A Presentation About Copyright Cmassengale “Cellular Respiration”

A A Presentation Presentation

AboutAbout

Copyright Cmassengale

“Cellular Respiration

”

Made by:Made by:


Roan Hope A. Ocaban and

Eullene E. Domingo

Made for: Mr. Jonathan Gareza (Jong2)

ADP, ATP ADP, ATP and and

Cellular Cellular RespiratioRespiratio

nnCopyright Cmassengale

What Is ATP?What Is ATP?

Energy used by all CellsEnergy used by all Cells

Adenosine TriphosphateAdenosine Triphosphate

Organic molecule containing Organic molecule containing high-energy Phosphate bondshigh-energy Phosphate bonds


Chemical Structure of Chemical Structure of ATPATP

3 Phosphates

Ribose Sugar

Adenine Base


What Does ATP Do for What Does ATP Do for You?You?

It supplies YOU withIt supplies YOU with ENERGY!ENERGY!


How Do We Get Energy How Do We Get Energy From ATP?From ATP?

By breaking By breaking the high- the high- energy energy bonds bonds between between the the last two last two phosphates phosphates in ATPin ATP


What is the Process What is the Process Called?Called?

HYDROLYSIS (Adding HHYDROLYSIS (Adding H22O)O)

H2O


How Does That How Does That Happen?Happen?

An An Enzyme!Enzyme!


How is ATP Re-Made?How is ATP Re-Made?

The reverse of the previous The reverse of the previous process occurs.process occurs.

Another Another Enzyme is Enzyme is used!used!ATP ATP SynthetaseSynthetase


The ADP-ATP CycleThe ADP-ATP Cycle

ATP-ATP-asease

ATP ATP SynthetaSynthetasese


When is ATP Made in When is ATP Made in the Body?the Body?

During a During a Process Process called called Cellular Cellular RespirationRespiration that takes that takes place in both place in both Plants & Plants & AnimalsAnimals


Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration Includes pathways that Includes pathways that

require oxygenrequire oxygen Glucose is Glucose is oxidizedoxidized and O and O22 is is

reducedreduced Glucose breakdown is Glucose breakdown is

therefore an therefore an oxidation-oxidation-reductionreduction reaction reaction

Breakdown of one glucose Breakdown of one glucose results in results in 36 to 38 ATP36 to 38 ATP molecules molecules Copyright Cmassengale

Overall Equation for Overall Equation for Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration

6CO6CO22 + 6H + 6H220 + e0 + e-- + 36- + 36-

3838ATP’sATP’s

CC66HH1212OO6 6 + 6O+ 6O22

YIELDSYIELDS


What Type of Process is What Type of Process is Cellular Respiration?Cellular Respiration?

An Oxidation-Reduction An Oxidation-Reduction Process or REDOX ReactionProcess or REDOX Reaction

Oxidation of GLUCOSE --> Oxidation of GLUCOSE --> COCO22 + H + H22O O (e(e-- removed from removed from CC66HH1212OO66))

Reduction OReduction O22 to H to H22O O (e(e-- passed to Opassed to O22))


What Carries the What Carries the Electrons?Electrons?

NADNAD++ (nicotinadenine (nicotinadenine dinucleotide) acts dinucleotide) acts as the energy as the energy carriercarrier

NADNAD++ is a is a coenzymecoenzyme

It’s It’s ReducedReduced to to NADHNADH when it when it picks up two picks up two electrons and one electrons and one hydrogen ionhydrogen ion


Are There Any Other Are There Any Other Electron Carriers?Electron Carriers?

YES! Another YES! Another Coenzyme!Coenzyme!

FAD+FAD+ (Flavin (Flavin adenine adenine dinucleotide)dinucleotide)

ReducedReduced to to FADHFADH22


Other Cellular Other Cellular Respiration FactsRespiration Facts

Metabolic PathwayMetabolic Pathway that breaks that breaks down carbohydratesdown carbohydrates

Process is Process is ExergonicExergonic as High- as High-energy Glucose is broken into energy Glucose is broken into COCO22 and H and H22OO

Process is also Process is also CatabolicCatabolic because larger Glucose breaks because larger Glucose breaks into smaller moleculesinto smaller molecules


What are the Stages of What are the Stages of Cellular Respiration?Cellular Respiration?

