1 CLASSIFICATION copyright cmassengale. 2 There are 8.7 million known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that ever lived!!!!! New organisms

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CLASSIFICATION

copyright cmassengale

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• There are 8.7 million known species of organisms

• This is only 5% of all organisms that ever lived!!!!!

• New organisms are still being found and identified

Species of Organisms


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What is Classification?• Classification is the arrangement of

organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities (TRAITS)

• Classification is also known as taxonomy

• Taxonomists are scientists that identify & name organisms


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Early Taxonomists• 2000 years ago,

Aristotle was the first taxonomist

• Aristotle divided organisms into plants & animals

• He classified animals by the way they move… Land, sea or air.


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Early Taxonomists• Can you think of any

problems with this classification scheme?


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Early Taxonomists• John Ray, a botanist,

was the first to use Latin for naming

• His names were very long descriptions telling EVERYTHING about the plant (too long)


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Carolus Linnaeus1707 – 1778

• 18th century taxonomist

• Classified organisms by their structure

• Developed naming system still used today


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Carolus Linnaeus• Called the “Father of Taxonomy”• Developed the modern system of

naming known as binomial nomenclature

• Two-word name (Genus & species)


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Standardized Naming• RULES:

• Binomial nomenclature Genus species

• Latin or Greek

• Capitalize genus, but NOT species

• Italicized in print

• Underline when writing

Turdus migratorius

American Robin


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Binomial Nomenclature

Which TWO are more closely related?copyright cmassengale

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Rules for Naming Organisms

•The International Code for Binomial Nomenclature contains the rules for naming organisms

•All names must be approved by International Naming Congresses (International Zoological Congress)

•This prevents duplicated names


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Classification Groups• Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a category into

which related organisms are placed

• There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific

• Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species


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Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups

Domain Kingdom Phylum (Division – used for plants) Class Order Family

Genus Species

BROADEST TAXON

Most Specific


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King

Phillip

Can

Order

Family

Game

Saturdays!


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Kingdoms and Classification

If you had 10 minutes to buy milk and chips in a new grocery store, would you know where to look?

If the store has things classified, it makes it easier and faster to locate items

Classification is Everywhere

• Grocery stores classify items by type: baking items, dairy items, frozen food,

• Post offices classify mail by destination: zip code, then street, then house number

• Schools classify students by traits: grade number, gender, academic ability

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Benefits of Classifying• Accurately & uniformly names

organisms • Prevents misnomers such as starfish

& jellyfish that aren't really fish • Uses same language (Latin or some

Greek) for all names

Sea”horse”??


Devil Cat

Ghost Cat

Mountain Lion

Screaming Cat

Puma

Florida Panther

Cougar

• There are at least 50 common names for the animal shown on the previous 7 slides.

• Common names vary according to region.

• Soooo……why use a scientific name?

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Confusion in Using Different Languages for Names


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Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomists


Felis concolor

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Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomists


• Using scientific names helps scientists communicate better and reduces confusion.

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Benefits of Classifying


• Classification helps provide a better understanding of the relationships among living things.

Classificationgives clues

• Scientists have identified more than 8 million species of organisms on Earth

• Scientists group organisms based on similarities

• When organisms are arranged in groups, they are easier to study

• Classifying organisms into groups is called Taxonomy

What is a cassowary?• What does a cassowary look like?

• What does a cassowary eat?

• How big is a cassowary?

If you know that a cassowaryis classified as a bird, you also know

that…

• It has wings• It has feathers• It has hollow bones• It has a beak• It is probably an omnivore• It can be seen using only

the eyes• Classification clues us in

The History of Classification

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Scientists classify based on STRUCTURE

• The basic structure of an organism doesn’t change.

• What would happen if we classified organisms based on color?

• A zebra and a zebra fish would be cousins!

Aristotle had two kingdoms

Plants• Don’t Move• Green

Animals• Move around

After Careful observation…

• Fungi didn’t fit…• Can grow in the dark• Spring up overnight• Need dead things to

grow on• So a 3rd kingdom was

created for Fungi

A sampling of fungiMold Yeast

More examples of fungi

Truffles Mushrooms

This 3-kingdom system lasted for several hundred

years

• Until microscope technology allowed us to see smaller organisms

Most of what they saw in the microscope wouldn't fit into these

three kingdoms

• They could move like animals, but had only one cell

• They didn’t have to “mate” to reproduce Paramecium

So scientists created a fourth kingdom called Protista

• Single celled

• Live in water or very moist environments

• Most can move

• Some are photosynthetic

• Many are parasites

A sampling of protistsEuglena Giardia

More protists

algae amoeba

These 4 kingdoms were the only ones for a few years until microscopes

improved, and we could see inside single cells

• We noticed differences in nuclei

• Some organisms didn’t have a nucleus at all – only a single chromosome floating in the cytoplasm

• Initially all these small prokaryotic cells were grouped into Kingdom MONERA.

• Later, as we made more observations, another difference appeared. There are now two groups of bacteria, based on the composition of their cell walls.

