56_chu_de_ngu_phap_TOEFL.txt

M.c l.c M.c l.c

M.cl.c

1 Ch.ng.(subject) 5

1.1 Danht.d.mdu.cvàkhôngd.mdu.c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

1.2 Quánt.a(an) vàthe ........................................ 6

1.2.1 Avà an ........................................... 6

1.3 The ................................................. 7

1.4 Cáchs.d.ngOthervàAnother . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

1.5 Cáchs.d.nglittle/alittle,few/afew ................................ 11

1.6 S.h.ucách ............................................. 11

1.7 Some,any . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

2 Ð.ngt.(verb) 13

2.1

Hi.nt.i(present) ..........................................

Hi.nt.idongi.n(simplepresent) .............................

Hi.nt.iti.pdi.n(presentprogressive) ..........................

2.1.1

2.1.2

Presentperfect(hi.nt.ihoànthành) ...........................

Hi.nt.ihoànthànhti.pdi.n(presetperfectprogressive)

Quákh.(Past) ...........................................Quákh.dongi.n(simplepast) ..............................Quákh.ti.pdi.n(Pastprogresive) ............................

2.1.3

2.1.4

................. 15

2.2.1

.............................

2.2.2

Quákh.hoànthành(pastperfect) Quákh.hoànthànhti.pdi.n(pastperfectprogressive).............................................. Tuonglaidongi.n(simplefuture) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.2.3

2.2.4

.................. 17

2.3 Tuonglai

Tuonglaiti.pdi.n(futureprogressive)Tuonglaihoànthành(futureperfect) ...........................

2.3.1

2.3.2

.......................... 18

2.3.3

3 S.hòah.pgi.ach.ng.vàd.ngt.

Ch.ng.d.ngtáckh.id.ngt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19

Cácdanht.luôndòih.id.ngt.vàd.it. s.ít

3.1

3.2

.......................... 20

3.3 Cáchs.d.ng none,no ....................................... 20

3.4 Cáchs.d.ng c.utrúceither ...orvà neither ...nor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

3.5 Cácdanht.t.pth. ......................................... 21

3.6 Cáchs.d.ngA numberof/thenumberof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

3.7 Cácdanht.luôndùng.s. nhi.u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

3.8 Cáchdùngcácthành ng.Thereis,Thereare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

4 Ð.it. 24

4.1 Ð.it.nhânxung ch. ng.(Subjectpronoun) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

4.2 Ð.it.nhânxungtânng. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

4.3 Tínht.s.h.u. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

4.4 Ð.it.s.h.u ............................................ 25

4.5 Ð.it.ph.nthân(reflexivepronoun) ................................ 26

5 Ð.ngt.dùnglàmtânng. 26

5.1 Ð.ngt.nguyênth.làmtânng. .................................. 27

5.2 V-ingdùnglàmtânng. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

5.3 Bad.ngt.d.cbi.t ......................................... 28

5.4 Cácd.ngt.d.ngd.ngsaugi.it. ................................. 28

5.5 V.nd.d.it.ditru.cd.ngt.nguyênth.ho.cV-inglàmtânng. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

6 Cáchs.d.ngd.ngt.bánkhi.mkhuy.tneedvàdare 31

6.1 need................................................. 31

6.2 Dare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

7 Cáchdùngd.ngt.tobe+infinitive 32

Biênt.p:Th.sÐ.MinhTuân Trang1 KhoaT.nhiên -Tru.ngCÐSPNamÐ.nh

M.c l.c M.c l.c

8 Câuh.i 33

8.1 Câuh.iv.iyesvà no ........................................ 33

8.2 Câuh.ithôngbáo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

8.2.1 Whovà whatlàmch. ng. ................................. 33

8.2.2 Whomvà whatlàtânng. c.acâuh.i ........................... 33

8.2.3 Câuh.idànhchocácb. ng.(when,where,why,how) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

8.3 Câuh.igiánti.p(embeddedquestion) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

8.4 Câuh.icóduôi ........................................... 34

9 L.inóiph.ho.kh.ngd.nhvàph.d.nh 35

9.1 L.inóiph.ho.kh.ngd.nh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

9.2 L.inóiph.ho.ph.d.nh ...................................... 36

10 Câuph.d.nh

11 M.nhl.nhth.c

37

11.1M.nhl.nhth.ctr.cti.p ......................................

11.2M.nhl.nhth.cgiánti.p ......................................

12.1Di.nd.tth.ituonglai. .......................................

38

12 Ð.ngt.khi.mkhuy.t

12.2Di.nd.tcâudi.uki.n. .......................................

12.2.1 Ði.uki.ncóth.th.chi.ndu.c.th.ihi.nt.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12.2.2 Ði.uki.nkhôngth.th.chi.ndu.c.th.ihi.nt.i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. .

12.2.3 Ði.uki.nkhôngth.th.chi.ndu.c.th.iquákh.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12.2.4 Cáccáchdùngd.cbi.tc.awill,would,shouldtrong cácm.nhd.if . . . . . . . . . . .

13 Cáchs.d.ngthànhng.asif,asthough

41

.............................................

............................................

13.1 Th.ihi.nt.i

14 Cáchs.d.ngd.ngt.Tohope vàto wish

13.2 Th.iquákh.

42

14.1Th.ituonglai ............................................ 42

14.2Th.ihi.nt.i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

14.3Th.iquákh. ............................................ 43

15Cáchs.d.ngthànhng.usedtovàget/beusedto 44

15.1usedto. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

15.2get/beusedto ........................................... 44

16Cáchs.d.ngthànhng.Wouldrather 44

16.1Lo.icâucó m.t ch. ng. ...................................... 45

16.1.1Th.ihi.nt.i ........................................ 45

16.1.2Th.iquákh. ........................................ 45

16.2Lo.icâucó2 ch. ng. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

16.2.1Câugi.d.nh ........................................ 45

16.2.2 Ði.uki.nkhôngth.chi.ndu.c.hi.nt.i(nghiac.acâutráiv.ith.ct.) . . . . . . . . 45

16.2.3Ði.uki.nkhôngth.th.chi.ndu.ctrongquákh.(Nghiac.acâulàtráiv.ith.ct..) . . 46

17Cáchs.d.ngWouldLike 46

18Cáchs.d.ngcácd.ngt.khi.mkhuy.td.di.nd.tcáctr.ngthái.hi.nt.i 47

18.1Could/may/might .......................................... 47

18.2Should . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

18.3Must . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

19Cáchs.d.ngcácd.ngt.khi.mkhuy.td.di.nd.tcáctr.ngthái.th.iquákh. 48

20Tínht.vàphót.(adjectiveandadverb) 49

21Ð.ngt.n.i 50


M.c l.c M.c l.c

22Sosánhc.atínht.vàdanht. 51

22.1Sosánhb.ng ............................................ 51

22.2Sosánhhon,kém .......................................... 52

22.3Sosánhh.plý . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

22.4Cácd.ngsosánhd.cbi.t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

22.5Sosánhdab. ............................................ 55

22.6Sosánhkép(càng....thì càng) ................................... 55

22.7Nosooner...than(v.am.i ...thì; ch.ngbaolâu ...thì) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

23D.ngnguyên,sosánhhonvàsosánhhonnh.t 56

24Cácdanht.làmch.cnangtínht. 58

25 Enoughv.itínht.,phót.vàdanht.

26 Cáct.n.ich.nguyên nhân

58

.........................................

..................................

26.3Causeandeffect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

26.1 Because/becauseof

26.2 M.cdíchvàk.tqu.(sothat-d.)

27 M.ts.t.n.imangtínhdi.uki.n

28 Câub.d.ng

29 Ð.ngt.gâynguyên nhân

64

............................................

..................................................

.................................................

29.1 Have/get/make

29.2 Let

29.3 Help

30 Bad.ngt.d.cbi.t

31 C.utrúcph.ch.pvàd.it.quanh.thayth.

67

31.1ThatvàWhichlàmch. ng. c.acâuph. .............................. 67

31.2Thatvà wichlàmtânng. c.acâuph. ............................... 67

31.3Wholàmch.ng. c.acâuph. ................................... 67

31.4Whomlàmtânng.c.acâuph. .................................. 68

31.5M.nhd.ph.b.tbu.cvàm.nhd.ph.khôngb.tbu.c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

31.6T.mquantr.ngc.ad.uph.ytrong m.nhd.ph. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

31.7Cáchs.d.ngAll/both/ several/ most ...+ of+ whom/ which . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

31.8Whatvà whose ........................................... 69

32Cáchlo.ib.cácm.nhd.ph. 69

33Cáchs.d.ngphânt.1trongm.ts.tru.ngh.pd.cbi.t 70

34Cáchs.d.ngnguyênm.uhoànthành 70

35Nh.ngcáchs.d.ngkhácc.athat 71

35.1Thatv.itu cách c.am.tliênt.(r.ng) ............................... 72

35.2M.nhd.cóthat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

36Câugi.d.nh 72

36.1Câugi.d.nhdùngwould ratherthat ................................ 73

36.2Câugi.d.nhdùngv.id.ngt.trongb.ng ............................. 73

36.3Câugi.d.nhdùngv.itínht. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

36.4Dùngv.i m.t s.tru.ngh.pkhác . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

36.5Câugi.d.nhdùngv.iitistime. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

37L.inóibaohàm 74

37.1Notonly ...but also(không nh.ng ...mà còn) ........................... 75

37.2Aswellas(cung nhu,cung nhulà) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

37.3Both...and( c. ...l.n) ....................................... 76

38Cáchs.d.ngtoknowvàtoknowhow 77


M.c l.c M.c l.c

39 M.nhd.nhu.ngb. 77

39.1Despite/inspiteof(m.cdù) .................................... 77

39.2Although,eventhough,though ................................... 77 40Nh.ngd.ngt.d.gâynh.ml.n 78 41 M.ts.d.ngt.d.cbi.tkhác 80 42S.hoàh.pc.ath.id.ngt. 82 43Cáchs.d.ngtosay,totell 83 44T.ditru.cd.gi.ithi.u 83

45 Ð.it.nhânxungone vàyou

85

46 Cáchs.d.ngphânt.m.d.u cho m.nhd.ph.

....................................

46.2Phânt.2m.d.um.nhd.ph.d. ch.b.d.ng ...........................

46.3Ð.ngt.nguyênth. ch. m.cdích m.d.uchom.nhd.ph. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

46.4Ng.danht.ho.cng.gi.it.m.d.um.nhd.ph. ch. s.tuong.ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

46.1 V+ingm.d.um.nhd.ph.

47.1Dùngphânt.1làmtínht. .....................................

47.2Dùngphânt.2làmtínht. .....................................

