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1st Year Students Streams: H Sc +Sc SEQUENCE ONE : LISTENING & LISTENING SPEAKING ANTICIPATE Eureka! Interjection (Greek word meaning» I have found it!", allotted to Archimedes who discovered while bathing, the law known under the name of Archimedes' principle). Word of satisfaction which one employs when the solution of a problem was found. Born: ca. 287 B.C.Birthplace: Syracuse, Sicily Died: ca. 212 B.C. Best Known As: Ancient Greek mathematician who said "Eureka!"

1. Look at the picture 1 & answer the questions below using the words in the box. brush bucket water stream dirt washboard clothes washing machine basin river Clothes beater well

A. Are the women in the picture... a. in a town? b. in the countryside? – background + washing clothes in a basin - c. on a river bank?

B. Are the women … a. rolling couscous b. eating c. washing clothes?

C. How are they doing it? They are washing the clothes with their hands/with brushes/ in a basin. D. Where do you think they have brought water from? Use three words from the box above.

I think they have brought water from a river, a stream, or a well. 2. Look at picture 2 and answer the questions below. A. What is the woman doing? A- She is washing clothes in a basin. B- She does not have / hasn’t got a washing machine. C- She is using a washboard and a brush. D- She is doing it to remove dirt from the clothes. E- The washboard and the brush will use up the clothes.

B. In your opinion, why is she doing it with her hands? Tick in the appropriate box below. a. She has nothing else to do. q b. She does not have a machine which does that. q

c. She is afraid of machines. q

C. Is she using a small rock to beat the clothes? ???????????????????????????? D. What is she using then?

a. a washboard and a brush b. her feet c. a clothes beater E. What is she doing it for?

a. to remove the water from the clothes.

b. to remove the dirt from the clothes.

c. to remove the soap from the clothes.

F. Do you think it is the right way of doing it? If yes, why? If no, why?

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Possible Output: I think it is the right way of doing it because the washed clothes will be cleaner. I think it is not the right way of doing it because she should have used a washing machine.(transition)

COMPREHENSION CHECK 1. Listen to the first part of the short presentation of an invention. Then check your answers to

exercise 2 on the previous page. Part One

Thanks to technology, there are many labour-saving devices in the modern home today. If they were not there, people could not save time and effort. But things were difficult in the old days. People had to keep clean, and they did so by washing their clothes by hand in rivers or country streams. Sometimes they used a washboard on which they moved the clothes up and down, and sometimes a small rock to beat the clothes. That is how they kept clean.

However, there were three main drawbacks to this solution. Firstly, it took a long time to clean the clothes. Secondly, it was very hard work. Thirdly, clothes did not last very long because the stones, brushes and washboards damaged them.

2. Listen to the second part of the presentation and answer the questions below. Part Two In 1851, a man called James King invented a washing machine powered by hand. Yet, this was still hard work, even though it did not take as long as before to clean the clothes with the manual washing machine. Thus, in 1909, a company in the U.S.A. produced the first electric washing machine. And today, this device is so useful that almost every home has one.

A. What does the object in picture 1 represent? It represents a washing machine powered by hand/ a manual washing machine. B. What is the object in picture 2 ?

An electric washing machine. C. Does the presentation give us a description of the device ?

No, it doesn’t. D. If not, what does it tell us about? It tells us about … a. the functioning of the device. b. an invention's profile / outline.

c. an inventor's biography. 3. Now, listen to the whole text and jot down notes in column B of the table below.

4.

Use your notes to make a presentation of the invention of the class. POSSIBLE OUTPUT/ 1. Importance of home labour-saving devices Home labour-saving devices are important. 2. Problem / People had to keep clean

A B 1 Introduction Importance of home labour-saving devices 2 Problem People had to keep clean 3 Original solution Hand / rivers / washboard / small rock 4 Problems with the solution but the stones, brushes and washboards damaged clothes. 5 Invention James King / washing machine / 1851 6 Problems However still hard work / hand powered 7 Innovations 1909 / a company in the U.S.A / first electric washing machine 8 Conclusion almost every house has one.

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In the past, people had the problem of keeping clean. 3. Original solution / Hand / rivers / washboard / small rock One solution was found; they used their hands, washboards, rivers and small rocks to wash their clothes. 4. Problems with the solution / but the stones, brushes and washboards damaged clothes. But this solution presented problems because the stones, brushes and washboards damaged clothes. 5. Invention / James King / washing machine / 1851 Years after, in 1851, James King invented the first washing machine 6. Problems /However still hard work / hand powered However, washing clothes was still hard work because James King’s invention was hand powered. 7. Innovations / 1909 / a company in the U.S.A / first electric washing machine Thus, in 1909, a US company produced the first electric washing machine. 8. Conclusion / almost every house has one. From that day, almost every house has one. Home labour-saving devices are important. In the past, people had the problem of keeping clean. One solution was found; they used their hands, washboards, rivers and small rocks to wash their clothes. But this solution presented problems because the stones, brushes and washboards damaged clothes. Years after, in 1851, James King invented the first washing machine. However, washing clothes was still a hard work because J. King’s invention was hand powered. Thus, in 1909, a US company produced the first electric washing machine. From that day, almost every house has one.

SAY IT CLEAR Phonology: - Intonation in ‘wh’ and ‘yes/no’ questions

- Stress shift in names of sciences and adjectives derived from them. 1. Listen to the pronunciation of the direct question below and say whether the intonation rises or falls at the end. Use one of these arrows:

Who invented the first washing machine? ♣ Rule: Intonation in wh- questions

The voice goes down at the end of wh- questions.

2. Listen to the same question which is asked indirectly now. Does the intonation rise or fall at the end? Use arrows to mark it. ♣ Rule: Intonation in yes/no questions The voice goes up at the end of yes/no questions and down in information questions. a. Can you tell me who invented the first washing machine? b. Have you got any idea who invented the first washing machine? c. Do you happen to know who invented the first washing machine? 3. Listen to your teacher read the names of sciences in the box below and mark (‘) the syllable you hear most.

Names of sciences Adjectives derived from names of sciences Technology /tek‘n lədzI / Ecology / I‘k lədzI / Geology /dz‘j llədzI / Sociology /səυ‘sj lədzI/ Biology /ba‘I lədzI/ Hydrology /hai‘dr lədzI/ Anthropology /ænθrə‘p lədzI/ Bacteriology /bæktIə‘rj lədzI/

Technological /teknə‘l dzIkəl/ Ecological /Ikə‘l dzIkəl / Geological /dzjəυ‘l dzIkəl / Sociological /səυsjə‘l dzIkəl / Biological /baIə‘l dzIkəl / Hydrological /haidrə‘l dzIkəl / Anthropological / ænθrəpə‘l dzIkəl / Bacteriological /bæktIərjə‘l dzIkəl /

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♠ Rule: The shift in stress occurs when the words change category. From nouns to adjectives Word stress does not change every time you add suffixes to names of sciences. EG: ‘ist’

4. Now listen again to your teacher pronounce the adjectives derived the same nouns and mark the syllable you hear most. What conclusion can you draw?