GlycolysisGlycolysisThe Krebs CycleThe Krebs CycleThe Electron Transport ChainThe Electron Transport Chain


Where Does Cellular Where Does Cellular Respiration Take Place?Respiration Take Place?

It actually It actually takes place takes place in two parts in two parts of the cell:of the cell:

Glycolysis Glycolysis occurs in the occurs in the CytoplasmCytoplasmKrebs Cycle & Krebs Cycle & ETC TakeETC Take place place in the in the MitochondriaMitochondria


Review of Mitochondria Review of Mitochondria StructureStructure

SmoothSmooth outer outer MembraneMembrane

FoldedFolded inner inner membranemembrane

Folds called Folds called CristaeCristae

Space inside Space inside cristae called cristae called the the MatrixMatrix


Diagram of the Diagram of the ProcessProcess

Occurs in

Cytoplasm Occurs

in Matrix

Occurs across Cristae


Glycolysis Glycolysis SummarySummary

Takes place in the Takes place in the CytoplasmCytoplasm

Anaerobic Anaerobic (Doesn’t Use (Doesn’t Use Oxygen)Oxygen)Requires input of Requires input of 2 ATP2 ATP

Glucose split into two Glucose split into two molecules of molecules of PyruvatePyruvate or or Pyruvic AcidPyruvic AcidCopyright Cmassengale

Glycolysis Glycolysis SummarySummary

• Also produces Also produces 2 NADH and 4 2 NADH and 4 ATPATP

• Pyruvate is oxidized to Pyruvate is oxidized to Acetyl Acetyl CoACoA and and COCO22 is removed is removed


GlycolysiGlycolysis s

DiagramDiagram


FermentationFermentation

Occurs when OOccurs when O22 NOT present NOT present (anaerobic)(anaerobic)

Called Called Lactic AcidLactic Acid fermentation in muscle cells fermentation in muscle cells (makes (makes muscles tiredmuscles tired))

Called Called Alcoholic fermentationAlcoholic fermentation in yeast (produces in yeast (produces ethanolethanol))

Nets only Nets only 2 ATP2 ATPCopyright Cmassengale

A Little Krebs Cycle A Little Krebs Cycle HistoryHistory

Discovered by Discovered by Hans KrebsHans Krebs in in 19371937

He received the He received the Nobel PrizeNobel Prize in in physiology or physiology or medicine in medicine in 1953 for his 1953 for his discoverydiscovery

Forced to leave Forced to leave Germany prior Germany prior to WWII because to WWII because he was Jewishhe was JewishCopyright Cmassengale

Krebs Cycle Krebs Cycle SummarySummary

Requires Oxygen (Aerobic)Requires Oxygen (Aerobic)Cyclical series of oxidation Cyclical series of oxidation

reactions that give off reactions that give off COCO22 and and produce produce one ATP per cycleone ATP per cycle

Turns Turns twicetwice per glucose molecule per glucose moleculeProduces Produces two ATPtwo ATP Takes place in Takes place in matrix of matrix of

mitochondriamitochondria


Krebs Cycle Krebs Cycle SummarySummary

Each turn of the Krebs Cycle Each turn of the Krebs Cycle also produces also produces 3NADH, 3NADH, 1FADH1FADH22, and 2CO, and 2CO22

Therefore, For Therefore, For each Glucoseeach Glucose molecule, the Krebs Cycle molecule, the Krebs Cycle produces produces 6NADH, 2FADH6NADH, 2FADH22, , 4CO4CO22, and 2ATP, and 2ATP


Krebs CycleKrebs Cycle

ATP

NETS: 3NADH, 1ATP, 1FADHNETS: 3NADH, 1ATP, 1FADH22, & 2CO, & 2CO22


Electron Transport Chain Electron Transport Chain SummarySummary

34 ATP34 ATP Produced ProducedHH22OO Produced ProducedOccurs Across Occurs Across Inner Inner

Mitochondrial membraneMitochondrial membraneUses coenzymes Uses coenzymes NAD+ and NAD+ and

FAD+ to accept e- from glucoseFAD+ to accept e- from glucoseNADH = 3 ATP’sNADH = 3 ATP’sFADHFADH22 = 2 ATP’s = 2 ATP’s


Aerobic RespirationAerobic Respiration


Aerobic respiration (red arrows) is the main means by which both plants and animals utilize energy in the form of organic compounds that were previously created through photosynthesis (green arrow).Aerobic respiration requires oxygen in order to generate energy (ATP).

