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Cluster

Trần Hữu Lộc (00706140)Nguyễn Thành Trung(00706151)

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Outline

Introduction Cluster architectures System Design Parallel Programming Environments and

Tools Cluster Applications

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Introduction

Solving grand challenge applications using computer modeling, simulation and analysis (Weather Forecasting, Military Applications, Simulation, astrophysics …)

Mini computers were large and expensive The development of powerful microprocessors High speed LAN

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How to Run Applications Faster ? Using faster hardware Optimized algorithms and techniques used to

solve computational tasks Multiple computers to solve a particular task

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History

In the 1960s, or even late 1950s Research clusters in hand with that of both networks

and the Unix operating system from the early 1970s The first commercial clustering product was

ARCnet, developed by Datapoint in 1977 VAXcluster in 1984 Tandem Himalaya and the IBM S/390 Parallel

Sysplex in 1994 …

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What is Cluster ?

A cluster is a type of parallel or distributed processing system, which consists of a collection of interconnected stand-alone computers cooperatively working together as a single, integrated computing resource.

A node:a single or multiprocessor system with memory, I/O facilities, & OS

A cluster: generally 2 or more computers (nodes) connected together in a

single cabinet, or physically separated & connected via a LAN Provide a cost-effective way to gain features and benefits

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Cluster Architecture

Sequential Applications

Parallel Applications

Parallel Programming Environment

Cluster Middleware

(Single System Image and Availability Infrastructure)

Cluster Interconnection Network/Switch

PC/Workstation

Network Interface Hardware

Communications

Software

PC/Workstation

Network Interface Hardware

Communications

Software

PC/Workstation

Network Interface Hardware

Communications

Software

PC/Workstation

Network Interface Hardware

Communications

Software

Sequential Applications

Sequential Applications

Parallel ApplicationsParallel

Applications

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System Design

Performance Requirements Hardware Platforms Operating Systems Single System Image (SSI) Middleware

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Performance Requirements

Common Cluster Modes High Performance (dedicated). High Throughput (idle cycle harvesting). High Availability (fail-over).

A Unified System – HP and HA within the same cluster

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Performance Requirements

The Need for Performance Evaluation Hardware – Idle processors due to conflicts over memory

access & communications paths. Operating System – Inefficient internal scheduler, file

systems and memory allocation/de-allocation. Middleware – Inefficient distribution and coordination of

tasks, high inter-processor communications latency due to inefficient middleware.

Applications – Inefficient algorithms that do not exploit the natural concurrency of a problem.

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Performance Requirements

Some indices for global measurements Execution rate: The execution rate measures the

machine output per unit of time, measured in MIPS (million instructions per second)

Speedup (Sp)

Efficiency (Ep)

pp T

TS 1

P

SE pp

ppp QUR ,,

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Hardware Platforms

Multiple High Performance Computers PCs Workstations SMPs (CLUMPS)

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Hardware Platforms

Processors Intel x86 Processors Pentium Pro and Pentium Xeon AMD x86, Cyrix x86, etc. Digital Alpha Alpha 21364 processor integrates processing, memory controller,

network interface into a single chip IBM PowerPC Sun SPARC SGI MIPS HP PA

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Network Technology

Communication Protocols Connection-oriented or connectionless Offering various levels of reliability, including fully guaranteed to

arrive in order (reliable), or not guaranteed (unreliable) Not buffered (synchronous), or buffered (asynchronous)

Internet Protocols: TCP/IP, UDP Low-latency Protocols:Active Messages, Fast Messages, the

VMMC (Virtual Memory-Mapped Communication) system, U-net, and Basic Interface for

Parallelism (BIP),

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Network Technology

Hardware Products Ethernet (10Mbps), Fast Ethernet (100Mbps), Gigabit Ethernet (1Gbps) SCI (Scalable Coherent Interface- MPI- 12µsec latency) ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) Myrinet (1.28Gbps) QsNet (Quadrics Supercomputing World, 5µsec latency for MPI

messages) Digital Memory Channel FDDI (fiber distributed data interface) InfiniBand

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Operating Systems

The operating system for a cluster lies at every node 2 fundamental services for users

make the computer hardware easier to use create a virtual machine that differs markedly from the real

machine share hardware resources among users

Processor - multitasking The new concept in OS services

support multiple threads of control in a process itself parallelism within a process multithreading

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Operating Systems

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Operating Systems

Node Operating System Linux Clusters (e.g., Beowulf) Solaris Clusters (e.g., Berkeley NOW) NT Clusters (e.g., HPVM) AIX Clusters (e.g., IBM SP2) SCO/Compaq Clusters (Unixware) Digital VMS Clusters HP-UX clusters Microsoft Wolfpack clusters

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Single System Image (SSI)

Hides the heterogeneous and distributed nature of the available resources, presents them to users and applications as a single unified computing resource

High availability Transparency of resource management Scalable performance

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Single System Image (SSI)

Services and Benefits Single entry point Single user interface Single process space Single I/O space (SIOS) Single file hierarchy Single virtual networking Single job-management system Single control point and management Checkpointing and Process Migration

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Middleware

Sequential Applications

Parallel Applications

Parallel Programming Environment

Cluster Middleware

(Single System Image and Availability Infrastructure)

Cluster Interconnection Network/Switch

PC/Workstation

Network Interface Hardware

Communications

Software

PC/Workstation

Network Interface Hardware

Communications

Software

PC/Workstation

Network Interface Hardware

Communications

Software

PC/Workstation

Network Interface Hardware

Communications

Software

Sequential Applications

Sequential Applications

Parallel ApplicationsParallel

Applications

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Middleware Introduction

+ A layer of software sandwiched between the operating system and applications.

