CROPPING SYSTEMCROPPING SYSTEMCropping system in organic farming Cropping system in organic farming ≠ Conventional ≠ Conventional systemsystem Multiple cropping (Tumpang Gilir) = plant more than Multiple cropping (Tumpang Gilir) = plant more than one crop on the same land in one year with the one crop on the same land in one year with the purpose to get more yield from more than one crop purpose to get more yield from more than one crop and from more than one time.and from more than one time.The purpose and benefit of multiple cropping:The purpose and benefit of multiple cropping: a. harvest frequency, yield and farmer income can a. harvest frequency, yield and farmer income can be be increasedincreased b. Decrease risk of failureb. Decrease risk of failure c. Decrease unemployment c. Decrease unemployment d. Increase soil fertilityd. Increase soil fertility e. Minimun tillagee. Minimun tillage f. Control soil erosionf. Control soil erosion

TYPES OF MULTIPLETYPES OF MULTIPLE CROPPINGCROPPING

Companion plant (tanaman Companion plant (tanaman pendamping)pendamping)

Mixed cropping (tanaman campuran)Mixed cropping (tanaman campuran) Intercropping (Tumpang sari)Intercropping (Tumpang sari) Crop rotation (rotasi tanaman)Crop rotation (rotasi tanaman) Relay planting (tanaman sela)Relay planting (tanaman sela)

The different between organic farming cropping system and conventional cropping system

No Process Conventional Organic

1 Seed preparation Seed come from genetic engineering

Seed come from naturally crop growth

2 Soil tillage -Often used tractor-Maximum tillage

Manual tillage

3 Nursery Use chemical fertilizer & pesticide

Without using chemical fertilizer & pesticide

4 Planting Mono culture Multi cultureCrop rotationCompanion plantingCrop repellentRelay plantingGreen fertilizerBio pesticide

5 Irrigation Use usual irrigation water Use water that free from chemical

No Process Conventional Organic

6 Fertilization Use chemical fertilizer Use organic fertilizer

7 Insect, pest and weed control

Use chemical pesticide Based on natural balance

8 Harvest and post harvest

Contain residual chemicalUse chemical post harvest

Healthy foodWithout use of chemical post harvest

MIXED CROPPINGMIXED CROPPING

Combination of two or more crop in one landCombination of two or more crop in one land Factor affecting mixed cropping:Factor affecting mixed cropping:a.a. Crop oldCrop oldb.b. Crop morphologyCrop morphologyc.c. Crop tolerant on light and shadeCrop tolerant on light and shaded.d. Nutrition demandNutrition demande.e. Root morphologyRoot morphologyf.f. Companion plantingCompanion planting

Long old crop combined with short old cropLong old crop combined with short old crop High growth crops combined with short growth cropsHigh growth crops combined with short growth crops Shade tolerant crops combined with high growth Shade tolerant crops combined with high growth

cropscrops - bean- celery- bean- celery - bean – lettuce- bean – lettuce - sun flower-lettuce- sun flower-lettuce Nutrition demand:Nutrition demand: - heavy feeder: use Nitrogen very high (leafy crops, - heavy feeder: use Nitrogen very high (leafy crops,

cabbage, corn, lettuce).cabbage, corn, lettuce). - light feeder: carrot, radish- light feeder: carrot, radish - soil builders: bean, peanut, soybean- soil builders: bean, peanut, soybean Root morphology: bean-celery, bean-carrot, bean-Root morphology: bean-celery, bean-carrot, bean-

onion, carrot-lettuce, corn-potato, onion-cabbageonion, carrot-lettuce, corn-potato, onion-cabbage

Group of crops based on nutrition demandHEAVY FEEDERS LIGHT FEEDERS SOIL BUILDERSAsparagus Carrot AlfalfaBroccoli Onion BeanCabbage Garlic PeanutCauli flower Potato SoybeanCelery Sweet potato

Corn China cabbage

Lettuce

Spinach

Kangkung

Cucumber

CROP ROTATIONCROP ROTATION

HISTORY:HISTORY: Has been practiced in Britain, and Europe since many Has been practiced in Britain, and Europe since many

centuries. centuries. Eighteenth century: four course rotation:Eighteenth century: four course rotation: Roots- barley-Seed-WheatRoots- barley-Seed-Wheat Nineteenth century: six course rotation:Nineteenth century: six course rotation: Roots-barley-seeds-potatoes-wheat-Roots-barley-seeds-potatoes-wheat-

oatsoats Now: Now: two years leaf crops and two years of two years leaf crops and two years of

straw cropsstraw crops

DEFINITIONS OF CROP ROTATIONDEFINITIONS OF CROP ROTATION is a traditional method used to cleanse, protect and

replenish the soil. It is a cycle of growing different crops in the same area.

