12th grade worksheet

Define/Identify the following

Define/Identify

• Apollonia Blaise Barbara• Sebastian Lawrence Cecilia• Tarcisius Arianism Gnosticism• Pacifism apostasy

Christianity

• Appeal to Jews: *Jesus is the long awaited Messiah * Jesus would lead to freedom from oppression * Salvation

• Appeal to Gentiles: *old religion too many gods and goddesses interfering with human life *even emperors were gods * many became cynics * Jesus, human face of God, Good News of God’s love for all, solid teaching “love one another” * some one to Believe in, * eternal salvation offered to All

Break from Judiasm

• Reasons: * Circumcision * dietary laws * persecution of the followers of Jesus by the Sanhedrin, * execution of James the bishop of Jerusalem, * 66CE Jews revolt against Rome and Rome retaliates

Changes from 100CE to 400CE

• Constantine’s legalizing of Christianity (positive)*brought an end to persecutions * allowed Christians to enter the main stream of society * exempted Christian clergy from taxes * allowed for many Churches to be built (negative) *the government interfered in the administration of the Church * Christians were called upon to serve in the military after years of a pacifist position * Christianity was viewed as aligned with Roman Rule * wealth, property and power accrued

Early Challenges

• Early Heresies: * Gnosticism – denial of Jesus’ humanity – Apostles Creed * Arianism – denial of Jesus’ Divinity – Council of Nicaea and the Nicene Creed

• Benefits: *Refining Doctrine * surmounting challenges

Heroes of the Church• Paul of Tarsus d.64CE *convert to Jesus *apostle to the

Gentiles *leader of the early church *contributor to the Christian Scriptures * helped spread the ‘Good News’ throughout first century world *conducted 3 large missionary journeys

• Patrick of Ireland 389-461 * kidnapped into slavery in Ireland *escaped returned home studied for the priesthood * responded to God’s call to convert the Irish *incorporated the culture and customs of the Irish in his converting process (Irish Cross) * built Monasteries as ‘headquarters’ for the Church throughout Ireland centers of learning and faith

• Brigid of Kildare 453 *born leader *Christian woman determined to give her life to God * built monasteries for women * built a unique Male and Female Monastery in Kildare * thriving center of artisanship and learning

• Dominic Guzman1170-1221 *founder of the Order of Preachers (Dominicans) *in response to the Albigensian Heresy * mendicant = beggar, the Friars moved from place to place preaching and teaching , living simply, depending on what they were given

• Francis of Assisi 1181-1226 *founded the Order of Friars Minor (Franciscans) *dedicated to owning nothing and total dependence and trust in God as well as rebuilding the Church *also a mendicant order

• Catherine of Siena, Doctor of the Church, mystic (1347-1380), convinced Pope GregoryXI to return to Rome from Avignon in France, served the poor of Siena, mediated disputes between city-states

Church’s Response to Reformation

• Council of Trent *to bring Protestants and Catholics back together again *to state clearly the principal teachings of the Catholic Church

• Council of Trent (1545-1563) *Catholic reformation: traditional Catholic faith and practice restored

Trent

• Faith based on Scripture and Tradition• Church(Magesterium) has final word on

interpretation of the Bible• Grace and Good works=salvation• Seven sacraments• Christ really present in the Eucharist• Mass is a sacrifice

Trent (con’t)

• Celibacy for priests• Bishop must live in his diocese• Bishops must end abuse of indulgences• Each diocese must set up a seminary to train

priests• Publishes a Catechism(summary of teachings),

Breviary(prayer book for priests), Index(list of forbidden books) Missal(standardized prayers,rituals of the Mass)

New Orders of Religious formed

• Jesuits*Ignatius Loyola(1491-1556)*was a wounded soldier , read lives of the saints while recuperating , esp. Dominic and Francis * decided to become a ‘soldier for Christ’* studied for the priesthood* formed a religious Club at the University of Paris*wrote the Spiritual Exercises *founded the Society of Jesus*mission to teach and preach*missionaries throughout the world* special vow of obedience to the Pope

Teresa of Avila

• Carmelite nun 1562 opened a small convent in Avila to live a more simple, prayerful life than her original Carmelite convent*called the Discalced Carmelites(no shoes, only sandals)*was a mystic, author,reformer*wrote the Interior Castle

Second Vatican Council

• Pope John XXIII*elected interim pope*kind, jovial, people person, former diplomat for Vatican*convened VCII *aggiornamento=update, open the Church to the ‘signs of the times’* dies before Council is completed*Pope Paul VI concludes the Council* council lasted 3 years, began 1962 closed 1965*lots of preparation 1959-1962

VaticanC II (con’t)

• Bishops from all over the world , including thr Third World, attended*often the bishops didn’t agree on topics* brought Peritii with them, scholar advisors* also present but not voting, members of other Christian denominations

• Results: liturgy in the vernacular language, priest faces the people, laity participates in Mass(readers, altar servers can be female)