II One cause of the war was imperialism. Imperialism is when
countries began expanding and adding new territories to increase
their power. Imperial states (such as Great Britain and the United
States) began to take over territories and groups of people that
they had NOTHING in common with. Example: The United States and
Philippines; Great Britain and India
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Because these groups had nothing in common with their imperial
rulers, it led to nationalism.
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NN One cause of the war was nationalism. A nation is a group of
people who all share something in common. A nation and a country
are NOT the same thing. Example: A nation would be the Jewish
nation within the United States. Nationalism is the pride in ones
country or group of people. Its kind of like patriotism. Ethnic
groups began to take pride in their history and their similarities.
They did not like outside influence.
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Many of these nations began to fight and try to kick out the
imperial countries that owned them. For example, Cuba rose up in
revolt against Spain. This would lead to the third cause of the
war: militarism.
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MM Militarism is when a country builds up its military for the
purpose of intimidation. As many nations began rising up against
their imperial rulers, European powers and the U.S. began to
respond. They responded by building up their militaries in order to
control the territories they had conquered. They also wanted to
build their militaries in order to intimidate and scare each
other.
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AA Another cause of World War I was the formation of alliances.
Alliances are agreements between countries to help each other in
the event of war. If one country in an alliance is attacked, then
the other countries in the alliance agree to come to that nations
defense. By 1914, virtually all of the countries in Europe were in
an alliance.
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The spark that would start World War I happened on June 28 th,
1914. Archduke Franz Ferdinand was the heir to the throne of
Austria-Hungary, meaning he was going to be king one day. He was
visiting a province in Austria-Hungary called Bosnia for a
reception. There was a great deal of nationalist fervor in Bosnia.
One ethnic group called the Serbs in Bosnia wanted to be a part of
Serbia, not Austria-Hungary.
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A Serb nationalist group called the Black Hand wanted to do
everything in their power to make Bosnia become part of Serbia. So,
the Black Hand group planned to assassinate Archduke Franz
Ferdinand as he visited Bosnia. After many of the assassins failed,
a young man named Gavrilo Princip shot and killed Ferdinand.
Austria-Hungary accused Serbia of helping to plan the
assassination. So, Austria-Hungary threatened to go to war with
Serbia. Because Russia was allied with Serbia, it mobilized its
military. Mobilization means planning and preparing for war.
Germany was also brought into the mix because of their alliance
with Austria-Hungary. Eventually, nearly all of Europe was divided
into different sides.
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Great Britain, France, and Russia formed an alliance called the
Triple Entente. Meanwhile, Germany and Austria-Hungary formed the
Central powers. At first, the United States remained neutral.
President Wilson vowed to keep America out of war. Many people in
the U.S. believed in isolationism, meaning America should stay out
of international conflicts. For nearly 3 years, fighting goes on in
Europe while the U.S. remains neutral. In fact, President Wilson
won re-election in 1916 on the slogan, He kept us out of war!
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Many recent immigrants in the U.S. were from Germany, so they
supported Germany. But most people in America supported Great
Britain. The biggest reason that Americans supported Great Britain
was because of trade. GB was Americas chief trading partner. Many
banks in the U.S. had given loans to companies in GB. If GB lost
the war, they would probably lose money.
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Also, Great Britain cut telegraph cable lines to Germany. This
meant that news from the war in America only came from Great
Britain. This allowed Great Britain to paint Kaiser Wilhelm II, the
leader of Germany, as ruthless and violent and out to destroy
freedom and democracy.
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One reason the American public was against Germany was because
of their unlimited U-boat campaign. U-boats were German submarines.
They were a very effective tool for Germany against the British
Navy. American commercial ships (carrying innocent people) began
secretly carrying supplies to Great Britain. In 1915, a German
U-Boat sank the Lusitania, an American ship carrying innocent
people and supplies to Great Britain.
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128 Americans died on the Lusitania. This outraged Americans.
Anti-German feelings swept the nation. After this, the Germans
agreed to stop unlimited submarine warfare.
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Also in 1917, the U.S. intercepted the Zimmerman Telegram.
Arthur Zimmerman, who was the German Foreign Minister, sent a
telegram to Mexico. In this telegram, Germany asked Mexico to
attack the United States if the U.S. decided to go to war against
Germany. In return, Germany would give back land that Mexico had
lost as a result of the Mexican- American War. This further
alienated Germany from the American people.
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In the Spring of 1917, Germany began unrestricted submarine
warfare again. This meant that American ships were being sunk
again. The United States could no longer remain neutral. President
Wilson made an idealistic case for war. He said the U.S. should get
involved, saying that the world must be made safe for democracy.
Wilson wanted Americans to see the war as a battle between good vs.
evil.
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In April of 1917, America officially begins fighting WWI.
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When the United States finally entered the fighting in 1917,
Europe had already been bleeding for 3 years. The war featured new
technology like: the machine gun, hand grenades, and mustard gas.
These weapons meant very high death tolls for all sides. Because of
these new weapons, the European powers dug ditches called trenches
in order to take cover. Eventually, all sides were held up in
trenches and the war reached a stalemate. The area in between the
trenches was called no mans land.
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The only way to break the stalemate was to send lots of troops
into no mans land to try and overwhelm the enemy. This was called
going over the top. This caused heavy casualties.
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Flamethrower
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Man and horse, both with gasmasks
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Maschinengewehr 08 (A German Rapid-Fire Machine Gun)
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French troops in the trenches
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French soldier (1917 )
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A German torpedo narrowly misses a ship.