47 Phânt.dùnglàmtínht.

87

48 Th.a(redundancy)

49 C.utrúc câu songsong

50 Thôngtintr.cti.pvàthôngtingiánti.p

50.1Câutr.cti.pvà câugiánti.p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

50.2Phuongphápchuy.nd.it. câutr.cti.p sang câugiánti.p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

89

50.3Ð.ngt.v.itânng.tr.cti.p vàtânng.giánti.p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . 90

51Phót.d.olênd.ucâu 91

52Cáchch.nnh.ngcâutr.l.idúng 92

53Nh.ngt.d.gâynh.ml.n 93

54Cáchs.d.nggi.it. 105

54.1During-trong su.t(hànhd.ng x.y ratrong m.tquãngth.igian) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

54.2From(t.)><to(d.n) ........................................ 105

54.3Outof(rakh.i)><into(di vào) .................................. 105

54.4By .................................................. 106

54.5In(.trong,.t.i)-nghiaxácd.nhhonat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

54.6on .................................................. 108

54.7 at-.t.i(thu.nglàbênngoài,khôngxácd.nhb.ngin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

55Ng.d.ngt. 111

56S.k.th.pc.acácdanht.,d.ngt.vàtínht.v.icácgi.it. 112

56.1Nouns+prepositions ........................................ 112

56.2Ð.ngt.+gi.it.. .......................................... 112


1 Ch.ng.(subject)

GRAMMARREVIEW

C.u trúc câu ti.ngAnh

Subject + Verb aspredicate + Complement + Modifier.

Ch. ng. Ð.ng t. v. ng. Tân ng. B. ng.

1 Ch.ng.(subject)

+ Ð.ngd.u câulàm ch.ng. vàquy.td.nh vi.c chiad.ng t.. + Ch.ng. cóth.là1 c.m t.,1d.ng t. nguyên th.(có to)m,1V+ing, song nhi.u nh.t v.nlà1danh t. vìdanh t. cóliênquad.n v.nd. sau:

1.1 Danh t.d.mdu.cvàkhôngd.mdu.c -Danht.d.mdu.ccóth.du.cdùngv.i s.d.m,dodó cóhìnhthái s.ít,s. nhi.u. Nó có th.du.cdùng v.i a, an và the. -Danht.khôngd.mdu.ckhôngdùngdu.c v.is.d.mdodó nókhông cóhìnhthái s.

nhi.u.Dodó nókhôngdùngdu.c v.i a, an. -M.ts.danh t. cóhình thái s. nhi.ud.cbi.t:

person -people -mice

woman -women

foot-feet

mousetooth

-teeth man -men

Saudâylà m.t s.danh t.khôngd.mdu.c mà ta c.nbi.t:

Sand soap physics mathematics News mumps Air politics measles information Meat homework food economics advertising* money

M.c dù advertising là danh t. không d.m du.c, nhung advertisement l.i là danh t.d.mdu.c.

Ex1.1:There are too many advertisements duringtelevision shows.Thereis too much advertising during television shows.

-M.ts.danht.khôngd.mdu.c nhu food, meat, money, sand, water,dôilúcl.idùng

nhudanh t.d.mdu.cd. ch. cácd.ngkhác nhau c.alo.idanh t.dó.

Ex1.2:Thisis on ofthefoods that mydoctorhasforbidden me to eat.(Ch.ra m.tlo.i th.cand.cbi.t nàodó)He studies meats.(Ch.ngh.npork, beef, lamb, v.v..)

B.ng saulà cácd.nh ng.dùngdu.cv.idanh t.d.mdu.cvà khôngd.m du.c


1.2 Quánt.a(an)vàthe Danh t.d.mdu.c(with count noun)

a(an), the, some, anythis, that, these, thosenon, one, two, three, ...

many

alot ofplenty ofalarge number ofagreat number of, agreat many of

1 Ch.ng.(subject)

Danh t. không d.m du.c (with non-count noun) the, some, any this, that non much(thu.ngdùngtrong câuph.d.nh ho.c câuh.i) alot of

alarge amount of agreatdeal of

(a)few

(a)little

less ... thanmore ... than

few ... than

more ... than

Danh t. time n.u dùng v.i nghia th.i gian là không d.m du.c nhung n.u dùng v.i nghia s.l.nho.c th.id.ilàdanh t.d.mdu.c.

-

Ex1.3:Wehave spent too muchtime on thishomework. Shehasbeenlatefor class six times this semester.

1.2 Quánt.a(an) và the1.2.1 A và an an -du.cdùng:

-Tru.c m.tdanht. s.ítd.mdu.cb.td.ub.ng4 nguyênâm(vowel) a,e,i,o.-Haibánnguyênâm: u,y.

-Cácdanht.b.td.ub.ngh câm.

Ex1.4:u: an uncle.h:anhour.

-Ho.ctru.ccácdanh t. vi.tt.td.cnhu1 nguyênâm.

Ex1.5:anL-plate, anSOS, anMP.

a -Ðu.cdùng:-Tru.c m.tdanht.b.td.ub.ngph.âm(consonant)-Dùng tru.c m.tdanh t.b.td.ub.ng uni.a university, a uniform, a universal, a union.-Tru.c m.tdanh t. s.ítd.mdu.c, tru.c m.tdanh t.không xácd.nh c. th. v. m.td.cdi.m, tính ch.t, v. trího.cdu.c nh.cd.nl.nd.u trong câu.-Ðu.cdùngtrong các thành ng. ch. s.lu.ng nh.td.nh.alot of, a couple, adozen, agreat many, agreatdeal of.-Dùng tru.c nh.ng s.d.m nh.td.nh,d.cbi.t ch.hàng tram,hàng ngàn.ahundred, a thousand.-Tru.chalfkhi nó theo sau m.tdon v. nguyên v.n.akilo and ahalf và cung có th.d.clà one and ahalfkilos.

Chúý

-12 kg =half akilo(không có atru.chalf) -Dùng tru.chalfkhi nódi v.idanh t.khác t.o thành t.ghép: ahalfholiday(n.ak. ngh.),ahalf -share(n.ac.ph.n)


1.3 The 1 Ch.ng.(subject) -Dùng tru.c các t. s. nhu 13 , 14 , 15 = a third, aquater, afifthhay one third, onequater,onefifth.-Dùng trong các thành ng. ch.giá c., t.cd., t.l..fivedolars akilo,four times aday.-Dùngtrongcácthành ng.tru.cdanht. s.ítd.mdu.c,dùngtrong câu van c.mthán.Suchalongqueue!What aprettygirl!Nhung:Suchlongqueues!Whatprettygirls.-a có th.d.t tru.c Mr/Mrs/Miss + tênh.(surname):aMrSmith, aMrsSmith, aMissSmith.aMrSmith nghialà "Ngu.idànôngdu.cg.ilàSmith"và ng.ýôngtalà ngu.il.d.iv.i ngu.i nói.Còn n.ukhông có a t.clà ngu.i nóibi.tôngSmith.

1.3 The-Ðu.c s. d.ng khi danh t. du.c xác d.nh c. th. v. tính ch.t, d.c di.m, v. trí ho.c du.c nh.cd.nl.n th.2 trong câu. -The + noun +preposition + noun

Ex1.6:thegirlinblue,themanwithbanner,thegulf ofMexico,the UnitedStatesof

-The+danht.+d.i t.quanh. +m.nhd.ph.

America.

Ex1.7:theboy whomI met, theplace whereI methim.

-Tru.c m.tdanht. ng.ý ch. m.t v.t riêngbi.t.

Ex1.8:Sheisin thegarden

-The + tínht. so sánhl.n nh.tho.c s. t.th.t.ho.c onlyway.

Ex1.9:thefirst week, the only way

-The +danh t. s.ít tu.ng trung cho m.t nhóm thú v.tho.cd. v.t thì có th.b. the vàd.idanh t. sang s. nhi.u.

Ex1.10:Thewhale =Whales,theshark=sharks,thedeep -freeze =deep -freezes.

Nhungd.i v.idanh t. man (ch.loàingu.i) thìkhông cóquán t.(a, the)d.ng tru.c.

Ex1.11:if oil supplies run out, man mayhave tofallback on thehorse.

-The +danht. s.ít ch. thành viên c.a m.t nhóm ngu.i nh.td.nh.

Ex1.12:the small shopkeeperisfindinglifeincreasinglydifficult.

-The + adj d.i di.n cho m.tl.p ngu.i, nókhông cóhình thái s. nhi.u nhungdu.c coilà m.tdanh t. s. nhi.u vàd.ng t. sau nóph.idu.c chia. ngôi th.3 s. nhi.u.

Ex1.13:theold =ngu.igià nói chung. thedisabled =nh.ng ngu.i tànt.t. the unemployed= nh.ng ngu.i th.t nghi.p.

-Dùng tru.ctêncác khu v.c, vùngdã n.i ti.ng v. m.td.alýho.cl.ch s.

Ex1.14:TheShahara.The Netherlands,The Alantic.

-TheEast/West/South/North+Noun


1.3 The 1 Ch.ng.(subject) Ex1.15:theEast/West end.The North/SouthPole.

Nhungkhôngdu.cdùng the tru.c các t. ch.phuonghu.ng này, n.u nódikèm v.i tên c.a m.tkhu v.cd.alý.

Ex1.16:South Africal, NorthAmerical,WestGermany,

-The+têncácd.h.pxu.ng,cácdànnh.cc.di.n,cácbannh.cph.thông

Ex1.17:theBach choir, thePhiladenphiaOrchestra, theBeatles.

-The+têncáct.báol.n/cáccontàubi.n/khinhkhí c.u

Ex1.18:TheTitanic,TheTime,TheGreatBritian

-The + tênh.. s. nhi.u có nghialàgiadìnhh. nhà ...

Mr and Mrs Smith and their children hay còn g.i là gia dình

Ex 1.19:the Smiths

=

nhàSmith

-The +Tên. s.ít + c.m t./ m.nhd. có th.du.c s.d.ngd.phânbi.t ngu.i này v.i ngu.ikhác cùng tên.

Ex1.20:WehavetwoMrSmiths.Whichdoyou want?IwanttheMrSmith who signed

the tru.c1 s.danh t. nhu Home, church, bed , court, hospital, prison,

thisletter.

-Khôngdùng

school, college, university khinódi v.id.ngt.ho.cgi.it. ch. chuy.nd.ng(ch.dit.i dólàm m.cdích chính)

Ex1.21:Heis athome.I arrivedhomebeforedark.I senthimhome tobed(d. ng.)

to church(d. c.u nguy.n)

to court(d.ki.n t.ng) Wego

tohopital(ch.ab.nh) toprison(di tù) to school/college/university(d.h.c)

Tuongt.

inbed

at church We canbe

in court inhospital at school/college/university

We canbe/getback(ho.cbe/gethome)from school/college/university.

leave school We can

leavehospital be releasedfromprison

V.i m.cdíchkhác thìph.idùng the.

Ex1.22:I went to the church to see the stainedglass. Hegoes to the prison sometimestogivelectures Studentgo tothe university for a classparty.


1.3 The 1 Ch.ng.(subject) � Sea Go to sea(th.y th.dibi.n)tobe at the sea(hànhkhách/th.y th.di trênbi.n)Gotothesea/beatthesea =togoto/beattheseaside:di t.mbi.n,ngh. mát.We canliveby/near the sea.

� WorkandOffice Noilàm vi.cdu.c s.d.ngkhông có the d.ng tru.c.Go towork. Nhung office l.icó the.

Go tothe office

Ex1.23:Heis at/in the office

N.u tobein office(không có the)nghialàdanggi. ch.c. thôigi. ch.c.

Tobe out of office

-

T he có th.b.dikhi nói v. th. tr.n c.a ngu.i nóiho.c c.a ch. th..

� TownEx1.24:Wego to town sometimes tobuyclothes. We werein townlastMonday.

