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REPORTABLE

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIACRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

CRIMINAL APPEAL NO.600 OF 2007

RAMDEV FOOD PRODUCTS PRIVATE LIMITED …APPELLANT

VERSUS

STATE OF GUJARAT …RESPONDENT

J U D G M E N T

ADARSH KUMAR GOEL J.

1. This appeal ! spe"ial lea#e has ee$ p%e&e%%e'

a(ai$s) )he J*'(+e$) a$' O%'e% 'a)e' 1, )h Fe%*a%!- //0 &

)he Hi(h C*%) & G*2a%a) a) Ah+e'aa' i$ Spe"ial C%i+i$al

Appli"a)i$ N.131 & //4.

. The Hi(h C*%) 'e"li$e' ) i$)e%&e%e 5i)h )he O%'e%

'a)e' 10)h A*(*s)- //4- & )he J*'i"ial Ma(is)%a)e- Fi%s)

Class- Sa$a$' $ a "+plai$) &ile' ! )he appella$) a(ai$s)

&*%)ee$ a""*se' &% alle(e' "++issi$ & &&e$"es *$'e%

Se")i$s 6/7- 6/- 6/0- 60,- 603- 6,1 %ea' 5i)h Se")i$

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Criminal Appeal No.600 of 2007

1/8B a$' 116 & )he I$'ia$ Pe$al C'e 'i%e")i$( )he Pli"e

S*8I$spe")%- Sa$a$'- ) (i#e a %ep%) ) )he C*%) 5i)hi$

)hi%)! 'a!s *$'e% Se")i$ /91: & )he C'e & C%i+i$al

P%"e'*%e- 17,; 9&% sh%) s. Ne5 Ra+'e#

Masala Fa")%!- 5he%ei$ a""*se' N.1 M%. Jas#a$)hai

S+ahai Pa)el 5as $e & )he pa%)$e%s- ) *se )he

)%a'e+a%? s. Ne5 Ra+'e# Masala

Fa")%! 5as "lse' $ ;/)h Ma!- 1776. A""*se' N.1

e@e"*)e' &%(e' pa%)$e%ship '"*+e$)s 5i)h )he help &

)he% a""*se' a$' )he%e! "++i))e' )he alle(e' &&e$"es.

6. The appella$) s*(h) 'i%e")i$ &% i$#es)i(a)i$ *$'e%

Se")i$ 1409;: & )he C'e. H5e#e%- )he Ma(is)%a)e

i$s)ea' & 'i%e")i$( i$#es)i(a)i$ as p%a!e'- )h*(h) i) &i) )

"$'*") &*%)he% i$*i%! *$'e% Se")i$ / a$' s*(h) %ep%)

& )he Pli"e S* I$spe")% 5i)hi$ )hi%)! 'a!s. G%ie#a$"e &

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)he appella$) e&%e )he Hi(h C*%) 5as )ha) i$ #ie5 & )he

alle(a)i$ )ha) '"*+e$)s ha' ee$ &%(e' 5i)h a #ie5 )

*s*%p )he )%a'e+a%?- 5hi"h '"*+e$)s 5e%e i$ pssessi$

& )he a""*se' a$' 5e%e %e*i%e' ) e seie'- i$#es)i(a)i$

*(h) ) ha#e ee$ %'e%e' *$'e% Se")i$ 1409;: i$s)ea' &

"$'*")i$( &*%)he% i$*i%! *$'e% Se")i$ /. Th*s- )he%e

5as $$ appli"a)i$ & +i$' ! )he Ma(is)%a)e. I) is als

s*+i))e' i$ )he al)e%$a)i#e- )ha) e#e$ i$ )he "*%se &

i$#es)i(a)i$ &% (i#i$( %ep%) *$'e% Se")i$ /- pli"e is

e$)i)le' ) a%%es) )he a""*se' as a%%es) is pa%) &

i$#es)i(a)i$ *) )he pli"e &aile' ) e&&e") )he a%%es).

4. The Hi(h C*%) 'i' $) a""ep) )he s)a$' & )he

appella$). I) 5as se%#e' )ha) )he appella$) ha'

app%a"he' )he Hi(h C*%) a(ai$s) )he O%'e% & )he

Ma(is)%a)e a&)e% 'ela! & &*% +$)hs &%+ )he 'a)e & )he

O%'e% 5hi"h i)sel& 'ise$)i)le' i) ) a 'i%e")i$ *$'e% Se")i$

1409;:. I) 5as &*%)he% se%#e' )ha) )he Ma(is)%a)e ha'

(i#e$ %eas$s &% 'e"li$i$( ) 'i%e") i$#es)i(a)i$ *$'e%

Se")i$ 1409;: a$' )he sai' O%'e% 'i' $) "all &% a$!

i$)e%&e%e$"e. The %eas$s (i#e$ ! )he Ma(is)%a)e- inter

alia, a%e )ha) )he Pli"e ha' %e&*se' ) %e(is)e% a "ase.

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The%e 5as "i#il li)i(a)i$ 5hi"h ha' ($e *p ) )he S*p%e+e

C*%) a$' )h*s )he "ase 5as & "i#il $a)*%e. The &a")

5he)he% )he '"*+e$)s i$ *es)i$ 5e%e &%(e' % $) "*l'

e as"e%)ai$e' i$ "i#il p%"ee'i$(s ! (e))i$( )he pi$i$ &

)he ha$' 5%i)i$( e@pe%). S"pe & i$*i%! *$'e% Se")i$ /

5as li+i)e' ) &i$' *) 5he)he% a "ase 5as +a'e *) &%

iss*e & p%"ess. S*pp%essi$ & +a)e%ial &a") & pe$'e$"!

& "i#il 'isp*)e ! )he "+plai$a$) als 2*s)i&ie' )he %'e% &

)he Ma(is)%a)e ) p%"ee' *$'e% Se")i$ / i$s)ea' &

Se")i$ 1409;:. I) 5as &*%)he% se%#e' )ha) a Ma(is)%a)e is

$) 2*s)i&ie' i$ %'e%i$( pli"e i$#es)i(a)i$ i$ +e"ha$i"al

+a$$e% as lai' '5$ ! )he G*2a%a) Hi(h C*%) i$

Arvindbhai Ravjibhai Patel #s. Dhirubhai

Shambhubhai Kakadiya1 .

