-
Historia de la migracin mexicana a Estados Unidos
(1877-2000)
Rafael G. Alarcn Acosta El Colegio de la Frontera NorteNoviembre
de 2009
-
Northern RegionTraditional Sending RegionCentral RegionSouth and
South-East RegionMexican Migration to the U.S. by Sending
RegionSource: CONAPO, 2000
-
Residentes permanentes legales por pas de ltima residencia,
1910-2005
.
Fuente: Department of Homeland Security, 2005
Chart6
347818533420916
207649894530648
554327095874
16925615816072
18502738478836
1863844182414060
14799762121817627
2316491009586170897
3525282757418342058
3629341038862300915
India
Mexico
China
Sheet1
1910-19191920-19291930-19391940-19491950-19591960-19691970-19791980-19891990-19992000-2005
India347820765541692185018638147997231649352528362934
Mexico1853344989453270956158273847441824621218100958627574181038862
China209163064858741607288361406017627170897342058300915
362934
1038862
300915
Region and Country of last residence
Sheet1
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
India
Mexico
China
Sheet2
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
India
Mexico
China
Sheet3
-
Residentes permanentes legales por pas de ltima residencia, 1910
-2005 (escala logartmica)
Source: Department of Homeland Security, 2005
Chart5
347818533420916
207649894530648
554327095874
16925615816072
18502738478836
1863844182414060
14799762121817627
2316491009586170897
3525282757418342058
3629341038862300915
India
Mexico
China
Sheet1
1910-19191920-19291930-19391940-19491950-19591960-19691970-19791980-19891990-19992000-2005
India347820765541692185018638147997231649352528362934
Mexico1853344989453270956158273847441824621218100958627574181038862
China209163064858741607288361406017627170897342058300915
362934
1038862
300915
Region and Country of last residence
Sheet1
India
Mexico
China
Sheet2
India
Mexico
China
Source: Office of Inmigration Statics 2005
Persons Obtaining Legal Permanent Resident Status by Region and
Select Country of Last Residence: Fiscal Years 1910 to 2005.
Sheet3
-
Status de residentes en Estados Unidos Ciudadano por
nacimientoCiudadano por naturalizacinResidente permanenteRefugiado
/ AsiladoPersonas con visa temporal turista, H-1B Indocumentado
-
Periodos de la historia de la migracin mexicana a Estados Unidos
(1877-2000)Los inicios de la migracin (Porfiriato y revolucin en
Mxico, frontera abierta y restriccin en Estados Unidos)
(1877-1920s)
La poca de las repatriaciones (1929-1940)
El Programa Bracero (1942-1964)
La migracin indocumentada, masculina y circular (1965-1986)
Immigration Reform and Control Act (Ley Simpson - Rodino) y su
efecto en la migracin mexicana (1986-1994)
Masividad y diversificacin de la migracin mexicana a Estados
Unidos en un contexto de restriccin (1994 -2000)
-
1877-1920s
1.- Los inicios de la migracin (Porfiriato y revolucin en Mxico,
frontera abierta y restriccin en Estados Unidos)
-
POLTICA DE INMIGRACIN DE ESTADOS UNIDOS
1882CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT
1909Excutive Agreement de Taft y Diaz (500,000 Mex) 1917-1922
Contratacin unilateral de inmigrantes mexicanos por Estados Unidos
1907Gentlemens agreement
1917 IMMIGRATION ACT (Literacy Test)
1921 y 1924NATIONAL ORIGINS QUOTA SYSTEM
-
Sistema de enganche y reclutadores
Paso del Norte y Ferrocarril Central
Region de origen: Centro Occidente de Mexico (Guajalmich)
Trabajadores agricolas y obreros industriales (Chicago, Detroit,
Gary) y en minas.
Soldados en la Primera Guerra Mundial
-
2.- La poca de las repatriaciones (1929-1940)La Gran Depresin de
1929.