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Mustard gas burns
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Zeppelin
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German Albatross
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German Fokker Dr. I
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Manfred von Richthofen The Red Baron Shot down 80 planes.
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The Red Barons Fokker Tri-plane
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The wreckage of the Red Barons Plane
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German anti-aircraft gun
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Grenade wound
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Soldier with trench foot
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Lice were a serious problem in the trenches.
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So were rats.
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By early 1917, The Russians were tired of fighting. They had
lost 2 million lives. Then, in March 1917, the Russian Revolution
took place. Czar Nicholas II was removed from power and a new
republic was established. The republic did not last long, however,
and in November the Bolsheviks, under the leadership of Vladimir
Lenin, had token over the country. Lenin established a communist
regime. Germany promised peace with Russia so they pulled out of
the war.
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The Germans last push was deflected with the help of the
American troops. The Germans knew that they had no choice but to
stop fighting. So, on November 11 th, 1918, an armistice was
signed. An armistice is an agreement to stop fighting. This is why
we celebrate Veterans Day on November 11 th of every year.
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During the war, anti-German feelings spread throughout America.
The government presented propaganda that made Americans scared of
Germans. Americans were persuaded by the government to plant
victory gardens, enlist in the military, and buy Liberty bonds.
Liberty bonds were bonds that Americans bought to help pay for the
war. After the war, these bonds would be paid back to Americans
with interest. Also, government propaganda characterized the
Germans as Huns.
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This propaganda resulted in discrimination against Americans of
German descent. Schools in America stopped teaching the German
language. Foods with German names were given more American-sounding
names Sauerkraut became liberty cabbage Frankfurters became hot
dogs. Hamburgers became Salisbury steak. There were restrictions
against playing German music.
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The federal government also passed laws which limited Americans
free speech rights. Congress passed the Espionage and Sedition Acts
in order to protect national security. These acts made it illegal
to interfere with the draft, obstruct the sale of Liberty bonds, or
make statements considered disloyal or critical of the government.
Eugene Debs, a socialist leader who had ran for president, was
sentenced to ten years in prison for criticizing the U.S.
government.
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After the war, President Wilson wanted to make sure that there
was peace and stability in Europe. He predicted that punishing the
Central Powers too harshly for the war would lead to more conflict.
He proposed peace without victory. So, Wilson laid out his plan for
the treaty. His plan was called the Fourteen Points. The three most
important points in the plan were: 1) Reduction in armaments
(weapons). 2) Self-determination for ethnic groups, meaning nations
could have their own countries and governments. 3) Establishing a
League of Nations. This would be a place where countries could
settle disagreements before they lead to war.
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Wilson wanted the treaty that ended the war to be based on his
Fourteen Points. He thought that his plan would prevent future
conflicts. A war to end all wars However, the European allies such
as Great Britain and France wanted to protect their national
interests. In order to get some of his Fourteen Points passed,
Wilson had to make some compromises to the Allies.
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Wilson made two major concessions in the Treaty of Versailles:
1) The treaty blamed the entire war on Germany. This was called the
war guilt clause. 2) The treaty also required Germany to pay
reparations to the Allies. This made Germany pay the Allies for all
of the damage of the war. In return for these concessions, Wilson
won on self- determination. This meant that new countries with new
boundaries would be drawn for ethnic groups. Wilson thought this
would help prevent further conflict.
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Wilson also got another part of his Fourteen Points in the
Treaty of Versailles, the League of Nations. The League of Nations
was the first international organization that was set up for the
sole purpose of maintaining peace. If a majority of the countries
in the League of Nations voted, a military force of all of its
countries would be sent when war was needed. The League would also
help countries make agreements on reducing weapons.
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According to the Constitution, the President conducts foreign
policy. But, as a check on the Presidents power, only the Senate
can ratify (approve) treaties. But, Republicans in the U.S. Senate
did not like the Treaty of Versailles. They thought that the United
States military would have to go to war just because the League of
Nations said so. This is called internationalism. Internationalism
is when governments make decisions together. This would limit the
United States sovereignty.
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President Wilson refused to compromise on the League of
Nations. He wanted this part in the treaty. So, Wilson went on a
cross-country speaking tour. His goal was to convince people that
the League of Nations was a good idea. He thought that he could
convince people to vote for Democrats in the upcoming elections so
that the Treaty of Versailles would be passed. During the middle of
this speak tour, however, Wilson suffered a stroke.
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The stroke left Wilson disabled mentally and physically. But
this was kept secret from the American people until his death in
1924. Wilsons wife served as de facto president during his
disability. His wife and some of his advisors even helped a
journalist write a pretend interview with Wilson for a newspaper.
Without his leadership, the Treaty of Versailles never passed the
Senate. The United States also never joined the League of
Nations.
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Instead, the U.S. sent people to observe at the League of
Nations meetings. One agreement that occurred was the Dawes Plan.
The Dawes Plan gave Germany loans from U.S. banks to help pay back
their reparations.
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The Election of 1920 was a race between Democrat James Cox and
Republican Warren G. Harding. The election became a referendum on
the League of Nations. This means it was the only issue that
mattered at the time. Harding promised a return to normalcy.
Americans elected Republican Harding as president. The American
public rejected the idea of the League of Nations and
internationalism. Instead, they favored isolationism.
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After WWI, America became the worlds biggest economic power,
the leading exporter of goods, and the major banking capital of the
world.
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