0. e ha#e hea%' lea%$e' "*$sel &% )he pa%)ies. he$

)he +a))e% "a+e *p &% hea%i$( $ 11)h Ap%il- //,- )his

C*%) &%a+e' )he *es)i$ as &ll5s

“The question involved in the instant Special

Leave Petition is as to the extent of powerthat may be exercised by a police officer whilemaking an inquiry under Section !"#$ of the%ode of %riminal Procedure particularly,whether he has power to arrest in course ofthe inquiry entrusted to him by the&agistrate' (eliance is placed on Sub)Section

1 1997 (2) GLR 1572

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* of Section ! to contend that the power toarrest without warrant cannot be exercised bya person not being a police officer' +mpliedlyit is contended that so far as the police officeris concerned that constraint is not there'

H5e#e%- i$ )he li(h) & s*+issi$s +a'e '*%i$( )he

hea%i$(- 5e &%a+e &ll5i$( *es)i$s &% "$si'e%a)i$

“"i$ -hether discretion of the &agistrate tocall for a report under Section ! instead ofdirecting investigation #./"*$ is controlled byany defined parameters0

"ii$ -hether in the course of investigation in

pursuance of a direction under Section !,the Police 1fficer is entitled to arrest anaccused0

"iii$ -hether in the present case, the&agistrate erred in seeking report underSection ! instead of directing investigationunder Section #./"*$0

,. C$)e$)i$ $ ehal& & )he appella$) is )ha) )he

Ma(is)%a)e a$' )he Hi(h C*%) e%%e' i$ 'e"li$i$( ) %'e%

i$#es)i(a)i$ *$'e% Se")i$ 1409;: 5hi"h 5as $e"essa%! i$

#ie5 & )he alle(a)i$ & &%(e%! & '"*+e$)s a$' s)a+p

pape%s ! )he a""*se' ) "%ea)e a"? 'a)e' pa%)$e%ship

'ee's ! &%(i$( si($a)*%es & a 'ea' pe%s$. S*"h

'"*+e$)s ei$( i$ "*s)'! & )he a""*se' "*l' $) e

)he%5ise p%'*"e' e@"ep) $ a%%es) i$ )he "*%se &

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i$#es)i(a)i$ a$' i$ a""%'a$"e 5i)h Se")i$ , & )he

E#i'e$"e A"). Op)i$ & p%"ee'i$( *$'e% Se")i$ /- as

a(ai$s) Se")i$ 1409;:- has ) e e@e%"ise' $l! 5he$

e#i'e$"e has al%ea'! ee$ "lle")e' a$' 5ha) %e+ai$e' )

e 'e"i'e' 5as 5he)he% )he%e 5as s*&&i"ie$) (%*$' )

p%"ee'. Me%e &a") )ha) )he appella$) &i%s) app%a"he' )he

Pli"e a$' )he pli"e 'i' $) %e(is)e% Fi%s) I$&%+a)i$ Rep%)

"*l' $) e )a?e$ a(ai$s) i) $% )he 'isp*)e ei$( & "i#il

$a)*%e 5as a a% ) "%i+i$al p%"ee'i$(s- i& a "ase 5as

+a'e *).

3. Lea%$e' "*$sel &% )he appella$) als s*+i))e' )ha)

'i%e")i$ *$'e% Se")i$ 1409;: &% i$#es)i(a)i$ 5as all )he

+%e $e"essa%! i$ #ie5 & i$)e%p%e)a)i$ (i#e$ ! )he

G*2a%a) Hi(h C*%) i$ Sankalchand Valjibhai Patel #s.

J.P. Chavda and Ors. )ha) *$'e% Se")i$ /- )he Pli"e

O&&i"e% ha' $ p5e% & a%%es). I$ s*"h a si)*a)i$ "alli$( &%

%ep%) *$'e% Se")i$ / 5ill $) se%#e )he p*%pse &

&i$'i$( *) )he )%*)h. I) 5as als s*+i))e' )ha) )he sai'

#ie5 5as e%%$e*s a$' "$)%a%! #ie5 i$ )he% 2*'(+e$)s

5as s*$' a$' $ee's ) e app%#e' ! )his C*%).

Re&e%%i$( ) Se")i$ / 9;:- i) 5as pi$)e' *) )ha) a pe%s$

2 (1979) 1 GLR 17

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)he% )ha$ pli"e &&i"e% "*l' $) e@e%"ise p5e% & a%%es)

*) pli"e &&i"e% 5as $) s 'ea%%e'. M%e#e%- a%%es) 5as

i$)e(%al pa%) & i$#es)i(a)i$.

7. Jas#a$)hai S+ahai Pa)el- )he alle(e' a""*se' has

&ile' a$ appli"a)i$ &% i+plea'+e$) s)a)i$( )ha) 'isp*)e

e)5ee$ )he pa%)ies is & "i#il $a)*%e. His "$)e$)i$ is )ha)

)he appella$) is a))e+p)i$( ) a*se )he p%"ess & la5 )

a%+8)5is) )he a""*se' ! ha#i$( hi+ a%%es)e' ! )he pli"e.

I$ )he "i%"*+s)a$"es- $ i$)e%&e%e$"e 5as "alle' &% ! )his

C*%). This appli"a)i$ has ee$ ppse' ! )he appella$)

$ )he (%*$' )ha) '*%i$( )he s)a(e & i$*i%! *$'e% Se")i$

/ & )he C'e- )he a""*se' has $ %i(h) ) e hea%' as

lai' '5$ ! )his C*%) i$ Adalat Prasad #s. Rual Jindal

! Others" . Ha#i$( %e(a%' ) )he le(al iss*e i$#l#e'- 5e

ha#e hea%' lea%$e' "*$sel &% )he a""*se' $ )he

*es)i$s i$#l#e'.

1/. As al%ea'! se%#e'- )he "$)e$)i$ & )he appella$) is

)ha) 5he$ )he%e is alle(a)i$ & &%(e%! a$' 'is"#e%! &

'"*+e$)s is $e"essa%!- a Ma(is)%a)e +*s) %'e%

i$#es)i(a)i$ *$'e% Se")i$ 1409;: i$s)ea' & p%"ee'i$(

3 (200) 7 !CC 338

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*$'e% Se")i$ /. Al)e%$a)i#el!- 'i%e")i$ ) )he Pli"e )

i$#es)i(a)e a$' (i#e a %ep%) *$'e% Se")i$ / i+plies

a%%es) a$' 'is"#e%! 5hi"h *$'e% Se")i$ 14, & )he C'e

a%e i$)e(%al pa%)s & i$#es)i(a)i$. C$)%a%! #ie5 & G*2a%a)

Hi(h C*%) i$ Sankalchand Valjibhai Patel #sura$ a$'

)he% Hi(h C*%)s 5as e%%$e*s 5hile )he #ie5 )a?e$ !

