1814-1914one hundred years of change

1814 and all that

• Aftenposten 13.03.2012:• The miracle year in Norwegian history• From municipality in Denmark to a state in union with

Sweden• Full independence for a short time• First political elections• The Constitution of 1814• Start of the Norwegian democracy• From war to peace to war to peace (which lasted until 1940)• King Frederick VI> King Christian Fredrik> King Carl XIII

• Background: The Napoleonic Wars and the Treaty of Kiel• The first National Assembly at Eidsvoll Spring 1814: Develop

own constitution• Representatives from all of Norway (- Northern Norway)• Eidsvoll men / fathers at Eidsvoll• All meetings Eidsvollbygningen• Completed 17th of May, signed the day after• The Danish Crown Prince Christian Frederik was elected king• Prevent the implementation of the Treaty of Kiel

• Assembly met for the first time 10th of april

• Official opening: Prince • President was Eidsvoll owner Peder

Anker. Others: Christian Magnus Falsen, Frimann Koren Christie, Nicolai Wergeland, Count Wedel Jarlsberg.

• Incredibly short time: Expected a Swedish army before summer

11 founding points• Norway will be a supreme and hereditary monarchy: it is a free, independent and

indivisible kingdom, and the Regent shall keep the title of king.• People should exercise the legislative power through their representatives.• People should one have the right to tax themselves through their representatives.• War and Peace law should be decided by the regent.• The Regent should have the right to pardon.• The judiciary should be independent of the legislative and executive.• Press freedom • The Evangelical-Lutheran religion should remain the state religion and rulers. All

religious sects given free religious exercise, yet the Jews still excluded from access to the country.

• New restrictions in commercial should not be present.• hereditary privileges should not be granted any of the future.• Norwegian citizens are generally equally committed to, in a certain time, to protect

the homeland, regardless of condition, birth or wealth.

• Many controversies: Self or DK or S? • Regent or King (father of CF as king),

constitutional monarchy (GB)?• Union Party - Hermann Wedel Jarlsberg

(Swedish Party) against the Independence Party - Christian Magnus Falsen (Danish Party, Prince party)

• Section 1 of the Constitution, as it still stands, was adopted by 78 votes 2:29

• Equally fierce debate about the debate about the Jews' role. The debate ended when Theis Lundegaard cried out, "Stand up all that favours no Jews will be in the country!" It showed a clear majority and the Jewish section was a fact (to 1897, but 1956 for Jesuits!). Paragraph 2!

• Bnew fights over the prince and foreign policy or not. People's sovereignty

• Voting gave 55-55, but Falsens casting vote tipped. Supreme state

• Simultaneously: Britain decided that they were going to support Sweden's claim for the Treaty of Kiel. Hopes small for a limited independence. Shortly after: Napoleon deposed.

• 17. May: The Constitution declared complete. Assembly unanimously chose Christian Frederik as king of Norway. King of Norway from 17 May to 10 October 1814.

• (King of Denmark Christian VIII from 1839 to 1848)

• 18. May: Signed• 19. May: Parliament dissolved

How did it end?

• The world's second oldest const.• Major int. delegation to Cph, then to Christian: Danish

king "exonerated“. A certain Norwegian sympathy - but bound by Kiel

• Swedish Army home and at the N borders• Ok up to the border, but as war 27th of July to peace

negotiations from the 3rd August• Moss Convention 14th of August.• Union Negotiations: 4th of November constitution with

Carl 13 as Norwegian king

• King was a strong king with executive power• Appointed officials, ministers, foreign policy,

war / peace, etc.• Two chamber / 112 pcs• Meeting every 3 years.• Acts, appropriations, taxes, loans• Voting (30-40%): All men over 25 years of

farm, or property over a certain value.

"One people, two cultures"

First cultureWhy official so important?1) managed state2) tied the country together3) They dominated the political life: a) advise the king b) Parliament - 40% in 1830-1905. c) local bodies.4) community in culture5) Communities related6) dismissal only by court7) High wages8) Educated

DepartmentsLawersRegional and local adm.Clergy incl. bishopsTeachers in higher educationOfficers

The second culture

• Farmers were no elite in society,

• but the main body• Farmer's position in the

nation• A time of nationbuilding in

Norway and outside• The position of the farmer

in the constitution

• July Revolution (1830) begins in France• Ydmyk for Dig Despotismen sin Nakke maa

bøie. Mørket maa vige for Solstraalens Magt (Bjerregaard)

• Rioting in Belgium, Poland and the Italian and German states

• Mostly cultural manifestations Norway• Wergeland, Bjerregaard, Ole Bull, Andreas

Munch• + Formation of a cultural elite at the

University of Oslo

• Political strife and cultural conflict• City and country• Urban varieties and rural dialects• PA Munch: Common Language basis of rural

dialects and Old Norse,• But a written language had to be created!• Aasen: Grammar in 1849, dictionary in 1852.• <> Scandinavianism with Welhaven etc.