♠Rule: Stress falls on the ante-penultimate syllable (third from the end). This holds true for all words

ending with ‘cy’, ‘ty’, ‘phy’, ‘gy’, and ‘al’. The adjectives and the names of science in the table (task3) end respectively in ‘al’ and ‘gy’. There is a shift in stress when words related to science change their grammatical category because of the addition of the suffix ‘al’, but the rule remains the same i.e., stress should fall on the ante-penultimate syllable of the adjectives and names.

The hidden message The message below is written in phonetic script. Write it using the letters of the alphabet. The presentation is about the invention of the washing machine

YOUR TURN 1. Look at the pictures below and use the names in the boxes to decide who's who. Put numbers 1-4 in the boxes below. 2. Match the items provided in the table and use the cues in the box below play the game "TELL ME ...".

Albert Einstein formulated the theory of relativity. Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone..

Names of sciences Nouns derived from names of sciences Technology /tek‘n lədzI / Ecology / I‘k lədzI / Geology /dz‘j llədzI / Sociology /səυ‘sj lədzI/ Biology /ba‘I lədzI/ Hydrology /hai‘dr lədzI/ Anthropology /ænθrə‘p lədzI/ Bacteriology /bæktIə‘rj lədzI/

Technologist /teknə‘l dzIst/ Ecologist /Ikə‘l dzIst / Geologist /dzjəυ‘l dzIst / Sociologist /səυsjə‘l dzIst / Biologist /baIə‘l dzIist / Hydrologist /haidrə‘l dzIst / Anthropologist / ænθrəpə‘l dzIst / Bacteriologist /bæktIərjə‘l dzIst /

Louis Pasteur Alexander Fleming Alexander Graham Bell Albert Einstein 1822 - 1895 1881 - 1955 1847 - 1922 1879 - 1955

Born in France born in Scotland born in Scotland born in Germany (1885) (1928) (1876) 11905)

2

3 4 1

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Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin Louis Pasteur discovered the vaccine against rabies.

To in-vent: To produce or contrive (something previously unknown) To dis·cov·er: To be the first to find, learn of, or observe. (something previously existed) A: - Can you tell me who invented / formulated / discovered……………? - Have you got any idea who / when / where….. ? - Do you happen to know who / when / where ... ? - Do you know who / when / where……? B: - I think / guess it was ... - Yes, wasn't it ... - No, I'm afraid I can't / don't / haven't got a clue. SAY IT IN WRITING Use the information contained in exercises 1 and 2 to write a short biography of one of the people in the pictures above. Then read it to the class. ♣ ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL 1/ Who was Alexander Graham Bell? (a great scientist / inventor) 2/ Where & when was he born? (Edinburgh, Scotland on March 3rd, 1847) 3/ What did he invent? (the telephone in 1876 / at the age of….) 4/ Where & when did he die?(on August 2nd, 1922 ) ♣ LOUIS PASTEUR 1/ Who was Louis Pasteur? (a great scientist / biologist and chemist) 2/ Where & when was he born? (Dole, Jura, France on December 27th, 1822) 3/ What did he discover? (the vaccine against rabies in 1884 / at the age of …..) 4/ Where & when did he die?( Saint-Cloud, France on September 28th, 1895 ) ♣ ALBERT EINSTEIN 1/ Who was Albert Einstein? (a great scientist / physicist) 2/ Where & when was he born?( in Ulm, Württemberg, Germany on March 14th, 1879) 3/ What did he formulate?( the theory of relativity in 1905 / at the age of…..) 4/ Where & when did he die?( in Princeton, New Jersey, USA on April 18th, 1955) ♣ Sir ALEXANDER FLEMING 1/ Who was Alexander Fleming? (a great scientist / bacteriologist) 2/ Where & when was he born? ( Lochfield, Scotland on August 6th, 1881) 3/ What did he discover? (penicillin in 1921 / at the age of…..) 4/ Where & when did he die?( London on March 11th, 1955 ) POSSIBLE OUTPUT Albert Einstein was a great scientist / physicist. He was born in Ulm, Württemberg, Germany on March 14th , 1879. He formulated the theory of relativity in 1905 / at the age of 26. He died on April 18th, 1955 in Princeton, New Jersey, USA.

SEQUENCE TWO: READING & WRITING: ANTICIPATE 1. Look at the pictures and use the words in the box below to say what each of them represents.

3 drum – 1 telegraph -4 telephone – 2 satellite 2. What do all the devices represented in the pictures refer to? Tick in or right box below. Then justify your answer. a. The development of the radio b. The development of telecommunications c. The start of telecommunications d. The development of the satellite system All the devices represented in the pictures refer to the start of telecommunications because the ancestor of the satellite is the drum chronologically speaking.

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3. Guess when each of the devices in the pictures above was invented. Complete the boxes in column A below with the names of inventions. A B

Invention Date / Time period drum Ancient times

telephone 1876 telegraph 1899 satellite

Mid-twentieth century

READ & CHECK 1. Read the text below and check your answers to exercises 2 and 3 on the previous page. From the time of primitive man, humans have wanted to communicate through space. Centuries ago, men used drums to send and receive messages. In Ghana, for example, this means of communication is called 'talking drums'. However, communication through drums and other means was not satisfactory over very long distances. Long-distance voice communication became possible only in 1876 when Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone. Twenty-three years later, Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi used Heinrich Hertz's discoveries about electromagnetic waves to invent another means of telecommunications. It was the 'wireless' telegraph, and it was the ancestor of the radio. It allowed communication between England and France in 1899. There was still a problem with long-distance voice communication via micro-wave radio transmission. The transmissions followed a straight line from tower to tower. So the system was impracticable over the sea. In 1945, science fiction writer, Arthur C. Clarke, suggested a solution. He proposed a system of communications satellites in an orbit. 35,900 km above the equator. The satellites would circle the earth in exactly 24 hours. Today, it is possible to communicate internationally by satellite. The latest satellites can carry over 100.000 simultaneous conversations. By the year 2050, electronic information technology will have transformed world business schools and family life.

Adapted from Hutchinson Encyclopaedia 2. Look back to the information in hold type in the text above and tick (‘) in the right box to choose the most suitable title for the text. a. Telecommunications and satellites b. Graham Bell's invention c. Telecommunications: Past, Present and Future Past: time of primitive man / centuries ago Present: Today Future: By the year 2050 3. Make the best use of your understanding of the text above to answer the questions below. a. What invention was the ancestor of the radio? b. What was the problem with long-distance voice communication? c. What was the solution to the problem?

DISCOVER THE LANGUAGE 1. Read §1 and the first sentence of §2 in the previous page and tick (‘) in the right box to complete the sentence below. The author uses the connector 'however' because the information in §2... a. gives an example to illustrate that of §1. q b. contrasts with that of §1. q c. Is the result of that of §1. q 2. Choose one of the items (a, b or c) to complete the sentence below and explain the use of 'however'. 'However' is used to express ...

a. addition b. concession/opposition c. cause / effect

3. Match each of sentences 1-3 with sentences a-c below. Then join them using ‘however’. Example:

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In ancient times, men used drums to send and receive messages. However, communication through drums was not satisfactory.

A B 1- The washboard is a convenient solution

a- It led to the making of the Atomic Bomb

2- Einstein's discovery revolutionised science. b- It necessitated the installation of telephone poles and wires.

