IO systemInstars Set Proc

Compiler

OperatingSystem

Application

Digital DesignCircuit Design

Instruction Set Architecture

Firmware

Datapath amp Control

Layout

182004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

The ISA and computer hardware

bull The designer of computer hardware (CPU caches MM and IO) must first ensure that the hardware correctly executes the machine code specified in the ISA spec

bull Hardware product differentiators include

ndash Performance (emphasis of this course)

ndash Power dissipation (a huge issue today)

ndash Cost (die size package pin count cooling costs)

ndash Reliability availability serviceability

ndash Ability to upgrade

192004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Software and hardware

CentralProcessing

Unit

Level1Instruction

Cache

Level1Data

Cache

Level2Cache

MainMemory

InputOutput

Interconnectdisk

networketc

instructions operands

keyboardmouse

202004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull ENIAC built in World War II 1943 was the first general purpose computerndash Used for computing artillery firing tablesndash 80 feet long by 85 feet high and several feet widendash Each of the twenty 10 digit registers was 2 feet longndash Used 18000 vacuum tubesndash Performed 1900 additions per secondndash Programming manually by plugging cables and setting switches

ndashSince then

Moorersquos Law

transistor capacity doubles every 18-24 months

httpwwwintelcomresearchsiliconmooreslawhtm

212004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull By W Shockley J Bardeen W Brattain of Bell Lab in 1947bull Much more reliable than vacuum tubesbull Electronic switches in ldquosolidsrdquo

222004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1950

232004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1971年第一個微處理器 Intel 4004

108 KHz 006 MIPS 2300 transistors (10 microns) Bus width 4 bits Memory 640 bytes For Busicom calculator

242004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1977 年 Apple II Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak

252004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz

262004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple

II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston

ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo Followed by dBASE II

272004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1980sbull New processor architectures were introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years

282004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Performance

292004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Factor for improvement

bull Several factors IC technology clock rate power transistors per chip bull Computer architecture pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle bull Mass market market share revenue applications

302004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Year Technology used in computer Relative performance unit cost

1951 Vacuum tube 1

1965 Transistor 35

1975 Integrated circuit 900

1995 Very large-scale integrated circuit 2400000

312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

VLSI Tech

322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)

year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256

14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980

332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity

342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Moorersquos law

352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions

bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)

bull Make it into switch transistor

362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Semiconductor Processing

372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Fallacies and Pitfalls

bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam

bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system

162004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

What is Computer Architecture

Computer Architecture =

Instruction Set Architecture + Machine Organization

172004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

What is Computer Architecture

IO systemInstars Set Proc

Compiler

OperatingSystem

Application

Digital DesignCircuit Design

Instruction Set Architecture

Firmware

Datapath amp Control

Layout

182004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

The ISA and computer hardware

bull The designer of computer hardware (CPU caches MM and IO) must first ensure that the hardware correctly executes the machine code specified in the ISA spec

bull Hardware product differentiators include

ndash Performance (emphasis of this course)

ndash Power dissipation (a huge issue today)

ndash Cost (die size package pin count cooling costs)

ndash Reliability availability serviceability

ndash Ability to upgrade

192004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Software and hardware

CentralProcessing

Unit

Level1Instruction

Cache

Level1Data

Cache

Level2Cache

MainMemory

InputOutput

Interconnectdisk

networketc

instructions operands

keyboardmouse

202004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull ENIAC built in World War II 1943 was the first general purpose computerndash Used for computing artillery firing tablesndash 80 feet long by 85 feet high and several feet widendash Each of the twenty 10 digit registers was 2 feet longndash Used 18000 vacuum tubesndash Performed 1900 additions per secondndash Programming manually by plugging cables and setting switches

ndashSince then

Moorersquos Law

transistor capacity doubles every 18-24 months

httpwwwintelcomresearchsiliconmooreslawhtm

212004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull By W Shockley J Bardeen W Brattain of Bell Lab in 1947bull Much more reliable than vacuum tubesbull Electronic switches in ldquosolidsrdquo

222004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1950

232004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1971年第一個微處理器 Intel 4004

108 KHz 006 MIPS 2300 transistors (10 microns) Bus width 4 bits Memory 640 bytes For Busicom calculator

242004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1977 年 Apple II Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak

252004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz

262004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple

II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston

ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo Followed by dBASE II

272004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1980sbull New processor architectures were introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years