Go to town/tobein town

-V.im.cdích chínhlàdi muahàng.

B.ngdùngthe vàkhôngdùng the trong m.t s. tru.ngh.pd.cbi.t.

Dùng the

Khôngdùng the -Tru.c cácd.iduong, sông ngòi,bi.n,

-Tru.c tên m.th.(hay cách.. s.ít) v.nh và cách.. s. nhi.u

Víd.:LakeGeneva,LakeErie. Víd.:TheRed sea,theAtlanticOcean, thePersianGulf, theGreatLackes. -Tru.c tên cácdãy núi

-Tru.c tên m.tng.n núi. Víd.:TheRockeyMountains

Víd.:MountMckinley.

-Tru.c m.t tên v.t th. duy nh.t trên

-Tru.ctêncáchànhtinhho.ccácchùm th.gi.iho.c vu tr..

sao. Víd.:The earth, the moon, theGreat

Víd.:Venus,Mars,Earth,Orion. Wall. -Tru.c School/college/university + of

-Tru.ctên cáctru.ngnàykhitru.c nó

+ noun. làm.t tên riêng. Ví d.: The University of Florida, The

Ví d.: Cooper�s Art School, Stetson CollegeofArtsandSciences.

University. -Tru.c các s.th. t. + noun.

-Tru.c các danh t. mà sau nó là m.t Ví d.: The first world war, the third

s.d.m. chapter

Víd.:World war one, chapter three. -Tru.c các cu.c chi.n tranh khu v.c

-Không nên dùng tru.c tên các cu.c v.i di.u ki.n tên các khu v.c dó ph.i

chi.ntranhkhu v.c n.utênkhu v.cd. du.c tínht.hóa.

nguyên. Víd.:TheKorean war.


1.4 Cáchs.d.ngOthervàAnother 1 Ch.ng.(subject) -Tru.c tên các nu.c cót.2 t. tr.lên.Ngo.i tr.GreatBritain.Ví d.: The United States, the UnitedKingdom,theCentralAfricalRepublic.

-Tru.c tên các nu.c du.c coi là m.tqu.nd.o.Víd.:ThePhilipin.-Tru.c các tài li.u ho.c s. ki.n mangtínhl.ch s..Ví d.: The constitution, the Magna

-Tru.c tên các nu.c có m.t t. nhu:Sweden, V enezuela và các nu.c d.ngtru.cb.i new ho.c tính t. ch.phuonghu.ng.Víd.: NewZealand,SouthAfrica.-Tru.c tên cácl.cd.a, ti.ubang, t.nh,thànhph.,qu.n,huy.n.Víd.:Europe,California.-Tru.c tênb.t c. môn th. thao nào.Víd.:Baseball,basketball.

Carta.-Tru.c tên các nhómdân t.c thi.u s..

Tru.ctên cácdanht.mangtínhtr.u tu.ng tr. nh.ng tru.ngh.pd.cbi.t.

-

Víd.:TheIndians,The Aztecs.

-Nêndùng tru.ctêncácnh.cc..

Víd.:Freedom,happiness -Tru.c tên các mônh.c chung. Víd.:Mathematics,Sociology.

-Tru.c tên các ngàyl., t.t.

Víd.: toplay thepiano. -Tru.c tên các mônh.c c. th..

Víd.:The appliedMath.The theoret-

Víd.:Chrismas, thanksgiving.

icalPhysics.

1.4 Cách s.d.ngOthervàAnotherHai t. này tuygi.ng nhau v. m.t ng. nghia nhungkhác nhau v. m.t ng.pháp.

Dùng v.idanh t.d.mdu.c

Dùng v.idanh t.khôngd.mdu.c -another+danh t.d.mdu.cs.ít =

the other + danh t. d.m du.c s. ít = 1cái n.a, m.t cáikhác, m.t ngu.i n.a,

ngu.i cu.i cùng, cái cu.i cùng c.a m.t m.t ngu.ikhác.

b., m.t nhóm. Víd.: anotherpencil -other+danht.d.mdu.cs. nhi.u =

other + danh t. không d.m du.c = 1 m.y cái n.a, m.y cái khác, m.y ngu.i

chút n.a. n.a, m.y ngu.ikhác.

Víd.: otherwater =somemorewater. Víd.: otherpencils =somemore.

otherbeer =somemorebeer. -theother+danht. s. nhi.u =nh.ng

-The other+danht.khôngd.mdu.c cái cu.i cùng, nh.ng ngu.i cu.i cùng

= ch. còn sótl.i cònl.i.

Ví d.: the other beer = the remaining Víd.:theotherpencils =all remaining

beer.(ch.bia cònl.i) pencils

-Another và other làkhôngxácd.nhtrongkhi theother làxácd.nh. N.udanht.ho.c ch. ng. . trên dã du.c hi.u ho.c du.c nh.c d.n, ch. c.n dùng another và other nhu m.td.i t.làd..

Ex1.25:Idon�t want thisbook.Pleasegive me another.

-N.u danh t. du.c thay th. là s. nhi.u thì other du.c s. d.ng theo 1 trong 2 cách (other + nouns ho.c others)màkhôngbaogi.du.c s.d.ng(others+Danht. s. nhi.u)


1.5 Cáchs.d.nglittle/a little,few/afew 1 Ch.ng.(subject) -Cóth.du.cdùngd.it.thayth.one ho.cones chodanht. sau another, theother vàother.Luuýr.ng this và that cóth.dùng v.id.it. one nhung these và those tuy.td.ikhôngdùngv.i ones.

1.5 Cách s.d.nglittle/alittle,few/afew -Little+ Danh t.khôngd.mdu.c: r.tít,h.u nhukhông.

Ex1.26:Thereislittlewaterin thebottle. Ihave littlemoney, not enough tobuygroceries.

-Alittle+ Danht.khôngd.mdu.c: có m.t chút,d.d.dùng.

Ex1.27:Ihave alittle money, enough tobuy a ticket

-few+ Danh t. s. nhi.ud.mdu.c: có r.tít,khôngd..

Ex1.28:Shehavefew books, not enoughfor references

-Afew+ Danh t. s. nhi.ud.mdu.c: có m.tít,d.d.dùng.

Ex1.29:Shehavea few books, enough to read

N.udanh t.. trêndãdu.c nh.cd.n thì.du.i ch. c.ndùng (a)few và (a)little nhu

-m.td.i t.làd..

Ex1.30:Areyou readyin money?Yes, alittle.

-quite afew

=quitealot =

quiteabit =khá nhi.u.

-only afew =only alittle =có r.tít(nh.nm.nh).

1.6 S.h.u cách The +noun�s + noun

-Ch.du.cdùng trong cácdanh t. ch. ngu.iho.cd.ng v.t,khôngdùng chob.td.ng v.t.

Ex1.31:The student�sbook The cat�slegs.

-N.u có 2 danh t. cùng d.ng . s. h.u cách thì danh t. nào d.ng g.n danh t. b. s. h.u nh.td.nhs. mangd.u s.h.u.

Ex1.32:Tom aandMark�shouse

-Ð.iv.idanh t. s. nhi.udã có s thì ch. c.nd.td.u �làd..

Ex1.33:The students�book.

-Nhung v.i nh.ngdanht. s. nhi.ud.cbi.tkhông có s .duôithìv.nph.idùng nguyên d.u s.h.u.

Ex1.34:The children�s toys.

-Nódu.cdùng choth.igian(namtháng,th.k.,thiênniênk.)


1.7 Some,any 1 Ch.ng.(subject) Ex1.35:The1980�s eventsThe 21st century�sprospect.

-Nódu.cdùng chocácmùatrong namngo.i tr. mùa Xuânvà mùaThu. N.udùng s.h.ucách chomùa Xuânvà mùaThut.clà tadang nhâncáchhóamùadó.

Ex1.36:The sumer�shotdays.The winter�s colddays.Thespring�scomingback =Nàng xuândang tr.l.i.Theautunm�sleaving =S.radi c.aNàngThu.

Tru.ngh.p nàyhi.n naydangítdùng.Ð.i v.i m.t s.danh t.b.td.ng v.t ch.dùng

trong m.t s. tru.ngh.p th.td.cbi.tkhidanh t.dó n.m trong các thành ng..

Ex1.37:A stone�s throw.

-Ðôi khid.i v.i nh.ng danh t. ch. noi ch.nho.c d.a di.m ch. c.n dùng s. h.u cách chodanh t.dó màkhông c.ndanh t. theo sau.

Ex1.38:At thehairdresser�s At thebutcher�s

1.7 Some, anySomevà any nghialà "1 s.ho.cm.tlu.ng nh.td.nh".Chúngdu.cs.d.ng v.i(ho.c thay th.) cácdanh t. s. nhi.uho.cdanh t.khôngd.mdu.c.

+ Somelàd.ng s. nhi.u c.a a/an và one.Ex1.39:Have abiscuit/somebiscuits.I ate adate/somedates.

+) Some,any of+the/this/these/those/d.i t. s.h.u.

Ex1.40:Some ofthe staff can speakJapaneses. Did any ofyourphotos come out well?

+) Somedu.c s.d.ng v.i: -Cácd.ng t.. th.kh.ngd.nh:

Ex1.41:Theybought somehoney

-Trong cáccâuh.i mà có câutr.l.ilà "yes".

Ex1.42:Didsome ofyou sleep on thefloor?(Ngu.i nói ch.d.i câu tr.l.ilà yes)

-Trong các câud. ngh. vàyêu c.u:

Ex1.43:Wouldyoulike some wine? Couldyoudo some typingfor me?

+) Anydu.c s.d.ng: -V.id.ngt.. th.ph.d.nh.

Ex1.44:Ihaven�t any matches.

-V.ihardly,barely, scarely(cácphó t. nàyd.u mang nghiaph.d.nh)

Ex1.45:Ihavehardly any spare time.


2.1 Hi.nt.i(present) 2 Ð.ngt.(verb) -V.i without khiwithout any .... = with no ....

Ex1.46:He crossed thefrontier without anydifficulty/ with nodifficulty.

-V.i các câuh.i:

Ex1.47:Haveyougot anyfish?Didhe catch anyfish?

-Sauif/whether các thành ng. mang tính nghi ng..

Ex1.48:Ifyou need any more money,pleaselet meknow. Idon�t thinkthereis anypetrolin the tank.

2 Ð.ng t.(verb)

Ð.ngt. trong ti.ng Anh chialàm3 th.i chính:

-Quákh..-Hi.n t.i.-Tuonglai.

M.ith.i chínhl.i chia ralàm nhi.u th.i nh.d. xácd.nh chính xác th.igian c.ahành

d.ng.

2.1 Hi.nt.i(present)2.1.1 Hi.nt.idongi.n(simplepresent)Khi chiad.ng t.. ngôi th.3 s.ít,ph.i có s.duôi và v.ndóph.idu.cd.clên.

Ex2.1:John walks to schooleveryday.

-Nódùngd.di.nd.t1hànhd.ng x.y ra. th.idi.mhi.nt.i,không xácd.nh c. th.v. m.t th.igian vàhànhd.ngl.pdil.pl.i có tínhquylu.t.-Nóthu.ngdùng v.i1 s.phó t. nhu: now, presentday, nowadays.Ð.cbi.tlà1 s.phót. ch. t.n su.tho.td.ng: often, sometimes, always, frequently.