Although carbohydrates, fats, Although carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can all be and proteins can all be

processed and consumed as processed and consumed as reactant, it is the preferred reactant, it is the preferred

method method of pyruvate breakdown of pyruvate breakdown

in glycolysis and requires that in glycolysis and requires that pyruvate enter pyruvate enter

themitochondrion in order to themitochondrion in order to be fully oxidized by the Krebs be fully oxidized by the Krebs

cycle.cycle.Copyright Cmassengale

The product of this process The product of this process is energy in the form of is energy in the form of

ATP (Adenosine ATP (Adenosine triphosphate), triphosphate),

by substrate-level by substrate-level phosphorylation, NADH anphosphorylation, NADH an

d FADHd FADH22..


Simplified reaction:Simplified reaction:CC66HH1212OO66 (aq) + 6 O (aq) + 6 O22 (g) → 6 (g) → 6

COCO22 (g) + 6 H (g) + 6 H22O (l)O (l)ΔG = -2880 kJ per mole of ΔG = -2880 kJ per mole of

CC66HH1212OO66

**The negative ΔG indicates The negative ΔG indicates that the reaction can that the reaction can

happen spontaneouslyhappen spontaneouslyCopyright Cmassengale

The reducing potential of NADH The reducing potential of NADH and FADHand FADH22 is converted to is converted to

more ATP through an electron more ATP through an electron transport chain with oxygen as transport chain with oxygen as

the "terminal electron the "terminal electron acceptor". Most of the ATP acceptor". Most of the ATP

produced by aerobic cellular produced by aerobic cellular respiration is made respiration is made

by oxidative phosphorylation. by oxidative phosphorylation. Copyright Cmassengale

This works by the energy This works by the energy released in the consumption released in the consumption

of pyruvate being used to of pyruvate being used to create a chemiosmotic create a chemiosmotic

potential by potential by pumping protons across a pumping protons across a

membrane. This potential is membrane. This potential is then used to drive ATP then used to drive ATP

synthase and produce ATP synthase and produce ATP from ADP and a phosphate from ADP and a phosphate

group.group.Copyright Cmassengale

However, this maximum However, this maximum yield is never quite reached yield is never quite reached

due to losses (leaky due to losses (leaky membranes) as well as the membranes) as well as the

cost of moving pyruvate and cost of moving pyruvate and ADP into the mitochondrial ADP into the mitochondrial

matrix and current estimates matrix and current estimates range around 29 to 30 ATP range around 29 to 30 ATP

per glucose.per glucose.Copyright Cmassengale

Aerobic metabolism is 19 times Aerobic metabolism is 19 times more efficient than anaerobic more efficient than anaerobic

metabolism (which yields 2 mol metabolism (which yields 2 mol ATP per 1 mol glucose). They ATP per 1 mol glucose). They

share the initial pathway share the initial pathway of glycolysis but aerobic of glycolysis but aerobic

metabolism continues with the metabolism continues with the Krebs cycle and oxidative Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. The post phosphorylation. The post

glycolytic reactions take place in glycolytic reactions take place in the mitochondria in eukaryotic the mitochondria in eukaryotic

cells, and in cells, and in the cytoplasm in prokaryotic cells.the cytoplasm in prokaryotic cells.Copyright Cmassengale

Anaerobic RespirationAnaerobic Respiration


Anaerobic respiration is used by some microorganisms in which neither oxygen (aerobic respiration) nor pyruvate or pyruvate derivative (fermentation) is the final electron acceptor. Rather, an inorganic acceptor (for example, Sulfur) is used.

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A Presentation About Copyright Cmassengale “Cellular Respiration”