Deportacin forzada y a la repatriacin voluntaria de cerca de
medio milln de mexicanos.
Entre 1929 y 1935, ms de 415, 000 mexicanos fueron deportados de
Estados Unidos, incluyendo a muchos ciudadanos estadounidenses de
ascendencia mexicana. Esta cifra no incluye a los repatriados por
su voluntad o por el gobierno mexicano (Hoffman, 1974: 126).
-
1942-1964
2 programas:
Agrcola: (1942-1964) 4.5 millones de contratos
Ferrocarrilero: (1943-1945) 100,000 contratos
Escasez de trabajadores causada por la Segunda Guerra
Mundial?
Programa BraceroPrograma mexicano-estadounidense de prestacion
de mano de obra
-
Principales clusulas de las 20 establecidas en contratos
individuales de Braceros en febrero de 1947
-
Los mexicanos contratados no podrn ser empleados en servicio
militar.
No sufrirn actos discriminatorios (Texas). Los trabajadores
disfrutarn de transporte, alimentos, hospedaje y repatriacin que
establece La Ley Federal del Trabajo de Mxico.
Los trabajadores no sern empleados para desplazar a otros
trabajadores ni para abatir salarios.
-
La contratacin se celebrara entre el gobierno de EU (Farm
Security Administration) DofAg y el trabajador mexicano bajo la
supervisin del gobierno de Mxico .
El gobierno de EU hara los contratos con los subempleadores
estadounidenses.
El trabajador prestara sus servicios exclusivamente en la
agricultura.
-
El trabajador devengar salario igual al que se paga a los
trabajadores en la regin por trabajos similares en las mismas
condiciones.
Al trabajador se le proporcionar trabajo en forma tal que lo
capacite a obtener cada dos semanas una cantidad que no ser menor
de 33 dlares.
-
El PB se desarroll en 3 etapas:
1a etapa: Cooperacin en tiempos de guerra 1942-1947
Negociacion entre los gobiernos de Mexico y EU de las clausulas
del contrato del PB.
Participacin de las dependencias gubernamentales de ambos
gobiernos. (Garcia y Griego,1992)
-
2a etapa: Transicin Y Conflicto 1947-1954 Conflictos en torno a
la migracin indocumentada y la ubicacin de los centros de
contratacin .
Demanda del gobierno mexicano sobre el control de la migracin
indocumentada.
No igualdad en las negociaciones y etapa de confrontaciones
diplomticas.
Conflicto termina con la Operation Wetback en 1954.
Introduccin de las visas H-2 a travs de la Ley de Inmigracin y
Nacionalidad de 1952 (Walter-McCarran Act). (Garcia y
Griego,1992)
-
3a etapa: Apogeo y terminacin 1955-1964Prdida de poder de
negociacin del gobierno mexicano.
Establecimiento de centros de contratacin cerca de la
frontera.
Se retira a Texas de la lista negra.
Oposicin creciente al PB por parte de sindicatos, iglesias, etc.
(Garcia y Griego,1992)
-
1965-1986
4.- La migracin indocumentada, masculina y circular
-
Establecimiento en EU de antiguos Braceros y sus familias.
Frontera porosa Tijuana cruce principal.
Periodo de poltica de no poltica por parte del Gobierno de
Mxico.
