1motivation and emotion.ppt

7/28/2019 1motivation and emotion.ppt

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Motivation and

Emotion


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Defining Motivation

Key Elements

1. Intensity: how hard a person tries

2. Direction: toward beneficial goal

3. Persistence: how long a person tries

The processes that account for anindividuals intensity, direction, andpersistence of effort toward attaining agoal.


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Motivation Concepts and

TheoriesMotivationfactors within and outside

an organism that cause it to behave a

certain way at a certain timeDrivean internal condition or impulse

that activates behavior to reduce a needand restore homeostasis

Incentiveexternal goal that pulls orpushes behavior


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Theories of Motivation

Instinctmotives are innate

Drivebiological needs as motivation

Incentiveextrinsic things push or pull

behavior

Arousalpeople are motivated to

maintain optimum level of arousal

Humanistichierarchy of needs


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Drives as Tissue Needs

Homeostasisthe constancy of internalconditions that the body must actively

maintain

Drives may be due to an upset in

homeostasis, inducing behavior to correct the

imbalance

Animals do behave in accordance with their

tissue needs (e.g., increasing or decreasingcaloric intake, drive for salt)

However, homeostasis cannot explain all

drives


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Drives as States of the Brain

The hub ofmanycentral drivesystems lies

in thehypothalamus

Cerebral cortex

Portion of

limbic system

Hypothalamus

Pituitary

gland

Brainstem


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Hunger DriveOther stimuli that act on the brain to

increase or decrease hunger include

satiety signals from the stomach (CCK)

signals indicating the amount of food

molecules in the blood (insulin)

leptin, a hormone indicating the amount

of fat in the body internals vs. externals


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Research on Weight

Regulation and Dieting

No consistent personality trait differencesfound between obese and non-obese people(e.g., willpower, anxiety)

Dieters and obese are more likely to eat inresponse to stress than non-dieters

Family environment of little importance in

determining body weight; genetics plays alarge role

Number of fat-storage cells is a majordeterminant of body weight


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Research on Weight

Regulation and Dieting

Fat cells are determined by genetics and food

intake

They increase with weight gain, but merely

shrink with weight loss; may stimulate hunger

Weight loss causes a decline in basal

metabolism Fat cells

Normal

diet

High-fat

diet

Return to

normal diet


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Effects of Culture and

Habits on Body Weight

Baseline body weightcluster of

genetic and environmental factors that

cause apersons weight to settle within a

given range

Weight can be affected by factors likediet, exercise, and daily habits (e.g.,

stairs instead of elevator)


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Basal Metabolic Rate

The rate at which the body uses energy

for vital functions while at rest

Factors that influence BMR Age

Sex

Size Genetics

Food intake


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Excess Weight and Obesity

Obesitycondition characterized by

excessive body fat and a BMI equal to

or greater than 30.0

Overweightcondition characterized by

BMI between 25.0 and 29.9


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Factors Contributing to Being

Overweight

Highly palatable foodwe eat because ittastes so good

Super Size Itfood portions are larger than

necessary or health

Cafeteria Diet Effectmore food and more

variety leads us to eat more

Snackingdoes not cause us to eat less at

dinner

BMRchanges through the lifespan

Sedentary lifestyles


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Factors in Obesity

Genetic susceptibilitysome people aremore likely to be predisposed to obesity

Leptin resistancecondition where

higher-than-normal levels of leptin donot produce desired physiological

response

Weight cyclingrepeated dieting,weight loss and weight gain tends to

result in higher weight and reduced

BMR.


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Love, Anger, and Food:A Biopsychosocial Investigation of Obesity


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OVERVIEW

Obesity is a recognized epidemic in many parts

of the world and directly contributes to

numerous physical illnesses.

Approximately 65% of American adults are

overweight or obese.


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OVERVIEW

The contemporary environment is poisonous when

it comes to eating and weight management.


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OVERVIEW

And genetics clearly plays a role.


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OVERVIEW

But obesity is a complex, multidimensional

problem.

In addition to environment and genetics it also

involves biological function, emotions, self-

regulation, and social relationships.


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Eating Disorders

Anorexia nervosacharacterized byexcessive weight loss, irrational fear of

gaining weight and distorted body

image

Bulimia nervosacharacterized by

binges of extreme overeating followed

by self-induced purging such as

vomiting, laxatives

Binge-eatingdisorder characterized by

recurring episodes of binge eating

without purging.


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Humanistic Theories

Abraham Maslow suggested that motives

are divided into several levels from

basic survival needs to psychologicaland self-fulfillment needs


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Physiological: includes hunger,thirst,shelter,sex,and other bodily needs

Safety: includes security and protection fromphysical emotional harm

Social: includes affection, belongingness,

acceptance , and friendship

Esteem: includes internal esteem factors such asself respect, autonomy, and achievement ;and

external esteem factors are status, recognition, andattention


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Self-Determination Theory

Optimal human functioning can occur

only if the psychological needs of

autonomy, competence and relatednessare met.

Proposed by E. L. Deci and R. M. Ryan


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Self-Determination Theory

Autonomyneed to determine,

control, and organize ones own

behavior and goalsCompetenceneed to effectively

learn and master challenging tasks

Relatednessneed to feel attachedto others


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Competence and

AchievementCompetence motivationbehavior

aimed

at demonstrating competence andexerting control in a situation

Achievement motivationbehavioraimed at excelling, succeeding, or

outperforming others at some activity


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Concept of Emotion

A class of subjective feelings elicited by

stimuli that have high significance to an

individual stimuli that produce high arousal generally

produce strong feelings

are rapid and automatic

emerged through natural selection to benefit

survival and reproduction


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Basic Emotions

Fear, surprise, anger, disgust,happiness, sadness

Basic emotions are innate and hard-wired

Complex emotions are a blend of manyaspects of emotions

Classified along two dimensions

Pleasant or unpleasant

Level of activation or arousal associatedwith the emotion


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Physical Arousal and

Emotions Sympathetic nervous system is aroused

with emotions (fight-or-flight response)

Different emotions stimulate differentresponses

Feardecrease in skin temperature (cold-

feet) Angerincrease in skin temperature (hot

under the collar)


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Brain and Emotions

Amygdala evaluate the significance of stimuli and

generate emotional responses

generate hormonal secretions and autonomic

reactions that accompany strong emotions

damage causes psychic blindness and the

inability to recognize fear in facial expressionsand voice


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Emotion and Facial

Expressions Each basic emotion is associated with

a unique facial expression

Facial expressions are innate and

hard-wired Innate facial expressions the same

across many cultures

Display rulessocial and cultural rulesthat regulate emotional expression,especially facial expressions.


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Theories of Emotion

Common sense might suggest that

the perception of a stimulus elicitsemotion which then causes bodily

arousal

Perception

(Interpretation

of stimulus

danger)

Stimulus(Tiger)

Emotion(Fear)

Bodily

arousal

(Poundingheart)

Common-Sense Theory


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Cognitive-Mediational Theory

Emotions result from the cognitive

appraisal of a situations effect on

personal well-being Similar to two-factor, but cognitive

mediational theorys emphasis is on the

cognitive appraisal as the essentialtrigger for the emotional response

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1motivation and emotion.ppt