100 Ways to Pass the Earth Science Regents with Test … · Check out to help you succeed on your Earth Science Regents Exam! 1. ... Air moves clockwise and outward around a high

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Name: ______________________________________ Period: _______ Regents Date: _________________

100 Ways to Pass the Earth Science Regents with Test Tips

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1. If pressure and temperature are constant, density of any substance, regardless of size is the same.2. As pressure increases on a solid or gas, density increases.3. As temperature of matter increases, its density decreases (in an open system).4. Water expands when it freezes.5. Many changes are cyclic (an event which repeats itself).6. Water is most dense at 4°C, when it is a liquid.7. The closer the isolines are the steeper the slope or gradient.8. When calculating percent deviation, the accepted value is the correct answer while the measured value is

subject to error.9. Dynamic equilibrium means balance.10. Earth absorbs short waves (visible light) and radiates long waves (infrared energy).11. The true shape of the Earth is an Oblate Spheroid.12. The best model of the Earth at any reasonable scale is a perfect circle.13. The altitude of Polaris equals your latitude.14. Latitude lines are drawn east-west and measure angular distance north and south.15. Longitude lines are drawn north-south, and measure angular distances east and west.16. Longitude is based on observations of the sun.17. The earth rotates from west to east (24 hours).18. The earth revolves counterclockwise (365.25 days) when viewed from above the North Pole.19. The sun appears to rise in the east and set in the west.20. The moon has phases because the angle between the earth and moon changes because the moon revolves

around us (remember though that half is always lit).21. Planets appear to go backwards (retrograde) as the earth passes them in space.22. Summer solstice: June 21st

Winter solstice: December 21st Equinoxes: March 21st & September 23rd.

23. To an observer in the mid-latitudes of the northern hemisphere facing north, stars appear to make a complete circle around Polaris (North Star).

24. Blue Shift: object (e.g.: star) is getting closer to earth. Red Shift: object is getting further away (provides evidence universe is still expanding).

25. Equator always has 12 hours of day-light.

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26. The lower the altitude of the sun, the longer the shadow it casts.27. The Coriolis Effect results from the earth's rotation. The Foucault Pendulum illustrates the Coriolis Effect,

and so 'proves' the earth's rotation.28. Earth is closer to the sun in the winter.29. The closer the planet is to the sun the higher it's velocity and the further the planet is from the sun, the

slower its velocity.30. The sun is one foci on an ellipse. There is nothing at the other foci.31. Black objects absorb energy and white objects reflect.32. Apparent diameter of objects (sun, moon) gets larger when the object is closer to Earth.33. Vertical rays (overhead sun) can only occur between

23.5°N and 23.5°S.34. Be Familiar with this chart

DATE (APPROXIMATE)

LATITUDE OF SUN'S DIRECT RAYS

DIRECTION OF SUNRISE AND SUNSET

ALTITUDE OF NOON SUN

LENGTH OF DAYLIGHT

Sept. 23 (Autumnal Equinox)

Equator (0°)

Rises due East Sets due West

48° 12 hours

December 21 (Winter Solstice)

Tropic of Capricorn(23.5°S)

Rises in South East Sets in South West

24.5° (lowest)

8 hours(shortest day)

March 21(Vernal Equinox)

Equator (0°)

Rises due EastSets due West

48° 12 hours

June 21(Summer Solstice)

Tropic of Cancer(23.5°N)

Rises in North EastSets in North West

71.5° (highest)

16 hours ( longest day)

35. Winds curve to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere due to the earth rotation. Called the Coriolis Effect.

36. Energy moves from source to sink: high to low.37. Air moves clockwise and outward around a high.38. Air moves counterclockwise and inward around a low.39. Good absorbers of radiation are good radiators.40. Hottest part of the year is in July in the Northern Hemisphere.41. Hottest part of the day is after 1:00p.m.42. As temperature increases, air pressure decreases.43. As atmospheric moisture (humidity) increases, atmospheric pressure decreases.44. Air pressure decreases with altitude.45. Cooler and drier air generally exerts higher pressure. Warm, moist air generally exerts lower pressure.46. Wind is the result of pressure differences.47. Wind blows from high to low pressure.48. Wind is named for the direction that it is coming from.49. The closer the air temperature is to the dew point the greater the chance for precipitation.50. Weather moves from west to east in the United States.