)he% Hi(h C*%)s ) 5hi"h %e&e%e$"e 5ill e +a'e i$ la)e%

pa%) & )his J*'(+e$) is "%%e"). Se")i$ / 9;: e@p%essl!

p%#i'es )ha) i& a pe%s$- )he% )ha$ pli"e &&i"e% is %e*i%e'

) "$'*") i$#es)i(a)i$ *$'e% Se")i$ / 91:- he is $)

a*)h%ie' ) a%%es) 5i)h*) 5a%%a$) 5hi"h i+plie' )ha)

)he%e is $ s*"h %es)%i")i$ $ p5e% & a%%es) a#ailale 5i)h

a pli"e &&i"e%.

11. O$ )he )he% ha$'- "$)e$)i$ $ ehal& & )he alle(e'

a""*se' is )ha) )h )he p5e%s & )he Ma(is)%a)e 8 9i:

'i%e")i$( i$#es)i(a)i$ *$'e% Se")i$ 1409;: a$' 9ii:

'i%e")i$ *$'e% Se")i$ / ) see? a %ep%) &%+ pli"e

a&)e% i$#es)i(a)i$ ) e$ale )he Ma(is)%a)e ) 'e"i'e

5he)he% ) p%"ee' &*%)he% a$' iss*e p%"ess a%e

*ali)a)i#el! 'i&&e%e$) a$' a%e i$ 'i&&e%e$) "hap)e%s & )he

C'e. Th*s- as pe% s"he+e & )he C'e- p5e% & pli"e i$

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p*%s*a$"e & 'i%e")i$s *$'e% )he sai' )5 p%#isi$s is $)

)he sa+e.

The Ma(is)%a)e has 'is"%e)i$ ei)he% ) 'i%e")

%e(is)%a)i$ & a "ase *$'e% Se")i$ 1409;: % ) "$'*")

i$*i%! hi+sel& as )he si)*a)i$ +a! 5a%%a$). This 'is"%e)i$

is ) e e@e%"ise' ! )he Ma(is)%a)e i$ his 5is'+ a$'

ha#i$( %e(a%' ) )he $a)*%e & +a)e%ial a#ailale. Di%e")i$

*$'e% Se")i$ 1409;: ) %e(is)e% a "%i+i$al "ase a$' )

i$#es)i(a)e is ) e e@e%"ise' 5he%e )he Ma(is)%a)e is

sa)is&ie' )ha) p%i+a &a"ie a "($iale &&e$"e has ee$

"++i))e'. O$ )he "$)%a%!- 5he%e he )hi$?s i) $e"essa%! )

"$'*") &*%)he% i$*i%! e&%e 'e"i'i$( 5he)he% he sh*l'

p%"ee' &*%)he% i$ )he +a))e%- +a))e% has ) e 'eal) 5i)h

*$'e% Se")i$ /. Me%e alle(a)i$ & &%(e%! is $) e$*(h

) %e*i%e )he Ma(is)%a)e ) pass )he %'e% *$'e% Se")i$

1409;:.

1. I) is &*%)he% s*+i))e' )ha) i$ )he p%ese$) "ase- )he "i#il

p%"ee'i$(s a%e pe$'i$( e)5ee$ )he pa%)ies 5he%e )he

*es)i$ & (e$*i$e$ess % )he%5ise & )he pa%)$e%ship

'ee' is a$ iss*e. The p%"ess & "%i+i$al la5 "a$$) e

*se' 5he$ a 'isp*)e is p%i+a%il! & "i#il $a)*%e.

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Si+*l)a$e*sl! i$i)ia)i$ & "%i+i$al p%"ee'i$(s +a! e

pe%+i))e' 5he%e a$ &&e$"e is sh5$ ) ha#e ee$

"++i))e'. Th*s- )he Ma(is)%a)e 5as e$)i)le' ) sa)is&!

hi+sel& as ) 5he)he% a$! "($iale &&e$"e ha' ee$

"++i))e' e&%e p%"ee'i$( &*%)he%. The Ma(is)%a)e 5as

$) sa)is&ie' &%+ )he +a)e%ial a#ailale )ha) a$! "($iale

&&e$"e ha' ee$ "++i))e' a$' he %i(h)l! 'e"i'e' )

"$'*") &*%)he% e$*i%! *$'e% Se")i$ /. Ha#i$( %e(a%'

) )he li+i)e' $a)*%e & i$*i%! *$'e% Se")i$ / 5hi"h

p)i$ ha' ee$ %i(h)l! "hse$ ! )he Ma(is)%a)e- 'i%e")i$

) )he pli"e ) i$#es)i(a)e a$' (i#e a %ep%) 5as li+i)e' !

)he #e%! p*%pse &% 5hi"h )he li+i)e' i$*i%! 5as ) e

hel'- as a(ai$s) p%"e'*%e &% i$#es)i(a)i$ i$ "ases $)

"#e%e' *$'e% Se")i$ / & )he C'e. The p*%pse 5as )

e$ale )he Ma(is)%a)e ) 'e"i'e 5he)he% )he%e 5as (%*$'

) p%"ee' &*%)he%. The Ma(is)%a)e ha#i$( )a?e$ "($ia$"e

& )he &&e$"e a$' )he pli"e ha#i$( $) %e(is)e%e' a

"%i+i$al "ase $% )he Ma(is)%a)e ha#i$( 'i%e")e' %e(is)%a)i$

& "%i+i$al "ase- p%"e'*%e a$' p5e% & )he Pli"e i$ )he

+a))e% a%e 'i&&e%e$) a$' i$ s*"h a si)*a)i$ pli"e 'i' $)

ha#e )he p5e% ) a%%es)- 5i)h*) pe%+issi$ & )he

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Ma(is)%a)e as 5as )he #ie5 & )he G*2a%a) a$' )he% Hi(h

C*%)s.

1;. e +a! &i%s) 'eal 5i)h )he *es)i$ as ) 5he)he% )he

Ma(is)%a)e *(h) ) ha#e p%"ee'e' *$'e% Se")i$ 1409;: %

5as 2*s)i&ie' i$ p%"ee'i$( *$'e% Se")i$ /91: a$' 5ha)

a%e )he pa%a+e)e%s &% e@e%"ise & p5e% *$'e% )he )5

p%#isi$s.