282004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Performance

292004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Factor for improvement

bull Several factors IC technology clock rate power transistors per chip bull Computer architecture pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle bull Mass market market share revenue applications

302004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Year Technology used in computer Relative performance unit cost

1951 Vacuum tube 1

1965 Transistor 35

1975 Integrated circuit 900

1995 Very large-scale integrated circuit 2400000

312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

VLSI Tech

322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)

year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256

14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980

332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity

342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Moorersquos law

352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions

bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)

bull Make it into switch transistor

362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Semiconductor Processing

372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Fallacies and Pitfalls

bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam

bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system

172004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

What is Computer Architecture

IO systemInstars Set Proc

Compiler

OperatingSystem

Application

Digital DesignCircuit Design

Instruction Set Architecture

Firmware

Datapath amp Control

Layout

182004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

The ISA and computer hardware

bull The designer of computer hardware (CPU caches MM and IO) must first ensure that the hardware correctly executes the machine code specified in the ISA spec

bull Hardware product differentiators include

ndash Performance (emphasis of this course)

ndash Power dissipation (a huge issue today)

ndash Cost (die size package pin count cooling costs)

ndash Reliability availability serviceability

ndash Ability to upgrade

192004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Software and hardware

CentralProcessing

Unit

Level1Instruction

Cache

Level1Data

Cache

Level2Cache

MainMemory

InputOutput

Interconnectdisk

networketc

instructions operands

keyboardmouse

202004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull ENIAC built in World War II 1943 was the first general purpose computerndash Used for computing artillery firing tablesndash 80 feet long by 85 feet high and several feet widendash Each of the twenty 10 digit registers was 2 feet longndash Used 18000 vacuum tubesndash Performed 1900 additions per secondndash Programming manually by plugging cables and setting switches

ndashSince then

Moorersquos Law

transistor capacity doubles every 18-24 months

httpwwwintelcomresearchsiliconmooreslawhtm

212004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull By W Shockley J Bardeen W Brattain of Bell Lab in 1947bull Much more reliable than vacuum tubesbull Electronic switches in ldquosolidsrdquo

222004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1950

232004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1971年第一個微處理器 Intel 4004

108 KHz 006 MIPS 2300 transistors (10 microns) Bus width 4 bits Memory 640 bytes For Busicom calculator

242004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1977 年 Apple II Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak

252004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz

262004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple

II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston

ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo Followed by dBASE II

272004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1980sbull New processor architectures were introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years

282004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Performance

292004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Factor for improvement

bull Several factors IC technology clock rate power transistors per chip bull Computer architecture pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle bull Mass market market share revenue applications

302004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Year Technology used in computer Relative performance unit cost

1951 Vacuum tube 1

1965 Transistor 35

1975 Integrated circuit 900

1995 Very large-scale integrated circuit 2400000

312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

VLSI Tech

322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)

year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256

14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980

332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity

342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Moorersquos law

352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions

bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)

bull Make it into switch transistor

362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Semiconductor Processing

372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Fallacies and Pitfalls

bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam

bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system

182004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

The ISA and computer hardware

bull The designer of computer hardware (CPU caches MM and IO) must first ensure that the hardware correctly executes the machine code specified in the ISA spec

bull Hardware product differentiators include

ndash Performance (emphasis of this course)

ndash Power dissipation (a huge issue today)

ndash Cost (die size package pin count cooling costs)

ndash Reliability availability serviceability

ndash Ability to upgrade

192004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Software and hardware

CentralProcessing

Unit

Level1Instruction

Cache

Level1Data

Cache

Level2Cache

MainMemory

InputOutput

Interconnectdisk

networketc

instructions operands

keyboardmouse

202004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull ENIAC built in World War II 1943 was the first general purpose computerndash Used for computing artillery firing tablesndash 80 feet long by 85 feet high and several feet widendash Each of the twenty 10 digit registers was 2 feet longndash Used 18000 vacuum tubesndash Performed 1900 additions per secondndash Programming manually by plugging cables and setting switches

ndashSince then

Moorersquos Law

transistor capacity doubles every 18-24 months

httpwwwintelcomresearchsiliconmooreslawhtm

212004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull By W Shockley J Bardeen W Brattain of Bell Lab in 1947bull Much more reliable than vacuum tubesbull Electronic switches in ldquosolidsrdquo