Ex2.2:Theyunderstand theproblem now.Henry always swims in the evening.(thóiquen)We want toleave now.Your coughsounds bad.

2.1.2 Hi.nt.i ti.pdi.n(presentprogressive)

am

Subject+ is +[verb +ing]...

are

-Nódùngd.di.nd.t1hànhd.ngdang x.y ra.th.ihi.nt.i.Th.igiandu.cxácd.nh c. th.b.ng cácphó t. nhu now, right now, presently. -Nódùngd. thay th. choth.i tuonglaig.n.

Ex2.3:Heislearninginthe US.


2.1 Hi.nt.i(present) 2 Ð.ngt.(verb) Luuý: Ð. phân bi.t tuong lai g.n và hành d.ng dang x.y ra c.n can c. vào phó t. trong câu)

Ex2.4:The committee members are examining the material now.

(hi.n t.idangki.m tra) GeorgeisleavingforFrance tomorrow. (tuonglaig.n-s. r.i t.iPháp vàongày mai)

2.1.3 Presentperfect(hi.nt.ihoànthành) -Dùngd.di.nd.t1hànhd.ngdã x.y ra trong1quákh.kéodài và ch.md.t.hi.nt.i.Th.igian trong câuhoàn toànkhông xácd.nh.-Ch.1hànhd.ngx.y ra nhi.ul.n trongquákh.kéodài t.ihi.n t.i.-Dùng v.i2gi.i t. for và since + th.igian.

Dùng v.i already trong câu kh.ng d.nh, already có th. d.ng sau have nhung nó

-cung có th.d.ng cu.i câu.

+ already +P2

have

Subject +

has

Ex2.5:Wehave already written our reports.Ihave already read the entirebook.Samhas alreadyrecorded the results of the experiment.

-Dùngv.i yettrong câuph.d.nh và câu nghi v.nph.d.nh, yetthu.ng xuyênd.ng. cu.i câu, công th.c sau:

have

Subject +

has

+not+P2 ...+yet ...

Ex2.6:Johnhasn�twritten his reportyet. Thepresidenthasn�tdecided what todoyet. Wehaven�tcalled on our teacheryet.

-Trong1s. tru.ngh.p yetcó th.d.olênd.ng sau tohave và ng.pháp có thayd.i. Notm.tdi vàphân t.2 tr. v.d.ng nguyên th. có to.

have

Subject +

has

+yet+[verbinsimpleform] ...

Ex2.7:Johnhas yettolearn thematerial. = Johnhasn�tlearned thematerialyet. Wehave yet todecide whattodowith themoney. = Wehaven�tdecided whattodo with the moneyyet.

Chúý:C.n th.n s.d.ng yettrong m.u câuk.o nh.m v.i yettrong m.u câu có yetlàm t. n.i mang nghia �nhung�.

Ex2.8:Idon�thave the money,yet I really need the computer.My neighbors neverhave the time,yet they always want todo something onSaturdaynights.


2.2 Quákh.(Past) 2 Ð.ngt.(verb) 2.1.4 Hi.nt.ihoànthànhti.pdi.n(presetperfectprogressive) Havebeen + verbing.

-Dùnggi.ngh.tnhu presentperfectnhunghànhd.ngkhông ch.md.t.hi.nt.i mà v.ndangti.p t.cx.y ra. Nóthu.ng xuyêndu.cdùng v.i2gi.it. for, since + time.

Ex 2.9:John has been living in the same house for ten years. = John has live in the samehousefor tenyears.

Ex2.10:Jorgehas already walked to school.(th.igiankhông xácd.nh) Hehasbeen toCalifornia three times.(hon1l.n)

Maryhas seenthis moviebefore.(th.igiankhông xácd.nh)

Theyhavebeenathome allday.

Wehaven�tgone to the storeyet.(th.igiankhông xácd.nh). Johnhas workedinWashingtonfor threeyears.

Ho.c

Johnhasbeen working inWashingtonfor threeyears.John v.ndanglàm vi.c.Washington).

(v.n chuak.t thúc

-

sÐPHÂN BI.TCÁCHDÙNG GI.A 2TH.I Present perfect Present perfect progressive Hành d.ng ch.m d.t . hi.n t.i, do dó cók.tqu. rõ r.t.

Hànhd.ng v.nti.pt.cti.pdi.n.hi.n

t.ido v.ykhông cók.tqu. rõ r.t. Ví d.: I have been waiting for you for

halfanhour.(andcontinuewaitinghop-

Víd.:Ihave waitedforyouforhalf an

hour(nowIstop waiting)

ingthatyou will come)

2.2 Quákh.(Past) 2.2.1 Quákh.dongi.n(simplepast) Verb + ed

-M.t s.d.ng t. trong ti.ng Anh cóquákh.d.cbi.t vàd.ng th.i cung cóphânt.2d.cbi.t.-M.ts. cácd.ng t. có c.2d.ng:

Ex2.11:Light -lighted(lit)-lighted(lit)

Ngu.i Anhuadùngquákh. thu.ngkhi chiad.ng t. vàphânt.2d.cbi.t.

Ex2.12:Helighted the candle onhisbirthday cake.Nó th.p ng.n n.n trên chi.cbánh sinh nh.tNhungIcan see thelithousefrom adistance.Tôicó th. nhìn th.y t. xa ngôi nhà sángánhdi.n.

-Nódùngd.di.nd.t1hànhd.ngdã x.y rad.tdi.mtrongquákh.,khôngliênquangì t.ihi.n t.i.


2.2 Quákh.(Past) 2 Ð.ngt.(verb) -Th.igianhànhd.ng trong câulà r.t rõ ràng, nó thu.ngdùng v.i m.t s.phó t. ch. th.igian nhu: yesterday, at that moment, last+ th.igian nhu:

night

Last

month

week

Luuý: N.uth.igiantrong câulàkhông rõ ràng thìph.idùng presentperfect.

Ex2.13:John went toSpainlastyear. Bobboughta newbicycleyesterday. Mariadid herhomeworklastnight. Markwashed thedishes afterdinner.

Wedrovetogrocery store this afternoon.George cooked dinnerforhisfamilySaturday night.

2.2.2 Quákh.ti.pdi.n(Pastprogresive) .nWas / were + Ving Nó du.c dùngd.di.n d.t 1hànhd.ngdang x.y ra . vào 1th.idi.m nh.t d.nhtrong quá kh. khôngliên h. gì t.i hi.n t.i. Th.i di.m trong câu du.c xác d.nh b.ng các phó -t. ch. th.igian nhu:

At + th.igianquákh..

Ex2.14:He was eatingdinner at7P.MLast night.

-Nódu.cdùngk.th.p v.i1 simplepast thôngqua2liên t. Whenvà while d. ch. 1hànhd.ngdang x.y ra trongquákh. thì1hànhd.ngkhácd.t ng.t xen vào(tuong duong v.i câuTi.ngVi.t �Khidang...thìb.ng�).

Subject1 + simplepast + while + subject2 +pastprogressive.

Ex2.15:Somebodyhithim on theheadwhilehe wasgoing tohis car.

Subject1 +pastprogressive + when + subject2 + simplepast.

Ex2.16:He wasgoing tohis car when someonehithim on thehead.

Luu ý: M.nh d. có when và while có th. d.ng b.t k. noi nào trong câu nhungsau when nh.t thi.t ph.i là 1 simple past và sau while nh.t thi.t ph.i là 1 pastprogressive.-Dùngd.di.nd.t2hànhd.ngsong song cùng1lúc, n.i v.i nhaub.ngliên t. while.

Subject1+ past progressive + while + subject2+ past progressive. Ex 2.17:He wasreading newspaper while his wife waspreparing thedinnerin the kitchen.

(M.nhd.khôngcó while có th.du.c chuy.n sang simplepast nhunghi.mkhi vì s. nh.ml.nv.i *)


2.2 Quákh.(Past) 2 Ð.ngt.(verb) Ex2.18:Jose was writing aletter tohisfamily whenhispencilbroke. WhileJoanwaswriting thereport, Henry waslookingformoreinformation. WhenMarkarrived, theJohnsons washavingdinner,but they stoppedin order to talk tohim.

2.2.3 Quákh.hoànthành(pastperfect) Had +P2

-Dùngd.di.nd.t1hànhd.ng x.y ra tru.c1hànhd.ngkhác trongquákh..(trong

câubaogi. cung có2hànhd.ng:1 tru.c và1 sau.-Dùngk.th.p v.i1 simplepast thôngqua2gi.i t. ch. th.igian beforevà after.

Subject +pastperfect +before + subject +past simple

Ex2.19:Ihadgoneto the storebefore I went home.

Theprofessorhad reviewed the materialbefore hegavethequiz.BeforeAli went tosleep,hehad called hisfamily.Georgehadworked at the universityforforty-fiveyearsbefore he retired.Thedoctorhad examined thepatient thoroughlybefore heprescribed the medication.

Subject +pastsimple + after + subject +pastperfect

Ex2.20:John went home afterhehadgone to the store.After the committee membershad considered the consequences, they voted on theproposal.

-M.nh d. có beforevà after có th. d.ng d.u ho.c cu.i câu nhung sau beforenh.t thi.tph.ilà1 simplepast và sau after nh.t thi.tph.ilà1 pastperfect. -Beforevà after có th.du.c thayb.ng when màkhông s.b. nh.ml.n vì trong câu baogi. cung có2hànhd.ng:1 tru.c và1 sau.

Ex2.21:Thepolice cars cameto the scene when the robbershadgone away. (trong câu này when có nghialà after vì sau when là pastperfect.)

2.2.4 Quákh.hoànthànhti.pdi.n(pastperfectprogressive) Subject +had +been +[Verb +ing]...

Nódu.cdùnggi.ngh.t nhu pastperfectnhunghànhd.ngkhôngd.ngl.i màti.pt.c ti.pdi.n chod.n th.idi.m simple past. Nóthu.ngdu.ck.th.p v.i1 simple past thôngquaphó t. before.Trong câu thu.ng có since ho.c for + th.igian. -Th.inàyhi.n nayítdùng vàdu.c thay th.b.ng pastperfect.

Ex2.22:Henryhadbeenliving inNewYorkfor tenyearsbeforehemovedtoCalifornia. Georgehadbeen working at the universityforforty-fiveyears before he retired.


2.3 Tuonglai 2 Ð.ngt.(verb) 2.3 Tuonglai 2.3.1 Tuonglaidongi.n(simple future)

Will/ shall

+[Verbin simpleform]

Can/ may

-Ngày nay ng.pháphi.nd.i,d.cbi.tlàM.dùng will chot.t c. các ngôi còn shall ch.du.cdùng trong các tru.ngh.p sau:+)M.i m.c ngu.ikhác1 cáchl.ch s..

Ex2.23:Shall wego outforlunch? ShallI takeyour coat?

+)Ð. ngh.giúpd. ngu.ikhác1 cáchl.ch s..

Ex2.24:ShallIgiveyou ahandwith thesepackages.

+)Dùngd. ngãgiákhi muabán, m.c c..

Ex2.25:Shall we say :fifteendollars?

-Nó dùng d. di.n d.t 1 hành d.ng s. x.y ra . vào th.i di.m nh.t d.nh trong tuong

lai.Th.idi.m nàykhôngdu.c xácd.nh rõ r.t.Cácphó t. thu.ngdùnglà tomorrow, next + th.igian, in the future.

