1750-1914 Review

Industry and Imperialism

The Industrial Revolution• Began in Britain due to Agricultural

Revolution and food surplus– New crops introduced from the New World– Crop rotating– Enclosure: fences put up for private farming and

gain– New technology for plowing, seeding, reaping, etc– Half of population left farms for cities-

urbanization

Textile Industry• Flying Shuttle [1733]– invented by John Kay– Sped up weaving process

• Spinning Jenny [1764]– Invented by John Hargreaves– Capable of spinning vast amounts of thread

• Cotton Gin [1793] – Invented by Eli Whiney– Vast amounts of cotton to be processed

Industrial Technology

• Steam engine [1769]– Invented by Thomas Newcomer and improved by

James Watt• Steamship [1807] – Invented by Robert Fulton

• Steam powered locomotive [1820s]– George Stephenson

More Technology• The telegraph- [1837] Samuel Morse• The telephone- [1876] Alexander Graham Bell• The light bulb- [1879] Thomas Edison• The internal combustion engine- [1885]

Gottlieb Daimler• The radio- [1890s] Guglielmo Marconi• The airplane- [1903] Orville and Wilbur Wright

The process of discovering,

learning, evaluating, and understanding natural world

Appling understandings

of scientific revolution into

the world

Spread of knowledge

Scientific Revolution Industrial Revolution

Factory System

• Interchangeable parts- machines and parts produced uniformly so they could be easily replaced

• Assembly line- each factory worker only adds one part to a finished product

• “Man becoming Machine”• Workers underpaid and overworked

Family and Industrialization

• Women and children became part of work force

• Low wages and dangerous jobs• Factory boardinghouses removed workers

from families.• Women able to live away from home and

manage income and leisure activities.• Emergence of middle class

Social Stratification

• 1.) New aristocrats became rich from industrial success

• 2.) Middle class made up of managers, accountants, ministers, lawyers, doctors

• 3.) Working class= largest group made of factory workers and peasant farmers

Economic and Social Philosophies

Adam Smith

Karl Marx

Capitalism

• Adam Smith wrote The Wealth of Nations [1776]- economic prosperity and fairness best achieved through private ownership

• Individuals own means of production and sell products in free and open market. Demand would determine price (also known as free market system)

• Laissez-faire capitalism- when governments remove themselves entirely from a regulation

Karl Marx

• German economist and philosopher• The Communist Manifesto [1848]• Working class would revolt and take control of

production– Observed Luddites- groups of workers in England

who destroyed equipment in factories as means of protest

• Foundation of socialism and communism

MAJOR NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF FREE MARKET CAPTIALISM EXIST IN FACTORIES AND CITIES

OPINION: Free market capitalism is good, but reform it to minimize

the bad effects.(United States)

OPINION: Free market capitalism is bad, so

get rid of it and replace it with something else

Reform• Factory Act of [1883] limited hours of workday,

restricted children in factories, required owners to make conditions safer and cleaner

• Labor Unions were made up of employees bargaining for better working conditions and threatening to strike

• Social mobility• Woman’s suffrage [1920]• Great European migrations to North or South

America

Natural Resources

• Needed for Industrial Revolution

• Europe had coal and iron ore but required raw materials from colonies

European Ethnocentric Ideas

• Social Darwinism- “survival of the fittest”– Britain superior to other races

• Moral obligation to dominate other people– Rudyard Kipling: White Man’s Burden

India

European Imperialism in India

• Decline of Mughal Empire allowed for external powers to move in

• [1750s] Seven Years War resulted in British hegemony and kicked French out.