222004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1950

232004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1971年第一個微處理器 Intel 4004

108 KHz 006 MIPS 2300 transistors (10 microns) Bus width 4 bits Memory 640 bytes For Busicom calculator

242004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1977 年 Apple II Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak

252004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz

262004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple

II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston

ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo Followed by dBASE II

272004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1980sbull New processor architectures were introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years

282004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Performance

292004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Factor for improvement

bull Several factors IC technology clock rate power transistors per chip bull Computer architecture pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle bull Mass market market share revenue applications

302004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Year Technology used in computer Relative performance unit cost

1951 Vacuum tube 1

1965 Transistor 35

1975 Integrated circuit 900

1995 Very large-scale integrated circuit 2400000

312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

VLSI Tech

322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)

year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256

14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980

332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity

342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Moorersquos law

352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions

bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)

bull Make it into switch transistor

362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Semiconductor Processing

372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Fallacies and Pitfalls

bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam

bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system

192004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Software and hardware

CentralProcessing

Unit

Level1Instruction

Cache

Level1Data

Cache

Level2Cache

MainMemory

InputOutput

Interconnectdisk

networketc

instructions operands

keyboardmouse

202004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull ENIAC built in World War II 1943 was the first general purpose computerndash Used for computing artillery firing tablesndash 80 feet long by 85 feet high and several feet widendash Each of the twenty 10 digit registers was 2 feet longndash Used 18000 vacuum tubesndash Performed 1900 additions per secondndash Programming manually by plugging cables and setting switches

ndashSince then

Moorersquos Law

transistor capacity doubles every 18-24 months

httpwwwintelcomresearchsiliconmooreslawhtm

212004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull By W Shockley J Bardeen W Brattain of Bell Lab in 1947bull Much more reliable than vacuum tubesbull Electronic switches in ldquosolidsrdquo

222004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1950

232004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1971年第一個微處理器 Intel 4004

108 KHz 006 MIPS 2300 transistors (10 microns) Bus width 4 bits Memory 640 bytes For Busicom calculator

242004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1977 年 Apple II Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak

252004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz

262004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple

II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston

ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo Followed by dBASE II

272004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1980sbull New processor architectures were introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years

282004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Performance

292004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Factor for improvement

bull Several factors IC technology clock rate power transistors per chip bull Computer architecture pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle bull Mass market market share revenue applications

302004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Year Technology used in computer Relative performance unit cost

1951 Vacuum tube 1

1965 Transistor 35

1975 Integrated circuit 900

1995 Very large-scale integrated circuit 2400000

312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

VLSI Tech

322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)

year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256

14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980

332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity

342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Moorersquos law

352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions

bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)

bull Make it into switch transistor

362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Semiconductor Processing

372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Fallacies and Pitfalls

bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam

bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system

202004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull ENIAC built in World War II 1943 was the first general purpose computerndash Used for computing artillery firing tablesndash 80 feet long by 85 feet high and several feet widendash Each of the twenty 10 digit registers was 2 feet longndash Used 18000 vacuum tubesndash Performed 1900 additions per secondndash Programming manually by plugging cables and setting switches

ndashSince then

Moorersquos Law

transistor capacity doubles every 18-24 months

httpwwwintelcomresearchsiliconmooreslawhtm

212004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull By W Shockley J Bardeen W Brattain of Bell Lab in 1947bull Much more reliable than vacuum tubesbull Electronic switches in ldquosolidsrdquo

222004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1950

232004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1971年第一個微處理器 Intel 4004

108 KHz 006 MIPS 2300 transistors (10 microns) Bus width 4 bits Memory 640 bytes For Busicom calculator

242004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1977 年 Apple II Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak

252004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz

262004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple

II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston

ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo Followed by dBASE II

272004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1980sbull New processor architectures were introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years

282004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Performance

292004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Factor for improvement

bull Several factors IC technology clock rate power transistors per chip bull Computer architecture pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle bull Mass market market share revenue applications

302004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Year Technology used in computer Relative performance unit cost