-
Poltica de inmigracin de Estados Unidos
1965 IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY ACT
1980 REFUGEE ACT
-
Aprehensiones totales y de mexicanos en la frontera Mxico EEUU
(1954-1998)Fuente: Immigration and Naturalization Service, 2000
Table 1
History of Mexican Farmworker Migration
Type of MigrationType of MigrantYears
Solo MalesThe Bracero Program1942-1964
Family ReunificationThe Effect of the 1965 Immigration and
Naturalization Act1965-1975
Solo MaleThe Solo Unauthorized Men and the Porous
Border1976-1988
Family ReunificationImmigration and Reform Act (IRCA) and the
Second Family Reunification1989-1992
Solo MaleIncreased Border Enforcement and the Return to Solo
Males1993-1996
&C&"Arial,Bold"&20Table 1
Chart 1a, LPR Female 1955-1987
2670039147
2245426700
1343413278
1212910932
1540217282
1888122751
2264132650
2416631088
1813014837
2188716082
2545719706
2255519816
2255022050
2280021800
2250022000
3158832452
3446235679
3546236124
3086031692
2830029500
2100023600
4617446507
2430327793
2332032786
2384035239
2664839885
3147940872
&LSource: INSData for years 1971, 1980,1981, 1984, and 1985
were not available
Female
Males
Chart 1a Number of Mexicans Obtaining Legal Permanent Resident
Status, 1955-1987
Chart 1b, LPR Female 1988-1996
4175353286
191971213201
286264392804
198461747706
79937133865
6777857783
6219849200
5118438748
6994893624
&LSource: INS
Female
Males
Chart 1b Number of Mexicans Obtaining Legal Permanent Resident
Status, 1988-1996
Chart 2, Female LPR
0.4054854435
0.4568092119
0.5029200359
0.5259529075
0.4712397503
0.4535213297
0.4094879818
0.4373620009
0.5499438833
0.5764439411
0.5636693754
0.5323216351
0.5056053812
0.5112107623
0.5056179775
0.4932542161
0.4913246176
0.4953761909
0.4933495332
0.4896193772
0.4708520179
0.4982035153
0.4665041462
0.4156418208
0.4035274802
0.4005230487
0.4350872828
0.4393249087
0.4738012498
0.4215542479
0.2097526124
0.3738833126
0.5398013714
0.5583403652
0.5691411289
0.4276282004
&LSource: INSData from years 1971, 1980, 1981, 1984 and 1985
were not available
Female %
Year
Chart 2 Percentage of Females Mexicans obtaining legal permanent
resident status 1956-1996
Chart 3, FB YRENTERED
Year Entered
8
18
2
13
10
10
15
9
16
10
11
10
11
19
16
17
7
15
18
31
36
21
20
18
18
21
20
22
23
25
14
16
24
18
18
13
14
16
15
14
20
22
23
17
17
18
13
11
11
9
5
&LSource:NAWS
Percent Females
Percent Females
Chart 3 Percent foreign born females by year entered United
States, 1947-1997
Aprehensiones en la Frontera
0.169087854619811981
0.163066026219821982
0.130803732119831983
0.138851726119841984
0.149893357719851985
0.135778464119861986
0.13475797780.0402060010.0945519767
0.15940875330.05153402790.1078747254
0.21580741720.07298131260.1428261045
0.21882558880.07239956130.1464260276
0.20045691160.06300342020.1374534914
0.23195328780.06933698610.1626163017
0.23553723570.07562314170.159914094
0.1997381530.05552137740.1442167755
0.16448482530.04254366790.1219411574
0.152786330.04482808680.1079582432
0.155966870.04862177120.1073450989
0.15054080490.04036911380.1101716911
Mujeres Adultas y Menores
Menores
Mujeres Adultas
Aprehensiones en la Frontera Mexico - EU de Mujeres Adultas y
Menores (1981-1998)
Chart 5, Percent of Unauth.
