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22ndnd Generation Intel Generation Intel MoteMote
Lama NachmanLama Nachman
Intel Corporation ResearchIntel Corporation Research
Santa Clara, CASanta Clara, CA
Copyright © 2004, Intel Corporation
22
ImoteImote22 Design Goals Design Goals
Focus on a “value add” moteFocus on a “value add” mote Demanding applications / data processingDemanding applications / data processing Industrial applicationsIndustrial applications
Use Intel siliconUse Intel siliconIncorporate learnings from Imote design Incorporate learnings from Imote design and deploymentsand deployments Condition based monitoringCondition based monitoring Water pipeline monitoringWater pipeline monitoring Structural monitoring / damage detectionStructural monitoring / damage detection
33
Imote 2 componentsImote 2 components
ProcessorProcessor
FlashFlash
RAMRAM
RadioRadio
Sensor interfaces / connectorsSensor interfaces / connectors
Power Management ICPower Management IC
OtherOther Antenna, USB, Reset button, LED, Crystals, passives, Antenna, USB, Reset button, LED, Crystals, passives,
etcetc
44
Low active power @ 13 MHzLow active power @ 13 MHz Ultra low voltage at low speeds (0.85V)Ultra low voltage at low speeds (0.85V) Similar active power to Imote (45mW)Similar active power to Imote (45mW)
Enhanced Low power modesEnhanced Low power modes Many voltage domainsMany voltage domains Deep sleep (0.1mW)Deep sleep (0.1mW) SRAM banks can be individually turned off SRAM banks can be individually turned off
Many I/O options to enable sensor boards and Many I/O options to enable sensor boards and alternate radiosalternate radios I2C, SPI, UART, CIF, USB, SDIOI2C, SPI, UART, CIF, USB, SDIO All I/O pins can be configured as GPIOsAll I/O pins can be configured as GPIOs
PXA 27x FeaturesPXA 27x Features
55
PXA 27x Features (Cont)PXA 27x Features (Cont)
Scalable performanceScalable performance DVS can be used to tailor the platform to differing DVS can be used to tailor the platform to differing
application needs, leaving the power / performance application needs, leaving the power / performance tradeoff to the apptradeoff to the app
Internal 256K SRAM, sufficient to run many apps Internal 256K SRAM, sufficient to run many apps without adding SDRAMwithout adding SDRAMStacked 32MB FLASH/SDRAM option, to reduce Stacked 32MB FLASH/SDRAM option, to reduce form factor sizeform factor sizeWireless MMX and ARM5VTE DSP Wireless MMX and ARM5VTE DSP Useful for in-network data processing (FFT, Useful for in-network data processing (FFT,
compression, peak detection, etc)compression, peak detection, etc)
Security co-processorSecurity co-processor
66
Radio ChoicesRadio Choices
Too early to commit to a single radio for WSNToo early to commit to a single radio for WSN Different applications might need different radiosDifferent applications might need different radios
802.15.4 looks promising (medium data rate, low power)802.15.4 looks promising (medium data rate, low power)Bluetooth has the ubiquity advantageBluetooth has the ubiquity advantage802.11 has the installed infrastructure advantage802.11 has the installed infrastructure advantage
Need to compare the characteristics of different radios and their Need to compare the characteristics of different radios and their suitability for WSNsuitability for WSN
ImoteImote22 has an onboard ChipCon CC2420 (802.15.4) has an onboard ChipCon CC2420 (802.15.4)Other radio options will be enabled through SDIO cards Other radio options will be enabled through SDIO cards and UART/USB and UART/USB