Nearfuture.(tuonglaig.n)Tobegoing todo smth

-s.plàmgì.

-Dùngd.di.nd.t1hànhd.ng s. x.y ra trong1 tuonglaig.n, th.igian s.du.cdi.n d.tb.ng1s.phó t. nhu : in a moment(látn.a), tomorrow.

Ex2.26:Wearegoing to have ameetinginamoment . We aregoing to get to the airport at9 am this morning.

-Ngày nay, d.c bi.t là trong van nói ngu.i ta thu.ng dùng Present progressive d.thay th..-Dùngd.di.nd.t1 s. vi.c ch.c ch.n s. x.y radù r.ngkhôngph.ilà tuonglaig.n.

Ex2.27:Nextyear we aregoing to take aTOEFL testfor the score that enables us tolearninthe US.

2.3.2 Tuonglai ti.pdi.n(futureprogressive)

Will/shall

+be +[ verb +ing]

Can/may

-Nódi.nd.t1hànhd.ng s.dang x.y ra.1 th.idi.mnh.td.nh c.atuonglai.Th.i di.m nàydu.c xácd.nh c. th.b.ng ngày,gi..

Ex2.28:I willbedoing a test onMonday morning next week.

-Nódu.cdùngk.th.p v.i1 presentprogressived.di.nd.t2hànhd.ngsong song x.y ra,1.hi.n t.i,1. tuonglai.


3.1 Ch.ng.d.ngtáckh.id.ngt. 3 S.hòah.pgi.ach.ng. vàd.ngt. Ex2.29:Now we arelearningEnglishherebutbythetimetomorrow we willbe working at the office.

2.3.3 Tuonglaihoànthành(futureperfect) Willhave +P2

-Nódu.cdùngd.di.nd.t1hànhd.ngs.ph.idu.choànt.t.1th.idi.m nàodótrong tuonglai.Th.idi.m này thu.ngdu.cdi.nd.tb.ng : bythe end of, bytomorrow.

Ex2.30:We willhave taken aTOEFL testby the end of thisyear.

Luuý :Th.i nàyph.i cólýdod.cbi.t m.i s.d.ng.

3 S.hòah.pgi.ach. ng. vàd.ng t.

Thông thu.ng thì d.ng t. d.ng li.n ngay v.i ch. ng. và ph.i chia theo ngô ch. ng.. Song có nh.ng tru.ngh.pkhôngph.i nhu v.y.

3.1 Ch. ng.d.ng táckh.id.ng t. -Ð.ng xen vàogi.a ch. ng. vàd.ng t.là1 ng.gi.i t.(1gi.i t. m.d.uk.th.p v.i

cácdanht.d.ngtheo sau). Ng.gi.it. nàykhôngquy.td.nhgìd.n vi.c chiad.ngt.. Ð.ngt.ph.i chia theo ch. ng. chính.

Subject+[Ng.gi.i t.]+verb

Ex3.1:The studyoflanguagesis veryinteresting.Severaltheories on this subjecthavebeen proposed.The view of thesedisciplines varies from time to time.Thedanger offorestfiresis not tobe takenlightly.The effectsof that crime are likelytobedevastating.Thefearof rape and robberyhas caused manypeople toflee the cities.

-Các thànhng. trongb.ngdu.idây cùng v.i cácdanh t.did.ng sau nó t.o nênhi.n tu.ng d.ng ch. ch. ng.. C.m d.ng ch. ng. này ph.i d.ng tách bi.t ra kh.i ch. ng. chính vàd.ng t.b.ng2d.uph.y vàkhông có.nhhu.nggìd.n vi.c chiad.ng t..

Together with along withacompaniedby aswell as

Ex 3.2:The actress, along with her manager and some friends, is going to a partytonight.Mr.Robbins, accompaniedbyhis wife and children,is arriving to night.

Luuý: -N.u2d.ng ch. ng. n.i v.i nhaub.ngliênt. and thìd.ngt.ph.i chia. ngôi th.ba s. nhi.u(they).

Ex3.3:The actress andher manager aregoingto aparty tonight.

-Nhung n.u2d.ng ch. ng. n.i v.i nhaub.i t. or thìd.ng t. s.ph.i chia theodanh t.d.ng sau or.


3.3 Cáchs.d.ng none,no 3 S.hòah.pgi.ach.ng. vàd.ngt. Ex3.4:The actress or her managerisgoingto aparty to night.

3.2 Cácdanh t.luôndòih.id.ng t. vàd.i t. s.ít Ðólàcácd.ng t. trongb.ng sau:

any +danh t. s.ít no+danh t. s.ít Some+danh t. s.ít anybody nobody somebody anyone no one someone anything nothing something every each +danh t. s.ít

either*

everybody

neither*

every one

Either vàneitherlà s.ít n.u nókhôngdu.c s.d.ng v.i or và nor either(1 trong2) ch.dùng cho2 ngu.i,2 v.t. N.ut.3 tr.lênthìph.idùng

everything

Luu ý:

-

Ex3.5:If either ofyou takes a vacation now, we won�tbe able tofinish this work.If any of students in this class is absent, he or she must have the permission of the

any.

instructor.

Neither(không m.ttronghai) ch.dùng cho2 ngu.i,2 v.t. N.u3 ngu.i,v.tph.idùng

-not any.

Ex3.6:Neither of twohisclassesgets an "c".Not any of thosepairsof shoesfits me.

3.3 Cách s.d.ng none,no none of the:du.c s.d.ng tùy theodanh t.d.ngd.ng sau nó -N.udanh t.dólàkhôngd.mdu.cthìd.ng t.ph.i chia. ngôi th.3 s.ít.

None + of the + non-count noun + singular verb

Ex3.7:None of the counterfeit moneyhas beenfound.

-N.u sau none of the là m.tdanh t.d.mdu.c s. nhi.u thìd.ng t.ph.i chia. ngôi th.3 s. nhi.u.

None + of the +plural noun +plural verb

Ex3.8:None of the studentshave finishedthe examyet.

No du.c s.d.ng cung tùy theodanh t.d.ng sau nó.-N.u sau no làdanh t. s.ítho.ckhôngd.mdu.c thìd.ng t.ph.i chia. ngôi th.3s.ít.

Singular noun

No + + singular verb

non-count noun


3.5 Cácdanht.t.pth. 3 S.hòah.pgi.ach.ng. vàd.ngt. Ex3.9:No example is relevant to this case.

-Nhung n.u sau no làm.tdanht.d.mdu.c s. nhi.u thìd.ngt.ph.i chia. ngôith. ba s. nhi.u.

No +plural noun +plural verb

Ex3.10:No examples are relevant to this case.

3.4 Cách s.d.ngc.utrúceither...orvà neither...nor Ði.u c.nluuý nh.tkhi s.d.ng c.p thành ng. nàylàd.ng t. saudóph.i chiatheo danh t. sau or ho.c nor. N.udanh t.dólà s.ítthìd.ng t.ph.i chia. ngôi th.3 s.

+ singular noun + singular verb ít và ngu.cl.i.

Neither

nor

+ Noun +

Either

or

Ex3.11:NeitherJohn norBillisgoing to thebeach today. EitherJohn orBillisgoing to thebeach today.

+ Noun +

NeitherEither

nor

+plural noun +plural verbor

Ex3.12:NeitherMaria orherfriends aregoing to class today.

Luuý :Khi ch. ng.là m.t verbing thìd.ng t.ph.i. ngôi th.3 s.ít.

3.5 Cácdanh t.t.p th. Ðó là nh.ng danh t. trong b.ng du.i dây dùng d. ch. m.t nhóm ngu.i ho.c m.t t. ch.c.Chodù v.y, chúng v.ndu.c xemlàdanh t. s.ít vàdodó, cácd.ng t. vàd.i t. dicùng v.i chúngph.i. ngôi th.3 s.ít.

congress family group commitee class

organization team army club crowd government jury majority* minority public

-N.ud.ngt.d.ng saunh.ngdanht. này chia. ngôith.3 s. nhi.uthì nóámch. cácthành viên c.a t. ch.cho.c nhómdodangho.td.ng riêng r..

Ex3.13:The congress votesforbill.The congress arediscussing thebill(some agreebut somedon�t).

(Toeflkhôngb.tl.inày)

*Majority:Danh t. nàydu.cdùng tùy theodanh t.did.ng sau nó. The majority + singular verbThe majority of theplural noun +plural verb


3.7 Cácdanht.luôndùng.s. nhi.u 3 S.hòah.pgi.ach.ng. vàd.ngt. Ex3.14:The majority believes that we arein nodanger. The majorityof the students believe him tobeinnocent.

Luu ý: Danh t. police luôn du.c coi là danh t. ngôi th. 3 s. nhi.u do v.y d.ng t. d.ng sau nóph.i chia. ngôi th.3 s. nhi.u.

Ex3.15:Thepolice come to the crime scene atgood time and arrested a suspect.

Ex3.16:The committee hasmet, andithas rejected theproposal.Thefamily was elatedby the news.The crowdwas wild with excitement.

Congresshasinitiateda newplan to combatinflation.

The organization has lost many members thisyear. Our team is going to win thegame.

Các c.m t. trongb.ngdu.idây ch. m.t nhómgia súcd.ng v.t chodùdanh t.d.ng có. s. nhi.u thìd.ng t. saudó v.nph.i chia. ngôi th.3 s.ít.

saugi.i t.

of

pack ofdogs

flock ofbirds,sheep herd of cattle

Ex3.17:Theflock ofbirds iscircling overhead.

school offish prideoflions

Theherdof cattle isbreakingaway. Aschool offish isbeingattackedby sharks.

Luuý:T.t c. cácdanh t. t.ph.p ch. th.igian, ti.nb.c, s.dod.ud.ih.i cácd.ng b.ng.di cùng nóph.i. ngôi s.ít(TOEFLb.tl.i này).

t. -d.i t.

-

Ex3.18:Hehas contributed$50 and nowhe wants to contribute another fifty.Twenty-fivedollars is too much topayfor that shirt.Fiftyminutes isn�t enough time tofinish this test.TwentydollarsisallI can afford topayfor that recorder.Two milesis too much to runin oneday.

3.6 Cách s.d.ngA numberof/ thenumberof

a number of +danh t. s. nhi.u +d.ng t.. s. nhi.u

-a number of:m.t s.lu.ngl.nnh.ng ...Ði v.idanht. s. nhi.uvàd.ngt.ph.i chia. ngôi th.3 s. nhi.u.-the number of: m.t s. ... Ði v.i danh t. s. nhi.u nhung d.ng t. ph.i chia . ngôith.3 s.ít.

the number of +danh t. s. nhi.u +d.ng t.. s.ít.

Ex3.19:A number of applicants havealreadybeeninterviewed.The number of residents whohavebeenquestioned on this matteris quite small.

3.7 Cácdanh t.luôndùng. s. nhi.u Cácdanht. saudâyluônph.idùng.d.ng s. nhi.u.


3.8 Cáchdùngcácthành ng.Thereis,Thereare 3 S.hòah.pgi.ach.ng. vàd.ngt. Trousers eyeglasses tongs -cái k.p shorts scissors -cái kéo tweezers -cái nhíp Jeans pants -qu.n pliers-cái kìm

Ex3.20:Thepants are in thedrawer. Apair ofpants is in thedrawer.