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51. Generally, with the passage of a cold front, the temperature and humidity decrease, the pressure rises.52. Generally, with the passage of a warm front, the temperature and humidity increase, the pressure

decreases.53. Occluded front is formed when a cold front overtakes a warm front.54. Cold fronts move the fastest.55. As air rises, it expands and cools.56. Porosity does not depend on particle size.57. As particle size increases, permeability increases.58. Capillarity increases when particle size decreases.59. Ep (potential evapotranspiration) depends on temperature.60. Water bodies moderate temperature.61. Adiabatic cooling occurs as rising air expands. The air expands because the pressure on it is decreasing.62. Most surface water runoff occurs if the soil is bare, precipitation rate exceeds permeability rate, soil is

saturated and slope of land is too great.63. Chemical weathering dominates in warm, humid climates.64. Physical Weathering dominates in cold, humid climates (good for frost wedging).65. Gravity is the force that drives erosion.66. Streams are currently the number one agent of erosion in New York State.67. Stream velocity depends on slope (gradient) and discharge.68. Velocity is greatest on the out side of meander bend.69. Heavy, round and dense particle settle out first.70. Water sorts sediments by size vertically, with the biggest sentiments on the bottom only when sediments

settle in still water.71. Isostasy: earth's crust in equilibrium.72. Unconformity is a buried erosion surface that represents a gap in the rock record.73. The four principal types of drainage pattern are related to the underlying regional geology. They are:

Dendritic (random), Rectangular, Radial and Trellis (block).74. When a rock is broken into smaller pieces, surface area increases and weathering rate increases.75. Mineral properties depend on internal atomic arrangement.

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76. Ocean crust is thin, dense and basaltic.77. Continental crust is thick, less dense and granitic.78. Sedimentary rocks commonly layered and almost all fossils form in sedimentary environments.79. Igneous rock: cools fast: small crystals; cools slow: large crystals.80. Metamorphic- banded-distorted structure.81. The silicon (Si) oxygen (O) tetrahedron is the building block of silicate minerals, the most abundant in

earth's crust.82. Arid landscape: steep slopes with sharp angles.83. Humid landscape: smooth with rounded slopes.84. Mid-ocean ridge - new earth being created-sea floor spreading.85. Trenches - earth being destroyed - subduction zone.86. P waves are faster than S waves.87. P-waves pass through liquids, solids and gases (that's why people hear earthquakes. "S"-waves travel

through "s"olids only.88. You need 3 seismometer stations to triangulate the epicenter of an earthquake.89. Convection currents in the mantle move plates.90. The orientation of the Earth's magnetic field has reversed with time.91. Plate tectonics states the earth's crust is broken into plates which can move.92. Three main types of plate boundaries: convergent, divergent and transform.93. Mountains form by uplift.94. The half-life of a radioactive element can't be changed.95. Index fossils are good time markers (widely spread, lived a short time).96. Undisturbed strata - bottom layer is oldest.97. Intrusion and faults are younger than the rock they are in.98. Uranium 238 (U 238) dates old rocks.99. Carbon 14 dates recent living objects.100. Use your Earth Science Reference Tables! This is one of the most important tools in your test taking arsenal.

TIP: Use the reference tables! Ask yourself: Is it in the reference tables, or can the reference tables help me?TIP: Look up formulas, even if you think you know them. Substitute information from the question into the formula. Many of them are on the reference tables.TIP: Draw diagrams to help you visualize the questions asked - where possible.TIP: Read introductory paragraphs and study diagrams before looking at questions. Underline key words. Read all choices before deciding on an answer, sometimes a question has a good and a better answer. Always choose the best answer.TIP: If you are not sure of an answer, try to eliminate choices that you think are clearly wrong and narrow down your choices. Then make your most careful guess.TIP: Skip over hard questions that are stumping you. Go back to them later. Something else in the test may give you a clue to the harder problems.TIP: Don't leave any questions blank. Check your test a second time, but only change an answer if you find an obvious mistake. Your first choice is usually correct.TIP: Take your time. You have three hours to do the exam.TIP: Relax-you've seen all this stuff before and you've already completed 1/4 of the exam.TIP: Have a healthy meal for dinner the night before and a good night sleep is as important as the above items.

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Heat energy gained during melting . . . . . . . . . . 334 J/g

Heat energy released during freezing . . . . . . . . 334 J/g

Heat energy gained during vaporization . . . . . 2260 J/g

Heat energy released during condensation . . . 2260 J/g

Density at 3.98°C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 g/mL

New York State Fossil

2011 EDITIONThis edition of the Earth Science Reference Tables should be used in theclassroom beginning in the 2011–12 school year. The first examination forwhich these tables will be used is the January 2012 Regents Examination inPhysical Setting/Earth Science.