1951 Vacuum tube 1

1965 Transistor 35

1975 Integrated circuit 900

1995 Very large-scale integrated circuit 2400000

312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

VLSI Tech

322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)

year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256

14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980

332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity

342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Moorersquos law

352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions

bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)

bull Make it into switch transistor

362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Semiconductor Processing

372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Fallacies and Pitfalls

bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam

bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system

212004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull By W Shockley J Bardeen W Brattain of Bell Lab in 1947bull Much more reliable than vacuum tubesbull Electronic switches in ldquosolidsrdquo

222004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1950

232004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1971年第一個微處理器 Intel 4004

108 KHz 006 MIPS 2300 transistors (10 microns) Bus width 4 bits Memory 640 bytes For Busicom calculator

242004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1977 年 Apple II Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak

252004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz

262004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple

II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston

ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo Followed by dBASE II

272004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1980sbull New processor architectures were introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years

282004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Performance

292004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Factor for improvement

bull Several factors IC technology clock rate power transistors per chip bull Computer architecture pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle bull Mass market market share revenue applications

302004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Year Technology used in computer Relative performance unit cost

1951 Vacuum tube 1

1965 Transistor 35

1975 Integrated circuit 900

1995 Very large-scale integrated circuit 2400000

312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

VLSI Tech

322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)

year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256

14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980

332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity

342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Moorersquos law

352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions

bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)

bull Make it into switch transistor

362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Semiconductor Processing

372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Fallacies and Pitfalls

bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam

bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system

222004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1950

232004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1971年第一個微處理器 Intel 4004

108 KHz 006 MIPS 2300 transistors (10 microns) Bus width 4 bits Memory 640 bytes For Busicom calculator

242004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1977 年 Apple II Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak

252004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz

262004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple

II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston

ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo Followed by dBASE II

272004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1980sbull New processor architectures were introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years

282004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Performance

292004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Factor for improvement

bull Several factors IC technology clock rate power transistors per chip bull Computer architecture pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle bull Mass market market share revenue applications

302004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Year Technology used in computer Relative performance unit cost

1951 Vacuum tube 1

1965 Transistor 35

1975 Integrated circuit 900

1995 Very large-scale integrated circuit 2400000

312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

VLSI Tech

322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)

year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256

14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980

332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity

342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Moorersquos law

352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions

bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)

bull Make it into switch transistor

362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Semiconductor Processing

372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Fallacies and Pitfalls

bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam

bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system

232004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1971年第一個微處理器 Intel 4004

108 KHz 006 MIPS 2300 transistors (10 microns) Bus width 4 bits Memory 640 bytes For Busicom calculator

242004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1977 年 Apple II Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak

252004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz

262004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple

II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston

ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo Followed by dBASE II

272004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1980sbull New processor architectures were introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years

282004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Performance

292004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Factor for improvement

bull Several factors IC technology clock rate power transistors per chip bull Computer architecture pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle bull Mass market market share revenue applications

302004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Year Technology used in computer Relative performance unit cost

1951 Vacuum tube 1

1965 Transistor 35

1975 Integrated circuit 900

1995 Very large-scale integrated circuit 2400000

312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

VLSI Tech

322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)

year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256

14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980

332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity

342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Moorersquos law

352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions

bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)

bull Make it into switch transistor

362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Semiconductor Processing

372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Fallacies and Pitfalls

bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam

bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system

242004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1977 年 Apple II Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak

252004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz

262004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple

II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston

ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo Followed by dBASE II

272004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1980sbull New processor architectures were introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years

282004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Performance

292004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Factor for improvement

bull Several factors IC technology clock rate power transistors per chip bull Computer architecture pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle bull Mass market market share revenue applications

302004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Year Technology used in computer Relative performance unit cost

1951 Vacuum tube 1

1965 Transistor 35

1975 Integrated circuit 900

1995 Very large-scale integrated circuit 2400000

312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

VLSI Tech

322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)

year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256

14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980

332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity

342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Moorersquos law

352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions

bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)

bull Make it into switch transistor

362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Semiconductor Processing

372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Fallacies and Pitfalls

bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam

bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system

252004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz

262004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple

II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston

ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo Followed by dBASE II

272004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1980sbull New processor architectures were introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years

282004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Performance

292004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Factor for improvement

bull Several factors IC technology clock rate power transistors per chip bull Computer architecture pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle bull Mass market market share revenue applications

302004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Year Technology used in computer Relative performance unit cost