16. The )5 p%#isi$s a%e i$ )5 'i&&e%e$) "hap)e%s & )he

C'e- )h*(h "++$ e@p%essi$ i$#es)i(a)i$ is *se' i$

)h )he p%#isi$s. N%+al %*le is ) *$'e%s)a$' )he sa+e

e@p%essi$ i$ )5 p%#isi$s & a$ e$a")+e$) i$ sa+e se$se

*$less )he "$)e@) )he%5ise %e*i%es. Hea'i$( & Chap)e%

II is

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the limits of such station would have power toinquire into or try under the provisions of%hapter 5+++'

"$ 6o proceeding of a police officer in any

such case shall at any stage be called inquestion on the ground that the case was onewhich such officer was not empowered underthis section to investigate'

"*$ 2ny &agistrate empowered under section#7! may order such an investigation asabove) mentioned'

/. P(st(nement () issue () r(cess.0

"#$ 2ny &agistrate , on receipt of a complaintof an offence of which he is authori3ed to takecogni3ance or which has been made over tohim under section #7, may, if he thinks fit,8and shall in a case where the accused isresiding at a place beyond the area in whichhe exercises his 4urisdiction9 postpone theissue of process against the accused, andeither inquire into the case himself or directan investigation to be made by a police officeror by such other person as he thinks fit, for

the purpose of deciding whether or not thereis sufficient ground for proceeding:

Pr(vided that no such direction forinvestigation shall be made, )

"a$ where it appears to the &agistratethat the offence complained of is triableexclusively by the %ourt of Sessions; or "b$ where the complaint has not beenmade by a %ourt, unless the complainant

and the witnesses present "if any$ havebeen examined on oath under section!!'

"$ +n an inquiry under sub)section "#$, the&agistrate may, if he thinks fit, take evidenceof witnesses on oath:

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Pr(vided that if it appears to the &agistratethat the offence complained of is triableexclusively by the %ourt of Session, he shallcall upon the complainant to produce all hiswitnesses and examine them on oath'

"*$ +f an investigation under sub)section "#$ ismade by a person not being a police officer,he shall have for that investigation all the powers conferred by this %ode on an officer incharge of a police station except the power toarrest without warrant'

14. C($ia$"e is )a?e$ ! a Ma(is)%a)e *$'e% Se")i$

17/ 9i$ Chap)e% IV: ei)he% $

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i) 'es $) "$"e%$ )he *es)i$ *$'e% 'is"*ssi$. Cla*se

9;: p%#i'es )ha) i& i$#es)i(a)i$ is ! a pe%s$ )he% )ha$ a

pli"e &&i"e%- he shall ha#e all )he p5e%s & a$ &&i"e%

i$"ha%(e & a pli"e s)a)i$ e@"ep) )he p5e% ) a%%es).

10. Chap)e% II- 'eali$( 5i)h )he i$&%+a)i$ ) )he pli"e

a$' )hei% p5e%s ) i$#es)i(a)e- p%#i'es &% e$)e%i$(

i$&%+a)i$ %ela)i$( ) a "($iale &&e$"e i$ a ? ) e

?ep) ! )he &&i"e% i$"ha%(e & a pli"e s)a)i$ 9Se")i$ 146:

a$' s*"h e$)%! is "alle'

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*!'' "ii$ -hether in cases where thecomplaint=information does not clearlydisclose the commission of a cogni3ableoffence but the ofthe %ode is mandatory and the officerconcerned is duty)bound to register the caseon the basis of information disclosing acogni3able offence' Thus, the plain words of

Section #.>"#$ of the %ode have to be giventheir literal meaning'

%Shall7

8. +t is thus unequivocally clear thatregistration of

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information' The expression under Section#.>"#$ of the %ode is not qualified by the prefix “reasonable or “credible' The non)qualification of the word “information in

Section #.>"#$ unlike in Sections >#"#$"a$?

and "g$ of the %ode is for the reason that the police officer should not refuse to record anyinformation relating to the commission of acogni3able offence on the ground that he isnot satisfied with the reasonableness orcredibility of the information' +n other words,reasonableness or credibility of the saidinformation is not a condition precedent forthe registration of a case'

64. Principles of democracy and libertydemand a regular and efficient check on police powers' 1ne way of keeping check onauthorities with such powers is bydocumenting every action of theirs' 2ccordingly, under the %ode, actions of the police, etc' are provided to be written anddocumented' #"#$"b$ of the %ode, the arrestmemo along with the grounds has to be inwriting mandatorily; under Section .. of the%ode, if an officer is deputed to make an

arrest, then the superior officer has to writedown and record the offence, etc' for whichthe person is to be arrested; under Section 7#of the %ode, a written order has to be passedby the officer concerned to seek documents;under Section #/! of the %ode, a writtennotice has to be issued to the witness so thathe can be called for recording of his=herstatement, sei3ure memo=panchnama has tobe drawn for every article sei3ed, etc'

1/8. -hile registration of

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“anticipatory bail under the provisions ofSection >*@ of the %ode if the conditionsmentioned therein are satisfied' Thus, inappropriate cases, he can avoid the arrestunder that provision by obtaining an order

from the court'1/:. +t is also relevant to note that in AoginderBumar v' State of C'P'"#77>$ > S%% /!9, this%ourt has held that arrest cannot be made bythe police in a routine manner' Someimportant observations are reproduced asunder: "S%% pp' /D)/@, para !$

“!' E 6o arrest can be made in a routinemanner on a mere allegation of commission of

an offence made against a person' +t would be prudent for a police officer in the interest of protection of the constitutional rights of aciti3en and perhaps in his own interest that noarrest should be made without a reasonablesatisfaction reached after some investigationas to the genuineness and bona fides of acomplaint and a reasonable belief both as tothe personFs complicity and even so as to theneed to effect arrest' Genying a person of hisliberty is a serious matter' The

recommendations of the Police %ommissionmerely reflect the constitutional concomitantsof the fundamental right to personal libertyand freedom' 2 person is not liable to arrestmerely on the suspicion of complicity in anoffence' There must be some reasonable 4ustification in the opinion of the officereffecting the arrest that such arrest isnecessary and 4ustified' Hxcept in heinousoffences, an arrest must be avoided if a policeofficer issues notice to person to attend the

Station Iouse and not to leave the Stationwithout permission would do'

111. Jesides, the %ode gives power to the police to close a matter both before and afterinvestigation' 2 police officer can foreclose an