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ARCHAEABACTERIA• Probably the 1st cells to evolve• Live in HARSH environments• Found in:– Sewage Treatment Plants

–Thermal or Volcanic Vents

–Hot Springs or Geysers that are acid

–Very salty water (Dead Sea; Great Salt Lake)


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ARCHAEAN


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EUBACTERIA• Some may cause DISEASE• Found in ALL HABITATS except

harsh ones• Important decomposers for

environment• Commercially important in making

cottage cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, etc.


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Live in the intestines of animals


A sampling of Monerans

Strep bacteria Staph bacteria

More Monerans

E. coli bacteria Meningiococcal bacteria

Even more Monerans

Sleeping sickness pneumonia

Currently thereare 6 kingdoms

Animalia

Plantae

Fungi

Protista

Archaebacteria

Eubacteria


Number of organisms

Some scientists even want to create a 7th kingdom for

virusesViruses aren’t technically alive because they can’t live without a host

A sampling of viruses

ebola influenza

More Viruses

cold H.I.V.

The better our technology becomes, the more we know

about organisms

We have a system for describing exactly where things fit…..TAXONOMY

Just like when you send a letter to Portugal, first you specify the country, then the city, then the street, then the building, then the floor number, then left or right, then the room number. Otherwise it would be impossible to find people.

So how do we know where to

put things in the classification

scheme?Remember, living things are classified on similarities in

structure.

First, start with the kingdom

A Snowy Owl belongs to the animal kingdom because

• it can move

• it is made of more than one cell

• it has to eat

Then, decide on the Phylum

A Snowy Owl belongs to the Chordata Phylum because

• It has a spinal cord

• It has bones

Then, decide on the Class

A Snowy Owl belongs to class Aves because

• It has a feathers

• It has a beak

• It lays eggs

Then decide on the Order

A Snowy Owl belongs to the order Strigiformes because

• It is a carnivore

• It has large, sharp talons

Then decide on the Family

A snowy owl belongs to the family Stringidae because

• It has a hooked beak

• It has a round face

• It hunts at night

Then decide on the genus,

A Snowy Owl belongs to the genus Bubo because

• It lives in the Northern Hemisphere

• It has a fourth talon

Then decide on the species

A Snowy Owl belongs to the scandiacus species because

• It is white

• It weighs about 40 grams

• It has dense downy feathers

The more classification levels that are shared by two organisms, the more alike they are.

A snowy owl is more like a barn owl than an sparrow.

If they are in the same species, they can

breed and produce offspring that can also

reproduce.

Scientific name = Genus species

Example: Homo sapiens = humans

Which of these are most closely related?

A Felis familiaris

B Canis familiaris

C Canis lupus

Which of these are most closely related?

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Eukaryotic Kingdoms

• Protista (protozoans, algae…)

• Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …)

• Plantae (multicellular plants)

• Animalia (multicellular animals)


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Protista• Most are unicellular• Some are

multicellular• Some are

autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic

• Aquatic


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Fungi• Multicellular, except

yeast• Absorptive

heterotrophs (digest food outside their body and then absorb it)

• Cell walls made of chitin


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Plantae•Multicellular•Autotrophic•Absorb sunlight to make glucose – Photosynthesis•Cell walls made of cellulose


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Animalia• Multicellular• Ingestive

heterotrophs (consume food and digest it inside their bodies)

• Feed on plants or animals



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Taxons• Most genera contain a number of

similar species

• The genus Homo is an exception (only contains modern humans)

• Classification is based on evolutionary relationships


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Basis for Modern Taxonomy

• Homologous structures (same structure, different function)

• Similar embryo development

• Molecular Similarity in DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequence of Proteins


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xxx

• xxx


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Dichotomous Key• Used to identify organisms

• Characteristics given in pairs

• Read both characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism


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Example of Dichotomous Key

1a Tentacles present – Go to 2

1b Tentacles absent – Go to 3

2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus

2b More than 8 tentacles – Go to 3

3a Tentacles hang down – Go to 4

3b Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone

4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish

4b Body NOT balloon-shaped – Go to 5


http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.newscientist.com/data/images/ns/cms/dn9131/dn9131-1_250.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn9131-explosive-sting-of-jellyfish-captured-on-film-.html&h=274&w=250&sz=6&hl=en&start=15&tbnid=m0EBdxEaql0icM:&tbnh=113&tbnw=103&prev=/images?q=jellyfish&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&safe=active&rls=GGIC,GGIC:2006-38,GGIC:en

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/images/v25/i4/jellyfish_1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v25/i4/nobrain.asp&h=228&w=150&sz=11&hl=en&start=16&tbnid=-72dSqAv0dIUCM:&tbnh=108&tbnw=71&prev=/images?q=jellyfish&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&safe=active&rls=GGIC,GGIC:2006-38,GGIC:en

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.duewestcharter.bc.ca/images/Links/Sea%20Anemone.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.duewestcharter.bc.ca/Helpful%20Links.htm&h=803&w=1071&sz=95&hl=en&start=15&tbnid=u31TMeW8tnm4iM:&tbnh=112&tbnw=150&prev=/images?q=sea+anemone&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&safe=active&rls=GGIC,GGIC:2006-38,GGIC:en


THE END………. Or is it?

Documents

1 CLASSIFICATION copyright cmassengale. 2 There are 8.7 million known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that ever lived!!!!! New organisms