7
15
16
25
31
35
38
48
49
&LSource: NAWS
Percent Unauthorized
Year
Percent Unauthorized
Chart 5 Percent of Unauthorized workers, 1989-1997
Chart 5, MF YearEntered
12.687.4
11.488.6
14.685.4
1486
25.574.5
19.380.7
20.479.6
19.480.6
14.785.3
19.980.1
16.383.7
9.590.5
&LSource: INS
Female
Male
Year Entered
Gender of Mexican immigrants by year entered 1950-1997
Chart 6, Border app
00
8391491953
10352821022267
227380221674
7084662625
4843338822
4195632556
3421825270
2988122687
3020923109
3068623358
3988531910
4399333146
5327944161
6070171233
9602186845
124908113304
174332159378
233882219254
303902290132
373896355099
503936480588
640913616630
602249579448
701558678356
820412792613
870640841525
896929866761
766635734219
833150797923
827956795362
11154221076345
11493471104429
12724351218695
17062761635702
11904881139606
1000140949722
959243865292
11690001092000
11970001131510
12580001205000
12128861195951
979101963132
12713901256455
15070201490712
13687071353252
15166801493860
Aprehensiones Totales
Aprehensiones de Mexicanos
Ao
Chart 7, Border App Gender
0.166048609
0.1502774282
0.125973473
0.1110294946
0.111201018
0.1138988928
&LSource: INS
Percent Female
Year
Chart 7 US-Mexican Border Apprehensions(Mexican) 1993-1998
Chart 8, Border Cross
2857813005853168992639
7968827654450152139673
11097137317524231227529
14592966873483815305348
124376146210283889272397
125035226695248092387406
&LSource: INS
El Paso, Texas
El Centro, California
San Diego, California
Tucson, Arizona
Year
Number of People
Chart 8 US-Mexican Border Aliens apprehended (all
Nationalities), 1993-1998
Sheet10
Sheet9
YearMalesMinorsFemalesTotalPercent Female
199390358893777198586119595117%
19947633175507814473796313215%
1995104356754608158280125645513%
1996125817267027165513149071211%
1997113470368066150483135325211%
1998126296860743170149149386011%
Sheet7
YearTotal Border ApprehensionsMexican AliensOther Border
Apprehensions
1953839149
195410352821022267
1955227380221674
19567084662625
19574843338822
19584195632556
19593421825270
19602988122687
19613020923109
19623068623358
19633988531910
19644399333146
19655327944161
19666070171233
19679602186845
1968124908113304
1969174332159378
1970233882219254
1971303902290132
1972373896355099
1973503936480588
1974640913616630
1975602249579448
1976701558678356
1977820412792613
1978870640841525
1979896929866761
1980766635734219
1981833150797923
1982827956795362
198311154221076345
198411493471104429
198512724351218695
198617062761635702
19871190488113960650882
1988100014094972250418
198995924386529293951
19901169000109200077000
19911197000113151065490
19921258000120500053000
19931212886119595116935
199497910196313215969
19951271390125645514935
19961507020149071216308
19971368707135325215455
19981516680149386022820
Sheet4
SectorDel Rio, TexasEl Paso, TexasLaredo, TexasMarfa,
TexasMcallen, TexasEl Centro, CaliforniaSan Diego,
CaliforniaTucson, ArizonaYuma, Arizona
1993422892857818234815486109048300585316899263923548
1994500367968873442134941242512765445015213967321211
19957649011097193305115521691013731752423122752920894
1996121137145929131841132142105536687348381530534828310
19971132801243761418931269224379314621028388927239730177
19981310581250351034331450920425722669524809238740676295
YearEl Paso, TexasEl Centro, CaliforniaSan Diego,
CaliforniaTucson, Arizona
19932857813005853168992639