Cácdanht.. trên thu.ng xuyên.d.ng s. nhi.u vì chúngbaog.m2 th.c th.,do v.y cácd.ng t. vàd.i t.di cùng chúngph.i. ngôi th.3 s. nhi.u.

Ex3.21:Thepliersare on the table. The scissorsare dull.

-N.umu.nbi.nchúngthành s.ítdùng apairof ...vàlúcdód.ngt. vàd.it.di cùng v.i chúngph.i. ngôi th.3 s.ít.

Ex3.22:Thepair ofscissors is dull. Thepair ofpliers ison the table.

3.8 Cáchdùngcácthành ng.Thereis,Thereare Thành ng. này ch. s. t.n t.i c.a ngu.i ho.c v.t t.i m.t noi nào dó. Ph.i phân bi.t

chúng v.id.ng t.

to have.ch. s. t.n t.i(existance)

Thereis

There are

Tohave ch.s. s.h.u(possession)Topossess(get, hold instinctively)-Ch.ng.th.t c.athành ng. nàydid.ng saud.ngt. to be. N.udanht.dólà s. nhi.uthìd.ng t. chia. s. nhi.u và ngu.cl.i.-M.i bi.n d.i v. th.i và th. d.u nh.m vào d.ng t. to be còn phân t. 2 thì d.a vàod.ng t. to have/ has been.

.

There is .There was +singularsubject ...(ho.cnon-count)

.

There has been

.

There are .

There were +singularsubject ...(ho.cnon-count)

.

There have been

Ex3.23:Thereisa storm approaching.Therehavebeena number of telephone calls today.There was an accident last night.There were too manypeople at theparty.Therehasbeenanincrease in theimportation offoreign cars.There was water on thefloor wherehefell.


4.2 Ð.it. nhân xungtân ng. 4 Ð.it. 4 Ð.i t.

Ð.it. trong ti.ng Anh chia5lo.i có cácch.cnang riêngbi.t.

4.1 Ð.i t. nhânxung ch. ng.(Subjectpronoun) I we you you he they she

it

Ch.c nang:

Ex4.1:The teachers who wereinvited to theparty wereGeorge,Batty.

-Ð.ngd.u câulàm ch.ng. trong câu vàquy.td.nh vi.c chiad.ng t.. -Ð.ngd.ng saud.ng t. to be.

Ð.ng d.ng sau các phó t. so sánh nhu than, as. Tuy.t d.i không du.c dùng d.i t. nhân xung tân ng. trong tru.ngh.p này.

-

Ex4.2:Heis taller than I(am)(khôngdu.cdùngv.i me). Sheis asbeatiful as mygirlfriend.

-Ð.i v.i cácd.i t. nhân xung ch. ng. nhu we, youvàd.i t. nhân xung tân ng. nhu us có th.dùng m.tdanh t. s. nhi.u ngay sau nó.

Ex4.3:We students,you teachers, us workers.

Cácd.i t. nhu all, bothcó th.du.cdùng theol.i này v.i các ngôi s. nhi.u.

.

we . you all/both they .

Ex4.4:I amgoing to the store.Wehavelivedherefor twentyyears.Itwas she who calledyou.(saud.ng t. be)George andI wouldlike toleave now.We students aregoingtohave aparty.

4.2 Ð.i t. nhân xung tân ng. me us you you him them her it

-Nód.ng ngay saud.ng t.ho.cgi.i t.làmnhi.mv. c.am.ttânng..


4.4 Ð.it.s.h.u 4 Ð.it. -Ð.iv.i các ngôid.i t. nhân xung tân ng.. s. nhi.u cóth.dùng all ho.cbothngay saudó.

.

us . you all/both them .

Ex4.5:Theycalled us on thephone.The teachergavehim abadgrade.John toldher a story.Thepoliceman waslookingforhim.To us,it seemslike agoodbargain.

Luuý: Nênnh. r.ng nhi.ugi.it. cóth. có ch.cnang nhu cácthànhph.nkháctrong câu,ch.ngh.nnhuphó t.ho.cliênt.. Vìv.y,tac.nph.i xácd.nh xemchúngdóng c.nd.a vào ng. c.nh ch.khôngph.id.a vào s.hi.ubi.tbình thu.ng v.

vai trògì

-

ch.c nang c.a chúng.

Ex4.6:Janetwill makeherpresentation after him.Janetwill makeherpresentation after hefinishhis speech.(m.tm.nhd.g.m m.t ch. ng. và m.td.ngt..Trong m.nhd.trên, helàch. ng. và

finishes làd.ngt.)

4.3 Tính t. s.h.umy our your your his their her its

-Nód.ng ngaytru.cdanht. và ch. s. s.h.uc.angu.iho.cv.td.i v.idanht.d.ngd.ng sau.

Ex4.7:Johnis eatinghis dinner.Thisis notmy book.The cathasinjuredits foot.Theboybrokehis armyesterday.Sheforgotherhomework this morning.My foodis cold.

Luuý: Itskhác v.iIt�svì It�scó nghialàIthasho.cItis.

4.4 Ð.i t. s.h.u mine ours yours yours his theirs hers its


5 Ð.ngt.dùnglàmtânng.

Dùngd. thay th. cho tính t. vàdanh t.dãdu.c nh.cd.n. trên.

possessivepronoun=possessiveadjective+ noun

-Nócó th.du.cd.nglàmch. ng. trong câu.-Ð.ngd.ng saud.ng t. tobe.-Nócó th.làmtânng.khidi saum.td.ng t.ho.csaum.tgi.i t..Doyou remember to takeyour money?-Ð.ngd.ng sau cácphó t. so sánh nhu than, as.Yourbookis asgoodas mine.

Ex4.8:Thisismybook =Thisismine.

Yoursis as the samehis. Hersisgreenisgreen and mineis red.

Your teacheris the same ashis teacher

=

Herdressisgreen and mydressis red

=

Their coasts are too small.Theirs are too small.

Ourbooksareheavy=Oursareheavy.

Iforgot myhomework =Iforgot mine.

4.5 Ð.i t.ph.nthân(reflexivepronoun)myself yourself yourselves himself

ourselves

themselves

herselfitself

Luuý:. cácngôi s. nhi.u,duôi -self bi.n thành -selvesCh.c nang:-Ch. ch. ng.làm vi.cgìdó cho chính mình.Trong tru.ngh.p này nód.ng ngay sau

d.ng t.ho.cd.ng. cu.i câu saugi.i t. for ho.c to.

Ex4.9:He sent theletter to himself.You can see thedifferencesfor yourselves.

-Ch.ch. ng.t.thânlàml.y m.t vi.cgì.Trong tru.ngh.p này nód.ngd.ng sau ch.ng.ho.c cu.i câukhi nói.

Ex4.10:I myself believe that theproposalisgood.Hehimself set out tobreak thelongdistanceflying record.Sheprepared thenine -coursemealherself .The students themselvesdecoratedthe room.Youyourself mustdo thishomework.Johnhimself bought thisgifts.

By + one-self = alone

Ex4.11:Johnwashedthedishesbyhimself =Johnwashed thedishesalone.

5 Ð.ng t.dùnglàmtânng.

Khôngph.ib.t c.d.ng t. nàotrong ti.ng Anh cungdòih.i m.tdanh t.ho.cd.i t. theo sau nó làm tân ng.. Có m.t s. d.ng t. l.i yêu c.u tân ng. sau nó ph.i là m.t d.ng t.khác.Chúng chialàm2lo.i sau:


5.2 V-ingdùnglàmtânng. 5 Ð.ngt.dùnglàmtânng. 5.1 Ð.ng t. nguyênth.làmtânng. B.ng sau là nh.ng d.ng t. dòi h.i tân ng. sau nó ph.i là m.t d.ng t. khác. Chúng

tuân theo m.u câu nhu sau: agree to do something. desire to do something. decide to do something. agree desire hope attempt expect intend claim fail learn decide forget need demand hesitate offer

plan

prepare

strive tend

pretend refusewant wish

seem

Ex5.1:John expectstobegin studyinglaw next semester. Marylearned to swim when she was veryyoung. Thebudget committeedecide topostpone this meeting.

Thepresidentwill attempt to reduce inflationin the nextyouryears. The soldier arepreparing to attack a village.

to act as aliaisonbetween the two countries.

Cynthinahas agreed

5.2 V-ingdùnglàmtânng.-B.ng saulà m.t s. cácd.ng t.dòih.i tân ng. sau nólà m.t V câu sau:

-ingtheo các m.u

admitdoing something(thú nh.nlàmgì)

Ex5.2:He admitted having done wrong.

Enjoydoingsomething(thích thúkhilàmdi.ugì)

admit appreciate enjoy quit delay deny practice resume miss postpone resist consider report resent can�thelp mind suggest avoid finish recall risk

Luuý:Trongb.ng trên có m.ud.ng t.:

can�thelp

+(against)doingsomething:Khôngth.d.ngdu.c,khôngth. nh.ndu.c

can�t resist

...

Ex5.3:Withsuchgood oranges, we can�thelp(resist)buying2kilos at a time.

Luuý: N.umu.nd.tph.d.nh chocáctru.ngh.p nàyd.t not tru.c nguyên th.b.to ho.c V-ing.Tuy.td.ikhôngdu.c c.u t.od.ngph.d.nh c.ad.ng t. chính.

Ex5.4:Johndecidednot toby the car.We regrettednot going to thepartylast night.

Ex5.5:John admittedstealing thejewels.We enjoy seeing them again after so manyyears.


5.4 Cácd.ngt.d.ngd.ngsaugi.it. 5 Ð.ngt.dùnglàmtânng. You shouldn�trisk entering thatbuildinginitspresent condition. Michaelwas considering buying a new car until theprice went up. TheCoastGuard reported seeing another shipin theFloridaStraits. Wouldyou mind not smoking in this office?

Cácd.ngt..b.ngsaulành.ngd.ngt.màtân ng. c.a chúng cóth.làd.ngt. nguyên th.hay V-ingmà ng. nghia c.a chúngkhông thayd.i.

Ex5.6:begintodosomething=begindoing something.

begin can�t stand continue dread

hate like love

prefer

regret start try

Luuý:Trongb.ng trên có m.ud.ng t.: can�t stand

waiting such along time

todo something

doingsomething to wait such along timeIhatetorideherbicycletoschool =Ihateridingherbicycletoschool.

Ex5.7:I can�t stand

5.3 Bad.ng t.d.cbi.tÐólà cácd.ng t. mà ng. nghia c.a chúng thayd.ikhi tân ng. sau nólà m.t nguyên

th.ho.cm.t V-ing.

-Stop todo smth:d.ngl.id.làmgì -Stopdoingsmth:D.ng vi.cgìdanglàml.i

Ex5.8:He stops togetgasoline. He stops writing andgoes out.

-Remembertodosmth: Nh.s.ph.ilàmgì. -Remmeberdoing smth: Nh.dãlàmgì.

Ex5.9:I remember to send aletter at thepost office. Irememberlocking thedoorbeforeleavingbutI can�tfind thekey.

-Forget todo smth:quên s.ph.ilàmgì? -Forgetdoing smth:Quêndãlàmgì.