The University of the State of New York • THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT • Albany, New York 12234 • www.nysed.gov

Reference Tables forPhysical Setting/EARTH SCIENCE

Eccentricity = distance between focilength of major axis

Gradient =change in field value

distance

Density =mass

volume

Rate of change =change in value

time

Equations

RADIOACTIVEISOTOPE

DISINTEGRATION HALF-LIFE(years)

Carbon-14

Potassium-40

Uranium-238

Rubidium-87

C14

K40

U238

Rb87

N14

Pb206

Sr87

5.7 × 103

1.3 × 109

4.5 × 109

4.9 × 1010

Ar40

Ca40

Specific Heats of Common MaterialsRadioactive Decay Data

Properties of Water

Average Chemical Compositionof Earth’s Crust, Hydrosphere, and Troposphere

MATERIAL SPECIFIC HEAT(Joules/gram • °C)

Liquid water 4.18

Solid water (ice) 2.11

Water vapor 2.00

Dry air 1.01

Basalt 0.84

Granite 0.79

Iron 0.45

Copper 0.38

Lead 0.13

ELEMENT(symbol)

CRUST HYDROSPHERE TROPOSPHEREPercent by mass Percent by volume Percent by volume Percent by volume

Oxygen (O) 46.10 94.04 33.0 21.0

Silicon (Si) 28.20 0.88

Aluminum (Al) 8.23 0.48

Iron (Fe) 5.63 0.49

Calcium (Ca) 4.15 1.18

Sodium (Na) 2.36 1.11

Magnesium (Mg) 2.33 0.33

Potassium (K) 2.09 1.42

Nitrogen (N) 78.0

Hydrogen (H) 66.0

Other 0.91 0.07 1.0 1.0

Eurypterus remipes

Physical Setting/Earth Science Reference Tables — 2011 Edition 2

Gen

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ized

Lan

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Heat and/or Pressure

Heatand /or

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Cementation and Burial

Compactio

n and/or Deposition

IGNEOUSROCK

SEDIMENTS

MAGMA

METAMORPHICROCK

SEDIMENTARYROCK

0.0001

0.001

0.01

0.1

1.0

10.0

100.0

PAR

TIC

LE

DIA

ME

TE

R (

cm)

Boulders

Cobbles

Pebbles

Sand

Silt

Clay

1000500

50100

10510.5

0.10.05

0.01

STREAM VELOCITY (cm/s)

This generalized graph shows the water velocityneeded to maintain, but not start, movement. Variationsoccur due to differences in particle density and shape.

25.6

6.4

0.2

0.006

0.0004

Rock Cycle in Earth’s Crust

Scheme for Igneous Rock Identification

Relationship of TransportedParticle Size to Water Velocity

Pyroxene(green)

Amphibole(black)

Biotite(black)

Potassiumfeldspar

(pink to white)

(rel

ativ

e by

vol

ume)

MIN

ER

AL

CO

MP

OS

ITIO

N

Quartz(clear towhite)

CH

AR

AC

TE

RIS

TIC

S

MAFIC(rich in Fe, Mg)

HIGHER

DARKER

FELSIC(rich in Si, Al)

LOWER

LIGHTER

CRYSTALSIZE

TEXTURE

Pumice

INT

RU

SIV

E(P

luto

nic)

EX

TR

US

IVE

(Vol

cani

c)

EN

VIR

ON

ME

NT

OF

FO

RM

AT

ION

Plagioclase feldspar(white to gray)

Olivine(green)

COMPOSITION

DENSITY

COLOR

100%

75%

50%

25%

0%

100%

75%

50%

25%

0%

IGN

EO

US

RO

CK

S

non-

crys

talli

ne

GlassyBasaltic glassObsidian

(usually appears black)

less

than

1 m

m FineBasaltAndesiteRhyolite

1 m

mto

10

mm

CoarsePeri-dotiteGabbro

DioriteGranite

Pegmatite

10 m

mor

larg

er Verycoarse

Scoria Vesicular(gas

pockets)

Du

nit

e

Non-vesicular

Non-vesicular

Vesicular basaltVesicular rhyolite Vesicularandesite

Diabase


INORGANIC LAND-DERIVED SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

COMPOSITIONTEXTURE GRAIN SIZE COMMENTS ROCK NAME MAP SYMBOL

Rounded fragments

Angular fragmentsMostlyquartz,feldspar, andclay minerals;may containfragments ofother rocksand minerals

Pebbles, cobbles,and/or bouldersembedded in sand,silt, and/or clay

Clastic(fragmental)

Very fine grain

Compact; may spliteasily

Conglomerate

Breccia

CHEMICALLY AND/OR ORGANICALLY FORMED SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

Crystalline

Halite

Gypsum

Dolomite

Calcite

Carbon

Crystals fromchemicalprecipitatesand evaporites

Rock salt

Rock gypsum

Dolostone

Limestone

Bituminous coal

. . . . .. . . .