3- Graham Bell managed to solve the problem of long-distance communication

c- It uses up the clothes.

1- The washboard is a convenient solution. However, it uses up the clothes. 2- Einstein's discovery revolutionised science. However, It led to the making of the Atomic Bomb 3- Graham Bell managed to solve the problem of long-distance communication. However, It necessitated the installation of telephone poles and wires. 4. Use the information in the box to complete the sentences below.

Difficulty / put / satellite / into orbit require / large amounts / cable transmissions

seas / impracticable a. Although Bell’s invention solved the problem of long-distance communications, it required large amounts of cable transmissions. b. Though Marconi’s invention solved the problems of cables, the seas were impracticable c. Even though Arthur Clarke’s suggestion could solve the problem, there was the difficulty to put the satellite into orbit. WRITE IT RIGHT 1. Match sentences a-d below with ideas 1-4 to re-order them into a coherent a coherent §. Put letters a-d in the corresponding boxes.

1- Problem 2- Initial solution 3- Problems raised by the initial solution 4- Invention

a. So, in the old days men used drums and other archaic means to communicate. b. In 1876, Graham hell solved the problem by inventing the telephone. c. The human voice does not allow people to communicate over very long distances. d. However, it took people a lot of time to send and receive messages.

a. b. c. d. 2 4 1 3

c. The human voice does not allow people to communicate over very long distances. a. So, in the old days men used drums and other archaic means to communicate. d. However, it took people a lot of time to send and receive messages. b. In 1876, Graham hell solved the problem by inventing the telephone.

2. Fill in the blanks in the table below with the words in the box. NOUNS Hand dishes dust food carpets meal VERBS Wash use best start sweep take

Problems Initial solution Problems with solution

Inventions Inventor Date

Dishes get dirty when you use

them up.

Wash them up by Hand.

Time consuming; much effort

Dishwasher Josephine Cochran, housewife

1889

Floors and carpets get

covered in dust and dirt

sweep with a brush ; take

carpets with a stick

Get used up Vacuum cleaner

John Thurman, businessman

1899

Ovens take a long time to cook food.

best start cooking a long time before the

Consume energy

Microwave oven

Dr Percy Spencer, scientist

1946

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meal is served 3. Use the information from the table above to write a coherent § about one of the devices. Use appropriate connectors. Dishes get dirty when you use them up. So, you wash them up by hand. It is time consuming and much effort is required. However, the invention of the dishwasher by Josephine Cochran, a housewife, in 1889 rendered the washing up easy: time saving and effortless. Floors and carpets get covered in dust and dirt. So, you sweep them with a brush but you take carpets with a stick. As a result, they get used up. However, the invention of the Vacuum cleaner by John Thurman, a businessman, in 1899 rendered this task very easy. Ovens take a long time to cook food. You best start cooking a long time before the meal is served. Ovens consume energy. However, the invention of the Microwave oven by Dr Percy Spencer, a scientist, in 1946 rendered this task consume less energy.

SEQUENCE THREE: DEVELOPING SKILLS DEVELOPING SKILLS 1

PRESENTATION OF A PRODUCT 1. Listen to the conversation & answer the questions:

Unit Four / Script 2 (Developing Skills) Customer: Hello. Is that the Juice Exp Company? Bob: Yes. Sales Department. Bob Bradley speaking. Can I help you? Customer: Well, I like your new product... I mean the Design 2005, but I'm not sure I have enough space for it. What's its height? Bob: It's seven hundred and forty millimeters high. Customer: seven hundred and forty millimeters … That’s OK. And what’s the depth of it? Bob: Five hundred & five millimeters. Customer: Aha. And how wide is it? Bob: the width is four hundred & thirty five millimeters. Customer: I think I can manage to fit in. I’ll call again. Bye for now. Bob: Good-bye.

A. Why does the consumer want to know about the size of the machine? The consumer wants to know about the size of the machine because he is not sure he has enough space for it. B. Complete these questions with words: wide – height – depth a. What’s the height of the machine? b. And what’s the depth of it? c. And how wide is it? 2. Listen again & complete the sentences below. a. The Design 2005 is seven hundred and forty mm high. b. It is five hundred & five millimeters mm deep. c. It is four hundred & thirty five mm wide. 3. Pretend you are a salesperson. Make an oral presentation of the new refrigerator’ FROST 550’. Help yourself with the tactics summary. abbr. ChloroFluoroCarbon

SPECIFICATIONS FROST 520 SPECIFICATIONS FROST 550 A compact model, ideal for sitting on a workshop. Runs silently. Two-star frozen food compartment. Plastic handle. Gross capacity 50 litres Net capacity 48 litres Height: 370 mm Width: 480 mm

A very compact model with no CFC’s, two removable shelves, thermostat control, salad bin and large food compartment flush-look door handle. Gross capacity 113 litres Net capacity: 102 litres Height: 880 mm Width: 450 mm

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Depth: 460 mm Frozen food capacity: 2 – star Internal volume 4 litres Designed for office use only. Available in 3 colours: red, green & blue. Price £ 400

Depth: 500 mm Frozen food compartment: 3-star Internal volume 5 litres Designed for home & domestic use Available in different colours Price £ 300

Ladies and gentlemen,

This product is our Frost 55. Although it is based on Frost 520, its system is completely different. The big advantage of Frost 550 is its gross capacity of 113 litres and its net capacity of 102 litres. Another big advantage is that it does not take much space because its width is only 450 mm. The major new feature of Frost 550 is its 3-star frozen compartment. Frost 550 is far superior to Frost 520.

DEVELOPING SKILLS 2 4. Now, read the specifications on the previous page and the ones in the boxes to complete the business letter below. Write full sentences.

SPECIFICATIONS FROST 700 SPECIFICATIONS FROST 750 Compact model with plastic door handle. Automatic defrost of freezer. No CFC’s Interior light. 4 removable shelves and full-width salad bin. Gross capacity Fridge: 160 litres Freezer: 40 litres Net capacity: Fridge: 140 litres Freezer: 35 litres Height: 1500 mm Width: 600 mm Depth: 500 mm Frozen food capacity: 12 kg Freezing capacity: 4kg in 24 hrs Designed for home use Available in 3 colours. Price £ 750

Compact model with flush-look door handle, door lock, interior light, gate flaps for bottle storage, 4 removable shelves, and full-width salad bin. Freezer features Automatic Gross capacity Fridge: 170 litres Freezer: 45 litres Net capacity: 150 litres Height: 1600 mm Width: 620 mm Depth: 550 mm Frozen food capacity: 14kg Freezing capacity: 10 kg in 24 hrs Designed for domestic use Available in 5 colours. Price £ 700

Thank you for your letter of April 10th asking for some information about our products. Below is some detailed information about our machines.

Our company manufactures different models of refrigerator with different dimensions, capacities and prices. Frost 700 and Frost 750 are our newest models. Both are compact models with removable food shelves and full-width salad bin. However, Frost 750 is better in terms of net and frozen food capacity, height, depth and width. Both are available at low prices and in various colors.

DEVELOPING SKILLS 3 1. Match each of the inventions in column A with its corresponding drawback (disadvantage) in column B. Put numbers 1-6 in the boxes below.