Ideally, these different crop are not related botanicallyIdeally, these different crop are not related botanically Ideally, two successive crops do not make the same Ideally, two successive crops do not make the same

demands on the soil for nutrients, nor do they share demands on the soil for nutrients, nor do they share diseases or insect pests.diseases or insect pests.

Legumes will be alternated with non legumesLegumes will be alternated with non legumes A longer rotation before the same crop is grown again A longer rotation before the same crop is grown again

is better than a shorter rotationis better than a shorter rotation Rotations are both spatial (crops move) and temporal Rotations are both spatial (crops move) and temporal

(time moves).(time moves).

BENEFIT OF CROP ROTATIONBENEFIT OF CROP ROTATION

Pest & disease management – Pest & disease management – disrupts disease life disrupts disease life cycles and the build-up of insect populations. These cycles and the build-up of insect populations. These generally depend upon a specific host plant family generally depend upon a specific host plant family to live on and reproduce ex cabbage maggot, carrot to live on and reproduce ex cabbage maggot, carrot wireworm, brassica club-root, potato root wireworm, brassica club-root, potato root eelworm/nematodeeelworm/nematode

Weed control – Weed control – different species germinate at different species germinate at different times of the year, and the variation in crop different times of the year, and the variation in crop depth and surface area covered, as well as bed depth and surface area covered, as well as bed treatments, can prevent weeds from getting a hold. treatments, can prevent weeds from getting a hold.

Soil fertility & nutrient replacementSoil fertility & nutrient replacement - as the - as the nutrients in the soil are slowly released, each nutrients in the soil are slowly released, each plant uses them at a different rate, and with more plant uses them at a different rate, and with more demanding plants or ‘heavy feeders’ (ex corn) in demanding plants or ‘heavy feeders’ (ex corn) in a crop rotation, the soil has time to build up its a crop rotation, the soil has time to build up its nutrient store again. This prevents ‘soil nutrient store again. This prevents ‘soil exhaustion’, otherwise resulting in ‘crop exhaustion’, otherwise resulting in ‘crop starvation’, reduced yield and as poor food value.starvation’, reduced yield and as poor food value.

Pests are most easily kept in balance when the Pests are most easily kept in balance when the soil grows different crops over a number of yearssoil grows different crops over a number of years

Plants of lower order of evolution (alfalfa, clover, Plants of lower order of evolution (alfalfa, clover, cabbage) have been shown to be better feeders cabbage) have been shown to be better feeders on less soluble nutrient sources than those of a on less soluble nutrient sources than those of a higher order of development (lettuce or higher order of development (lettuce or cucumber)cucumber)

Rotations preserve and improve the soil structureRotations preserve and improve the soil structure Rotation increase in soil nitrogenRotation increase in soil nitrogen Rotation increase bacterial activityRotation increase bacterial activity Rotation increase release of CO2Rotation increase release of CO2 Rotation control of weeds, insects and diseaseRotation control of weeds, insects and disease

Typical Cycle within a Year

Spring Autumn Winter SummerLeaf Root Legume Fruiteg cabbage eg beetroot eg lupin eg cucumbers

A Recommended 4-Year Crop RotationPlot A Plot B Plot C Plot D

Year 1 Root Crops Legumes Leafy Veges FruitYear 2 Legumes Leafy Fruit Root cropsYear 3 Leafy Fruit Root crops LegumesYear 4 Fruit Root Crops Legumes Leafy

AB

D

E

FC

D

A

B

C

D

4 YEARS CROP ROTATION

PLOT OF CROP ROTATIONPLOT OF CROP ROTATION

Root Crops (carrot, potato, sweet potato)

Legume (bean, soybean, peanut, green bean)

Leavy Vegetables (Cabbage, Broccoli, lettuce etc)

Plot A

Plot B

Plot C

Plot DFruit (corn, tomato, capsicum)

CROP ROTATION BASED ON CROP CROP ROTATION BASED ON CROP TAKENTAKEN

BEDENGAN MUSIM TANAMI II III IV

1 LEAFLEAF FRUITFRUIT ROOTROOT LEGUMELEGUME2 FRUITFRUIT ROOTROOT LEGUMELEGUME LEAFLEAF3 ROOTROOT LEGUMELEGUME LEAF LEAF FRUITFRUIT4 LEGUMELEGUME LEAFLEAF FRUITFRUIT ROOTROOT5

6

7

8

dst

TYPE OF MULTIPLE CROPPINGTYPE OF MULTIPLE CROPPING Inter-planting Inter-planting oror Intercropping Intercropping is the practice is the practice

ofof planting more than one crop together either in planting more than one crop together either in blocks, rows or spaces. It uses all of the available blocks, rows or spaces. It uses all of the available space in the garden at all times. space in the garden at all times.