Ex5.10:Heforgets to callhisfriend this afternoon. Iforgetdoing thehomeworkyesterday.

Luuý:Ð.ng t.forget trong m.u câu mang nghiaph.d.nh. Iforgetgetting to the airport to meet mygirl-friend this morning.

5.4 Cácd.ngt.d.ngd.ng saugi.i t. -T.t c. cácd.ng t.d.ngd.ng saugi.i t.d.uph.i.d.ngV-ing.

verb adj.

+preposition + V-ing noun Biênt.p:Th.sÐ.MinhTuân Trang28 KhoaT.nhiên -Tru.ngCÐSPNamÐ.nh

5.4 Cácd.ngt.d.ngd.ngsaugi.it. 5 Ð.ngt.dùnglàmtânng. Ð.ng t.+gi.i t.+Ving

B.ng saug.m cácd.ng t. +gi.i t..

approve of: tán thành be better off: keep on = continue give up: t. b. insiston: nài n. think about rely on: ph. thu.c vào succeedin: thành công trong think of

worry about:lol.ng v. count on =rely on dependon putoff: trìhoãn

Danh t.+gi.i t.+V-ing(b.ng sau)

possibility of method of

methodfor reasonfor intentionof excusefor

choice of

Ex5.11:Georgehas no excusefordroppingout of school. Thereis apossibility of acquiring thisproperty at agoodprice. Thereis no reasonfor leavingthis early.

Conniehasdevelopeda methodfor evaluating thisproblem.

Tínht.+gi.i t.+V-ing(b.ng sau)

accustomed to afraid of interestedin successfulin

capable of fond of

intent

tired of

on

Ex5.12:Mitchis afraidof getting married now.

We are accustomed to sleeping late on weekends.Jeanis not capable of understanding thepredicament.Alvaroisintent on finishingschool nextyear.Craigisfondof dancing.We areinterestedinseeing thisfilm.

-Khôngph.ib.tc.tínht. nàotrongti.ngAnh cungdòih.id.ng saunóph.ilà1gi.i t., có m.t s.tínht.l.idòih.id.ng sau nólà m.td.ngt. nguyênth.(xemb.ng sau).

anxious boring dangerous hard eager: háo h.c easy good strange pleased prepared ready able* usual common difficult

eager todo smth:háoh.clàmgì. hard todo smth :khólàmgì.

* able :

able capable

unable todosmth = incapable ofdoing smth.

Ex5.13:These students are not yetable tohandle suchdifficultproblems. These students are notyet capable of handling suchdifficultproblems.

Ex5.14:Mohammadis eagerto see hisfamily.Itisdangerous todrive in this weather.We are readytoleave now.Itisdifficult topass this test.


5.5 V.nd.d.it.ditru.cd.ngt.nguyênth.ho.cV-inglàmtânng. 5 Ð.ngt.dùnglàmtânng. Itis uncommon tofind suchgood cropsin this section of the country. Ritsuko waspleasedtobe admitted to the college.

Luuý:-M.ts. cácd.ng t.ti.ngAnhthu.ng cógi.i t.dikèm.phíasau.Khôngdu.cnh.ml.ngi.it.dóv.ito c.ad.ngt. nguyênth..Ch.ngh.n m.t s.d.ngt.trongb.ng sau:

objectto:ph.nd.i lookforward to: mongd.i confessto:thú nh.ndãlàmgì

Ex5.15:Johngave upsmoking because ofhisdoctor�s advice.

Maryinsisted on taking thebusinstead of theplane.

Fred confessed to stealing thejewels.

to goingbackto school. Henryisthinking of going toFrancein August. You wouldbebetter off leavingnowinstead of tomorrow.

We are notlookingforward

5.5 V.nd.d.it.ditru.cd.ngt.nguyênth.ho.cV-inglàm Ð.ng tru.c1d.ng t. nguyên th.làm tân ng. thìd.ng c.ad.i t.ph.ilà tân ng..

tân ng.

Subject +verb + complementform +

-

Pronoun

+[ to + verb] ...

Noun

Saudâylàb.ng cácd.ng t.dòih.id.i t.(haydanh t.)di sau nóph.i.d.ng tân

ng..

allow ask beg convince instruct invite order permit persuade prepare remind urge want expect promise

Ex5.16:Joe asked Mary to call him whenhe woke up.We orderedhim to appear in court.Iurge you to consider yourdecision.Theywere trying topersuade him to change his mind.The teacherpermitted them to turn their assignmentsinlate.You shouldprepareyour sonto take this examination.

Tuy nhiên, d.ng tru.c 1 V-ing làm tân ng. thì d.ng c.a danh t. ho.c d.i t. ph.i .

d.ng s. h.u.

Ch.ng. + d.ng t. +

d.ng s. h.u c.a danh t. tính t. s. h.u

+ [verb + ing] ...

Ex5.17:We understand yournotbeing able to staylonger.Heregrets her leaving .We arelookingforward to their coming nextyear.Wedon�t approve of John�s buyingthishouse.We resentthe teacher�s not announcing the test sooner.We object to their calling at thishour.


6.2 Dare 6 Cáchs.d.ngd.ngt.bánkhi.mkhuy.t need vàdare 6 Cách s.d.ngd.ng t.bánkhi.mkhuy.t need và dare

6.1 need Ð.ngt.nàydu.c s.d.ng ra sao cònph. thu.c vàodanh t.d.ngd.ng sau nólàd.ngv.thayb.td.ng v.t.-khi ch. ng.làd.ng v.t(living thing)

Subject as aliving thing + need + to + verb(c.nph.ilàmgì)

Ex6.1:I need to clean myhouse.

John andhisbrother needtopaint thehouse.

Myfriend needs tolearn Spanish.He will need todrive alone tonight.

-Tuy nhiênkhi ch. ng.là m.tb.td.ng v.t(unlivingthing)thìd.ngt. sau need s.d.i

khác.

Subjectas unliving thing + need +

[Verb+ing]

tobe +P2 Ex6.2:Thegrassneeds tobe cut. Ho.cThegrassneeds cutting

.

Thetelevisionneedsrepairing . Ho.cThetelevisionneed tobe repaired. Thecompositionneeds rewriting . Ho.cThecompositionneeds tobe rewritten.

Luuý:

need =tobeinneed of +noun

tobein need of + noun có th. thay th. cho c.2 công th.c trên.

Ex6.3:Jillisinneedof money =Jillneedsmoney.Theroofisinneed of repair =Theroof needstoberepaired.Theorganizationwasinneed of volunteers =Theorganizationneeded volunteers.

6.2 Dare -Dare khôngdu.cdùngnhi.u.kh.ngd.nh. Nóch.du.cdùng.ph.d.nh và nghi v.n.Ð.ngt.sau nótheolýthuy.tlà có tonhungtrênth.ct.thu.ngb.to. Nócóth.dùngv.i tr.d.ng t. todoho.cdùng tr.c ti.p.Hedoesn�tdare(to) say anything =Hedaresnot(to) say anything.Doeshedare(to)say anything =Dareshe(to)say anything.-Dare khôngdu.cdùng. th.kh.ngd.nh tr. tru.ngh.p -Idare saymang2 nghia:

+Tôi cholà. Ex6.4:Idare saythere willbe a restaurant car at the end of the train.

+Tôi công nh.nlà. Biênt.p:Th.sÐ.MinhTuân Trang31 KhoaT.nhiên -Tru.ngCÐSPNamÐ.nh

7 Cáchdùngd.ngt.tobe+infinitive

Ex6.5:Idare sayyou are right.Tôith.a nh.nlà anhdúng.

-Howdare(dared)+ subject ...(saodám).

Ex6.6:Howdareyou open myletter? Sao c.udámbóc thuc.a tôi ra th.?

-Dare còndu.cdùng nhu1 ngo.id.ng t. mang nghiadám, thách theo m.u câu sau:

Todare smbtodo smth(tháchailàmgì)

Ex6.7:Theydare theboy to swim across the riverin the cold weather.

7 Cáchdùngd.ng t.tobe+infinitive

BE +INFINITIVE

-Nódu.cdùngd.truy.nd.t nh.ng m.nhl.nhho.cnh.ng ch.d.ntt. ngu.i th. nh.t qua ngu.i th.2 t.i ngu.i th.3.

Ex7.1:No oneis toleave thisbuilding without thepermission of thepolice. (khôngaidu.cphép r.i toà nhà này màkhôngdu.cphép c.a c.nh sát). Heis to stay here until we return.

(nóph.i.l.idâycho t.ikhib.n taoquayl.i).

-Dùng v.i m.nhd.if mang tínhb.tbu.cho.c m.nhl.nh.

Ex7.2:Something mustbedonequicklyif extinctbirdsaretobesaved Hesaidifhe fall asleep at the wheel, we were to wakehim up.

-d.truy.nd.t m.td.d.nh.

Ex7.3:Sheis tobe marriednext month. (cô.ys. cu.i vào tháng t.i) The expeditionis to startin a week�s time.

C.u trúc này r.t thôngd.ng trongbáo chí và n.u nólà t.ad.báo thì ngu.i tab.be did.ti.tki.m ch..

Ex7.4:ThePrimeMinisteris to make a statement tomorrow. =ThePrimeMinister to make a statement tomorrow.

-Was/were +infinitive:Ð.di.nd.t1ý tu.ng v. s. m.nh.

Ex7.5:Theysaidgoodbye withoutknowing that they were never to meet again. (h.chia tay nhau màkhôngbi.t r.ng s. ch.ngbaogi.h.g.pl.i nhau)

-Tobeaboutto+verb =nearfuture =tobeinthepoint ofVing.


8.2 Câuh.ithôngbáo 8 Câuh.i 8 Câuh.i

8.1 Câuh.i v.iyesvà no S. di g.i là nhu v.y vì trong câu tr. l.i có th. dùng yes ho.c no . d.u câu. Nên nh.r.ng:Yes +positive verbNo + negative verb.Khôngdu.c nh.ml.nd.ngcâu tr.l.i ti.ng vi.t.

auxiliary

be

+ subject + verbdo,does,did

Ex8.1:IsMarygoing to school today?

WasMarysick yesterday?

Have you seenthis moviebefore?Willthe committeedecide on theproposal today?Doyou want to use the telephone?Does Georgelike peanutbutter?Did yougo to classyesterday?

8.2 Câuh.i thôngbáo Làlo.icâuh.i màtrong câutr.l.i ngoàiyesho.c no ra cònph.ithêm m.t s. cácthông

tinkhác.Các câuh.i nàydùng v.i m.t s. cácd.i t. nghi v.n.

8.2.1 Whovàwhatlàmch. ng. W ho

+ verb +(complement) +(modifier) W hat

Ex8.2:Who opened thedoor?(someone opened thedoor) What happened lastnight?(somethinghappenedlast night.)

Chúý:Khôngdúngkhi nói : Whodid open thedoor? Whatdidhappen last night?

