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Motivation and
Emotion
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Defining Motivation
Key Elements
1. Intensity: how hard a person tries
2. Direction: toward beneficial goal
3. Persistence: how long a person tries
The processes that account for anindividuals intensity, direction, andpersistence of effort toward attaining agoal.
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Motivation Concepts and
TheoriesMotivationfactors within and outside
an organism that cause it to behave a
certain way at a certain timeDrivean internal condition or impulse
that activates behavior to reduce a needand restore homeostasis
Incentiveexternal goal that pulls orpushes behavior
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Theories of Motivation
Instinctmotives are innate
Drivebiological needs as motivation
Incentiveextrinsic things push or pull
behavior
Arousalpeople are motivated to
maintain optimum level of arousal
Humanistichierarchy of needs
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Drives as Tissue Needs
Homeostasisthe constancy of internalconditions that the body must actively
maintain
Drives may be due to an upset in
homeostasis, inducing behavior to correct the
imbalance
Animals do behave in accordance with their
tissue needs (e.g., increasing or decreasingcaloric intake, drive for salt)
However, homeostasis cannot explain all
drives
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Drives as States of the Brain
The hub ofmanycentral drivesystems lies
in thehypothalamus
Cerebral cortex
Portion of
limbic system
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
gland
Brainstem
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Hunger DriveOther stimuli that act on the brain to
increase or decrease hunger include
satiety signals from the stomach (CCK)
signals indicating the amount of food
molecules in the blood (insulin)
leptin, a hormone indicating the amount
of fat in the body internals vs. externals
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Research on Weight
Regulation and Dieting
No consistent personality trait differencesfound between obese and non-obese people(e.g., willpower, anxiety)
Dieters and obese are more likely to eat inresponse to stress than non-dieters
Family environment of little importance in
determining body weight; genetics plays alarge role
Number of fat-storage cells is a majordeterminant of body weight
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Research on Weight
Regulation and Dieting
Fat cells are determined by genetics and food
intake
They increase with weight gain, but merely
shrink with weight loss; may stimulate hunger
Weight loss causes a decline in basal
metabolism Fat cells
Normal
diet
High-fat
diet
Return to
normal diet
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Effects of Culture and
Habits on Body Weight
Baseline body weightcluster of
genetic and environmental factors that
cause apersons weight to settle within a
given range
Weight can be affected by factors likediet, exercise, and daily habits (e.g.,
stairs instead of elevator)
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Basal Metabolic Rate
The rate at which the body uses energy
for vital functions while at rest
Factors that influence BMR Age
Sex
Size Genetics
Food intake
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Excess Weight and Obesity
Obesitycondition characterized by
excessive body fat and a BMI equal to
or greater than 30.0
Overweightcondition characterized by
BMI between 25.0 and 29.9
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Factors Contributing to Being
Overweight
Highly palatable foodwe eat because ittastes so good
Super Size Itfood portions are larger than
necessary or health
Cafeteria Diet Effectmore food and more
variety leads us to eat more
Snackingdoes not cause us to eat less at
dinner
BMRchanges through the lifespan
Sedentary lifestyles
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Factors in Obesity
Genetic susceptibilitysome people aremore likely to be predisposed to obesity
Leptin resistancecondition where
higher-than-normal levels of leptin donot produce desired physiological
response
Weight cyclingrepeated dieting,weight loss and weight gain tends to
result in higher weight and reduced
BMR.
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Love, Anger, and Food:A Biopsychosocial Investigation of Obesity
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OVERVIEW
Obesity is a recognized epidemic in many parts
of the world and directly contributes to
numerous physical illnesses.
Approximately 65% of American adults are
overweight or obese.
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OVERVIEW
The contemporary environment is poisonous when
it comes to eating and weight management.
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OVERVIEW
And genetics clearly plays a role.
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OVERVIEW
But obesity is a complex, multidimensional
problem.
In addition to environment and genetics it also
involves biological function, emotions, self-
regulation, and social relationships.
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Eating Disorders
Anorexia nervosacharacterized byexcessive weight loss, irrational fear of
gaining weight and distorted body
image
Bulimia nervosacharacterized by
binges of extreme overeating followed
by self-induced purging such as
vomiting, laxatives
Binge-eatingdisorder characterized by
recurring episodes of binge eating
without purging.
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Humanistic Theories
Abraham Maslow suggested that motives
are divided into several levels from
basic survival needs to psychologicaland self-fulfillment needs
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Physiological: includes hunger,thirst,shelter,sex,and other bodily needs
Safety: includes security and protection fromphysical emotional harm
Social: includes affection, belongingness,
acceptance , and friendship
Esteem: includes internal esteem factors such asself respect, autonomy, and achievement ;and
external esteem factors are status, recognition, andattention
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Self-Determination Theory
Optimal human functioning can occur
only if the psychological needs of
autonomy, competence and relatednessare met.
Proposed by E. L. Deci and R. M. Ryan
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Self-Determination Theory
Autonomyneed to determine,
control, and organize ones own
behavior and goalsCompetenceneed to effectively
learn and master challenging tasks
Relatednessneed to feel attachedto others
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Competence and
AchievementCompetence motivationbehavior
aimed
at demonstrating competence andexerting control in a situation
Achievement motivationbehavioraimed at excelling, succeeding, or
outperforming others at some activity
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Concept of Emotion
A class of subjective feelings elicited by
stimuli that have high significance to an
individual stimuli that produce high arousal generally
produce strong feelings
are rapid and automatic
emerged through natural selection to benefit
survival and reproduction
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Basic Emotions
Fear, surprise, anger, disgust,happiness, sadness
Basic emotions are innate and hard-wired
Complex emotions are a blend of manyaspects of emotions
Classified along two dimensions
Pleasant or unpleasant
Level of activation or arousal associatedwith the emotion
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Physical Arousal and
Emotions Sympathetic nervous system is aroused
with emotions (fight-or-flight response)
Different emotions stimulate differentresponses
Feardecrease in skin temperature (cold-
feet) Angerincrease in skin temperature (hot
under the collar)
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Brain and Emotions
Amygdala evaluate the significance of stimuli and
generate emotional responses
generate hormonal secretions and autonomic
reactions that accompany strong emotions
damage causes psychic blindness and the
inability to recognize fear in facial expressionsand voice
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Emotion and Facial
Expressions Each basic emotion is associated with
a unique facial expression
Facial expressions are innate and
hard-wired Innate facial expressions the same
across many cultures
Display rulessocial and cultural rulesthat regulate emotional expression,especially facial expressions.
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Theories of Emotion
Common sense might suggest that
the perception of a stimulus elicitsemotion which then causes bodily
arousal
Perception
(Interpretation
of stimulus
danger)
Stimulus(Tiger)
Emotion(Fear)
Bodily
arousal
(Poundingheart)
Common-Sense Theory
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Cognitive-Mediational Theory
Emotions result from the cognitive
appraisal of a situations effect on
personal well-being Similar to two-factor, but cognitive
mediational theorys emphasis is on the
cognitive appraisal as the essentialtrigger for the emotional response