A B INVENTIONS DRAWBACKS

a. Automobile b. Cell phone c. Television set

1. Experts say it causes hearing problems. 2. It can cause health problems & death to motorists and passengers 3. It reduces arithmetic mental ability.

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d. Computer e. Walkman f. Calculator

4. It distracts drivers & causes accidents. 5. It can distract from work. 6. It can cause eyesight problems.

a b c d e f 2 4 5 6 1 3

2. Find the advantages of the 6 inventions in the table above. Example: The automobile allows us to travel over long distances.

a- The automobile allows/helps us [to] travel over long distances. b- The cell phone allows us to get in touch with people wherever they are. c- The television set allows us to be informed / have entertainment. d- The computer allows us to ease our daily life / work very quickly and efficiently. e- The walkman allows us to listen to music without disturbing others. f- The calculator allows us to do very difficult sums very quickly.

3. Use the information in exercises I and 2 to write sentences like the one it the example below. Example: Though the automobile allows us to travel over long distances, it can cause health problems and death to motorists and passengers.

a- Though the automobile allows us to travel over distances, it can sometimes cause health problems and death to motorists and passengers. b- Though the cell phone allows us to get in touch with people wherever they are, it distracts drivers and causes accidents. c- Though the television set allows us to have entertainment, it can distract from work. d- Though the computer allows us to work very quickly and efficiently, it can cause eyesight problems. e- Though the walkman allows us to listen to music without disturbing others, experts say it causes hearing

problems.

f- Though the calculator allows us to do difficult sums very quickly, it reduces arithmetic mental ability. 4. Read the letter to the editor below and answer these questions: a. What is the main idea of the letter? Underline it b. Is the author of the letter for or against technology? e. How many reasons does the writer give to support his argument? d. The author of the letter makes a concession. Underline it in the text.

a- Main idea: ‘we cannot really live without technology for three reasons’ b- The author of the letter is for technology. c- To support his argument, the author gives three reasons. d- Concession: ‘we must make sure that we have full control over it.

To the Editor, June 17th, 2005 In the June 5th edition, you published an opinion article about technology entitled “Can we live without ….?”. I don’t quite agree with some points in the article. I think we cannot really live without technology for three reasons. First of all, we have invented technology out of necessity. Imagine life with no machines. Sew your own clothes! Wash your own clothes by hand! Go everywhere on foot! Life can be very hard indeed without technology. The second reason why I cannot imagine life with no technology is the following. It has become part of out lives. In addition, every generation should live according to its time. We cannot stop technological innovation because we don't want to live the hard times of our ancestors. However, though we cannot live without technology, we must make sure that we have full control over it. Yours faithfully, Smith Hamilton

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DEVELOPING SKILLS 4 5. Look at the 4 pictures below and read their captions. Then answer these questions: a. Is the woman in picture 1 really watching TV? If not, what is she doing? b. Are the family members in picture 2 really together? c. Does TV in picture 3 really educate the children? d. Does the man in picture 4 really get information and ideas from TV? e. So, what do you think the cartoonist's attitude towards TV is?

Choose one answer: a. positive b. critical c. indifferent f. Do you believe that the writer's attitude is fair or unfair? Why?

a-No, she is knitting an article of clothing. b- No, everyone is busy doing something. c- No, it doesn’t. d- No, he doesn’t. e- The cartoonist’s attitude towards TV is critical (b) f- It is unfair because he mentions the drawbacks of TV without pointing out its advantages.

6. Reply to this extract from a letter of opinion. Use the letter on the previous as a model and help yourself with the ideas suggested in the pictures above. Ask the learners to use the captions, the pictures as well as the answers to questions a-f to highlight the disadvantages of TV. The learners are required to counter-argue with reference to the letter of opinion. [ … ] TV is the best invention that man has ever made. It is the best answer to boredom and loneliness. It allows people to relax after a hard day's work. Moreover, it educates children because it shows them documentaries on various topics. It informs us about what happens around the world. Thanks to TV, the world has become just like a small village. Finally, TV plays an important role in the family. It tells family members the old stories which grandmothers used to tell their grandchildren. [...]

Sofiane Bennous Possible output: Step 1: Listing ofthe TV drawbacks / disadvantages ►It prevent man from person-to-person communications. ►Family members do not communicate. ►It encourages violence & laziness among children through video games. ►It does not always tell the truth. Step 2: Writing the reply letter model-based To the Editor, June 17th, 2006 In the June 5th edition, you published an opinion article about the advantages of TV. I don’t quite agree with some points in the article. I think TV has some drawbacks. First of all, it prevent man from person-to-person communications.. The second reason is that family members do not communicate.. The third reason is that it encourages violence & laziness among children through video games. Finally, It does not always tell the truth. We cannot stop technological innovation because we don't want to live the hard times of our ancestors. However, though we cannot live without TV, we must make sure that we have full control over it. Yours faithfully, Iheb Benamor

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STOP & CONSIDER 1 1. Read the Reminder & rewrite the sentences below to describe the objects in two other different ways.

REMINDER We can describe shape & color in three different ways. Look at the example.

It is square It is square in shape Its shape is square It is yellow It is yellow in colour Its colour is yellow

a. The watch is white in colour and overall in shape. 1- The color of the watch is white & its shape is overall. 2- Its color is white & it is overall. b. The banknote is green and rectangular. c. The dishwasher is cubic in shape. d. The colour of the hairdryer is blue. 2. Read the Reminder and match the sentences from column A &B below. Then join them with ‘with’. Make any necessary changes.

REMINDER Look at the example: The coffee machine is red with three buttons

We can join the sentences using ‘with’ 1st part of the sentence with what? The coffee machine is red with three buttons

A B

1. The car is new. 2. The watch is square. 3. The mobile is phone is small. 4. The washing machine is made of

plastic.

a. It has large luminous numbers. b. It has a metal drum. c. It has tinted windows and an air bag. d. It has silver hands and a gold strap.

1. The car is new with large luminous numbers.

3. Rewrite the product presentation below to make it better. Make the best use of the reminder above. This is our new Quartz Watch 10 with a round frame. Its face is oval. Its strap is white and silver made. It is waterproof. You don’t need to take it off when you swim or have a shower. STOP & CONSIDER 2 4. Read the Reminder and cross out article `the' where it is inappropriate in the text below.

REMINDER A.. We use `the' when we refer to something which is unique.

Example: The earth goes round the sun and the moon goes round the earth. B. We don't use `the' when we make a general reference.

Example: Ø People like Ø technology once they know how it works. D. We use `the' when we refer to a type of machine, an invention, etc.

Example: The telephone is a very useful device. Ø Man has depended upon the sea for centuries. It has been a source of Ø food, a defensive barrier and a means of Ø transportation. Ø oceans cover more than 70 percent of the earth's surface, and have played an important role in the spread of Ø civilization and the development of Ø culture. However, it was not until the beginning of the twentieth century that Ø man started to explore the ocean floor in search of Ø new sources of food and Ø raw materials. In order to do this, he developed further the submarine, a machine the idea of which has been with us since Da Vinci's time.