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The section itself states that a police officercan start investigation when he has “reason tosuspect the commission of an offence'Therefore, the requirements of launching aninvestigation under Section #.D of the %ode

are higher than the requirement underSection #.> of the %ode' The police officer canalso, in a given case, investigate the matterand then file a final report under Section #D*of the %ode seeking closure of the matter'Therefore, the police is not liable to launch aninvestigation in every

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preliminary inquiry may be made are asunder:

"a$ &atrimonial disputes=family disputes

"b$ %ommercial offences

"c$ &edical negligence cases

"d$ %orruption cases

"e$ %ases where there is abnormaldelay=laches in initiating criminal prosecution,for example, over * monthsF delay in reportingthe matter without satisfactorily explainingthe reasons for delay'

17. Th*s- )his C*%) has lai' '5$ )ha) 5hile p%+p)

%e(is)%a)i$ & FIR is +a$'a)%!- "he"?s a$' ala$"es $

p5e% & pli"e a%e e*all! i+p%)a$). P5e% & a%%es) % &

i$#es)i(a)i$ is $) +e"ha$i"al. I) %e*i%es appli"a)i$ &

+i$' i$ )he +a$$e% p%#i'e'. E@is)e$"e & p5e% a$' i)s

e@e%"ise a%e 'i&&e%e$). Deli"a)e ala$"e ha' ) e

+ai$)ai$e' e)5ee$ )he i$)e%es) & s"ie)! a$' lie%)! & a$

i$'i#i'*al. C++e%"ial &&e$"es ha#e ee$ p*) i$ )he

"a)e(%! & "ases 5he%e FIR +a! $) e 5a%%a$)e' 5i)h*)

e$*i%!.

/. I) has ee$ hel'- &% )he sa+e %eas$s- )ha) 'i%e")i$

! )he Ma(is)%a)e &% i$#es)i(a)i$ *$'e% Se")i$ 1409;:

"a$$) e (i#e$ +e"ha$i"all!. I$ Anil Kumar #s. ;.K.

Aiyaa& - i) 5as se%#e'

5 (2013) 10 !CC 705

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“##' The scope of Section #./"*$ %rP% cameup for consideration before this %ourt inseveral cases' This %ourt in &aksud Saiyedcase 8"!!@$ . S%% //@9 examined therequirement of the application of mind by the

&agistrate before exercising 4urisdiction underSection #./"*$ and held that where 4urisdiction is exercised on a complaint filed interms of Section #./"*$ or Section !! %rP%,the &agistrate is required to apply his mind, insuch a case, the Special Audge=&agistratecannot refer the matter under Section #./"*$against a public servant without a validsanction order' The application of mind by the&agistrate should be reflected in the order'The mere statement that he has gone through

the complaint, documents and heard thecomplainant, as such, as reflected in theorder, will not be sufficient' 2fter goingthrough the complaint, documents andhearing the complainant, what weighed withthe &agistrate to order investigation underSection #./"*$ %rP%, should be reflected inthe order, though a detailed expression of hisviews is neither required nor warranted' -ehave already extracted the order passed bythe learned Special Audge which, in our view,

has stated no reasons for orderinginvestigation'

The a#e se%#a)i$s appl! ) "a)e(%! & "ases

+e$)i$e' i$ Pa%a 1/.0 i$ alita Kumari #sura$.

1. O$ )he )he% ha$'- p5e% *$'e% Se")i$ / is &

'i&&e%e$) $a)*%e. Rep%) s*(h) *$'e% )he sai' p%#isi$ has

li+i)e' p*%pse & 'e"i'i$(

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)he pli"e )ha) )he pli"e &&i"e% s*spe")e' "++issi$ &

&&e$"e &%+ i$&%+a)i$ %e"ei#e' ! )he pli"e a$'

)he%ea&)e% )he pli"e is %e*i%e' ) p%"ee' ) )he sp)-

i$#es)i(a)e )he &a")s a$' )a?e +eas*%es &% 'is"#e%! a$'

a%%es). The%ea&)e%- )he pli"e has ) %e"%' s)a)e+e$)s a$'

%ep%) $ 5hi"h )he Ma(is)%a)e +a! p%"ee' *$'e% Se")i$

17/. This p%"e'*%e is appli"ale 5he$ )he pli"e %e"ei#es

i$&%+a)i$ & a "($iale &&e$"e- %e(is)e%s a "ase a$'

&%+s )he %e*isi)e pi$i$ a$' $) e#e%! "ase %e(is)e%e' !

)he pli"e.

. Th*s- 5e a$s5e% )he &i%s) *es)i$ ! hl'i$( )ha) )he

'i%e")i$ *$'e% Se")i$ 1409;: is ) e iss*e'- $l! a&)e%

appli"a)i$ & +i$' ! )he Ma(is)%a)e. he$ )he Ma(is)%a)e

'es $) )a?e "($ia$"e a$' 'es $) &i$' i) $e"essa%! )

ps)p$e i$s)a$"e & p%"ess a$' &i$'s a "ase +a'e *) )

p%"ee' &%)h5i)h- 'i%e")i$ *$'e% )he sai' p%#isi$ is

iss*e'. I$ )he% 5%'s- 5he%e $ a""*$) & "%e'iili)! &

i$&%+a)i$ a#ailale- % 5ei(hi$( )he i$)e%es) & 2*s)i"e i) is

"$si'e%e' app%p%ia)e ) s)%ai(h)a5a! 'i%e") i$#es)i(a)i$-

s*"h a 'i%e")i$ is iss*e'. Cases 5he%e Ma(is)%a)e )a?es

"($ia$"e a$' ps)p$es iss*a$"e & p%"ess a%e "ases

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5he%e )he Ma(is)%a)e has !e) ) 'e)e%+i$e

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the decision rendered by the KueenFs Jenchin the case of Gean v' -iesengrund 8"#7..$ KJ #! : "#7..$ 2ll H( >*9' The %ourtconsidered the said maxim and held that afterall it is no more than an aid to construction

and has little, if any, weight where it is possible to account for the “inclusio unius ongrounds other than intention to effect the“exclusio alterius' Thereafter, the %ourtreferred to the following passage from thecase of %olquhoun v' Jrooks 8"#@@D$ #7 KJG>!! : .D LT >>@9 KJG at >!/ wherein the%ourt called for its approval