Three dominant politicians in the period after 1830:• Anton Martin Schweigaard (1808-1870)• Lawyers, civil servant, "married well"• Central director for Senior Wing• The senior official of the wing• Fredrik Stang (1808 Stokke-84)• Lawyers, civil servant, "married well"• Central director for Senior Wing• The senior minister• Ole Gabriel Ueland (1799-1870)• Central director for peasant wing• The undisputed leader of the peasant wing• Farmer and teacher

The rise of the farmer• John Neergard wandered the eastern and western country m /• Ola-book:• A farmer’s thoughts on Norway's present Constitution• 1833 - a watershed• Changes in election law country to city was 2:1,• As it was already in the Constitution.• 45 farmers in court• Ingebrigt Sæter Ueland and put 12 times the Thing "for farmers"• The farmers considered to patriots• >> liberal officials and citizens + farmers

1837

• France, Prussia, England, Belgium, Denmark, Sweden, all in 1837: All had local laws

• 25 farmers put forward proposals on the council in 1833 for the first time

• An elected presidency• adopted in 1837• Finally own masters?• Officials strong in commissions and bureaucracies• Voter turnout from under 10% to 60% (never more

than 60 in any municipality / choice)

• Features of the community's first men• 1838: 40% farmer mayors• 1862: 73%?• 1851: Municipality spending 28% of the state's total• 1866: 40%• If the municipalities were amt• Communication (road and steam), health care,

agricultural schools, vet, midwives• The municipality's responsibilities grew with the amtets

sank, fex in road and school

However…

• Power of the monarchy strong• Karl Johan strong• The Norwegian Prime Minister in Stockholm• A sort of spokesman for the Government of Norway• A governor in Norway representing the king• Ministers first arbitrarily chosen by the king• 62 of 70 from 1814 to 1870 were officials• 1814-1840: 1200 officials directly picked by the king

A changing economic life

• Industry is defined as commercial processing of raw materialsWhat kind of industry had been in Norway before the revolution?• 1) Sawmills, eg. along the Drammen River• 2) Mines, eg in Kongsberg• 3) Crafts Companies such locksmiths in Tinn• 4) Clothes makers, for example. by the Aker river• 5) fishing, for example. stockfish production Loppa Island• 6) Mills, eg. Barley mill in Bergen. The first stationary steam

engine arrived at a flour mill Risør in 1831.• 7) Distilleries.

• Industry in general:• Around 1850, one is in a transitional phase,• on the border between craft and engineering• transition from primary to secondary

industries• Small changes in the primary industries• Emigration nascent stage

• Changes from 1840• Based in the textile and engineering workshops.• textile market their part in the industrialization

tradition• there was a market: Cheap cotton cloth.• Match industry likewise.• Engineering industry were related to communications

and expansion there, particularly ships and railways.• Growth in tertiary work

Storbritania

Industrial revolution

Population growth

Agricultural revolution

Norge

Industrial revolution

agriculture

Population growthemigration

• Francis Sejersted about Drammen: "An exceptionally beautiful example of how radically new technology is introduced as compensation for lost opportunities in traditional manufacturing."

More political changes

• Johan Sverdrup from Larvik• Merchants, craftsmen, scholars and

officials radical: new faction.• 1848/Thraneria• 1870 died Ole Gabriel Ueland and Anton

Martin Schweigaard, the ministerial undisputed leader.

• Combines old and new opposition groups• All power in this chamber ...

• Requirements for annual sessions in the parliament (was every 3)• 1869 - Carl XV sanctioned• 9. March 1872 - Decision admission of government and participation in

negotiations.• 7. May - sanctions denial• 1880 - twice sanction denial (from governments = King)• 9. June - when it is applicable gr.lovsendring• Not complied with• 1883 - Impeachment• 11. March 1884 Christian Selmer (1880) deprived of power• 26 June 1884: The King caves in: Johan Sverdrup was appointed by the

king

Partiene grunnlegges

• 28. January 1884. Social Liberalism as an ideology. Completion of parliamentarism, freedom of religion, the jury system and universal suffrage. First leader J Sverdrup

• 25. august 1884 (Jens Arup Seip: June 1880). The combination of 174 Conservative Associations or "Constitutional associations" as they called it after the foundation of the parliamentary system in Norway was established. Emil Stang first leader

• 21. august 1887 as a socialist party. Anders Andersen Jevnaker first leader. Universal suffrage, statutory normal working day, direct taxes and support the work closures.

Unionional problems

• Did not exist until 1884• Symbolic petty strife: Norway on the

Norwegian money, “the herring salad”

• Governor controversy 1850-1873• Scandinavianism - union rejected

1871• The main thing: Swedish king was

head of foreign policy• No Norwegian consulates

• 1895-1905 - negotiations• S King had in fact given up, but ...• 7. June declaration, the king

refused sanction of Norwegian consular service> could no longer exercise their constitutional duties lead home> could not obtain new government> no longer king> no longer union ties

• Really a coup d’etat• 13-23/9 1905: Karlstad

negotiations• GB supported Norway• The Great Powers did not support

a union

• 1898 Electorate – all men• 1909 – Women at municipal elections• 1913 – Electorate – all• 1903-14 – The licensing of fall rights