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2nd International UGEC Conference
Urban Transition & Transformation
Science, Synthesis & Policy
Taipei, Nov. 6-8, 2014
Urban Climate Governance in Taiwan
Sue-Ching JouDepartment of GeographyNational Taiwan University
Key questions for the panel
• What needs for good urban governance?• How to enhance urban institutional capacities
to support good urban governance in climate change? – Institutional approach: its strength and inadequacy
• Reflection and implications from Taiwan experiences– to raise the questions for further discussion and
interaction
Why Taiwan?
• Experiences located at the middle ground/ in between developed and developing countries
– Intensive global exposure and good global reach (ex: international conference as platform of networking and policy transfer and learning): good at introducing and transplanting new idea/concept (policy travel)
– Institutional ossification: need to find way toward building institutional culture of innovation
– Contexts: political (neoliberal-developmental state)/ economic and spatial (post-industrial city)/ demographic and social (aging society)/ environmental (hazard-prone island) …
Condition & Impact Perception & knowledge
Mitigation
Sector management
Adaptation
Integrative governance
Urban system-city’sPolicy
StrategyInitiative/ Program
Measure
Urban Governance
Operation of governance system Mode of governance & Role of municipal government
StateCentral gov’t
MarketPrivate sector
StateMunicipal gov’t
Civil societyCommunity & 3rd sector
Climate Change
EnergyTransportationBuilding
Built environmentFlood control
Water environment
Decision makingPlanning & implementationManagement & Maintenance
Self-governingEnabling
ProvisionAuthority
Human activities
Extreme weather
GHGsHeat islandNatural hazard
ScienceInstitution
Network
IPCCUNFCCICLEI
Urban climate governance as a multi-scalar and trans-boundary endeavor• City as site of
– trans-scalar policy travel and knowledge transfer– institutional innovation and social learning
• Approach: Institutions & Actors (Networks)• Needs to
– Consider the scale & pathway– Map out the stakeholders and ecosystem– Identify policy gridlock & potentials
• Leadership matters• The gap between top officers and public servants• Path-dependent and institutional inertia• Public engagement & community involvement
Source: IPCC (2012) 《Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation: Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change》 , Figure 6-2, p. 358
National initiatives & policy framework Top down Bottom up
Framework of Taiwan's Sustainable Energy Policy
(2008.7)
National Action Plan on Energy Conservation and
GHG Reduction (2010.9)
Act & bill (Green Gases Reduction Act, Renewable Energy Development Bill, Energy Management Law, Energy Tax Bill)Research & scienceNational Energy and Technology ProgramLow-carbon city program (promote low-carbon demonstration communities, low carbon cities, low carbon living spheres) Carbon Footprint Management plan (CFM Plan)
Join ICLEI: global urban voluntary action to reduce carbon emission
Propose carbon tax levy (Kaohsiung City)
Turning aquaculture ponds into solar farms project (Pingtung)
Adaptation Strategy to Climate Change in Taiwan
(2012.6)Local Adaptation Plans (2+14)
FundingGuidance & InstructionConsultation & Assistance
• Vulnerability assessment• Prioritization of action plans
City marketing on international networks & conferences
Institutional approach
Pathway & timeline matters
Scientific knowledge
Nuclear safety
nuclear-free homeland
National Action Plan on Energy Conservation and GHG Reduction
Adaptation Strategy to Climate Change in Taiwan
1992 1998 2000Energy saving & carbon emission
20 12
Discourse on ENERGY
issue
2005 2008
2010Mitigation &Adaptationframeworks
National
International
Adapted from T L Lin (2008)
National policy and framework: shall be focus of examination
SCIENCE POLICY MANDATE & ACTION
SCIENCE
POLICY & ACTION
DISCOURSE
Research funding and projects on climate change funded by Ministry of Science & Technology ( National Science Council)
Sustainable Development Research Committee
Dept. of Natural Sciences & Sustainable Development
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 20120
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
180,000
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
案件數量研究經費
Year
Funding
# projects
1,000 NTD
#$
H
W
C
Y
KW
H
L
C
L
D
H
D
H
K
H
J
P
L
C
GeographySociology
Public affairs
Planning
Landscape
Planning-Hazard
HydrologyGlobal North
Global South
year
Policy A
Policy C
Policy B
bott
om-u
p
top-down
Energy
Transportation
Flood control
Landuse
planningArchitecture
AdaptationMitigation
City Taipei City Taipei City Kaohsiung City
International networks
UCLG ICLEI
UCLG ICLEI
UCLG ICLEI WMCCC
Policy travel and learningCity marketing
Policy & act
Energy Efficiency and Carbon Reduction Action Plan
Industry & business sector mainly
