Upload
sergio-edger
View
217
Download
1
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.3 – slide 1 of 29
Session I.4.3
Part I Review of Fundamentals
Module 4 Sources of Radiation
Session 3 Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Neutron Sources
IAEA Post Graduate Educational CourseRadiation Protection and Safety of Radiation Sources
4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.3 – slide 2 of 29
In this session we will discuss Radioactive Sources which emit:
Alpha Beta Gamma X-ray Neutron
Overview
4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.3 – slide 3 of 29
Relative Radioactive Source Activity
Example SI UnitsEnvironmental samplesLaboratory standardIn-vitro tracerNuclear medicineCalibration sourceTeletherapy sourceIrradiator
millibecquerels 10-3
becquerels 100
kilobecquerels 103
megabecquerels 106
gigabecquerels 109
terabecquerels 1012
petabecquerels 1015
4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.3 – slide 4 of 29
Reactor
FuelFission Products
Activation Products
Non-Reactor
MedicalIndustrialMilitaryAviationSupport
ResearchCommercial
Where Radionuclides are Found
4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.3 – slide 5 of 29
Samples ofRadionuclide Sources
Medical
Human Use (MBq-TBq) Nuclear Medicine
Diagnostic (99mTc, 131I, 153Gd, 125I, 201Tl) Therapeutic (131I, 32P, 89Sr)
Radiation Therapy Teletherapy (60Co) Brachytherapy (137Cs, 192Ir, 198Au, 125I, 109Pd)
Non-Human Use (KBq) In-Vitro Laboratory (125I, 51Cr, 59Co)
4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.3 – slide 6 of 29
Industrial (GBq-PBq)
Radiography (192Ir, 60Co, 137Cs)
Well Logging (241Am, 137Cs, 60Co, 238U, 131I, 3H)
Irradiators (60Co, 137Cs)
Gauges
Fixed (137Cs, 60Co, 147Pm) Portable (241Am, 137Cs)
Fuel Cycle (U)
Samples ofRadionuclide Sources
4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.3 – slide 7 of 29
Support (KBq or less)
Calibration/Check Sources (60Co, 137Cs, 239Pu, 241Am, 252Cf, 238U, 90Sr, 232Th)
Laboratory Standards (many)
Research (MBq)
Chromatographs (63Ni)
Education (many)
Samples ofRadionuclide Sources
4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.3 – slide 8 of 29
Commercial (varies – typically MBq or less)
Personal Wristwatches (3H, 147Pm) Dinnerware (U)
Recreational Lantern Mantles (232Th)
Safety Smoke Detectors (241Am) Warning/Exit Signs (3H) Shielding (238U)
Service Anti-Static Devices (210Po)
Samples ofRadionuclide Sources
4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.3 – slide 9 of 29
Military (MBq)
Non-Nuclear Weapons Armor Piercing Projectiles (238U)
Survival Lensatic Compasses (3H, 147Pm) Chemical Agent Monitors (63Ni, 241Am, 3H)
Samples ofRadionuclide Sources
4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.3 – slide 10 of 29
Aviation (Bq-MBq)
Operational
Fixed Wing Aircraft Oil Level Indicators (85Kr) Aileron Counterweights (238U) Magnesium/Nickel Skin Panels (232Th) Spark Gaps/Igniters (60Co)
Helicopter Blade Integrity and Ice Detection (90Sr)
Samples ofRadionuclide Sources
4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.3 – slide 11 of 29
Aviation (MBq-TBq)
Historic Displays/Vintage Aircraft (226Ra)
Safety Items Runway Lights, Markers and Exit Signs (3H)
Samples ofRadionuclide Sources
4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.3 – slide 12 of 29
Sample Alpha, Beta,Gamma Sources
4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.3 – slide 13 of 29
Sample Alpha Sources
4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.3 – slide 14 of 29
Sample Beta Sources
4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.3 – slide 15 of 29
Sample Gamma Sources
4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.3 – slide 16 of 29
Sample Neutron Sources
Most neutron sources are either alpha-beryllium sources (Pu-Be, Am-Be, Ra-Be, Po-Be etc) or Californium-252
4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.3 – slide 17 of 29
Sample X-Ray Sources
4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.3 – slide 18 of 29
Where to Get More Information
Cember, H., Johnson, T. E., Introduction to Health Physics, 4th Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York (2008)
Martin, A., Harbison, S. A., Beach, K., Cole, P., An Introduction to Radiation Protection, 6th Edition, Hodder Arnold, London (2012)
Attix, F. H., Introduction to Radiological Physics and Radiation Dosimetry, Wiley and Sons, Chichester (1986)
Firestone, R.B., Baglin, C.M., Frank-Chu, S.Y., Eds., Table of Isotopes (8th Edition, 1999 update), Wiley, New York (1999)