“E MThe maxim “expressio unius estexclusio alterius has been pressed upon us' +

agree with what is said in the court below by-ills, A' about this maxim' +t is often avaluable servant, but a dangerous master tofollow in the construction of statutes ordocuments' The exclusio is often the result ofinadvertence or accident, and the maximought not to be applied, when its application,having regard to the sub4ect)matter to whichit is to be applied, leads to inconsistency orin4ustice'F +n my opinion, the application of themaxim here would lead to inconsistency and

in4ustice, and would make Section #>"#$ of the 2ct of #7! uncertain and capricious in itsoperation'

/. The aforesaid maxim was referred to bythis %ourt in the case of %%H v' 6ationalTobacco %o' of +ndia Ltd' 8"#7D$ S%% ./!9'The %ourt in that case considered thequestion whether there was or was not animplied power to hold an enquiry in thecircumstances of the case in view of the

provisions of Section > of the %entral Hxcise 2ct read with (ule #!)2 of the %entral Hxcise(ules and referred to the aforesaid passage“the maxim is often a valuable servant, but adangerous master E and held that the rule issubservient to the basic principle that courtsmust endeavour to ascertain the legislativeintent and purpose, and then adopt a rule of

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construction which effectuates rather thanone that may defeat these' &oreover, the ruleof prohibition by necessary implication couldbe applied only where a specified procedure islaid down for the performance of a duty' +n the

case of Parbhani Transport %oop' Society Ltd'v' (egional Transport 2uthority 82+( #7/! S%@!# : "#7/!$ * S%( #DD9 this %ourt observedthat the maxim “expressio unius est exclusioalterius is a maxim for ascertaining theintention of the legislature and where thestatutory language is plain and the meaningclear, there is no scope for applying'

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p5e%. The e+phasis i$ )he p%#isi$ is ) e+p5e% s*"h

pe%s$ ) e@e%"ise )he% p5e%s & i$"ha%(e & a pli"e

s)a)i$ )ha$ )he p5e% & a%%es). As %e(a%'s )he p5e% &

pli"e ) a%%es)- )he%e a%e e@p%ess p%#isi$s 'eali$( 5i)h

)he sa+e a$' p5e% & pli"e ) a%%es) is $) 'e%i#e' &%+ %

"$)%lle' ! Se")i$ / 9;:. The sai' p5e% is a#ailale

*$'e% Se")i$ 61 % *$'e% a 5a%%a$). The p5e% %e+ai$s

a#ailale s*2e") ) "$'i)i$s &% e@e%"ise )he%e&. F%

e@a+ple i) "a$ e e@e%"ise' i& "($iale &&e$"e is

"++i))e' i$ )he p%ese$"e & a pli"e &&i"e% 9Se")i$ 6191:

9a:. U$'e% Se")i$ /- si$"e )he Ma(is)%a)e is i$ seisi$ &

)he +a))e% a$' has !e) ) 'e"i'e

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“#>' EE+n the first place, arrest of anaccused is a part of the investigation and iswithin the discretion of the investigatingofficer' Section ># of the %ode of %riminalProcedure provides for arrest by a police

officer without an order from a &agistrate andwithout a warrant' The section gives discretionto the police officer who may, without anorder from a &agistrate and even without awarrant, arrest any person in the situationsenumerated in that section' +t is open to him,in the course of investigation, to arrest any person who has been concerned with anycogni3able offence or against whomreasonable complaint has been made orcredible information has been received, or a

reasonable suspicion exists of his having beenso concerned' 1bviously, he is not expected toact in a mechanical manner and in all cases toarrest the accused as soon as the report islodged' +n appropriate cases, after someinvestigation, the investigating officer maymake up his mind as to whether it isnecessary to arrest the accused person' 2tthat stage the court has no role to play' Sincethe power is discretionary, a police officer isnot always bound to arrest an accused even if

the allegation against him is of havingcommitted a cogni3able offence' Since anarrest is in the nature of an encroachment onthe liberty of the sub4ect and does affect thereputation and status of the citi3en, the powerhas to be cautiously exercised' +t dependsinter alia upon the nature of the offencealleged and the type of persons who areaccused of having committed the cogni3ableoffence' 1bviously, the power has to beexercised with caution and circumspection'

4. Na)*%e & "ases 'eal) 5i)h *$'e% Se")i$ / a%e "ases

5he%e +a)e%ial a#ailale is $) "lea% ) p%"ee' &*%)he%. The

Ma(is)%a)e is i$ seisi$ & )he +a))e% ha#i$( )a?e$ )he

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"($ia$"e. He has ) 'e"i'e 5he)he% )he%e is (%*$' )

p%"ee' &*%)he%. I& a) s*"h p%e+a)*%e s)a(e p5e% & a%%es)

is e@e%"ise' ! pli"e- i) 5ill e "$)%a'i")i$ i$ )e%+s. As

%e(a%'s 'e$ial & pp%)*$i)! ) %e"%' "$&essi$ *$'e%

Se")i$ , & )he E#i'e$"e A")- i) has ) e ?ep) i$ +i$' )ha)

a'+issiili)! & s*"h "$&essi$ "a$$) (*i'e e@e%"ise &

p5e% & a%%es). S*%"e & p5e% & a%%es) is (#e%$e' !

)he% p%#isi$s a$' $) ! Se")i$ ,. I) is $l! i& a%%es) is

)he%5ise pe%+issile )ha) p%#isi$ & Se")i$ , +a! e

i$#?e'. I& e@e%"ise & p5e% & a%%es) is $) )he%5ise

5a%%a$)e'- a'+issiili)! & "$&essi$ *$'e% Se")i$ ,

"a$$) &a"ili)a)e s*"h e@e%"ise. e- )h*s- hl' )ha) )he

pli"e & i)s 5$ "a$$) e@e%"ise i)s p5e% & a%%es) i$ )he

"*%se & +a?i$( i)s %ep%) i$ p*%s*a$"e & 'i%e")i$ *$'e%

Se")i$ /.