Sand(0.006 to 0.2 cm)

Silt(0.0004 to 0.006 cm)

Clay(less than 0.0004 cm)

Sandstone

Siltstone

Shale

Fine to coarse

COMPOSITIONTEXTURE GRAIN SIZE COMMENTS ROCK NAME MAP SYMBOL

Fineto

coarsecrystals

Microscopic tovery coarse

Precipitates of biologicorigin or cemented shellfragments

Compactedplant remains

. . . . .. . . .

Bioclastic

Crystalline orbioclastic

FO

LIA

TE

D

Fine

Fineto

medium

Mediumto

coarse

Regional

Low-grademetamorphism of shale

Platy mica crystals visiblefrom metamorphism of clayor feldspars

High-grade metamorphism;mineral types segregatedinto bands

Slate

Schist

Gneiss

COMPOSITIONTEXTUREGRAINSIZE COMMENTS ROCK NAME

TYPE OFMETAMORPHISM

(Heat andpressureincreases)

MIN

ER

AL

ALI

GN

ME

NT

BA

ND

-IN

G

MAP SYMBOL

Foliation surfaces shinyfrom microscopic micacrystals

Phyllite

GA

RN

ET

PY

RO

XE

NE

FE

LD

SPA

R

AM

PH

IBO

LE

MIC

AQ

UA

RT

Z

Hornfels

NO

NF

OLI

AT

ED

Metamorphism ofquartz sandstone

Metamorphism oflimestone or dolostone

Pebbles may be distortedor stretched

Metaconglomerate

Quartzite

Marble

Coarse

Fineto

coarse

Quartz

Calcite and/ordolomite

Variousminerals

Contact(heat)

Various rocks changed byheat from nearbymagma/lava

VariousmineralsFine

Anthracite coalRegional Metamorphism ofbituminous coalCarbonFine

Regional

or

contact

Scheme for Metamorphic Rock Identification

Scheme for Sedimentary Rock Identification


PLEISTOCENEPLIOCENE

MIOCENE

OLIGOCENE

EOCENE

PALEOCENE

LATE

EARLY

LATEMIDDLE

EARLY

LATE

MIDDLEEARLYLATE

MIDDLE

EARLY

LATE

MIDDLE

EARLY

LATE

MIDDLE

EARLY

LATE

EARLY

LATE

MIDDLE

EARLY

LATE

MIDDLE

EARLY

EARLYLATE

GEOLOGIC HISTORY

ElliptocephalaCryptolithus

Phacops Hexameroceras ManticocerasEucalyptocrinus

CtenocrinusTetragraptus

Dicellograptus EurypterusStylonurus

B LA EC D G HF I J NK M

CentrocerasValcouroceras Coelophysis

(Index fossils not drawn to scale)

EraEon

PH

AN

ER

O-

ZO

ICP

RE

CA

MB

RI

AN

AR

CH

EA

NP

RO

TE

RO

ZO

IC

LATE

LATE

MIDDLE

MIDDLE

EARLY

EARLY

0

500

1000

2000

3000

4000

4600

Million years ago

CENOZOIC

MESOZOIC

PALEOZOIC

QUATERNARY

NEOGENE

PALEOGENE

CRETACEOUS

JURASSIC

TRIASSIC

PERMIAN

CA

RB

ON

IF-

ER

OU

S

DEVONIAN

Period Epoch Life on Earth

SILURIAN

ORDOVICIAN

CAMBRIAN

580

488

444

416

318

299

200

146

Million years ago

NY RockRecord

PENNSYLVANIAN

HOLOCENE

65.5

251

1.85.3

0.010

23.033.9

MISSISSIPPIAN

Humans, mastodonts, mammoths

55.8

Large carnivorous mammalsAbundant grazing mammalsEarliest grasses

Many modern groups of mammalsMass extinction of dinosaurs, ammonoids, and many land plants

Earliest flowering plantsDiverse bony fishes

Earliest birds

Earliest mammals

Mass extinction of many land and marine organisms (including trilobites)

Mammal-like reptiles

Abundant reptiles

Extensive coal-forming forests

Abundant amphibiansLarge and numerous scale trees and seed ferns (vascular plants); earliest reptiles

