3. Taxonomy and Classification

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Taxonomy andTaxonomy and

ClassificationClassificationJ.T.II Olivar J.T.II Olivar

Faculty of Arts and LettersFaculty of Arts and LettersUniversity of Santo TomasUniversity of Santo Tomas


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Outline of the LectureOutline of the Lecture

Definition of TaxonomyDefinition of TaxonomyKingdom MoneraKingdom Monera

Kingdom ProtistaKingdom ProtistaKingdom PlantaeKingdom PlantaeKingdom FungiKingdom FungiKingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia

The Animal Phylogenic TreeThe Animal Phylogenic Tree


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TaxonomyTaxonomy

Is the field of biology that classifiesIs the field of biology that classifiesorganisms according to the presence or organisms according to the presence or

absence of shared characteristics in anabsence of shared characteristics in aneffort to discover evolutionary relationshipseffort to discover evolutionary relationshipsamong species.among species.

TaxonTaxon is a category that organisms areis a category that organisms areplaced into and can be any of the levels of theplaced into and can be any of the levels of thehierarchy.hierarchy.


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Levels of ClassificationLevels of Classification

KingdomKingdomPhylumPhylumClassClassOrder Order

FamilyFamilyGenusGenusSpeciesSpecies


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The current system of classification is aThe current system of classification is afivefive--kingdom system that divides all thekingdom system that divides all the

organisms of the planet into one of fiveorganisms of the planet into one of fivekingdoms:kingdoms:Monera (Eubacteria and Archaebacteria)Monera (Eubacteria and Archaebacteria)ProtistaProtistaPlantaePlantaeFungiFungi

Animalia Animalia


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Kingdom MoneraKingdom Monera

The members of this kingdom areThe members of this kingdom areprokaryotes: singleprokaryotes: single- -celled organisms thatcelled organisms that

have no nucleus or membranehave no nucleus or membrane- -boundboundorganelles.organelles.Nutritional classNutritional classReactivity with OxygenReactivity with Oxygen

Archaebacteria versus Eubacteria Archaebacteria versus Eubacteria


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Nutritional classNutritional classMonerans can be classified as either Monerans can be classified as either autotrophs or heterotrophs.autotrophs or heterotrophs.

Autotrophs are the producers of the world. Autotrophs are the producers of the world.PhotoautotrophsPhotoautotrophs photosynthetic autotrophs thatphotosynthetic autotrophs thatproduce energy from light.produce energy from light.

ChemoautotrophsChemoautotrophs produce energy from inorganicproduce energy from inorganicsubstances.substances.

Heterotrophs are the consumers of the world.Heterotrophs are the consumers of the world.


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Reactivity with OxygenReactivity with OxygenObligate aerobesObligate aerobes require oxygen for require oxygen for respirationrespirationObligate anaerobesObligate anaerobes must avoid oxygenmust avoid oxygenFacultative anaerobesFacultative anaerobes


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Archaebacteria versus Eubacteria Archaebacteria versus Eubacteria Archaebacteria tend to live in extreme Archaebacteria tend to live in extremeenvironmentsenvironments

Extreme halophilesExtreme halophiles salt loverssalt loversMethanogensMethanogens bacteria that produce methane asbacteria that produce methane asa bya by--productproductThermoacidophilesThermoacidophiles bacteria that love hot, acidicbacteria that love hot, acidicenvironments.environments.


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EubacteriaEubacteriaProteobacteriaProteobacteriaGramGram--positive bacteriapositive bacteriaCyanobacteriaCyanobacteriaSpirochetesSpirochetesChlamydiasChlamydiasChemosynthetic bacteriaChemosynthetic bacteriaNitrogenNitrogen- -fixing bacteriafixing bacteria


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Three basic shapes of bacteriaThree basic shapes of bacteriaRodRod--shaped bacteriashaped bacteria also known as bacillialso known as bacilli

SpiralSpiral--shaped bacteriashaped bacteria also known asalso known asspirillaspirillaSphereSphere- -shaped bacteriashaped bacteria also known asalso known ascoccicocci


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Kingdom ProtistaKingdom Protista

Protists are usually unicellular or colonial.Protists are usually unicellular or colonial.This is why they are not considered plants,This is why they are not considered plants,animals, and fungi.animals, and fungi.

Plantlike protistsPlantlike protists also called algaealso called algae Animal Animal--like protistslike protists also called protozoansalso called protozoansFunguslike protistsFunguslike protists also called absorptivealso called absorptiveprotistsprotists


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Plantlike protistsPlantlike protistsThis division includes protists that are mostlyThis division includes protists that are mostlyphotosynthetic.photosynthetic.