+ A means of integrating software applications running in a heterogeneous environment.

Heterogeneity + Hardware platform become heterogeneous

+ Must support very different applications

Overview + Help application developer overcome these heterogeneities.

+ Provides services for the management and administration of a heterogeneous system

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Middleware – Technological scope Message-based Middleware RPC-based Middleware CORBA OLE/COM Internet Middleware Java Technologies Cluster Management Software

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Middleware – Technological scope Message-based Middleware+ Uses common communications protocol to exchange data

between applications which hides low level message passing primitives from application developer

+ Parallel Virtual Machine (PVM) and MPI

RPC-based Middleware+ Remote Procedure Call (RPC) allows request process directly

executing a procedure on another and receive a response

+ use Marshalling to transfer data structures in RPC from one to another

+ Network Information Services [9] (NIS) and Network File Services [10] (NFS)

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Middleware – Technological scope COBRA+ An architectural framework that specifies the mechanisms for

processing distributed objects

+ Object Management Architecture (OMA): Object Request Broker (ORB), Object services, Application services, Application objects.

COM/OLE+ Object Linking and Embedding (OLE): highly generic object

model and a set of interfaces (Object Oriented) allowing apps to intercommunicate

+ Component Object Model (COM) model defines mechanisms for the creation of objects and communication between clients and objects that are distributed across distributed environment.

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Middleware – Technological scope Internet Middleware+ HyperText Transport Protocol (HTTP) and Common Gateway

Interface (CGI), v.v.

Java Technologies+ Java Remote Method Invocation (RMI)

+ Jini: a set of APIs and network protocols used to create and deploy distributed systems organized as federations of services

Cluster Management Software

+ Administer and manage jobs submitted to workstation clusters

+ Optimize the use of the available resources, set priority, steal CPU cycle, task-migration, ensure task complete

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System Administration Introduction Manageability of a system: how usable in terms of

actually producing computations value and what “comfort level” for users

Computer science research: performance testing, benchmarking, and software tuning.

Production-computing environment: provide reliable computing cycles with dependable networking, application software, and OS

Good systems manageability will directly equate to better results

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System Administration System Planning Hardware Considerations: low cost/compute cycle ratio

workstations Performance Specifications: performance testing,

benchmarking, and software tuning. Memory speed and interleave Processor core speed vs. bus speed PCI bus speed and width Multiprocessor issues: single- or multiprocessor building

blocks Cluster Interconnect Considerations: require efficient data

transfers, effective drain on processor cycles associated with transfers, highly optimized network interconnects

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System Administration Software Considerations Remote Access: Windows (Telnet, Terminal service, IIS), Unix (SSH,

Telnet, XWindows, FTP).

System Installation: Windows (Remote Installation Service, third-party tool: Norton Ghost, Imagecast), Unix (Linux Utility for cluster Install (LUI) of IBM, VA SystemImager of VA Linux)

System Monitoring & Remote Control of Nodes Probing by direct access to kernel memory Probing by File System Interface Collecting the Performance Information Scalability Optimizing the Network Traffic Reducing The Intrusiveness

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System Administration

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System Administration Remote Management: Tools and Technology Remote monitoring and control of nodes, copy/move/remove files, remote

shutdown, restart, security maintenance, parallel execution

Scheduling Systems

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Parallel Programming Environments and Tools

Threads (PCs, SMPs, NOW..) POSIX Threads Java Threads

MPI (Message Passing Interface) Linux, NT, on many Supercomputers

PVM (Parallel Virtual Machine) Parametric Programming

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Parallel Programming Environments and Tools Software DSMs (Shmem) Compilers

C/C++/Java Parallel programming with C++ (MIT Press book)

RAD (rapid application development tools) GUI based tools for PP modeling

Debuggers Performance Analysis Tools Visualization Tools

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Applications Sequential Parallel / Distributed (Cluster-aware app.)

Grand Challenging applications Weather Forecasting Quantum Chemistry Molecular Biology Modeling Engineering Analysis (CAD/CAM) ……………….

PDBs, web servers, data-mining

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Operational Benefits High Performance: aggregate computing power

across nodes to solve a problem faster.

Expandability and Scalability: easily to expand and increase size of nodes.

High Throughput: harness the ever-growing power of desktop computing resources while protecting the rights and needs of their interactive users.

High Availability: provide high availability of service

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References

Cluster Computing White Paper - Mark Baker, University of Portsmouth, UK

Cluster Computing - Architectures, Operating Systems, Parallel Processing & Programming Languages - Richard S. Morrison

High Performance Cluster Computing: Architectures and Systems – slide (Hai Jin and Raj Buyya)