359Earliest amphibians and plant seedsExtinction of many marine organisms

Earth’s first forestsEarliest ammonoids and sharksAbundant fish

Earliest insectsEarliest land plants and animals

Abundant eurypterids

Invertebrates dominantEarth’s first coral reefs

Burgess shale fauna (diverse soft-bodied organisms)Earliest fishes

Earliest trilobites542

Abundant stromatolites

Ediacaran fauna (first multicellular, soft-bodied marine organisms)

Extinction of many primitive marine organisms

First sexually reproducingorganisms

Oldest known rocks

Estimated time of originof Earth and solar system

Sediment

Bedrock

Abundant dinosaurs and ammonoids

Earliest dinosaurs

Great diversity of life-forms with shelly parts

1300

Evidence of biologicalcarbon

Earliest stromatolitesOldest microfossils

Oceanic oxygenproduced bycyanobacteriacombines withiron, formingiron oxide layerson ocean floor

Oceanic oxygen begins to enterthe atmosphere


Grenville orogeny: metamorphism ofbedrock now exposed in the Adirondacksand Hudson Highlands

Advance and retreat of last continental ice

Sands and clays underlying Long Island andStaten Island deposited on margin of AtlanticOcean

Dome-like uplift of Adirondack region begins

Intrusion of Palisades sill

Initial opening of Atlantic OceanNorth America and Africa separate

Pangaea begins to break up

Catskill delta formsErosion of Acadian Mountains

Acadian orogeny caused by collision ofNorth America and Avalon and closing of remaining part of Iapetus Ocean

Salt and gypsum deposited in evaporite basins

Erosion of Taconic Mountains; Queenston deltaforms

Taconian orogeny caused by closing of western part of Iapetus Ocean and collision between North America and volcanic island arc

Widespread deposition over most of New Yorkalong edge of Iapetus Ocean

Rifting and initial opening of Iapetus Ocean

Erosion of Grenville Mountains

OF NEW YORK STATE

MastodontBeluga Whale

CooksoniaBothriolepis

Maclurites EospiriferMucrospiriferAneurophyton

CondorNaples Tree CystiphyllumLichenaria Pleurodictyum

PO RQ S T U V W X Y Z

Platyceras

Time Distribution of Fossils(including important fossils of New York) Important Geologic

Events in New YorkInferred Positions ofEarth’s Landmasses

ADU (2011)

The center of each lettered circle indicates the approximate time of existence of a specific index fossil (e.g. Fossil lived at the end of the Early Cambrian).

PL

AC

OD

ER

M F

ISH

A

Alleghenian orogeny caused bycollision of North America andAfrica along transform margin,forming Pangaea

119 million years ago





TR

ILO

BIT

ES

C

B

A

BIR

DS

S

E

D

F

NA

UT

ILO

IDS

AM

MO

NO

IDS

G

CR

INO

IDS

H

I

J

K

GR

AP

TO

LIT

ES

L

DIN

OS

AU

RS

MA

MM

AL

S

O

N

EU

RY

PT

ER

IDS

M P

Q

VA

SC

UL

AR

PL

AN

TS

T

U

V

CO

RA

LS

R

BR

AC

HIO

PO

DS

GA

ST

RO

PO

DS

W

X

Y

Z


Inferred Properties of Earth’s Interior

24

23

22

21

20

19

18

17

16

15

14

13

12

11

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

EPICENTER DISTANCE (× 103 km)

P

9 10

S

TR

AV

EL

TIM

E (

min

)