0. e +a! $5 p%"ee' ) 'eal 5i)h )he "$&li") i$

'e"isi$s 5hi"h has ee$ pi$)e' *) ) *s. B+a!-

G*2a%a) a$' Delhi Hi(h C*%)s i$ Sankalchand Valjibhai

Patel #sura$5 >mer(r #s. =urmah(med

Rajmah(med: 5 ;ahendrasinh Shanabhai Chauhan and

8 (1929) 31 "#$LR 8

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Ors. #s. State () 2ujarat and Anr.6 and ?arsh Khurana

#s. 3ni(n () 9ndia1/ ha#e hel' )ha) i$ )he "*%se &

i$#es)i(a)i$ 'i%e")e' *$'e% Se")i$ / 91: )he pli"e

"a$$) e@e%"ise )he p5e% & a%%es). Reas$i$( is ! a$'

la%(e si+ila%. Cases "#e%e' ! Se")i$ / a%e s*"h 5he%e

Ma(is)%a)e is !e) ) 'e"i'e 5he)he% )he +a)e%ial 5as

s*&&i"ie$) ) p%"ee'. Till &%+a)i$ & s*"h pi$i$- a%%es)

5ill e i$"$(%**s. e +a! $l! %e&e% ) )he se%#a)i$s

& M.P. Tha??e%- J. 9as he )he$ 5as: i$ Sankalchand

Valjibhai Patel #sura$ @

“' The question that has surfaced in the backdrop of the aforesaid facts and circumstancesis: when upon receipt of a complaint of anoffence a &agistrate instead of issuing process postpones the issue of process

against the accused and direct0 a policeofficer to make an investigation for the purpose of deciding whether or not there issufficient ground for proceeding, can the police officer in charge of the investigation onhis own, place the accused under arrest0Section ! "#$ in so far as material reads asunder:

!' "#$ 2ny &agistrate, on receiptof a complaint of an offence of which

he is authorised to take cogni3anceor which has been made over to himunder Section #7, may, if he thinksfit, postpone the issue of processagainst the accused, and eitherinquire into the case himself or

9 (2009) 2 GLR 16710 121 (2005) %L& 301 (%")

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direct an investigation to be madeby a police officer or by such other person as he thinks fit, for the purpose of deciding whether or notthere is sufficient ground for

proceeding'

,. O$ )he )he% ha$' i$ >mer(r #s. ikha ;(ti 11 a$'

Asha Das and (thers #s.

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is sent to the police for investigation andreport, they are to investigate in precisely thesame manner and to arrest in precisely thesame way as they would have done if their powers had been first invoked by a first report

under S' #.>, their being only this difference,that in the one case the police embody theresult of their investigation to the &agistratein a report which the &agistrate proceeds toconsider under S'!*, while in the other casethe police embody the result of theirinvestigation in what is called a challan orcharge)sheet, but which is really a policereport under S'#7!"b$, the term challan orcharge sheet not occurring in the section, theaccused person, in any case, if arrested by the

police, being produced before the &agistratein the ordinary way' To hold otherwise wouldbe to leave the proceedings started by the&agistrate under S'!, %riminal P'%'unfinished, and in the air; for, he would nothave, as the law contemplates, a report of theinvestigation but he would have a refusal bythe police to report as in this case, and otherand independent proceedings in the samematter initiated by them' Jut the lawcontemplates that proceedings, begun by the

acceptance by a &agistrate of a complaintunder S'!!, %riminal P'%' and sent to the police for investigation under Section !,should be terminated by the &agistrate as setout in Section !* and the following sections'The proceedings are not terminated when the&agistrateFs authority is defied, his 4urisdictionin effect denied and the order to investigateand report disobeyed' The law does notcontemplate this, and we cannot see that thisaspect of the case has been considered in any

of the 4udgments which have been cited to usin support of the case of this %ourt inD SL( /D'

7. F% )he %eas$s al%ea'! 'is"*sse' a#e- 5e app%#e

)he #ie5 )a?e$ i$ Sankalchand Valjibhai Patel #sura$5

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=urmah(med Rajmah(med #sura$5 ;ahendrasinh

Shanabhai Chauhan #sura$ and ?arsh Khurana

#sura$ a$' #e%%*le )he %*le )a?e$ i$ ikha ;(ti #sura$

a$' Asha Das #sura$.

;/. e $5 "+e ) )he las) *es)i$ 5he)he% i$ )he

p%ese$) "ase )he Ma(is)%a)e *(h) ) ha#e p%"ee'e' *$'e%

Se")i$ 1409;: i$s)ea' & Se")i$ /. O*% a$s5e% is i$ )he

$e(a)i#e. The Ma(is)%a)e has (i#e$ %eas$s- 5hi"h ha#e

ee$ *phel' ! )he Hi(h C*%). The "ase has ee$ hel' )

e p%i+a%il! & "i#il $a)*%e. The a""*se' is alle(e' ) ha#e

&%(e' pa%)$e%ship. he)he% s*"h &%(e%! a")*all! )?

pla"e- 5he)he% i) "a*se' a$! lss ) )he "+plai$a$) a$'

5he)he% )he%e is )he %e*isi)e mens rea a%e )he *es)i$s

5hi"h a%e !e) ) e 'e)e%+i$e'. The Ma(is)%a)e has $)

&*$' "lea% +a)e%ial ) p%"ee' a(ai$s) )he a""*se'. E#e$ a

"ase &% s*++$i$( has $) !e) ee$ &*$'. hile a

)%a$sa")i$ (i#i$( %ise ) "a*se & a")i$ &% a "i#il a")i$

+a! als i$#l#e a "%i+e i$ 5hi"h "ase %es%) ) "%i+i$al

p%"ee'i$(s +a! e 2*s)i&ie'- )he%e is 2*'i"iall!

a"?$5le'(e' )e$'e$"! i$ )he "++e%"ial 5%l' ) (i#e

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"l*% & a "%i+i$al "ase ) a p*%el! "++e%"ial )%a$sa")i$.

This C*%) has "a*)i$e' a(ai$s) s*"h a*se.

;1. I$ 9ndian Oil C(rn. #s. =>PC 9ndia td.1" - i) 5as

se%#e'

%1". -hile on this issue, it is necessary to takenotice of a growing tendency in business circlesto convert purely civil disputes into criminalcases' This is obviously on account of a prevalent impression that civil law remedies aretime consuming and do not adequately protectthe interests of lenders=creditors' Such atendency is seen in several family disputes also,leading to irretrievable breakdown ofmarriages=families' There is also an impressionthat if a person could somehow be entangled ina criminal prosecution, there is a likelihood ofimminent settlement' 2ny effort to settle civildisputes and claims, which do not involve anycriminal offence, by applying pressure throughcriminal prosecution should be deprecated anddiscouraged' +n N' Sagar Suri v' State of C'P'8"!!!$ S%% /*/9 this %ourt observed: "S%% p'/>*, para @$

“+t is to be seen if a matter, which isessentially of a civil nature, has beengiven a cloak of criminal offence'%riminal proceedings are not a short cutof other remedies available in law'Jefore issuing process a criminal courthas to exercise a great deal of caution'

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abuse of the process of any court orotherwise to secure the ends of 4ustice'

;. I$ Pesi B((ds td. #s. Secial Judicial

;a,istrate14 - i) 5as se%#e'