• Set up administrative regions throughout Mughal Empire

• Ceylon (Sri Lanka), Punjab, Pakistan, Afghanistan

Sepoy Mutiny

• East India company relied on Sepoys (Indians working for Brits) as soldiers

• Appalled by Britain's hunger for land and disrespect for Hindu and Muslim customs

• Started rebellion in [1857] when they found out bullet cartridges that had to be bitten to load the rifle was greased with pork and beef fat

• Rebellion failed

Effects of Sepoy Rebellion

• Britain made India a crown colony• Last Mughal ruler, Bahadur Shah II sent to

exile (ending Mughal Empire)• [1877] Queen Victoria recognized as Empress

of India• Supplied Britain with raw goods• Expected to accept English attitudes• Indian National Congress [1885] begin path to

independence

China

European Imperialism in China

• Opium War [1839-1842]– Treaty of Nanjing “Unequal treaty” Britain given

rights to expand trade of Opium with China• [1843] Britain declares Hong Kong as crown

possession• Second Opium War [1856-1860]– Chinese defeat results in opening of all of China to

European trade

European Imperialism

in India: establishment of colonies

European Imperialism

in China: trading

concessions

Difference of European Imperialism in India and China

Effects of European Imperialism in China

• Highlighted weak Chinese government• White Lotus Rebellions- Buddhists frustrated with

taxes and government corruption• Taiping Rebellion- “brother of Jesus” almost brings

down Manchu government• [1860s] Strengthening Movement • [1876] Korea declares independence• [1883] Sino-French War– Treaty of Shimonoseki

• Spheres of Influence• “Open Door Policy”

The Boxer Rebellion

• The Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists– anti-Manchu, anti-European, anti- Christian

• Goal: Get rid of Europeans and Japanese• Guerilla warfare• Foreign reinforcements put down rebellion• Boxer Protocol- China must pay the Europeans

and Japanese for costs of rebellion and apologize

JAPAN

Japanese Imperialism

• Before:– Extremely isolated– Ethnocentric

• Commodore Matthew Perry arrived on steam boat [1853]

Meiji Restoration

• Samurai revolted against shogun• Meiji Restoration- era of Japanese

Westernization• Increased cultural creativity developing national

identity• [1890s] industrial and militarized power – [1895] Japan defeats China for Korea and Taiwan– [1904] Russo-Japanese War results in Russia out of

Manchuria • Japan becomes War Power

• Japanese industrialization on fast forward– Didn’t have to make own technology, but adopt

Western industrialization

Berlin Conference

Africa

European Imperialism in Africa• Slave trade ends between [1807-1820] for most

European nations• Africa valuable for shipping and military reasons• [1795] British seized Cape Town• [1899-1902] Boer Wars• [1910] South Africa becomes British colony– Union of South Africa– Under British Commonwealth

• African National Congress– Opposed European colonialism and specific South

African Policies

Egypt

• Ottomans ruled [1517-1882] • Muhammed Ali defeats French and Ottoman

in [1805]– Ali had almost all control as a viceroy of Egypt– Agriculture shift to cotton

• Suez Canal [1869] linked Mediterranean Sea and Indian Ocean– Britain seized control of canal by buying stock and

declared Egypt a protectorate

The Berlin Conference

• [1884] Otto von Bismarck hosts conference in Berlin for European powers– Rule for future colonization rights and boundaries

of Africa– Encouraged colonialism based on political and

economic advantage for European powers• By [1917], only Ethiopia and Liberia were

independent of European rule• Colonial powers ruled directly over colonies– Britain was an exception

Challenges of African Colonization

• Infrastructure building stripped Africa of resources

• Treated natives harshly• Boundary lines not based on African tradition or

culture– Tribal lands split by two colonies under different rule– Two rival tribes brought together under same rule

• Traditional African culture started breaking apart

Political Developments

The American Revolution

• Britain vs French (and Algonquin & Iroquois tribes) during Seven Years’ War– [1763] British victory

• British tax colonies in North America to help pay for the war– George Grenville– Charles Townshend

• Americans upset about “No taxation without representation”

American Revolution

• Boston Tea Party• [April 19, 1775] Lexington and Concord • Common Sense- Thomas Paine – Used to urge support for independence