1.1. DinoflagellataDinoflagellata2.2. Golden algaeGolden algae3.3. DiatomsDiatoms

4.4. Green algaeGreen algae5.5. Brown algaeBrown algae6.6. Red algaeRed algae


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Animal Animal--like protistslike protistsThis division includes protists that ingestThis division includes protists that ingestfoodsfoods as do animals.as do animals.

1.1. RhizopodaRhizopoda2.2. ForaminiferaForaminifera3.3. Actinopoda Actinopoda

4.4. Apicomplexa Apicomplexa5.5. ZooflagellatesZooflagellates6.6. CiliophoraCiliophora


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Funguslike protistsFunguslike protistsThis division includes protists that resembleThis division includes protists that resemblefungi.fungi.

1.1. MyxomycotaMyxomycota2.2. Acrasiomycota Acrasiomycota3.3. OomycotaOomycota


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Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae

Classification of plants is very similar toClassification of plants is very similar toclassification of the animal kingdom,classification of the animal kingdom,except that plants are divided intoexcept that plants are divided intodivisions instead of phyla.divisions instead of phyla.

ChlorophytesChlorophytes are green algae. They are theare green algae. They are thecommon ancestors of land plants.common ancestors of land plants.

1.1. BryophytesBryophytes2.2. Seedless Vascular PlantsSeedless Vascular Plants3.3. Seed Plants (Gymnosperms and Angiosperms)Seed Plants (Gymnosperms and Angiosperms)


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BryophytesBryophytesWere the first land plants to evolve fromWere the first land plants to evolve fromchlorophytes. They include mosses,chlorophytes. They include mosses,liverworts, and hornworts.liverworts, and hornworts.

Are also known as nonvascular plants. Are also known as nonvascular plants.Two evolutionary adaptations:Two evolutionary adaptations:

A waxy cuticle cover to protect against water loss. A waxy cuticle cover to protect against water loss.The packaging of gametes in structures known asThe packaging of gametes in structures known asgametangia.gametangia.


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Seedless Vascular PlantsSeedless Vascular PlantsThe first vascular plants (also referred to asThe first vascular plants (also referred to astracheophytes) to evolve did not have seeds.tracheophytes) to evolve did not have seeds.

XylemXylemPhloemPhloem

Two major evolutionary changes:Two major evolutionary changes:

The switch from the gametophyte to theThe switch from the gametophyte to thesporophyte generation of the life cycle.sporophyte generation of the life cycle.The development of branched sporophytes,The development of branched sporophytes,increasing the number of spores produced.increasing the number of spores produced.


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Seed Plants (Gymnosperms)Seed Plants (Gymnosperms)Three major evolutionary changes:Three major evolutionary changes:

Further decline in the prominence of theFurther decline in the prominence of thegametophyte generation of the life cycle.gametophyte generation of the life cycle.The birth of pollination.The birth of pollination.The evolution of the seed.The evolution of the seed.

A seed is a package containing the embryo A seed is a package containing the embryoand the food to feed the developing embryoand the food to feed the developing embryothat is surrounded by a nice protective shell.that is surrounded by a nice protective shell.


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Seed Plants (Angiosperms)Seed Plants (Angiosperms)There are more angiosperm around than anyThere are more angiosperm around than anyother kind of plant.other kind of plant.There are two major classes of angiosperms:There are two major classes of angiosperms:

MonocotyledonsMonocotyledonsDiscotyledonsDiscotyledons

Flowers are the main tools for angiospermFlowers are the main tools for angiospermreproduction.reproduction.

Stamen (anther), Carpel (ovary, style, stigma),Stamen (anther), Carpel (ovary, style, stigma),PetalsPetals


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Evolutionary Trends in PlantsEvolutionary Trends in PlantsDominant gametophyte to dominantDominant gametophyte to dominantsporophyte generationsporophyte generationNonvascular to vascular Nonvascular to vascular Seedless to seedsSeedless to seedsMotile sperms to pollenMotile sperms to pollen

Naked seeds to seeds in flowersNaked seeds to seeds in flowers


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Kingdom FungiKingdom Fungi

Nearly all fungi are multicellular.Nearly all fungi are multicellular.HyphaeHyphae filamentous structures.filamentous structures.

MyceliumMycelium branching filaments of a hyphae.branching filaments of a hyphae.SeptaeSeptae divide the hyphae filaments intodivide the hyphae filaments intodifferent compartments.different compartments.

Fungi that do not contain septae are calledFungi that do not contain septae are calledcoenocytic fungi.coenocytic fungi.


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List of fungusList of fungus- -related organisms:related organisms:ZygomycotaZygomycota

BasidiomycotaBasidiomycota Ascomycota AscomycotaLichensLichensMoldsMoldsYeastsYeasts


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Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia

Animals lack cell walls. Animals lack cell walls.Sexual reproduction is the norm.Sexual reproduction is the norm.