19947968827654450152139673
199511097137317524231227529
199614592966873483815305348
1997124376146210283889272397
1998125035226695248092387406
Sheet6
YearPercent Unauthorized
897
9015
9116
9225
9331
9435
9538
9648
9749
Sheet5
Year EnteredPercent Females
19478
194818
19492
195013
195110
195210
195315
19549
195516
195610
195711
195810
195911
196019
196116
196217
19637
196415
196518
196631
196736
196821
196920
197018
197118
197221
197320
197422
197523
197625
197714
197816
197924
198018
198118
198213
198314
198416
198515
198614
198720
198822
198923
199017
199117
199218
199313
199411
199511
19969
19975
Sheet11
YearFemale %
195641%
195746%
195850%
195953%
196047%
196145%
196241%
196344%
196455%
196558%
196656%
196753%
196851%
196951%
197051%
197249%
197349%
197450%
197549%
197649%
197747%
197850%
197947%
198242%
198340%
198640%
198744%
198844%
198947%
199042%
199121%
199237%
199354%
199456%
199557%
199643%
Sheet2
YearFemaleMalesFemale %Total
1956267003914741%65847
1957224542670046%49154
1958134341327850%26712
1959121291093253%23061
1960154021728247%32684
1961188812275145%41632
1962226413265041%55291
1963241663108844%55254
1964181301483755%32967
1965218871608258%37969
1966254571970656%45163
1967225551981653%42371
1968225502205051%44600
1969228002180051%44600
1970225002200051%44500
1972315883245249%64040
1973344623567949%70141
1974354623612450%71586
1975308603169249%62552
1976283002950049%57800
1977210002360047%44600
1978461744650750%92681
1979243032779347%52096
1982233203278642%56106
1983238403523940%59079
1986266483988540%66533
1987314794087244%72351
YearFemaleMalesFemale %Total
1988417535328644%95039
198919197121320147%405172
199028626439280442%679068
199119846174770621%946167
19927993713386537%213802
1993677785778354%125561
1994621984920056%111398
1995511843874857%89932
1996699489362443%163572
Sheet3
YearMexican TotalAdult MalesAdult Females/MinorsMinorsAdult
Females%Minors% Adult Females%Adult Females and Minors
198187443372657714785617%
198288748174276314471816%
19831172306101896415334213%
19841172769100992816284114%
19851226999108308018391915%
19861671458144451022694814%
19871139606986035458191077524%9%13%
1988949722798328489431024515%11%16%
1989865290678554631501235867%14%22%
19901092258853244790791599357%15%22%
19911131510904691712891555306%14%20%
19921206023926282836221961197%16%23%
19931269294970328959882029788%16%24%
19941040302832514577591500296%14%20%
199513404581119973570281634574%12%16%
199615980161353861716361725194%11%15%
199714787821248141719011587405%11%16%
199816143531371327651701778564%11%15%
Sheet1
Year EnteredFemaleMale
50-5312.687.4
54-5711.488.6
58-6114.685.4
62-651486
66-6925.574.5
70-7319.380.7
74-7720.479.6
78-8119.480.6
82-8514.785.3
86-8919.980.1
90-9316.383.7
94-979.590.5
Sheet8
Border Crossings (2)
285781531689
79688450152
110971524231
145929483815
124376283889
125035248092
El Paso, Texas
San Diego, California
US-Mexican Border Aliens Apprehended, All Nationalities
1993-1997
-
1986-1994
5.- Immigration Reform and Control Act (Ley Simpson - Rodino) y
su efecto en la migracin mexicana
-
Amnista: general(LAWs) y SAWsSanciones contra los
empleadoresReforzamiento de vigilancia fronteriza Mas de 3 millones
obtuvieron residencia permanente: 1.7 millones de LAWs 1.3 millones
de SAWs
Del total, 2.3 millones eran inmigrantes de Mxico: 1.3 millones