00


Earthquake P-Wave and S-Wave Travel Time

1– 33– 28– 24– 21–18–14–12–10– 7– 5– 3–11468

10121416192123252729

2

– 36– 28– 22–18–14–12– 8– 6– 3–11368

111315171921232527

0– 20–18–16–14–12–10– 8– 6– 4– 2

02468

1012141618202224262830

– 20–18–16–14–12–10– 8– 6– 4– 2

02468

1012141618202224262830

3

– 29– 22–17–13– 9– 6– 4–11469

1113151720222426

4

– 29– 20–15–11– 7– 4– 2

1469

11141618202224

5

– 24–17–11– 7– 5– 2

1479

121416182123

6

–19–13– 9– 5– 2

147

101214171921

7

– 21–14– 9– 5– 2

147

1012151719

8

–14– 9– 5–1248

10131618

9

– 28–16–10– 6– 2

258

111416

10

–17–10– 5–2369

1114

11

–17–10– 5–1269

12

12

–19–10– 5–137

10

13

–19–10– 5

048

14

–19–10– 4

15

15

–18– 9– 3

1

12840485561667173777981838586878888899091919292929393

2

1123334148545863677072747678798081828384858686

0100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100100

– 20–18–16–14–12–10– 8– 6– 4– 2

02468

1012141618202224262830

3

1320323745515659626567697172747576777879

4

112028364246515457606264666869707172

5

111202735394348505456586062646566

6

61422283338414548515355575961

7

10172428333740444649515355

8

61319252933364042454749

9

410162126303336394244

10

28

1419232730343639

11

17

12172125283134

12

16

111520232629

13

51014182125

14

49

131720

15

49

1216

Difference Between Wet-Bulb and Dry-Bulb Temperatures (C°)

Difference Between Wet-Bulb and Dry-Bulb Temperatures (C°)Dry-BulbTempera -ture (°C)

Dry-BulbTempera -ture (°C)

Dewpoint (°C)

Relative Humidity (%)


Temperature

Freezingrain

Haze

Rain

FogSnow

Hail Rainshowers

Thunder-storms

Drizzle

Sleet

Smog

Snowshowers

Air Masses

cA

cP

cT

mT

mP

continental arctic

continental polar

continental tropical

maritime tropical

maritime polar

Cold

Warm

Stationary

Occluded

Present Weather Fronts Hurricane

Tornado

Pressure

196

+19/

.25

28

27

12

Station Model Station Model Explanation

Water boils220

200

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

–20

–40

–60

Room temperature

Water freezes

110

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

–10

–20

–30

–40

–50

380

370

360

350

340

330

320

310

300

290

280

270

260

250

240

230

220

One atmosphere

30.701040.0

1036.0

1032.0

1028.0

1024.0

1020.0

1016.0

1012.0

1008.0

1004.0

1000.0

996.0

992.0

988.0

984.0

980.0

976.0

972.0

968.0

30.60

30.50

30.40

30.30

30.20

30.10

30.00

29.90

29.80

29.70

29.60

29.50

29.40

29.30

29.20

29.10

29.00

28.90

28.80

28.70

28.60

28.50

Key to Weather Map Symbols



Gamma rays

X rays

Ultraviolet Infrared

Microwaves

Radio waves

Visible light

Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red

Decreasing wavelength Increasing wavelength

(Not drawn to scale)

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Planetary Wind and MoistureBelts in the Troposphere

The drawing on the right shows the locations of the belts near the time of anequinox. The locations shift somewhatwith the changing latitude of the Sun’s vertical ray. In the Northern Hemisphere,the belts shift northward in the summerand southward in the winter.

(Not drawn to scale)

Selected Properties of

Earth’sAtmosphere


Solar System Data

CelestialObject

Mean Distance from Sun

(million km)

Period ofRevolution

(d=days) (y=years)

Period ofRotation at Equator

Eccentricityof Orbit

EquatorialDiameter

(km)

Mass(Earth = 1)

Density(g/cm3)

SUN — — 27 d — 1,392,000 333,000.00 1.4

MERCURY 57.9 88 d 59 d 0.206 4,879 0.06 5.4

VENUS 108.2 224.7 d 243 d 0.007 12,104 0.82 5.2

EARTH 149.6 365.26 d 23 h 56 min 4 s 0.017 12,756 1.00 5.5

MARS 227.9 687 d 24 h 37 min 23 s 0.093 6,794 0.11 3.9

JUPITER 778.4 11.9 y 9 h 50 min 30 s 0.048 142,984 317.83 1.3

SATURN 1,426.7 29.5 y 10 h 14 min 0.054 120,536 95.16 0.7

URANUS 2,871.0 84.0 y 17 h 14 min 0.047 51,118 14.54 1.3

NEPTUNE 4,498.3 164.8 y 16 h 0.009 49,528 17.15 1.8

EARTH’SMOON

149.6(0.386 from Earth)

27.3 d 27.3 d 0.055 3,476 0.01 3.3

Characteristics of Stars(Name in italics refers to star represented by a .)

(Stages indicate the general sequence of star development.)