The diploid stage is usually the dominantThe diploid stage is usually the dominantgeneration in the life cycle.generation in the life cycle.Most animals are mobile.Most animals are mobile.

Animals are multicellular heterotrophs. Animals are multicellular heterotrophs. Animals store carbohydrates as glycogen, Animals store carbohydrates as glycogen,not starch as seen in plants.not starch as seen in plants.


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Most animals undergo a process in whichMost animals undergo a process in whichspecialized tissue layers (endoderm,specialized tissue layers (endoderm,mesoderm, ectoderm) form during amesoderm, ectoderm) form during aprocess known as gastrulation.process known as gastrulation.

Animals have specialized nervous and Animals have specialized nervous andmuscle tissue.muscle tissue.

Animal cells contain tight junctions and Animal cells contain tight junctions andgap junctions.gap junctions.


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The Animal Phylogenetic TreeThe Animal Phylogenetic Tree

Many people believe that the originalMany people believe that the originalcommon ancestor that started the wholecommon ancestor that started the wholeprocess of animal evolution was mostprocess of animal evolution was mostlikely the choanoflagellate.likely the choanoflagellate.


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The 1The 1 stst Major BranchpointMajor Branchpoint

ChoanoflagellatesChoanoflagellates1.1. ParazoaParazoa these organisms have no truethese organisms have no true

tissuestissuesSpongesSponges

2.2. EumetazoaEumetazoa all other animals with trueall other animals with truetissuestissues


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The 2The 2 ndnd Major BranchpointMajor Branchpoint

Eumetazoa (on the basis of bodyEumetazoa (on the basis of bodysymmetry)symmetry)1.1. RadiataRadiata those that have radial symmetry,those that have radial symmetry,

which means that they have a singlewhich means that they have a singleorientation.orientation.

Jellyfish, Corals, HydrasJellyfish, Corals, Hydras

2.2. BilateriaBilateria those that have bilateralthose that have bilateralsymmetry, which means that they have a topsymmetry, which means that they have a topand a bottom as well as a head and a tail.and a bottom as well as a head and a tail.


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The 3The 3 rdrd Major BranchpointMajor Branchpoint

The next major split in the phylogenic treeThe next major split in the phylogenic treefor animal development involved the splitfor animal development involved the splitof bilateral organisms into two further of bilateral organisms into two further branches.branches.1.1. Acoeleomates Acoeleomates animals with no vascular animals with no vascular

system.system.

2.2. Animals with a vascular system and a body Animals with a vascular system and a bodycavity.cavity.

a.a. PseudocoelomatesPseudocoelomatesb.b. CoelomatesCoelomates


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The 4The 4 thth Major BranchpointMajor Branchpoint

The final major branchpoint comes off The final major branchpoint comes off from the coelomates.from the coelomates.1.1. ProtostomesProtostomes a bilateral animal whose firsta bilateral animal whose first

embryonic indentation eventually developsembryonic indentation eventually developsinto a mouth.into a mouth.

Annelids, Arthropods, and Mollusks Annelids, Arthropods, and Mollusks

2.2. DeuterostomesDeuterostomes a branch that includesa branch that includeschordates and echinoderms. The firstchordates and echinoderms. The firstindentation of their embryos eventuallyindentation of their embryos eventuallydevelops into the anus.develops into the anus.


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Evolutionary DevelopmentEvolutionary DevelopmentEmbryonic developmental stageEmbryonic developmental stage

Mouth for the protostomesMouth for the protostomes Anus for the deuterostomes Anus for the deuterostomes

Angle of cleavages that occur during the early Angle of cleavages that occur during the earlycleavage division of the embryocleavage division of the embryo

The tissue from which the coelom divide.The tissue from which the coelom divide.


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Members of the various branchesMembers of the various branches1.1. PoriferaPorifera spongessponges2.2. CnidariaCnidaria sea anemones, jellyfishsea anemones, jellyfish3.3. PlatyhelminthesPlatyhelminthes flatwormsflatworms

Flukes, Planarians, TapewormsFlukes, Planarians, Tapeworms

4.4. RotiferaRotifera5.5. NematodaNematoda roundwormsroundworms


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6.6. MolluscaMollusca snails, slugs, octopuses, squidssnails, slugs, octopuses, squids7.7. Annelida Annelida earthworms, leechesearthworms, leeches8.8. Arthropoda Arthropoda9.9. EchinodermataEchinodermata sea starssea stars10.10. ChordataChordata invertebrates and vertebratesinvertebrates and vertebrates

VertebratesVertebrates fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds,fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds,

mammalsmammalsDorsal hollow nerve cordDorsal hollow nerve cordNotochordNotochordPharyngeal gill slitsPharyngeal gill slitsTailTail

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3. Taxonomy and Classification