5. Read the Reminder and cross out articles `a' and `an' where they are not appropriate in the text below. REMINDER

A.We use `a' or `an' when we say what something / someone is, or what something / someone is like. Example: Rabies is a very dangerous disease.

He is as blind as a bat.

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B. We use `a' when we refer to jobs. Example: Before he became an explorer, Armstrong was a pilot

C. We cannot use ‘a’ before uncountable and abstract nouns. Example 1 : Ø Water is vital for Ø life.

Example 2 : Ø Education is the key for Ø happiness Ø Cleanliness is essential for a healthy skin and a good complexion. In general, person should clean himself or herself with Ø mild soap and Ø warm water daily. This eliminates Ø excessive oil and the dirt that has collected during the day. Ø Soap is the most satisfactory of all cleansing agents. It can cure an acne, which is a skin disease common with young people.

STOP & CONSIDER 3 6. Read the Reminder and the captions below the pictures. Then build sentences like the one in the example. Use the right verb tense.

REMINDER The relative pronoun 'whom' is used when the antecedent is OBJECT as in the examples below.

Examples: I talked to a man on the phone. I guess you're the man. (Subject) (object) I guess you're the man whom I talked to on the phone. We should thank James King. He invented the washing machine. (subject) (object) James King is the person whom we should thank for the invention of the washing machine

(From A first book at the USA —A Cultural Reader- p.24) 1- We should thank Dr John Pemberton. He invented Coca Cola in 1886. Dr John Pemberton is the man whom we should thank for the invention of Coca Cola. 2- We should be grateful to Levi Strauss. He made the first jeans in 1860. Levi Strauss is the man to whom we should be grateful for the invention of the jeans. 3- We should be thankful to William Wrigley. He invented flavored chewing gum in1892. William Wrigley is the man to whom we should be thankful for the invention of flavored chewing gum. 4- We ought to thank Chester Carlson. He invented the photocopying machine in1938. Chester Carlson is the man whom we ought to thank for the invention of the photocopying machine.

7. Read the Reminder and match the sentences from columns A and the next page. Then join them with `so + adjective + that'.

REMINDER You can express result by using the construct `so + adjective + that' as the example below. Example: The washing machine is useful. So, nearly every home has one.

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PAST

NOW FUTURE

B.

- The washing machine is so useful that every home has one.

STOP & CONSIDER 4

1 2 3 4 5 d e c a b

1. The cell phone is so useful that nearly everybody has one. 8. Read the Reminder and rewrite the science fiction passage below in the future perfect.

REMINDER Read sentences A and B and look at diagrams A and B below.

A. In 2050, electronic information technology will transform world business. 2050, electronic information technology will have transformed world business. B. By 2050, electronic information technology will have transformed world business. past now future You notice that in sentence A, the action is predicted to happen exactly in 2050, but in sentence B, it is predicted to happen before 2050. We use the future perfect to predict that an action will already be completed at a particular time in the future. The future perfect is often used with time expressions with `by', which means `at or before'. By the year 2055. The population of the world will have reached 8 billion. Many cities will have doubled in size. We will have used up many sources of energy. Fortunately, we will have found new sources of energy. Robots will have replaced people for many boring jobs.

SEQUENCE FOUR: CONSOLIDATION & EXTENSION 1 WRITE IT OUT 1. 1. Read the introduction below and guess where it comes from. Justify your answer. It comes from...

a. a novel b. a scientific article c. a history book MAN AND THE MOSQUITO

Malaria is one of the oldest diseases that have affected mankind. Some historians believe that it caused the decay of Greek civilisation. Malaria attacks and destroys the red cells of the blood and causes anaemia. Of course, a nation of anemic people cannot work hard. So they can neither maintain nor build a civilisation. The fight against malaria makes one of the most exciting tales in human history. It has all the elements of suspense, mystery, danger and heroism, disappointment. Eventually, the fight against malaria has had a bright and hopeful ending. Man has identified the cause of the disease. However, this does not mean that the story is over. Malaria still makes victims in some parts of the world. So man has to continue the fight against it. (A)

It retraces the history of man’s fight against malaria.

A

B Statements:

1. The cell phone is useful. 2. The satellite is distant. 3. The experiment was difficult. 4. The refrigerator was expensive. 5. Pasteur's discovery was important for man's health.

Results: a. Not many people could buy one. b. Many people gave money to build a Pasteur Institute in Paris. c. The inventor spent long nights in his laboratory. d. Nearly everybody has one. e. It covers a large part of the earth.

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2. Read the introduction above again and compare it to the introduction below. Then answer the questions. Malaria is a disease which attacks the red cells of the blood and causes anaemia. It is a disease which man has fought for a long time. It has killed many people, but at last man has discovered the cause of this disease. Malaria still kills people in some parts of the world. So man has to be very careful. Malaria can come back. (B) a. Which introduction is more enjoyable than the other?

a. Introduction A is more enjoyable than introduction B. b. What does the author do to make his/her introduction interesting?

b. To make his/her introduction more interesting, the writer makes it read like a story wherein man stands as a hero against the killer disease malaria. He dramatizes the facts to make them more impressive to the reader. c. Which introduction is more boring than the other? Justify your answer.

c. Introduction B is boring. It just delivers flat facts. We don’t have any pleasure reading it…. d. Which introduction indicates that the author wants to inform and teach the reader a lesson at the same time?

d. The first introduction informs and teaches a lesson at the same time. e. What does the author aim to teach?

e. Among the lessons which the author aims to teach are: the vulnerability of man and his heroic struggle. against one of the most dangerous diseases. …

f. Which introduction indicates that the author aims just to inform the reader? f- The author of the second introduction wants just to inform his/her readers about the fight against malaria and

nothing more. CONSOLIDATION & EXTENSION 2 3. The paragraph below develops the ideas announced in the introduction above. Read it and cross out the sentences that do not relate to the main idea.

For a long time, malaria remained a mysterious disease. Most people thought that the cause of malaria infection was bad air. Pasteur discovered the vaccine against rabies. That's why Italians called it malaria (bad air). The mystery of this disease started to disappear in 1853 when a French scientist Beauperthuy suggested the idea that the mosquito was responsible for the transmission of the disease. At the time rabies was another dangerous disease. Thirty-one years later, Patrick Manson reached the same conclusion as Beauperthuy. However, both Bauperthuy's and Manson's ideas were not based on experiment. So other scientists did not take them seriously. 4. Read the paragraph below and cross out again the sentences that do not to the main idea. Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928. It was Edward Ross who finally, demonstrated how malaria was transmitted. From 1895 to 1899, Ross studied how birds contracted the infection. At first, he was not very optimistic about reaching results. However, to his surprise, he discovered that when females bit birds which suffered from malaria, they took in with the blood parasite and transferred it to healthy birds. Antibiotics are very useful treatment of various diseases. Not long after, an Italian bacteriologist, Battista Grassi, showed that the mosquito also transmitted malaria to man. 5. Now go back to the introduction on the previous page. Then use the cues to write a conclusion using the same style so as to make it to the reader. - cause of the disease well-known - to continue / to combat - to use quinine, atabrine and totaquine / treatment / prevention - to use insecticide / birds to exterminate - to drain swamps and marshes / breeding grounds - to affect / about 267 million people in 103 countries - to kill / between 1.5 and 2 million children in sub-Saharan Africa each year -man’s heroism / not diminished - tiumph over the disease one day / work together. Here are some hints for making the concluding paragraph interesting: 1. The story of the fight against the killer disease goes on even today…. However, the battle against malaria has become more equal. …

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2. Malaria remains one of the most dangerous diseases on earth…. (Note that such a topic sentence as ‘Malaria is still a dangerous disease.’ is not as appealing to the reader as

topic sentence two above: Malaria remains one of the most dangerous diseases on earth. There are personal feelings and thought expressed in the former that are not found in the latter.