• Declaration of Independence [July 4, 1776]• America gets aid from France• [1781] defeated British

The French Revolution

• France had substantial war debts– Spanish Succession, Seven Years’ War, American

Revolution• King Louis XVI called on Estates General to

raise taxes [1789]

Estates General

• Made up of three “estates”• Parlement decides that

estates should meet separately • Third Estate afraid of being shut out of new

constitution

Clergy

Nobles

Everyone else

National Assembly

• Third Estate declares themselves the “National Assembly” [June 17, 1789]

• Stormed Bastille [July14, 1789]– Sparks anarchy; peasants attack nobility and feudal

institutions• Declaration of the Rights of Man– Ideas from Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Enlightenment, and

American Revolution– Freedom, equality, rule of law– Freedom of worship– Established the nation-state

New Constitution

• [1791] National Assembly ratified constitution• King held executive power: Constitutional Monarchy• Austrians and Prussians invade France to restore the

monarchy• French revolutionaries hold them back• The Convention becomes new ruling body– Abolish the monarchy– France= republic– Led by Jacobins– King beheaded for treason [1793]

American vs French Revolution

American Revolution • Colonial uprising against

imperial power (independence)

• End result- United States with imperial power of England still intact

French Revolution• Citizens against own

country’s leadership (revolution)

• End result- king beheaded and socio-political structure changes

The Reign of Terror

• The Convention worried foreign threats and internal chaos would lead to demise

• Created Committee of Public Safety: Maximilien Robespierre– enforcer of revolution– Killed those suspected of anti-revolutionary

tendencies• [1795] kill Robespierre

The Directory

• France writes new constitution in [1795]• Five man government called the directory• Built up military– Napoleon Bonaparte was a general

Napoleon Bonaparte

• Military success under the Directory• Overthrew the Directory in [1799]• Popular vote- Declared himself the First

Consul under new constitution• Napoleonic Codes [1804]– Equality of French citizens (men)

Napoleon’s Empire

• Troops conquered Austria, Prussia, Spain, Portugal, and kingdoms in Italy

• Reorganized Holy Roman Empire into a confederacy of German states

• [1810] Napoleon crowned himself as emperor

Downfall of Napoleon

• France lacked resources to control an empire• Attacked Russia during winter– Russians set fire to Moscow to prevent shelter for

Napoleon and troops– Napoleon retreats– Short on supplies and shelter; attacked– Napoleon sent to exile to St. Helena after defeat at

Waterloo [1813]

Congress of Vienna

• Prince von Metternich from Austria• Alexander I from Russia• Duke of Wellington from Britain• Decided to cut France back to its pre-Napoleon

size• Absolute rule to monarchs in France, Spain,

Holland, and many Italian states• “Erase the whole French Revolution and

Napoleon”

Haitian Revolution

• Haiti= French island colony• French colonists owned plantations– [1800] 90% of population was slaves

• [1801] Pierre Toussaint L’Ouverture, former slave, leads violent slave revolt

• Defeat 20,000 of Napoleon’s troops– Yellow fever helped

• [1804] Jacques Dessalines, former slave, proclaimed Haiti a free republic– Governor-general for life

• Haiti: first independent nation of Latin America

South America

• [1808] Napoleon appointed his brother, Joseph Bonaparte, to Spanish throne

• Spanish authorities in colonies decide to remain loyal to Spanish king

• Venezuela- eject Napoleon’s governor and appoint Simon Bolivar– [1811] establishes national congress– Declared independence from Spain– Bolivar wins Gran Colombia in civil war