802.11b
Bluetooth
77
Sensor Board ConnectorsSensor Board Connectors
Split the connectors into 2 setsSplit the connectors into 2 sets basic (front side of the board) basic (front side of the board) Advanced (back side of the board)Advanced (back side of the board)
Define a subset of the pins as “architectural”, will be supported in all Define a subset of the pins as “architectural”, will be supported in all future Imote generationsfuture Imote generationsDefine the rest as platform dependent, can change in later Define the rest as platform dependent, can change in later generationsgenerationsUse two connectors on each side of the boardUse two connectors on each side of the boardBasic Connector (31 pin, 21 pin, 1 mm pitch)Basic Connector (31 pin, 21 pin, 1 mm pitch)
Basic featuresBasic features Support most application needsSupport most application needs Enable low cost sensor boardsEnable low cost sensor boards
Advanced Connector (40 pin, 20 pin, .65 mm pitch)Advanced Connector (40 pin, 20 pin, .65 mm pitch) Capture the remaining featuresCapture the remaining features Targeted for specialized applicationsTargeted for specialized applications
88
Basic ConnectorBasic Connector
SCL
SDA
1
2
3
4
5
6
9
10
11
12
13
14
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
26
27
28
29
SSPCLK
SSPFRM
SSPTxD
SSPRxD
GND
MMCLK
MMCMD
15 31
MMD0
MMD1
MMD2
MMD3
31 pin
16GPIO 93
FFRxD
FFTxD
FFCTS
FFRTS
BTRxD
BTTxD
BTCTS
BTRTS
SSPCLK2
SSPFRM2
SSPTxD2
SSPRxD2
GPIO 94
GND
Hirose DF9
7GPIO 10
30
8
25
I2C
SPI 1
SPI 2
UART 1
UART 2
SDIO
Reserved
Reserved
STD_RxD
STD_TxD
1.8 V
3.0 V
Alarm
GND
STDUart
1
2
3
4
5
6
9
10
11
12
13
14
17
18
19
20
21
15
21 pin
16
VBAT
VBAT
GND
Reserved
ResetReserved
ReservedReserved
Reserved
Hirose DF9
7
8
5 V
Reserved
VRTCVCC_IO
Reserved
Reserved
Futureexpansion
99
Advanced ConnectorAdvanced ConnectorImoteImote22 specific specific
20 pin
Hirose DF15
40 pin
BB_OB_DATA0
CIF_DD9CIF_DD8CIF_DD7CIF_DD6
BB_OB_DATA1BB_OB_DATA2BB_OB_DATA3BB_OB_CLKBB_OB_STBBB_OB_WAIT
BB_IB_DATA0BB_IB_DATA1
BB_IB_DATA2BB_IB_DATA3
BB_IB_CLKBB_IB_STB
BB_IB_WAIT
SDASCL
GPIO 10
GND
GND
FFRXD
FFCTSFFTXD
GND
SSPCLKSSPFRMSSPTxDSSPRxD
FFRTS
I2S_BITCLKI2S_DATAIN
I2S_DATAOUTI2S_SYNC
I2S_SYSCLK
GND
Hirose DF15
VBAT
VBATVBAT
1.8V
TCK
USBH_PUSBH_N
TMSTDOTDI GND
3.0V
Reset
5V
GND Alarm
nTRST
123456
91011121314
1516
78
17181920
21222324
26272829
31
30
25
32333435
3637383940
123456
910
111213141516
78
17181920
I2S or AC97
SPI 1
I2C
MSL &CF
MSL &CF
FF UART
JTAG
USB Host
STD_RxDSTD_TxD STD
Uart
VCC_IOVRTC
Reserved
CF
1010
Power ManagementPower ManagementUse Dialog PMICUse Dialog PMIC
Requires 9 voltage domainsRequires 9 voltage domains VCC_BB, VCC_LCD, VCC_MEM, VCC_IO, VCC_BB, VCC_LCD, VCC_MEM, VCC_IO,
VCC_USIM, VCC_SRAM, VCC_PLL, VCC_CORE, VCC_USIM, VCC_SRAM, VCC_PLL, VCC_CORE, VCC_BATTVCC_BATT
Dialog PMIC ICDialog PMIC IC Designed specifically for Bulverde, provides all Designed specifically for Bulverde, provides all
required domainsrequired domains Battery chargerBattery charger Dynamic voltage scaling optionDynamic voltage scaling option Battery voltage monitoringBattery voltage monitoring LED driversLED drivers
1111
Usage : Primary, USB/power, RechargeableUsage : Primary, USB/power, Rechargeable
Added battery pads on boardAdded battery pads on board
ImoteImote22 Power Solution Power Solution
USB Plug
Vchg Vbat
Primary Battery
Rechargeable Battery
PMIC
1 2
5V V
4.5V Max
External Battery Board Examples