CONSOLIDATION & EXTENSION 3 WORK IT OUT 1. Read the text and find the names of the inventors/discoverers who made the inventions and discoveries below: a. The Law of Gravity d. Rules for chemical combination and combustion b. The Law of Relativity e. Radioactivity c. The submarine and the `flying machine' f. Three electromagnetic laws

THE MAKING OF A SCIENTIST Men and women of different races, walks of life, temperament, religions and professions have become famous scientists. Leonardo Da Vinci was an artist; Sir William Herschel a band leader; Lavoisier, a tax collector: Priestly, a clergy man; Marie Curie, a political refugee: Joule a brewer; Edison a telegraph operator; Ruth Benedict a teacher of English; Einstein , a patent-office clerk; Faraday , a bookbinder; Halley, a gourmet; Newton, a recluse; Avicenna a physician; Kepler an astrologer; Carver , a slave. These men and women had in common their passionate devotion to science. The career of the great black American chemist George Washington Carver offers a particularly good example. It illustrates the important fact that anybody with the necessary ability and the necessary ambition can become a famous scientist.

a- The law of Gravity: Issac Newton b- The law of Relativity: Albert Einstein c- The submarine and the ‘flying machine’: Leonardo Da Vinci d- Rules for chemical combination and combustion: Priestly. e- Radioactivity: Marie Curie f- Three electromagnetic laws : Joule

2. Read the text above again and identify the parts of the paragraphs which, state opinions and those which express facts.

Opinions Facts

- The first sentence of the first paragraph:

- The second sentence of the first paragraph: Leonardo da Vinci ...

These men ... famous scientist. Carver, a slave. - Last sentence of the second - First two sentences of the paragraph: It illustrates… second paragraph.

3. Say whether and why you agree or disagree with the author's opinions. The learners can have different opinions about the issue. Let them discuss it in class. (e.g., ‘I do agree with the author’s opinions because I think that all men and women are born equal’. ‘Anybody who is devoted to science and works hard can become a famous scientist’. ‘I don’t agree with you’, etc…) 4. Read the second paragraph and find what the author wants to do with text. Circle the letter of the correct answer. Justify your answer. The author wants to... a. teach a lesson to the reader. b. inform us about Carver's discoveries. c. give facts about Carver's life.

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5. Read very quickly the jumbled paragraphs on the next page. Then match letters A-C with numbers 1-3 to form a coherent text.

1 2 3 C B A

CONSOLIDATION & EXTENSION 4 When he was about ten years old, George asked the master of the plantation to let him go to school at Neosho, Missouri, eight miles away. Carver told him that he was free to go, but that he would give him no money. The boy went off to Neosho without a penny in his pocket. He slept in barns, did odd jobs for his meals and eagerly devoured every bit of book learning that he could get at school. A few years later, he travelled sixty miles on mule back in order to register at the Fort Scott High School in Kansas. There, too, his life was a constant struggle with grinding poverty. He washed white people's clothes in order to pay for his meals and books. Then he went to Simpson college in Indianoloa, Iowa. In 1894, he received the degree of Bachelor of Science in Agriculture, and two years later he obtained his Master's degree from the same college. (A) At the defeat of the Civil War and after the emancipation of the slaves, George :ontinued to live on the Carver plantation. George wasn't strong, so he did omen's' work about the house –he washed, ironed, cooked and sewed. During TIs free time, he learned to read and write and memorised a little blue-backed 16ebster's speller, a small dictionary. (B) Carver was born of slave parents towards the close of the American Civil mar (1860-1865). His mother lived on the plantation of Moses Carver near the Tie of Diamond Grove in the extreme southwest corner of Missouri. His ¢ter belonged to a neighbouring farmer. (C) 6. Now read the paragraphs again and match each of them with the idea it expresses. a. George Washington Carver showed his ability for learning at an early age. b. He was ambitious and helped himself He didn't count on others. c. He came from a very poor family.

§ C: Carver came from a poor family. (c) § B: He showed his ability for learning at an early age. (b) § A: He was ambitious and helped himself. He did’t count on others. (a)

7. Read the concluding paragraph below and identify the sentence which the most important idea. In 1896 he started teaching in a Black American college - Tuskegee Institute - inWhile he was teaching there, he devoted some of his time to science to help improve agriculture in the South. He became the most famous1 chemist in the South. Though Thomas Edison offered him a job at of $ 25,000 a year, Carver refused to accept it. He preferred to live and piously and amuse himself with painting and handicraft arts. He® 1943. His story is an inspiring example to people who want to become scientists.

His story is an inspiring example to people who want to become scientists. 8. Make the best use of the answers which you have given to all the questions to write a summary of the whole text.

Making a summary does not mean copying sentences verbatim from the original text. We cannot summarise a text if we have not understood it well, and a good summary is around 10% of the original text, written in our own words. Sometimes, we resort to paraphrase to make a summary, which is not as sinful as copying when it is not exaggerated. Suggested summary

There is no discrimination in science. The career of George Washington Carver provides a good example. Though Carver was a black slave, he managed to become a famous agricultural scientist. His story shows that anyone with personal ambition and devotion to science can be a scientist. CONSOLIDATION & EXTENSION 5

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WORK IT OUT 1. Read these statements about video games & decide which of them are true & which are false. Tick where appropriate in the table below. a. People can play video games continually. F b. The light from the screen can cause health problems. T c. Playing video games will improve your eyesight. F d. Playing in a dark room is highly recommended. F e. Small-screen projections are better than large-screen projections. T f. Stand close to the screen to make better scores. F

2. Read the instructions below, and check which of them proves or disproves

3. Now, pretend you are an advice columnist. Reply in writing to the question below giving advice. (Follow the steps for giving advice outlined on page 79 of the textbook. Below is the recommendation phase. Don’t forget to include an analysis of the problem, the expression of concern over the problem…) Dear Khaled, You can continue to play games and stay healthy. However, you should be very careful with the use of video games. Here is some advice which I hope you will follow. First, the screen of your monitor/TV set should be small so that you can concentrate easily on it. Second, you should take some rest for at least 10 to 15 minutes after playing for an hour’s time. Third, sitting too close to the screen can cause serious health problems, such as an epileptic seizure or loss of consciousness. Finally, you should make sure that the room in which you play is not dark…

CONSOLIDATION & EXTENSION 6 1. Read the text below and answer these questions. A. What is cloning? A- Cloning is making copies of plants, animals and human beings. B. Is cloning something new? B- No, it isn’t. Ancient Greeks cloned plants over 4,000 years ago. C. What started the debate over cloning'? C- The debate about cloning started when people realised that it was possible to clone human beings. D. Why do people refuse to eat genetically modified foods? D- People refuse to eat genetically modified foods because they consider that this kind of food is dangerous for health. Nowadays scientists can make copies of plants, animals and even human beings. We call this cloning. There is nothing new about cloning at all. Ancient Greeks cloned plants over 4,000 years ago and the first cloned frog appeared in 1968. Twenty-nine years later, in 1997, Dr Ian Wilmut and other fellow researchers from Edinburgh University, Scotland, managed to clone an adult sheep from a single cell to produce a lamb (Dolly) with the same genes as its mother. Some people are worried because scientists started to think about cloning human beings. Today, we can also use genetic engineering technology to produce genetically modified foods. Scientists can copy and transfer individual genes from one living organism to another in order to make plants more productive and more resistant to diseases and pests. However, some people refuse to eat genetically modified foods (GMFs). They consider that biological products are safer.