South America

South America

• Jose de San Martin was a Creole in Spanish army

• [1814] took command of Argentina’s armies• Took revolutionary moment to Chile and Peru– Bernardo O’Higgins part of Chile movement– Joined forces with Simon Bolivar– [1820s] huge chunk of South America declared

independence from Spain

Brazil

• [1807] John VI, Portuguese king, fled to Brazil during Napoleon’s rule

• [1821] After Napoleon’s defeat, John VI returns to Portugal

• Leaves son, Pedro, to run Brazilian colony• Pedro declared independence and crowned himself

emperor• [1831] Pedro II ruled• Pedro II’s daughter, Isabel, abolishes slavery [1888]

– Land owning class strengthened, revolt– Establish republic in [1889]

Mexico

• [1810] Miguel Hidalgo, Creole priest, led revolt against Spanish rule

• Spanish army puts down revolt at Calderon Bridge. Hidalgo executed

• Jose Morelos lead revolutionaries against loyalists– Land owning class turns against him [1815] executed

• [1821] Treaty of Cordoba– independence

Effects of Latin American Independence Movements

• The Catholic Church remained powerful– Many Enlightenment ideas didn’t spread– Protected status quo– One of the largest landowners in Latin America

• Economies still dependent on Europe

Europe

Italy

• Mid-nineteenth century: Italy was a mess of foreign-controlled small kingdoms

• [1849] Victor Emmanuel II- king of Sardinia and Count Camillo Cavour go to war and remove Austria from Italy

• [1860] Giuseppe Garibaldi and volunteer army kick Spain out of Italy

• [1870] Italy wins control of Rome• Unified under Victor Emmanuel II

Germany

• Peace of Westpahlia [1648]= regional governments– Prussia and Austria dominated

• Prussia: Frederick the Great– Embraced Industrial Revolution– Supported education (work force)

• [1861] William I: king of Prussia appointed Otto von Bismarck as prime minister

Otto von Bismarck• Clever strategy to unify Germany– Defeated Austria in 7 weeks– Secured most German principalities except heavy Catholic

regions– Formed alliance with Catholic German states against France– Provoked France to declare war on Prussia– Defeated French, German Catholic regions under Prussian

control– Appointed King William I as emperor of new German Empire– King William II makes Bismarck resign and builds military

power

Russia

• Absolute power to Romanov czars• [1860s] Reforms under Alexander II– Emancipation Edict: abolished serfdom

Art

• Tolstoy– Anna Karenina– War and Peace

• Dostoyevesky– The Brothers Karamazov

• Tchaikovsky– Swan Lake – The Nutcracker

Alexander III

• Alexander II assassinated by The People’s Will• Alexander III – Russification: all Russians expected to learn

Russian language and convert to Russian Orthodoxy

– Suppress anything anti-Russian; killed those that didn’t comply

Nicholas II

• [1894-1917]• Socialists began to organize• Russians defeated in war with Japan for

Manchuria [1904]• Bloody Sunday: protestors go to czar’s palace

to protest, Nicholas orders troops to fire on them

Attempts of Russian Reform

• [1906] czar enacted legislative reforms• Appointed Prime Minister Peter Stolypin• Created the Duma– Body to represent Russian people– Whenever Duma too critical of czar, he would

disband it

Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Empire

• Decline in sixteenth century• Nineteenth century, danger of collapse• Britain and France tried to keep the empire

going to prevent Russian expansion– Crimean War [1853]

U.S. Foreign Policy

• [1823] President Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine– Western hemisphere off limits to European aggression

• [1898] Spanish-American War– U.S. gains control of Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines

• [1904] President Roosevelt issued Roosevelt Corollary– U.S would intervene in financial disputes– between Europe and countries in the Americas

• Panama Canal [1904-1914]

The Role of Women

• Education, equal wages, and professional opportunities mostly inaccessible

• Movements began for women’s political and legal rights– Labor unions– Socialist parties

• Earliest feminist writers in Europe emerged• Most western countries opened university education to

women• Literacy rates in China and India remained low into

twentieth century

Growth of Nationalism

• Desire of people of a common cultural heritage to form and independent nation-state/ empire that protects cultural identity

• Oppressors used nationalist feelings to justify superiority