Primary Battery Pads On mote board
Jumper Position 1 : No rechargeable Battery in system Position 2: Rechargeable Battery in system
USB min-B plug on mote board Could be used as power-only plug as well
Vbat on connector
1212
Other componentsOther components
AntennaAntenna GigaAnt surface mount antennaGigaAnt surface mount antenna Leverage the current Intel mote solutionLeverage the current Intel mote solution Optional SMA connector Optional SMA connector
Imote learning : no cable requiredImote learning : no cable requiredDo not populate optionDo not populate option
USB connectorUSB connector Programming over USBProgramming over USB Double as a power connectorDouble as a power connector
Color LEDColor LED Found it to be very useful in current moteFound it to be very useful in current mote Will use the same oneWill use the same one
CrystalsCrystals Bulverde requires 13 MHz and 32.768 KHz crystalBulverde requires 13 MHz and 32.768 KHz crystal ChipCon radio requires 16 MHz crystalChipCon radio requires 16 MHz crystal
Reset buttonReset button
1313
ImoteImote22
(Top View)(Top View)
Basic I/O connector
Basic I/O connector
Dialog PMIC
36 m
m
48 mm
PXA273
LED
Crystals
1414
ImoteImote22
(Bottom View)(Bottom View)
36 m
m
48 mm
Advanced I/O connector
Advanced I/O connector
Crystal
Antenna
Optional SMAconnector
Mini USBConnector
CC2420
1515
Other FeaturesOther Features
No A/D on mote boardNo A/D on mote board Reduce costReduce cost
Digital sensors don’t need itDigital sensors don’t need itApplications have different A/D requirements (Number of Applications have different A/D requirements (Number of channels, sampling rate, filtering, etc)channels, sampling rate, filtering, etc)A/D will be integrated into the sensor boardA/D will be integrated into the sensor board
Create generic A/D sensor board to enable quick Create generic A/D sensor board to enable quick proto-typing of analog sensorsproto-typing of analog sensors
SDIO SDIO Connector is too big (30x30 mm) and costly ($1.74) to Connector is too big (30x30 mm) and costly ($1.74) to
be included on Imotebe included on Imote22 board board Pins will be exposed through basic connectorPins will be exposed through basic connector Create SDIO connector boardCreate SDIO connector board
1616
StatusStatusDev board in Q3Dev board in Q3 Collection of plug-in boardsCollection of plug-in boards Enable S/W developmentEnable S/W development Currently running TinyOSCurrently running TinyOS
15.4 radio15.4 radioBasic drivers : Timers, SPIBasic drivers : Timers, SPI
First form factor board (Q4/’04)First form factor board (Q4/’04)Debug board (Q4/’04)Debug board (Q4/’04) JTAG, expansion headers, USBJTAG, expansion headers, USB Power & battery holderPower & battery holder
22ndnd spin of form factor board (Q1/’05) spin of form factor board (Q1/’05)
Sensor BoardsSensor Boards
Copyright © 2004, Intel Corporation
1818
Backward Compatibility + Generic Backward Compatibility + Generic Analog inputAnalog input
Need to quickly enable using existing Need to quickly enable using existing sensor boards on Imotesensor boards on Imote22
Develop a board that has the followingDevelop a board that has the following Imote connectorsImote connectors MICA2 connectorMICA2 connector Generic 8 channel, 16 bit A/D Generic 8 channel, 16 bit A/D
Enable prototyping of analog sensorsEnable prototyping of analog sensors
Support analog inputs on MICA2 connectorSupport analog inputs on MICA2 connector
1919
Stargate Adapter boardStargate Adapter board