2. Class work: Discuss, then write a short letter of opinion taking sides for or against cloning and genetically modified foods. Use the cues below.

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

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- create human organs & tissues for transplant - cure genetic diseases - produce food for the increasing population - preserve endangered animal and plant species - create clothes for medical research - help sterile people to have children

- create copies of human beings - stop the ageing process - interfere with human nature - cause health problems - modify human genes - select the race - kill bio-diversity

Topic sentence

Connectors Supporting statements Connectors Exemplify or Reformulate Or Express

Consequence / Cause First and foremost, For instance, Secondly, In other words, Furthermore, That is to say, Besides, For example, What is more, Thus, Moreover, because In addition, This leads to Last but not least,

CONSOLIDATION & EXTENSION 7 PROBLEM CONSONANTS 1. Listen and identify the sentence which your teacher reads from the pairs below. Tick in the right item.

A. Look, that's wrong. /1υk ðæts r η / B. Look, that's Ron. /lυk ðæts r n /

A. Dracula has fangs. / ‘drækjәlә hæz fæηz / B. Dracula has fans. /‘drækjәlә hæz fænz /

A. He's got a marvelous tan. /hiz g t ә 'ma:vә1әs tæn / B. He's got a marvelous tank. /hiz g t ә 'ma:vәlәs tæηk/

WORD Phonetic Transcription

/ n / / η / / ndz / / ηg / / ηk /

bang / bæ… / ▲ danger / ‘deІ…ә / ▲ singer / sІ…ә / ▲ wing / wі… / ▲ Sun / sΛ… / ▲ pink / pі… / bank / bæ… / ▲ thinker / θІ… ә / ▲ Finger / ‘fі … ә / ▲ Anger / æ…ә / ▲ stranger / ‘streІ … ә/ ▲

2. Read the sentences again and identify the sounds that make the sentences different in each pair. Underline the sounds.

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3. Complete the transcriptions of the words in the table below by ticking in the appropriate box. Pay attention to the pronunciation of the letter ‘n’. 4. Now listen and check your answers. Then pronounce the words in the appropriate way. 5. Write the transcripts below using the letters of the alphabet. Then read them aloud.

a- The banker who is sitting on the bank is singing a song. b- The singer is singing in a dangerous swimming pool.

PROJECT WORKSHOP MAKING AN INVENTION PROFILE

1. Selecting an invention Look around you and choose an invention. The lists below may help you. Bicycle car plane train Electric iron hairdryer cooker sewing machine Computer typewriter telephone typewriter 2. Writing about the evolution of the invention Get as much information as possible about the invention:

- background to the initial invention *"Who invented the computer?" is not a question with a simple answer. The real answer is that many inventors contributed to the history of computers and that a computer is a complex piece of machinery made up of many parts, each of which can be considered a separate invention. This series covers many of the major milestones in computer history (but not all of them) with a concentration on the history of personal home computers.

- problems with the initial model * The hand used to carry out to calculate * le boulier 5000 BC * Blaise Pascal 1642 10 years 1st adding machine * Leibnitz 1673 dividing & multiplying machine * Born December 26, 1791 in Teignmouth, Devonshire UK, Died 1871, London; Known to some as the "Father of Computing" for his contributions to the basic design of the computer through his mechanical computers. Babbage's engines were among the first mechanical computers. His engines were not actually completed, largely because of funding problems. Babbage realized that a machine could do the work better and more reliably than a human being. * Herman Hollerith us 1890 Developed Babbage's machine * ENIAC 1946 MASSIVE IMMENSE * IBM 1959 size reduced * IBM 1970 MICROPROCESSOR birth

- subsequent improvements on the initial model - today-nowadays R make development easy to achieve.

R extension to the human intelligence. R free man from dull work. R able to solve complex problems quickly. .

Topic Sentence Link Words Additives

Advantages / Disadvantages

S Details

Link Words

S Details

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As far as I am concerned, computers are the greatest invention of the 20th century.

First & foremost,

What is more,

That is to say, For instance,

Because As a result,

For example

………………... ………………… ………………… …………………

3. Making a presentation of the different parts State - what it is composed of? - what its dimensions are? Monitor / CPU - how it works? GIVEN INTRUCTIONS / PROCESSED/DISPLAYED - what the specifications of the recent model are? R efficient / rapid / precise. R several uses in many fields. R provide entertainment. R gave birth to INTERNET

4. Writing the biographies of the different inventors - write a timeline of all the inventors involved in the invention. - choose the two most important inventors & write their biographies. - do not forget to state in what circumstances they contributed to the beginning and the evolution of the invention.

PROJECT ROUND-UP - put the different items of your project in the form of a scrapbook or a wall sheet. - Include pictures of the different forms of the invention & of the inventors. - Submit it to the other class groups for evaluation. - If you have made any mistakes, correct them. - Put your scrapbook or wall sheet on display.

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 1 1. Look at the picture and supply the first sentence of the text below with the right word (a, b or c) to make it meaningful. Justify your answer. a. Philosophy b. Astronomy c. Physics Astronomy is perhaps the oldest recorded science. It is the science of celestial bodies: the Sun, the Moon, the planets, the stars, galaxies and other objects in our universe. It studies their positions, motions, distances, physical conditions, their origins and evolution. The heavenly bodies have always stirred the imagination of men. There have always been numerous accounts of fanciful trips to other worlds. Man has also observed the planets for purely practical reasons. The ancient Egyptians were the first to use this science to solve practical problems. Their observation of the Sun and the Moon allowed them to establish a calendar as early as 4236 BC. This made it possible for them to plan for the sowing, growing and harvesting of crops and for various other activities as well. The first true astronomers were the Greeks. They assumed that the Earth was spherical in shape and attempted to measure its size. The ancient Greek astronomers included Thales and Pythagoras. Ptolemy of Alexandia summarized the finding, of these scientists. He maintained the theory that the Earth was the centre of the universe, with the Sun, the Moon and other stars turning around it. Many Gre& philosophers did not agree with him. Ptolemy died about AD 180 and little progress was made for centuries. 2. Read the text and answer the questions below. a. What stirred the imagination of man?