1951 Vacuum tube 1

1965 Transistor 35

1975 Integrated circuit 900

1995 Very large-scale integrated circuit 2400000

312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

VLSI Tech

322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)

year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256

14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980

332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity

342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Moorersquos law

352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions

bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)

bull Make it into switch transistor

362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Semiconductor Processing

372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Fallacies and Pitfalls

bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam

bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system

262004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple

II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston

ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo Followed by dBASE II

272004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1980sbull New processor architectures were introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years

282004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Performance

292004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Factor for improvement

bull Several factors IC technology clock rate power transistors per chip bull Computer architecture pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle bull Mass market market share revenue applications

302004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Year Technology used in computer Relative performance unit cost

1951 Vacuum tube 1

1965 Transistor 35

1975 Integrated circuit 900

1995 Very large-scale integrated circuit 2400000

312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

VLSI Tech

322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)

year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256

14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980

332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity

342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Moorersquos law

352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions

bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)

bull Make it into switch transistor

362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Semiconductor Processing

372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Fallacies and Pitfalls

bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam

bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system

272004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Historical Perspective

bull 1980sbull New processor architectures were introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years

282004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Performance

292004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Factor for improvement

bull Several factors IC technology clock rate power transistors per chip bull Computer architecture pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle bull Mass market market share revenue applications

302004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Year Technology used in computer Relative performance unit cost

1951 Vacuum tube 1

1965 Transistor 35

1975 Integrated circuit 900

1995 Very large-scale integrated circuit 2400000

312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

VLSI Tech

322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)

year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256

14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980

332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity

342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Moorersquos law

352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions

bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)

bull Make it into switch transistor

362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Semiconductor Processing

372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Fallacies and Pitfalls

bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam

bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system

282004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Performance

292004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Factor for improvement

bull Several factors IC technology clock rate power transistors per chip bull Computer architecture pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle bull Mass market market share revenue applications

302004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Year Technology used in computer Relative performance unit cost

1951 Vacuum tube 1

1965 Transistor 35

1975 Integrated circuit 900

1995 Very large-scale integrated circuit 2400000

312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

VLSI Tech

322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)

year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256

14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980

332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity

342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Moorersquos law

352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions

bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)

bull Make it into switch transistor

362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Semiconductor Processing

372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Fallacies and Pitfalls

bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam

bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system

292004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Factor for improvement

bull Several factors IC technology clock rate power transistors per chip bull Computer architecture pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle bull Mass market market share revenue applications

302004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Year Technology used in computer Relative performance unit cost

1951 Vacuum tube 1

1965 Transistor 35

1975 Integrated circuit 900

1995 Very large-scale integrated circuit 2400000

312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

VLSI Tech

322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)

year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256

14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980

332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity

342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Moorersquos law

352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions

bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)

bull Make it into switch transistor

362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Semiconductor Processing

372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Fallacies and Pitfalls

bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam

bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system

302004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Year Technology used in computer Relative performance unit cost

1951 Vacuum tube 1

1965 Transistor 35

1975 Integrated circuit 900

1995 Very large-scale integrated circuit 2400000

312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

VLSI Tech

322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)

year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256

14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980

332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity

342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Moorersquos law

352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions

bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)

bull Make it into switch transistor

362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Semiconductor Processing

372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Fallacies and Pitfalls

bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam

bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system

312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

VLSI Tech

322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)

year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256

14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980

332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity

342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Moorersquos law

352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions

bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)

bull Make it into switch transistor

362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Semiconductor Processing

372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Fallacies and Pitfalls

bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam

bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system

322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)

year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256

14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980

332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity

342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Moorersquos law

352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions

bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)

bull Make it into switch transistor

362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Semiconductor Processing

372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Fallacies and Pitfalls

bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam

bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system

332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity

342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Moorersquos law

352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions

bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)

bull Make it into switch transistor

362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Semiconductor Processing

372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Fallacies and Pitfalls

bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam

bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system

342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Moorersquos law

352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions

bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)

bull Make it into switch transistor

362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Semiconductor Processing

372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Fallacies and Pitfalls

bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam

bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system

352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions

bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)

bull Make it into switch transistor

362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Semiconductor Processing

372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Fallacies and Pitfalls

bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam

bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system

362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Semiconductor Processing

372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Fallacies and Pitfalls

bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam

bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system

372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Fallacies and Pitfalls

bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam

bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system