de LAWs 1 milln de SAWs Massey et al. 2002
-
Inmigracin legal de mexicanos a los Estados Unidos por sexo
(1986-1996)Fuente: Immigration and Naturalization Service, 2000
Chart1
2664839885
3147940872
4175353286
191971213201
286264392804
198461747706
79937133865
6777857783
6219849200
5118438748
6994893624
Mujeres
Hombres
Ao
Sheet1
YEARFEMELEMALESFEMELE %TOTAL
1986266483988540%66533
1987314794087244%72351
1988417535328644%95039
198919197121320147%405172
199028626439280442%679068
199119846174770621%946167
19927993713386537%213802
1993677785778354%125561
1994621984920056%111398
1995511843874857%89932
1996699489362443%163572
Sheet2
Sheet3
-
Distribucin porcentual de aprehensiones de mujeres adultas y
menores de edad en la frontera Mxico-EEUU (1981-1998)Fuente:
Immigration and Naturalization Service, varios aos
Table 1
History of Mexican Farmworker Migration
Type of MigrationType of MigrantYears
Solo MalesThe Bracero Program1942-1964
Family ReunificationThe Effect of the 1965 Immigration and
Naturalization Act1965-1975
Solo MaleThe Solo Unauthorized Men and the Porous
Border1976-1988
Family ReunificationImmigration and Reform Act (IRCA) and the
Second Family Reunification1989-1992
Solo MaleIncreased Border Enforcement and the Return to Solo
Males1993-1996
&C&"Arial,Bold"&20Table 1
Chart 1a, LPR Female 1955-1987
2670039147
2245426700
1343413278
1212910932
1540217282
1888122751
2264132650
2416631088
1813014837
2188716082
2545719706
2255519816
2255022050
2280021800
2250022000
3158832452
3446235679
3546236124
3086031692
2830029500
2100023600
4617446507
2430327793
2332032786
2384035239
2664839885
3147940872
&LSource: INSData for years 1971, 1980,1981, 1984, and 1985
were not available
Female
Males
Chart 1a Number of Mexicans Obtaining Legal Permanent Resident
Status, 1955-1987
Chart 1b, LPR Female 1988-1996
4175353286
191971213201
286264392804
198461747706
79937133865
6777857783
6219849200
5118438748
6994893624
&LSource: INS
Female
Males
Chart 1b Number of Mexicans Obtaining Legal Permanent Resident
Status, 1988-1996
Chart 2, Female LPR
0.4054854435
0.4568092119
0.5029200359
0.5259529075
0.4712397503
0.4535213297
0.4094879818
0.4373620009
0.5499438833
0.5764439411
0.5636693754
0.5323216351
0.5056053812
0.5112107623
0.5056179775
0.4932542161
0.4913246176
0.4953761909
0.4933495332
0.4896193772
0.4708520179
0.4982035153
0.4665041462
0.4156418208
0.4035274802
0.4005230487
0.4350872828
0.4393249087
0.4738012498
0.4215542479
0.2097526124
0.3738833126
0.5398013714
0.5583403652
0.5691411289
0.4276282004
&LSource: INSData from years 1971, 1980, 1981, 1984 and 1985
were not available
Female %
Year
Chart 2 Percentage of Females Mexicans obtaining legal permanent
resident status 1956-1996
Chart 3, FB YRENTERED
Year Entered
8
18
2
13
10
10
15
9
16
10
11
10
11
19
16
17
7
15
18
31
36
21
20
18
18
21
20
22
23
25
14
16
24
18
18
13
14
16
15
14
20
22
23
17
17
18
13
11
11
9
5
&LSource:NAWS
Percent Females
Percent Females
Chart 3 Percent foreign born females by year entered United
States, 1947-1997
Aprehensiones en la Frontera
0.1690878546
0.1630660262
0.1308037321
0.1388517261
0.1498933577
0.1357784641
0.1347579778
0.1594087533
0.2158074172
0.2188255888
0.2004569116
0.2319532878
0.2355372357
0.199738153
0.1644848253
0.15278633
0.15596687
0.1505408049
Mujeres Adultas y Menores
Chart 5, Percent of Unauth.