Connects to basic sensor board connector Connects to basic sensor board connector on the imoteon the imote
Connects to the MICA 2 connector on the Connects to the MICA 2 connector on the stargatestargate
Wires Power & UART (2 pins)Wires Power & UART (2 pins)
BackupBackup
Copyright © 2004, Intel Corporation
2121
Existing sensor interfacesExisting sensor interfacesBasic sensor interfaces Basic sensor interfaces
Analog Analog I2C I2C SPI SPI PWM PWM Custom bit-banged digital interfaces Custom bit-banged digital interfaces
Sensor familiesSensor families LightLight (usually analog or PWM and some I2C) (usually analog or PWM and some I2C)
ThermopileThermopile (mostly analog, some PWM) (mostly analog, some PWM) UltravioletUltraviolet (analog or PWM) (analog or PWM) IRIR (analog, PWM, and a few I2C) (analog, PWM, and a few I2C) Visible LightVisible Light (analog, PWM, and a few I2C) (analog, PWM, and a few I2C) Color sensorsColor sensors (PWM) (PWM)
MagneticMagnetic (analog, I2C) (analog, I2C) SoundSound (analog) (analog)
UltrasoundUltrasound (analog, PWM) (analog, PWM) AccelerometersAccelerometers (SPI, I2C, analog and PWM) (SPI, I2C, analog and PWM) Temperature sensorsTemperature sensors (I2C, analog and PWM) (I2C, analog and PWM) Pressure sensorsPressure sensors (analog, SPI) (analog, SPI) HumidityHumidity (custom I2C) (custom I2C) Touch sensorsTouch sensors (analog or PWM) (analog or PWM)
A/D (SPI, I2C, parallel)A/D (SPI, I2C, parallel)
2222
BOM Cost EstimateBOM Cost EstimateItemItem DescriptionDescription CostCost
PXA 270/271/273PXA 270/271/273 Discrete / 32M F+S / 32M FDiscrete / 32M F+S / 32M F $17.75 / $32.44 / $23$17.75 / $32.44 / $23
PMICPMIC Dialog power management ICDialog power management IC $3.75$3.75
CC2420CC2420 ChipCon 15.4 RadioChipCon 15.4 Radio $3.6$3.6
CrystalsCrystals 13 MHz, 16 MHz, 32KHz13 MHz, 16 MHz, 32KHz ~$2.8~$2.8
AntennaAntenna Giga Ant surface mountGiga Ant surface mount $1.5$1.5
LED + DriverLED + Driver AgilentAgilent $1$1
ConnectorsConnectors Basic (2) + Advanced (2)Basic (2) + Advanced (2) $1 + $1.6$1 + $1.6
PassivesPassives ~ $9~ $9
Fab + AssemblyFab + Assembly Rough estimate from imote1Rough estimate from imote1 ~ $10~ $10
Total Total With PXA 270 / 271 / 273With PXA 270 / 271 / 273 $52 + F / $67 / $57$52 + F / $67 / $57
Prices above assume 1K units, except for PXA and PMIC (special Intel pricing)Prices above assume 1K units, except for PXA and PMIC (special Intel pricing)
PXA 270 configuration will need an external flash + bringing out addr/data busPXA 270 configuration will need an external flash + bringing out addr/data bus
2323
Mote feature comparisonMote feature comparisonFeature Imote Micaz Telos Mica2 Imote 2
CPU type @[MHz] 32bit ARM @12 8bit Atmel @8 16bit TI @8 8bit Atmel @8 32b XS@13(104)
SRAM [kB] 64 4 2 4 256/32,000
FLASH [kB] 512 128 + 512 128 + 512 128 + 512 32,000
Radio BT 802.15.4 802.15.4 300-900MHz 15.4 (BT/802.11)
Bandwidth [kb/s] 720 250 250 15 250 (720/11,000)
Power C/R/T [mA] 15 / 24 / 24 8 / 20 / 18 1 / 20 / 18 8 / 10 / 27 40/20/18
Power sleep [uA] 1-250 15 6 15 1-100
Security HW 4LFSR-128 AES-128 AES-128 N Y
OS support TinyOS TinyOS TinyOS TinyOS TinyOS
2424
ImoteImote
Research goalsResearch goals Explore more demanding applications (is there a need for a Explore more demanding applications (is there a need for a
value add mote?)value add mote?)High data ratesHigh data ratesIn network processingIn network processing