Catch-cropping Catch-cropping is a small, quick maturing crop is a small, quick maturing crop among or alongside main crops which take longer among or alongside main crops which take longer to develop. It is an aspect of inter-planting. to develop. It is an aspect of inter-planting. Some vegetables most effective for catch-Some vegetables most effective for catch-cropping are: lettuce, dwarf bean, cress, cropping are: lettuce, dwarf bean, cress, mustard, chives, celeriac, radish, turnip, corn mustard, chives, celeriac, radish, turnip, corn salad, early carrots. salad, early carrots.

Companion Planting Companion Planting is a particular application of is a particular application of inter-planting. The companion assists the main inter-planting. The companion assists the main crop in several ways ex. opening up the soil, crop in several ways ex. opening up the soil, supporting growth, improving flavour, protecting it supporting growth, improving flavour, protecting it from being attacked by pests because of its from being attacked by pests because of its fragrance or a substance it exudes. The benefit are:fragrance or a substance it exudes. The benefit are:

(a) attract or repel insects (a) attract or repel insects (b) enhance the growth, health and flavour of (b) enhance the growth, health and flavour of

neighbouring plants ex. tomatoes, cabbages, neighbouring plants ex. tomatoes, cabbages, beetroot, carrots, parsley. Some plants release oils beetroot, carrots, parsley. Some plants release oils and minerals into the soil (ex. marigolds, beans, and minerals into the soil (ex. marigolds, beans, peas, lupins) which enhance the growth of some peas, lupins) which enhance the growth of some plants and inhibit others ex. potatoes and tomatoes plants and inhibit others ex. potatoes and tomatoes as neighbour inhibit each others growth, sunflowers as neighbour inhibit each others growth, sunflowers inhibit most competitors, but are fine with beans inhibit most competitors, but are fine with beans growing up them!growing up them!

(C). Companion planting often have higher (C). Companion planting often have higher harvests than monocultures because different harvests than monocultures because different companion plantings often have fewer pest companion plantings often have fewer pest problems than monocultures because pests have problems than monocultures because pests have a harder time finding suitable hosts, or because a harder time finding suitable hosts, or because different plantings provide better habitat for different plantings provide better habitat for natural enemies natural enemies

(d) Companion planting is an important part of (d) Companion planting is an important part of pest management.pest management.

(e) Companion planting helps bring a balanced (e) Companion planting helps bring a balanced eco-system to our landscape, allowing nature to eco-system to our landscape, allowing nature to do its' job.do its' job.

CROP PATTERNSCROP PATTERNS Legumes are generally beneficial preceding cropsLegumes are generally beneficial preceding crops The onions, lettuces and squashes are generally The onions, lettuces and squashes are generally

beneficial preceding cropsbeneficial preceding crops Potato yields best after cornPotato yields best after corn Carrots, beets and cabbages are generally Carrots, beets and cabbages are generally

detrimental to subsequent cropsdetrimental to subsequent crops

Type of companion PlantType of companion Plant Peas, beans, and legumes trap nitrogen Peas, beans, and legumes trap nitrogen

from the air with nodes on their roots. from the air with nodes on their roots. When these crops have finished producing When these crops have finished producing you can dig them into the soil so that the you can dig them into the soil so that the nitrogen is available for the next crop.nitrogen is available for the next crop.being leafy vegetables, (cabbages, being leafy vegetables, (cabbages, broccoli,) require a lot of nitrogen to grow, broccoli,) require a lot of nitrogen to grow, so that's why follow summer pea crops so that's why follow summer pea crops with winter cabbages is a known best with winter cabbages is a known best practice because it can use this free practice because it can use this free nitrogen source.nitrogen source.