7
15
16
25
31
35
38
48
49
&LSource: NAWS
Percent Unauthorized
Year
Percent Unauthorized
Chart 5 Percent of Unauthorized workers, 1989-1997
Chart 5, MF YearEntered
12.687.4
11.488.6
14.685.4
1486
25.574.5
19.380.7
20.479.6
19.480.6
14.785.3
19.980.1
16.383.7
9.590.5
&LSource: INS
Female
Male
Year Entered
Gender of Mexican immigrants by year entered 1950-1997
Chart 6, Border app
00
8391491953
10352821022267
227380221674
7084662625
4843338822
4195632556
3421825270
2988122687
3020923109
3068623358
3988531910
4399333146
5327944161
6070171233
9602186845
124908113304
174332159378
233882219254
303902290132
373896355099
503936480588
640913616630
602249579448
701558678356
820412792613
870640841525
896929866761
766635734219
833150797923
827956795362
11154221076345
11493471104429
12724351218695
17062761635702
11904881139606
1000140949722
959243865292
11690001092000
11970001131510
12580001205000
12128861195951
979101963132
12713901256455
15070201490712
13687071353252
15166801493860
&LSource: INS
Total Border Apprehensions
Mexican Aliens
Year
Chart 6 Total and Mexican Border Apprehensions, 1979-1997
Chart 7, Border App Gender
0.166048609
0.1502774282
0.125973473
0.1110294946
0.111201018
0.1138988928
&LSource: INS
Percent Female
Year
Chart 7 US-Mexican Border Apprehensions(Mexican) 1993-1998
Chart 8, Border Cross
2857813005853168992639
7968827654450152139673
11097137317524231227529
14592966873483815305348
124376146210283889272397
125035226695248092387406
&LSource: INS
El Paso, Texas
El Centro, California
San Diego, California
Tucson, Arizona
Year
Number of People
Chart 8 US-Mexican Border Aliens apprehended (all
Nationalities), 1993-1998
Sheet10
Sheet9
YearMalesMinorsFemalesTotalPercent Female
199390358893777198586119595117%
19947633175507814473796313215%
1995104356754608158280125645513%
1996125817267027165513149071211%
1997113470368066150483135325211%
1998126296860743170149149386011%
Sheet7
YearTotal Border ApprehensionsMexican AliensOther Border
Apprehensions
1953839149
195410352821022267
1955227380221674
19567084662625
19574843338822
19584195632556
19593421825270
19602988122687
19613020923109
19623068623358
19633988531910
19644399333146
19655327944161
19666070171233
19679602186845
1968124908113304
1969174332159378
1970233882219254
1971303902290132
1972373896355099
1973503936480588
1974640913616630
1975602249579448
1976701558678356
1977820412792613
1978870640841525
1979896929866761
1980766635734219
1981833150797923
1982827956795362
198311154221076345
198411493471104429
198512724351218695
198617062761635702
19871190488113960650882
1988100014094972250418
198995924386529293951
19901169000109200077000
19911197000113151065490
19921258000120500053000
19931212886119595116935
199497910196313215969
19951271390125645514935
19961507020149071216308
19971368707135325215455
19981516680149386022820
Sheet4
SectorDel Rio, TexasEl Paso, TexasLaredo, TexasMarfa,
TexasMcallen, TexasEl Centro, CaliforniaSan Diego,
CaliforniaTucson, ArizonaYuma, Arizona
1993422892857818234815486109048300585316899263923548
1994500367968873442134941242512765445015213967321211
19957649011097193305115521691013731752423122752920894
1996121137145929131841132142105536687348381530534828310
19971132801243761418931269224379314621028388927239730177
19981310581250351034331450920425722669524809238740676295
YearEl Paso, TexasEl Centro, CaliforniaSan Diego,
CaliforniaTucson, Arizona
19932857813005853168992639
19947968827654450152139673
199511097137317524231227529
199614592966873483815305348
1997124376146210283889272397
1998125035226695248092387406
Sheet6
YearPercent Unauthorized