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a. Numerous accounts of fanciful trips to other words stirred man’s imagination. b. Why did the ancient Egyptians observe the celestial bodies? b. The ancient Egyptians observed the celestial bodies to solve practical problems, such as sowing, growing and harvesting crops. c. Which theory did Ptolemy maintain? c. Ptolemy, an ancient Greek astronomer, maintained the theory that the earth was the centre of the universe with the Sun, the Moon, and the stars turning around it. d. Did all Greek philosophers agree with him? d. No, many Greek philosophers did not agree with him. 3. Read the text again and do the exercises below. A. Join the underlined sentences with the appropriate link words: `though', `although', `but', `however' or `yet'. Many alternatives are possible. A: The heavenly bodies have always stirred the imagination of men. This is the reason / That is why there has always been numerous accounts of fanciful trips to other worlds. (It is not possible to join the sentences with the link words provided in the instruction. Discuss with your learners why they can’t do so.???????????? B. Supply the appropriate link word right at the beginning of §2 to join the ideas of § 1 and §2. Circle the letter of the correct answer. Justify.

a. In addition b. However c. Moreover d. Besides B - Ptolemy maintained the theory that the earth was the centre of the universe, with the Sun, the Moon, and the stars turning around it./ However/yet… /, though many Greek philosophers did not all agree with him. (There are other possibilities for combining the sentences) B: However/yet (b), the first true astronomers were the Greeks. Even though it was the ancient Egyptians who started astronomy, it was the Greeks who developed the science and reached interesting findings.

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 2 4. The sentences below are in a scrambled order. Match letters a-f with numbers a-f to form a coherent §.

1 2 3 4 5 6

b a e d c f

2a. They exported their knowledge to the West, which was just coming out of The Dark Ages', a period lasting from nearly 500 to 1200. 1b. After Ptolemy's death, the Arabs revived the science of astronomy, developed the astrolabe and produced credible star catalogues . 5c. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) formulated the laws of planetary motion. 4d. In 1543, Nicolaus Corpernicus (1473-1543) discovered that the Sun, not the Earth, was the centre of our planetary system. 3e. Thanks to the translation of Arab's archives, the West renewed its interest astronomy. 6f. Years later, Galileo Galilei ( 1564 -1642) proved Kepler's theory that the Earth orbited around the Sun..

5. Complete the reconstructed § in exercise 4 with one of the following. Justify your answer. 1b. After Ptolemy's death, the Arabs revived the science of astronomy, developed the astrolabe and produced credible star catalogues. 2a. They exported their knowledge to the West, which was just coming out of The Dark Ages', a period lasting from nearly 500 to 1200. 3e. Thanks to the translation of Arab's archives, the West renewed its interest astronomy. 4d. In 1543, Nicolaus Corpernicus (1473-1543) discovered that the Sun, not the Earth, was the centre of our planetary system. 5c. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) formulated the laws of planetary motion. 6f. Years later, Galileo Galilei ( 1564 -1642) proved Kepler's theory that the Earth orbited around the Sun.. - It is text B that completes the reconstructed paragraph of task 4.

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- The idea contained in B does not add to the information contained in the paragraph. On the contrary, it is in contrast with it. 6. Read the text below and cross out article `the' where inappropriate. Ø progress in Ø astronomy has developed thanks to Ø inventions such as the telescope, the spectroscope, the camera and the detectors. The people today to like Ø astronomy. Most of them want to know if there is Ø life in the universe. This curiosity is justified. Have you tried to imagine what the life will be like two or three hundred years from now? Some people are afarid that the population of the world will have doubled by that time....

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 3 7. Use the cues below to write coherent sentences that will complete the paragraph in exercise 6. Use the future perfect tense. - 2030 / the earth / to heat up to very high temperatures - we / to use up all / food / water sources - Martian aliens / to discover the earth - By the year 2030, the earth will have heated up to very high temperatures. - We will have used up all food and water resources. - Martian aliens will have discovered the earth. 8. Read the text below and rewrite the underlined sentences using `in' and `with' to make its style better. Make any necessary changes. Among the planets which astronomy has made attractive to man today is Mars. Mars is the fourth planet in our solar system. It is 6,787 km in diameter about one third the size of the earth. The planet takes 24 hours and 37 minutes to rotate, a little more time than it takes the earth to do so. It takes 687 days (the Martian Year) for Mars to orbit the Sun. It has a thin atmosphere of carbon dioxide. It has an average temperature of -23°. It is rocky, dusty & red in color. It has white polar caps. The caps are composed largely of water ice & frozen carbon dioxide. Mars has four enormous volcanoes near its equator. Olympus Mons is the largest. It is much higher than the Earth’s Mount Everest. Its height is 25 kilometers. Its base has a diameter of 600 km & the width of its crater is 65 km. It has a thin atmosphere of carbon dioxide with an average temperature of -23°. It is rocky, dusty and red in colour with white polar caps. The diameter of its base is 600 km and its crater is 65 km wide. (Or it is 600 km in diameter at base, and its crater is 65 km wide.

9. Read the 2nd § of the text above & ask questions the dimensions of Olympus Mons. Use the following words: high, wide, long. How high is Olympus Mons? How wide is it? How long is its diameter? 10. Use the information in the box below to describe our planet Earth. Our planet, Earth, is the third planet / one from the sun. Its shape is spherical. It is flat at poles. – surface = 150 million km2

- 70% of surface = water – distance from the sun = 149,500,000 km. - circumference = 40,070 km – equatorial diameter = 12,756 km. - rotation period = 23 hours 53 minutes 4.1 seconds - year: complete orbit = 365 days 51.48 minutes 46seconds. - atmosphere: 78% nitrogen; 20.95% oxygen; 0.93% argon; 0.03% - carbon dioxide; other gases: neon, etc…. - greatest height : Mount Everest above sea level (8,872 m). Planet Earth is the third planet from the sun. It is spherical in shape with flat poles. Its surface is about 150 million km2 with 70% of water. It is some 149,500,000 km distant from the sun. Its circumference is 40,070 km with an equatorial diameter of 12,756 km. It makes a complete revolution around the sun in 23 hours, 53 minutes and 4.1 seconds. The earth year is estimated at 365 days, 51.48 minutes and 46 seconds. 78% of the earth’s atmosphere is composed of nitrogen, 20.95% of oxygen, 0.93% of argon, and 0.03% of carbon dioxide and other gases such as neon. The greatest height of planet Earth is Mount Everest. It stands some 8.872m above sea level…

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CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 4 Fill in the questionnaire below & hand it to your teacher.

II CANI VERY WELL

FAIRLY WELL

A LITTLE

- listen & respond to a lecture about an invention. - mark intonation in indirect questions. - pronounce names of sciences and the adjectives derived from them. - speak about inventions, discoveries and developments in technology. - read & respond to an article about the development of telecommunications. - write a short § about an invention. - express concession using `however', `although', etc. - write a paragraph out of a flow chart. - listen & respond to a product presentation. - read product specifications. - write a reply to a business letter giving information. - write a letter of opinion. - express result using so + adjective - use articles ‘the’, ‘a’, ‘an’ or zero. - describe an object: shape, colour, etc.. - use the future perfect to tredict completed actions in the future. - make a summary of an inventor’s biography - take sides in problems related to technology - write a letter to an advice column. - identify & pronounce problem sounds / n / & / /