Most Popular Companion PlantsMost Popular Companion PlantsBasil: Basil: is grow better with Pepper, Tomato, is grow better with Pepper, Tomato, MarigoldMarigoldBush Beans:Bush Beans: with Beets, Cabbage, with Beets, Cabbage, Carrots, Celery, Corn, Cucumbers, Carrots, Celery, Corn, Cucumbers, Eggplant, Lettuce, Pea, Radish, Eggplant, Lettuce, Pea, Radish, Strawberry, .Strawberry, .Pole BeansPole Beans:Carrots, Corn Cucumber, :Carrots, Corn Cucumber, Eggplant, Lettuce, Pea, Radish, Savory, Eggplant, Lettuce, Pea, Radish, Savory, Tansy Beets, OnionTansy Beets, OnionBeetsBeetsBush Beans, Cabbage, Onion, SageBush Beans, Cabbage, Onion, SageCabbage FamilyCabbage FamilyBush Beans, Beets, Bush Beans, Beets, Celery, Onions, Tomato, All Strong Herbs, Celery, Onions, Tomato, All Strong Herbs, Marigold, NasturtiumMarigold, NasturtiumStrawberryStrawberry

Companion Planting Chart for Vegetables

Vegetable Really likes to be with… Really dislikes to be with…Asparagus Basil, Tomato, Nasturtium, Parsley Onion, garlic, potato

Beans Carrot, cabbage, cauliflower, cucumber, marigold

Chives, leek, garlic

Broad Beans Brassicas, carrot, celery, corn, lettuce, potato

Fennel

Beets Brassicas, lettuce, onion, sage Bean (pole)

Broccoli Celery, chamomile, dill, rosemary Oregano, Strawberry

Brussel Sprouts Potato, Thyme Strawberry

Cabbage Beetroot, potato, oregano, sage Strawberry, tomato

Carrot Bush beans, pole beans, lettuce, onion, pea, radish, tomato

Chives, dill, parsnip

Cauliflower Beans, celery, oregano Nasturtium, peas, potato, strawberry, tomato

Celery Cabbage, leek, onion, spinach, tomato Parsnip, potato

Corn Bean, cucumber, melon, pea, pumpkin, potato, radish

Tomato

Cucumber Bean, celery, lettuce, pea, radish Cauliflower, potato, basil

Eggplant Bean, capsicum, potato, spinach

Leek Carrot, celery, strawberry

Lettuce Carrots, radishes, strawberry Beans, beetroot, parsley

Melon Corn, radish Potato

Onion Bean sprout, broccoli, cabbage, lettuce, strawberry tomato

Bean, pea

Pea Beans, Carrot, corn, cucumber, radish

Onion family

Potato Bean, corn, cabbage, pea, eggplant

Cucumber, pumpkin, squash, sunflower

Pumpkin Corn Potato

Spinach Celery, cauliflower, eggplant

Tomato Asparagus, celery, carrot, parsley, marigold

Corn, fennel, potato

Zucchini Nasturtium

Good neighbors companion plantingMain Crop Companion crops

Beans Fix nitrogen, plant with carrots, celery, corn, peas, potatoes, brassicas, cucumbers

Broccoli Cucumber, garlic, lettuce, onion, potato, tomatoCabbage Celery, onion, potatoesCarrots Lettuce, onions, tomatoesCelery Beans, cabbage family, leek, onion, spinach, tomatoesCorn Beans, cucumber, peanut, peas, potato, pumkin, soybean

Cucumber Peas, carrotsGarlic Cucumbers, peas, lettuce, celeryLeeks Carrots, celery, onions

Lettuce Broccoli, carrots, cucumbers, onionsOnions Carrots, leeks, brassicas, tomatoes, lettuce

Main Crop Companion crops

Peas Carrots, celery, corn, cucumber, potato, radish, spinach, tomatoes

Potato Cabbage family, carrots, celery, corn, peas

Radish Carrot, cucumber, lettuce, melon, peas, spinach

Spinach Peas, beans, cabbage, cauliflower, celery, onion, peas

Soybean Corn

Sweet potato Potatoes, beans

ORGANIC FARMING COMPONENTSORGANIC FARMING COMPONENTS Land: free from chemical fertilizer & Land: free from chemical fertilizer &

pesticide pollutionpesticide pollution - new agriculture land- new agriculture land - conversion land from conventional - conversion land from conventional Cultivation: - row plantingCultivation: - row planting - crop rotation- crop rotation - alley planting- alley planting - cover crop- cover crop - strip cropping- strip cropping Marketing: trust from the consumentMarketing: trust from the consument Miss perception: good performanceMiss perception: good performance Certification: International is hardCertification: International is hard