897
9015
9116
9225
9331
9435
9538
9648
9749
Sheet5
Year EnteredPercent Females
19478
194818
19492
195013
195110
195210
195315
19549
195516
195610
195711
195810
195911
196019
196116
196217
19637
196415
196518
196631
196736
196821
196920
197018
197118
197221
197320
197422
197523
197625
197714
197816
197924
198018
198118
198213
198314
198416
198515
198614
198720
198822
198923
199017
199117
199218
199313
199411
199511
19969
19975
Sheet11
YearFemale %
195641%
195746%
195850%
195953%
196047%
196145%
196241%
196344%
196455%
196558%
196656%
196753%
196851%
196951%
197051%
197249%
197349%
197450%
197549%
197649%
197747%
197850%
197947%
198242%
198340%
198640%
198744%
198844%
198947%
199042%
199121%
199237%
199354%
199456%
199557%
199643%
Sheet2
YearFemaleMalesFemale %Total
1956267003914741%65847
1957224542670046%49154
1958134341327850%26712
1959121291093253%23061
1960154021728247%32684
1961188812275145%41632
1962226413265041%55291
1963241663108844%55254
1964181301483755%32967
1965218871608258%37969
1966254571970656%45163
1967225551981653%42371
1968225502205051%44600
1969228002180051%44600
1970225002200051%44500
1972315883245249%64040
1973344623567949%70141
1974354623612450%71586
1975308603169249%62552
1976283002950049%57800
1977210002360047%44600
1978461744650750%92681
1979243032779347%52096
1982233203278642%56106
1983238403523940%59079
1986266483988540%66533
1987314794087244%72351
YearFemaleMalesFemale %Total
1988417535328644%95039
198919197121320147%405172
199028626439280442%679068
199119846174770621%946167
19927993713386537%213802
1993677785778354%125561
1994621984920056%111398
1995511843874857%89932
1996699489362443%163572
Sheet3
YearMexican TotalAdult MalesAdult Females/MinorsMinorsAdult
Females%Minors% Adult Females%Adult Females and Minors
198187443372657714785617%
198288748174276314471816%
19831172306101896415334213%
19841172769100992816284114%
19851226999108308018391915%
19861671458144451022694814%
19871139606986035458191077524%9%13%
1988949722798328489431024515%11%16%
1989865290678554631501235867%14%22%
19901092258853244790791599357%15%22%
19911131510904691712891555306%14%20%
19921206023926282836221961197%16%23%
19931269294970328959882029788%16%24%
19941040302832514577591500296%14%20%
199513404581119973570281634574%12%16%
199615980161353861716361725194%11%15%
199714787821248141719011587405%11%16%
199816143531371327651701778564%11%15%
Sheet1
Year EnteredFemaleMale
50-5312.687.4
54-5711.488.6
58-6114.685.4
62-651486
66-6925.574.5
70-7319.380.7
74-7720.479.6
78-8119.480.6
82-8514.785.3
86-8919.980.1
90-9316.383.7
94-979.590.5
Sheet8
Border Crossings (2)
285781531689
79688450152
110971524231
145929483815
124376283889
125035248092
El Paso, Texas
San Diego, California
US-Mexican Border Aliens Apprehended, All Nationalities
1993-1997
-
1994 -2000
6.- Masividad y diversificacin de la migracin mexicana a Estados
Unidos en un contexto de restriccin
-
Poltica de inmigracin de Estados Unidos
1990 IMMIGRATION ACT (skilled immigrants)
1993 Enhanced Border Enforcement (Operation Hold the Line,
Gatekeeper, etc)
1996 ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION REFORM AND IMMIGRANT RESPONSIBILITY ACT
(IIRIRA)
2001 PATRIOT ACT
-
Muerte de 5,000 personas al tratar de cruzar la
fronteraMasividad de la migracinMayor establecimiento en EUFamilias
con status migratorio mixto Nuevas regiones y nuevos actores (mas
mujeres, indgenas, migrantes calificados)Nuevos destinos en EU
(Deep South,NY)Mercado de trabajo informal (esquineros)
-
Concentracin de migrantes en Altar, Sonora El Colef
-
********************************