Color

Surface Temperature (K)

0.0001

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1,000

10,000

100,000

1,000,000

Lu

min

osi

ty(R

ate

at w

hich

a s

tar

emits

ene

rgy

rela

tive

to th

e S

un)

20,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 3,000

Blue Blue White White Yellow

2,000

RedOrange

Sirius

Spica

Polaris

Rigel

Deneb Betelgeuse

SUPERGIANTS(Intermediate stage)

(Intermediate stage)GIANTS

Barnard’sStar

ProximaCentauri

Pollux

Alpha Centauri

Aldebaran

Sun

Procyon B SmallStars

MassiveStars

WHITE DWARFS(Late stage)

MAIN SEQUENCE

(Early stage)

40 Eridani B

30,000

1–2�

silver togray

black streak,greasy feel

pencil lead,lubricants C Graphite

2.5 �metallicsilver

gray-black streak, cubic cleavage,density = 7.6 g/cm3

ore of lead,batteries PbS Galena

5.5–6.5 �black to

silverblack streak,

magneticore of iron,

steel Fe3O4 Magnetite

6.5 �brassyyellow

green-black streak,(fool’s gold)

ore ofsulfur FeS2 Pyrite

5.5 – 6.5or 1 �

metallic silver orearthy red red-brown streak ore of iron,

jewelry Fe2O3 Hematite

1 �white togreen greasy feel ceramics,

paper Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 Talc

2 �yellow toamber white-yellow streak sulfuric acid S Sulfur

2 �white to

pink or grayeasily scratched

by fingernailplaster of paris,

drywall CaSO4•2H2O Selenite gypsum

2–2.5 �colorless to

yellowflexible in

thin sheets paint, roofing KAl3Si3O10(OH)2 Muscovite mica

2.5 �colorless to

whitecubic cleavage,

salty tastefood additive,

melts ice NaCl Halite

2.5–3 �black to

dark brownflexible in

thin sheetsconstruction

materialsK(Mg,Fe)3

AlSi3O10(OH)2Biotite mica

3 �colorless

or variablebubbles with acid,

rhombohedral cleavagecement,

lime CaCO3 Calcite

3.5 �colorless

or variablebubbles with acidwhen powdered

buildingstones CaMg(CO3)2 Dolomite

4 �colorless or

variablecleaves in

4 directionshydrofluoric

acid CaF2 Fluorite

5–6 �black to

dark greencleaves in

2 directions at 90°mineral collections,

jewelry(Ca,Na) (Mg,Fe,Al)

(Si,Al)2O6Pyroxene

(commonly augite)

5.5 �black to

dark greencleaves at

56° and 124°mineral collections,

jewelryCaNa(Mg,Fe)4 (Al,Fe,Ti)3

Si6O22(O,OH)2

Amphibole(commonly hornblende)

6 �white to

pinkcleaves in

2 directions at 90°ceramics,

glass KAlSi3O8Potassium feldspar

(commonly orthoclase)

6 �white to

graycleaves in 2 directions,

striations visibleceramics,

glass (Na,Ca)AlSi3O8 Plagioclase feldspar

6.5 �green to

gray or browncommonly light green

and granularfurnace bricks,

jewelry (Fe,Mg)2SiO4 Olivine

7 �colorless or

variableglassy luster, may form

hexagonal crystalsglass, jewelry,

electronics SiO2 Quartz

6.5–7.5 �dark redto green

often seen as red glassy grainsin NYS metamorphic rocks

jewelry (NYS gem),abrasives Fe3Al2Si3O12 Garnet

HARD- COMMON DISTINGUISHINGLUSTER NESS COLORS CHARACTERISTICS USE(S) COMPOSITION* MINERAL NAME

Nonm

etal

lic lu

ster

*Chemical symbols: Al = aluminum Cl = chlorine H = hydrogen Na = sodium S = sulfur C = carbon F = fluorine K = potassium O = oxygen Si = siliconCa = calcium Fe = iron Mg = magnesium Pb = lead Ti = titanium

� = dominant form of breakage

Met

allic

lust

erEi

ther

FRAC

TURE

CLEA

VAG

E

Properties of Common Minerals


ESRT Topics for review ∗ Equations: 1.What is the equation for density? 2.What is the density of a substance when the volume is 5.0 cm and the mass is 25 grams? 3.What is the gradient if a student measures the ground temperature to be 30° C and directly two meters above that same location 35° C? ∗ Generalized Landscape Regions of New York State: 1.Long Island is a part of what landscape region? 2.How many landscape regions are there in New York State? 3.What is the northern most New York State landscape region? ∗ Generalized Bedrock Geology of New York State: 1.What type of rock is Slide Mountain? 2.What is the latitude and longitude of Slide Mountain? 3.What geological period does the rock around Syracuse come from? ∗ Surface Ocean Currents: 1.What is the current that runs along the eastern coast of the United States? 2.What is the current that runs along the western coast of the United States? 3.What type of current is the Brazil Current? ∗ Tectonic Plates: 1.What type of plate boundary is the San Andreas Fault? 2.What type of plate boundary is the Aleutian Trench? 3.What is the latitude and longitude of the Hawaiian Hot Spot? ∗ Rock Cycle: 1. How can a sedimentary rock change to an igneous rock? 2.How can an igneous rock change to a metamorphic rock? 3.How can a metamorphic rock change to a sedimentary rock?