Low-carbon community
Wetland parks (riverbank)
Transformation of industrial city, Carbon Information Platform
Public transportation
Wetland parks
Institutional approachNetworks matters
Urban policy & actions in responding to climate change
Enhancing resilient
Resilient CityRisk
DevelopmentEco-city
AgencyPrivate sector
Public Sector
Reducing vulnerability
Public sector / People
Third sector
Mitigation AdaptationPolicy
& Actions
Goal
Market potential & opportunities
Wellbeing & safety of society
Urban responses to climate change at the crossroad of growth & risk
EX: Unraveling the nature of Local adaptation plans • Old wine in new bottle– Repacking old programs into new plans, not really taken it
as an opportunity for urban transformation ( industrial restructuring & infrastructure rebuilding)
• To pass the fish eyes for pearls (魚目混珠 )– Priority of local adaptation plans: urban regeneration &
flood control– Eco-city policy and programs: to masquerade the property
development; green gentrification; city marketing
Trans-boundary Learning & practices
INTERACTIVE
Guidelines & Funding
Practices Innovation &
Institutionalization
AdaptationMitigation
bott
om-u
p
top-down
Energy
Transportation
Flood control
Landuse
planningArchitecture
Budget from
1st phrase(2006-2007)
2nd phrase(2008-2010)
3rd phrase(2011-2013)
Duration(2006-2013)
Ministry of Economic Affairs
22.090(18.03%)
27.880(14.47%)
30.030(17.58%)
80(16.46%)
Ministry of the Interior
1.115(0.84%)
3.520(0.77%)
1.365(0.29%)
6(0.56%)
Council of Agriculture
7.760(8.34%)
13.100(4.11%)
9.140(2.78%)
30(4.05%)
Total & % in nat’l general budget
30.965(8.87%)
44.500(4.58%)
40.535(4.17%)
116(5.06%)
Unit: NT$ billion(% of ministry’s budget and general budget)
Flood-prone areas management planWater Act (Special Act for Flood Management/ special budget)
Central government Ministry of Economic Affairs Water Resources AgencyWater Resources Planning InstituteTaipei Watershed Management Office3 Regional Water Resources Offices10 River Management Offices
Municipal government Department of Water Resources District/Township Offices
Institutional Setting for Flood Risk Management in Taiwan
ProblemsLanguage and Knowledge
Experts vs. Citizen• Expert knowledge – expressed in mandarin, professionalism, precise &
scientific survey and modeling, regulated by engineering/ structural (flood prevention) works, confined in government division of labor
• Local knowledge– expressed in dialect, related to everyday life, fuzzy &
disorganized, accumulated from life experiences, adaptive and integrated knowledge on living environment, totalitarian government functions
Event & ProcessesConflict management
Negotiation on Flood Risk Management Plan (Flood prevention works)
StakeholdersGovernment agenciesIntermediary organizationsLocal community
Multi-stakeholders Platform A forum for negotiation/ knowledge transfer/ social learning
public meeting/ forum/ workshop
Analytical Framework
Stakeholders who is in the ecosystem of local planning?
Dept of Water Resources,NTC
10th RiverManagement OfficeWRA/MoEA
Intermediary Organizations
Consulting Firms 1Chungiun Engineering
Consulting Firm
Consulting Firm 2AECOM Taiwan
TIIWETaiwan International Institute for Water Education
OURsThe Organization of Urban Reforms
Water Watch
LocalcommunitiesGovernment
WR agencies
Township mayorsVillage chieves
ElitesGentries
ResidentsLocal Business
Knowledge transferConsensus building
Social learning
1987-2003 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011
Frequent typhoons &
ravaged flooding
WR Watershed management
planning I
Flood-prone Area Management Plan
8 yr, 116 billion NTD
WR Watershed management
planning II
Explanation meetings
Workshop OURs, Water
watch, and local residents
Watershed management
council
WR Watershed management planning III
2012-2013
Public meeting Forum Workshop(in-house)
Workshop(field-work)
Conflict management
• Encounter• Interaction
• Dialogue• Communication
• Negotiation• Solution
Social learning • Trust & Consensus building
• Empowerment & capacity building
• Mutual understanding& learning
public communication consultant firm 2 +
TIIWEForum
gov’t agencies + consultant firm 1
Conclusion & Discussion• The linkages among science-policy-action
– the role of citizen science– the need of de-scaling & gap-meeting knowledge– contexts and embeddedness
• Impasse & dilemma of risk & growth in the climate policy & planning– Green gentrification– Neoliberalizing the climate services
• Trans-scalar & trans-boundary learning and practices– The openness of information & user-friendly (user-centered) S & T– Variegated & diversified; reciprocal & mutual
• Circulation of human resources & reciprocal process – from action (practices) to policy and institutionalization– local contexts and historical experiences (ex: successful experience of promoting disaster
resistant community &“Pay-as-You-Throw” (PAYT) schemes- recycling at the community level)