%:. Summoning of an accused in a criminalcase is a serious matter' %riminal law cannotbe set into motion as a matter of course' +t isnot that the complainant has to bring onlytwo witnesses to support his allegations inthe complaint to have the criminal law setinto motion' The order of the &agistratesummoning the accused must reflect that he

has applied his mind to the facts of the caseand the law applicable thereto' Ie has toexamine the nature of allegations made inthe complaint and the evidence both oral anddocumentary in support thereof and wouldthat be sufficient for the complainant tosucceed in bringing charge home to theaccused' +t is not that the &agistrate is asilent spectator at the time of recording of preliminary evidence before summoning ofthe accused' The &agistrate has to carefully

scrutinise the evidence brought on recordand may even himself put questions to thecomplainant and his witnesses to elicitanswers to find out the truthfulness of theallegations or otherwise and then examine ifany offence is prima facie committed by all orany of the accused'

;;. I$ #ie5 & a#e- 5e &i$' )ha) )he Ma(is)%a)e a$' )he

Hi(h C*%) %i(h)l! hel' )ha) i$ )he p%ese$) "ase %ep%) *$'e%

Se")i$ / 5as )he %i(h) "*%se i$s)ea' & 'i%e")i$ *$'e%

Se")i$ 1409;:. The *es)i$ is a$s5e%e' a""%'i$(l!.

1 (1998) 5 !CC 79

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;6. e +a! $5 als %e&e% ) )he% 'e"isi$s "i)e' a) )he

a% a$' )hei% %ele#a$"e ) )he *es)i$s a%isi$( i$ )he "ase.

+n Smt. =a,a++a #s. Veeranna Shivalin,aa

K(njal,i ! Ors.1& - %e&e%%i$( ) ea%lie% J*'(+e$)s $ )he

s"pe & Se")i$ /- i) 5as se%#e'

%". +n %handra Geo Singh v' Prokash %handra

Jose 82+( "#7/*$ S% #>*! this %ourt had afterfully considering the matter observed asfollows:

“The courts have also pointed out inthese cases that what the &agistratehas to see is whether there isevidence in support of theallegations of the complainant andnot whether the evidence issufficient to warrant a conviction'

The learned Audges in some of thesecases have been at pains to observethat an enquiry under Section ! isnot to be likened to a trial which canonly take place after process isissued, and that there can be onlyone trial' 6o doubt, as stated in sub)section "#$ of Section ! itself, theob4ect of the enquiry is to ascertainthe truth or falsehood of thecomplaint, but the &agistrate

making the enquiry has to do thisonly with reference to the intrinsicquality of the statements madebefore him at the enquiry whichwould naturally mean the complaintitself, the statement on oath made

15 (1976) 3 !CC 736

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by the complainant and thestatements made before him by persons examined at the instance ofthe complainant'

+ndicating the scope, ambit of Section ! ofthe %ode of %riminal Procedure this %ourt inOadilal Panchal v' Gattatraya Gula4iNhadigaonker 82+( "#7/!$ S% ###*9 observedas follows:

“Section ! says that the&agistrate may, if he thinks fit, forreasons to be recorded in writing, postpone the issue of process for

compelling the attendance of the person complained against anddirect an inquiry for the purpose ofascertaining the truth or falsehood ofthe complaint; in other words, thescope of an inquiry under the sectionis limited to finding out the truth orfalsehood of the complaint in orderto determine the question of theissue of process' The inquiry is forthe purpose of ascertaining the truth

or falsehood of the complaint; thatis, for ascertaining whether there isevidence in support of the complaintso as to 4ustify the issue of processand commencement of proceedingsagainst the person concerned' Thesection does not say that a regulartrial for ad4udging the guilt orotherwise of the person complainedagainst should take place at thatstage; for the person complainedagainst can be legally called upon toanswer the accusation made againsthim only when a process has issuedand he is put on trial'

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Sa+e #ie5 has ee$ )a?e$ i$ ;(hinder Sin,h #s.

2ul+ant Sin,h1' 5 ;anharibhai ;uljibhai Kakadia !

Anr. #s. Shaileshbhai ;(hanbhai Patel ! Ors.18 -

Ra,huraj Sin,h R(usha #s. Shivam Sunadaram

Pr(m(ters Pvt. td.1: - Chandra De( Sin,h #s. Pr(kas

Chandra (se16 .

I$ Devraalli akshminaryanan Reddy ! Ors. #s.

V. =arayana Reddy ! Ors./ 5 =ati(nal ank () Oman

#s. arakara Abdul A-i- ! Anr.1 - ;adha( ! Anr. #s.

State () ;aharashtra ! Anr. - Rameshbhai Pandura(

?edau #s. State () 2ujarat" - )he s"he+e & Se")i$

1409;: a$' / has ee$ 'is"*sse'. I) 5as se%#e' )ha)

p5e% *$'e% Se")i$ 1409;: "a$ e i$#?e' ! )he

Ma(is)%a)e e&%e )a?i$( "($ia$"e a$' 5as i$ )he $a)*%e

& p%e8e+p)%! %e+i$'e% % i$)i+a)i$ ) )he pli"e )

e@e%"ise i)s ple$a%! p5e% & i$#es)i(a)i$ e(i$$i$(

Se")i$ 140 a$' e$'i$( 5i)h %ep%) % "ha%(eshee) *$'e%

16 (1992) 2 !CC 21317 (2012) 10 !CC 51718 (2009) 2 !CC 36319 (196) 1 !CR 63920 (1976) 3 !CC 25221 (2013) 2 !CC 8822 (2013) 5 !CC 61523 (2010) !CC 185

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Se")i$ 1,;. O$ )he )he% ha$'- Se")i$ / applies a)

ps) "($ia$"e s)a(e a$' )he 'i%e")i$ &% i$#es)i(a)i$

5as &% )he p*%pse & 'e"i'i$( 5he)he% )he%e 5as s*&&i"ie$)

(%*$' ) p%"ee'.

;4. These aspe")s ha#e al%ea'! ee$ 'is"*sse' a#e a$'

a%e i$'ee' *$'isp*)e'.

;0. I$ ?.=. Rishbud and 9nder Sin,h #s.

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;7. The appeal is 'is+isse'.

……..…………………………….J. T.S. THAUR K

.….………………………………..J. ADARSH UMAR GOEL K

……..…………………………….J. R. BANUMATHI K

NE DELHIMARCH 10- /14

Documents

156(3) and 202