Gain experience with Mote developmentGain experience with Mote developmentExplore needed features (processing power, radio characteristics, Explore needed features (processing power, radio characteristics, I/O options, RAM, flash, form factor, etc)I/O options, RAM, flash, form factor, etc)ImoteImote22 definition definition
Cost reductionCost reduction No volume in WSN currentlyNo volume in WSN currently Reduce cost by leveraging another high volume marketReduce cost by leveraging another high volume market ARM7 + BT radio module cost the same as 8 bit AtmegaARM7 + BT radio module cost the same as 8 bit Atmega
2525
Early MotesEarly Motes
Early Motes (UCB) focused mainly on low Early Motes (UCB) focused mainly on low power (Mica, Mica2, Mica2 Dot)power (Mica, Mica2, Mica2 Dot) 8 bit micro-controllers (Atmega128L, 8 MHz)8 bit micro-controllers (Atmega128L, 8 MHz) 4 KB of RAM4 KB of RAM Low bandwidth radio (15 Kb/s, 300–900MHz)Low bandwidth radio (15 Kb/s, 300–900MHz) Active processor power = 24mWActive processor power = 24mW Sleep power = 45uWSleep power = 45uW
Suitable for low data rate applications Suitable for low data rate applications requiring only minimum data processing requiring only minimum data processing
2626
Imote featuresImote features
ARM* coreSRAMFLASHBT radio
Stackable connectors (top and bottom)
2.4 GHz antenna
Multicolor status LED
Optional external antenna connector
Optional voltage regulator (bottom)
*Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others
2727
Imote hardwareImote hardware
IntelIntel®® Mote is a modular, stackable design Mote is a modular, stackable design Main board (ARM* core, SRAM, FLASH, BT radio)Main board (ARM* core, SRAM, FLASH, BT radio) Power supply board (battery, AC, solar, …)Power supply board (battery, AC, solar, …) Sensor board(s)Sensor board(s) Other boards (alternate radio, debug, actuator, …)Other boards (alternate radio, debug, actuator, …)
Backbone IBackbone I22C interconnect provides power, signalingC interconnect provides power, signaling
Power board
Main board
Sensor board
Backbone interconnect*Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others
2828
Learnings from ImoteLearnings from Imote(Condition Based Monitoring App)(Condition Based Monitoring App)Higher bit rates and MAC reliability are Higher bit rates and MAC reliability are very useful featuresvery useful features Reduce total energy of the systemReduce total energy of the system Enable higher collection frequencyEnable higher collection frequency
Extra RAM is usefulExtra RAM is useful Reduce sensor board cost by leveraging Reduce sensor board cost by leveraging
internal RAMinternal RAM Eases development considerablyEases development considerably
Bluetooth resilience to interferenceBluetooth resilience to interference
2929
Processor ChoiceProcessor Choice
PXA27xPXA27x Includes 256K of internal SRAMIncludes 256K of internal SRAM Basic Mote : PXA273Basic Mote : PXA273
32MB of stacked flash32MB of stacked flashNo external SDRAMNo external SDRAMUpdate : No longer offered, fall back to 272 or discreteUpdate : No longer offered, fall back to 272 or discrete
Advanced Mote : PXA271Advanced Mote : PXA27132 MB of stacked flash32 MB of stacked flash32 MB of external SDRAM32 MB of external SDRAMEnable Other OS options (e.g. Linux, WinCE, etc)Enable Other OS options (e.g. Linux, WinCE, etc)
Stacking advantages:Stacking advantages: Small form factorSmall form factor No need to bring out address / data busNo need to bring out address / data bus
Stacking disadvantages:Stacking disadvantages: Higher cost (for now)Higher cost (for now)