∗ Relationship of Transported Particle Size to Water Velocity: 1.What is the minimum size of a cobble and the velocity required to move it? 2.What is the smallest sized particle? ∗ Properties of Common Minerals 1.What is magnetite hardness? 2.What two minerals bubble with acid? 3.What minerals composition is SiO2? ∗ Scheme for Igneous Rock Identification: 1.What is the environment of formation for granite? 2.What is the grain size for very coarse textures? 3.Name two rocks that have a light color and felsic composition? ∗ Scheme for Sedimentary Rock Identification: 1.What rock consists of rounded fragments? 2.This sedimentary rock consists of compacted plant remains? 3.Name an organic rock cemented together by calcite? ∗ Scheme for Metamorphic Rock Identification: 1.What type of texture does Gneiss have? 2.What rock was formed by contact metamorphism? 3.Name a coarse grained, non-foliated rock? ∗ Inferred Properties of Earth’s Interior: 1.What is the density of the continental crust? 2.What is the temperature and pressure at the boundary between the Outer Core and the Inner Core? ∗ Earthquake P-wave and S-wave Travel Time: 1.What is the minimum number of seismic stations needed to locate the epicenter of an earthquake? 2.If an earthquakes epicenter is 3000 km away from a seismograph station; approximately how long did the p-wave take to arrive to the seismograph station? 3.A p-wave took 3 minutes and 20 seconds to reach a seismic station; approximately how long did it take for the s-wave to reach the same station?

∗ Dewpoint Temperatures: 1.What is the dewpoint if the dry bulb temperature is 16° C and the wet bulb temperature is 10° C? 2.What is the wet bulb temperature if the dewpoint is 9° C and the dry bulb temperature is 16° C? ∗ Relative Humidity: 1.What is the relative humidity if the dry bulb temperature is 16° C and the wet bulb is 10° C? 2.What is the relative humidity if the dry bulb temperature is 10° C and the wet bulb is 8° C? ∗Temperature/ Pressure: 1.If the temperature is 10° C, what is the equivalent Fahrenheit temperature? 2.What is 1000.0 millibars equal to in inches of mercury? 3.How many millibars is 30.00 inches of mercury equal to? ∗ Selected Properties of Earth’s Atmosphere: 1What is the boundary between the stratosphere and the mesosphere? 2.Does temperature increase or decrease in the troposphere? ∗ Electromagnetic Spectrum 1.What has the largest wave length? 2.What part of visible light has the smallest wave length? ∗ Planetary Winds and Moisture Belts: 1.Which way do the planetary winds blow between 30°N and 60°N? 2.Does the equator experience wet or dry weather? 3.At 30° S latitude, are the winds diverging or converging? ∗ Luminosity and Temperature of Stars 1.How many times more luminous is Aldebaran then our Sun? 2.Name three stars that are a part of the main sequence? 3.The hottest stars are what color? ∗ Solar System Data 1.What is the mean distance of Mercury from the Sun? 2.What is the period of revolution of Venus? 3.Which planet has the most eccentric orbit?

Earth Science Reference Tools: Lab Practical:

• http://www.regents-earthscience.com/lab-performance-test.html Videos on reading the Reference Table/ Unit Review:

• https://www.youtube.com/user/jocrisci/featured Review Questions by topic

• http://reviewearthscience.com/pages/indepth-tests.php • https://study.com/academy/course/earth-science-regents-exam.html • http://earthtoleigh.com/ • http://www.hmxearthscience.com/archive/mapping.html

Past Earth Science Regents Tests

• http://www.nysedregents.org/earthscience/ My Quizlet Regents Review

• https://quizlet.com/join/Cx7YeURj6

http://www.regents-earthscience.com/lab-performance-test.html

https://www.youtube.com/user/jocrisci/featured

http://reviewearthscience.com/pages/indepth-tests.php

https://study.com/academy/course/earth-science-regents-exam.html

http://earthtoleigh.com/

http://www.hmxearthscience.com/archive/mapping.html

http://www.nysedregents.org/earthscience/

https://quizlet.com/join/Cx7YeURj6

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100 Ways to Pass the Earth Science Regents with Test … · Check out to help you succeed on your Earth Science Regents Exam! 1. ... Air moves clockwise and outward around a high