8.2.2 Whomvàwhatlà tânng. c.acâuh.i

Whom

auxiliary

+

+ subject + verb +( modifier)

What

do,does,did

Chúý:M.cdù trong van nói, nhi.u ngu.i s.d.ng who thay cho whom tronglo.i câuh.i nàynhung tuy.td.ikhôngdu.cdùng nhu v.y trong van vi.t(l.i cob.n)

Ex8.3:WhomdoesAhmadknow fromVenezuela?(AhmadknowsomeonefromVenezuela)What did Georgebuyat the store?(Georgebought something at the store)


8.4 Câuh.icóduôi 8 Câuh.i 8.2.3 Câuh.idànhchocácb. ng.(when,where,why,how)

When Where Why How

+

auxiliary be do, does, did

+ subject + verb + (complement) + (modifier) Ex8.4:When did John movetoJacksonville?Where does Mohamadlive?Whydid Georgeleaveso early?How didMariagetto school today?Where has Henrygone ?When will Berthago backtoMexico?

8.3 Câuh.igiánti.p(embeddedquestion) Làlo.i câuh.i có cácd.cdi.m sau:

Câu có2thànhph.n n.i v.i nhaub.ng1d.i t. nghi v.n.

-

-d.ngt.. m.nhd.2ph.id.ng xuôi sau ch. ng.khôngdu.c c.u t.o câuh.i. thành ph.n th.2.

d.it.nghi v.nkhông ch.baog.m1t. mà nhi.ukhi cóth.là2ho.c3t. ch.ngh.n: noun, how many, how much, how long, how often, what time, và what kind.

-

whose +

Subject +verb(phrase) +question word + subject + verb

Ex8.5:Câuh.i :Where will the meeting takeplace?Câuh.igián ti.p:Wehaven�tascertained where the meeting will take place.

Câuh.i:Why did theplaneland at the wrong airport?Câuh.igiánti.p:The authorities cannotfigure outwhy theplane landedatthe wrongairport.

auxiliary + subject + verb + question word + subject + verb Ex8.6:Do youknow where he went? Couldyou tell me what timeitis?

Ex8.7:Theprofessordidn�tknowhow many students wouldbeinher afternoon class.Ihave noideahowlong theinterview will take.Do theyknowhow often thebus runs at night?Canyou tellmehowfar the museumisfrom the college?I�lltellyou whatkind ofice cream tastesbest.The teacher asked us whosebook was onhisdesk.

8.4 Câuh.i códuôi Khi s.d.nglo.i câuh.i này nên nh. r.ng nókhông nh.m m.cdíchdêh.i mà nh.md.kh.ngd.nhl.iýki.n c.ab.n thân mìnhdãbi.t.-Câu chialàm2thànhph.n táchbi.t nhaub.id.uph.y.


9.1 L.inóiph.ho.kh.ngd.nh 9 L.inóiph.ho.kh.ngd.nh vàph.d.nh -N.ud.ng t..ph.nchính. th.kh.ngd.nh thì.ph.nduôilàph.d.nh và ngu.cl.i.-Ð.ng t. to be du.c dùng tr.c ti.p, các d.ng t. thu.ng dùng tr. d.ng t. to do, cácd.ng t.. th.ikép: future, perfect, progressivedùng v.i chính tr.d.ng t. c.a th.idó.-Các thànhng. thereis, there are và itisdùngl.i.ph.nduôi.-Ð.ng t. tohave trong ti.ng Anh c.angu.iM.làd.ng t. thu.ngdodó nó s.dùngv.i tr.d.ng t. todo.

Ex8.8:There areonly twenty-eightdaysinFebruary, aren�t there?It�s raining now,isn�tit?Itisn�training now,isit?Theboysdon�thave class tomorrow,do they?

You andItalked with theprofessoryesterday,didn�t we? You won�t beleavingfor anotherhour, willyou ? JillandJoe havebeen toMexico,haven�t they?

You have two children,don�tyou?

(Trongti.ng Anh,thì s.dùnghaven�tyou?)

Trong cácbài thiTOEFL n.ud.ng t. chínhlà havethìd.ng sauph.idùng tr.d.ng

Luuý:

Ex8.9:Shehas an exam tomorrow,doesn�t she?

t. do.

9 L.i nóiph.ho.kh.ngd.nh vàph.d.nh

9.1 L.i nóiph.ho.kh.ngd.nh -Dùngd.ph.ho.l.iýkh.ngd.nhc.a m.t ngu.ikhác tuongduong v.i câu ti.ng vi.t �cung th. �và ngu.i tas.dùng so và too trong c.u trúc này. -Ð.ngt. tobe du.cphépdùngtr.c ti.p, cácd.ngt.thu.ngdùng v.i tr.d.ng t. to do, cácd.ng t.. th.ikép(future, perfect, progressive)dùngv.i chínhd.ng t. c.a nó. -Khibedu.c s.d.ngtrong m.nhd. chính thì th.i c.ad.ng t. bes.d.ng trong câu ph.ho. cungph.i cùng th.i v.i be.m.nhd. chính.

Affirmative statement(be) + and +

Subject + verb(be)+ too

So + verb(be)+ subject Ex9.1:I am happy, andyou are too. Iam happy, and so areyou.

-Khim.td.ngt..th.kép(auxilary + verb), víd.,willgo, shoulddo, hasdone, have written, must examine, vv... xu.thi.ntrong m.nhd. chínhthìtr.d.ngt. c.a m.nhd. chínhdu.c s.d.ng.d.ngkh.ngd.nh, và ch. ng. vàd.ng t.ph.ihoàh.p.

Subject + auxiliary only+ too Affirmative statement + and+ +

So + auxiliary only + subject (d.ngt.. th.kép)

Ex9.2:Theywill workin thelab tomorrow, andyou will too.


10 Câuph.d.nh

Theywill workin thelab tomorrow, and so willyou.

Subject + do, does, ordid + too Affirmativestatement + and +

(d.ngt.don tr.be)

So + do, does, ordid + subject

Ex9.3:Janegoes to that school, and my sisterdoes too.Janegoes to that school, and sodoes my sister.John wentto the mountains onhis vacation, and wedid too.John wentto the mountains onhis vacation, and sodid we.Iwill bein NewMexicoin August,and they will too.

Iwill bein NewMexicoin August,and sowill they . Hehas seenherplays, and thegirlshave too. Hehas seenherplays, and sohave thegirls.

We are going to the movies tonight, andSuzyis too.We are going to the movies tonight, and soisSuzy.

She will wear a costume to theparty, and we will too.She will wear a costume to theparty, and so will we.

9.2 L.i nóiph.ho.ph.d.nh-Dùngd.ph.ho.l.iýph.d.nh c.a ngu.ikhác, tuong.ng v.i câu ti.ng vi.t không�.

� cung

C.u trúcdùng cholo.i câu nàylà either và neither.

-

Nên nh. r.ng: Not... either /Neither... positive verb. Các tru.ngh.pdùnggi.ngh.tcông th.ckh.ngd.nh.

Subject + negative auxiliary orbe + either Negative statement + and +

Neither + positive auxiliaryorbe+ subject. Ex9.4:Ididn�t seeMary this morning.Johndidn�t seeMary this morning.Ididn�tseeMary this morning, andJohndidn�t either.Ididn�tseeMary this morning, and neitherdidJohn.Shewon�tbegoing totheconference. Hercolleagueswon�tbegoing totheconference.She won�t begoing to the conference, andher colleagues won�t either.She won�t begoing to the conference, and neither willher colleagues.Johnhasn�tseen the new movieyet.Ihaven�t seen the new movieyet.Johnhasn�tseen the new movieyet, andIhaven�t ether.Johnhasn�tseen the new movieyet, and neitherhaveI.

10 Câuph.d.nh

Ð.thànhl.p câuph.d.nh ngu.i tad.t not vào saud.ng t. tobe, tr.d.ng t. todoc.ad.ng t. thu.ng, và các tr.d.ng t. c.ad.ng t.. th.ikép.-Ð.tanyd.ng tru.cdanh t.d. nh.n m.nh choph.d.nh.-Trong m.t s. tru.ngh.pd. nh.n m.nh chodanh t.d.ng saub.ph.d.nh, ngu.i tad.d.ng t.. nguyên th. vàd.t no tru.cdanh t..( no = not at all).


Nagative + nagative = Positive 11 M.nhl.nhth.c

Ex10.1:It�s really unbelievable thathehas no money.

Nagative+ comparative =Superlative

Ex10.2:ProfessorBakercouldn�tbemorehelpful =Pr.Bakerwasthemosthelpful.We couldn�thavegonetothebeachon abetterday.T.clà:Todayisthebestdaytogo

to thebeach.

Nagative ...,muchless+ noun.(khôngmàl.i càngkhông)

Ex10.3:Hedidn�t like to readnovels, muchless textbooks.It�s really unbelievable howhe couldhave survived, after such afreefall, muchless live

M.t s.phó t. trong ti.ng Anh mang nghiaph.d.nh,khidãdùng nó trong câutuy.t

to tell aboutit onTV.

d.ikhôngdu.cdùngph.d.nh c.ad.ng t. n.a.

-

Hardly

ScarcelyBarely

H.unhukhông(Almost no)

Hardly everRarely

H.u nhukhôngbaogi.( almost never). Seldom

Côngth.cdùng v.i cácphó t. trên.

Subject +nagative + adverb +positive verb

Luuý: Barelyvà scarcely dôikhimang nghia v.ad., v.a so.n(just enough).Ph.i can c.theo ng. c.nh c.a câuho.c các câutr.l.idu.iph.n nghed.tìm ra nghiadúng.

Ex10.4:He scarcelyhas moneyfor the tuitionfee and not any coinsleft.

(Nó v.ad.ti.nd. tr.h.cphí vàkhông còn xu nào c..)

11 M.nhl.nhth.c

11.1 M.nhl.nh th.ctr.cti.p M.nhl.nh th.c tr.c ti.plà câu mà m.t ngu.i ral.nh cho m.t ngu.ikháclàm vi.cgì dó. Nó có th. có please di tru.c. Ch. ng. du.c hi.u là you. S. d.ng d.ng don gi.n c.ad.ng t.(Nguyên th.b. to).

Ex11.1:Close thedoor. Open the window.


12 Ð.ngt.khi.mkhuy.t

Leave the room.Payyour rent.Please turn off thelight.Bequiet.

D.ngm.nhl.nh th.cph.d.nhdu.c thànhl.p nh. c.ng thêmdon�t tru.cd.ng t..

Ex11.2:Don�tclose thedoor.Pleasedon�t turn offthelight.Don�topen the window,please.(Please cóth.d.ngd.uho.c cu.icâu m.nhl.nhth.clàm cho câutr. nênl.ch s.hon).

11.2 M.nhl.nh th.cgiánti.p Thu.ngdùngv.i4d.ng t. sau:

to order

todo something.

not todo something

to ask

+ smb +

to tell

to say

Ex11.3:John toldMaryto close thedoor. to turn off thelight.

Jack asked Jill

The teacher told Christopher to open the window. Please tellJaime toleave the room.

John orderedBillto close hisbook. Thepoliceman orderedthe suspect tobe quiet.

Luuý:Ðuôi c.a Let�s ...., shall we.

Ex11.4:Let�sgo outforlunch, shall we?

Khác v.iletus trong câu m.nhl.nh th.c.

Ex 11.5:Let�sgonow(chúng tadi thôi)khácv.iLet usgo,please.( xinhãyd. cho chúng tôidi)

12 Ð.ng t.khi.mkhuy.t

S.dig.ilànhu v.y vìd.ng t. này mang nh.ngd.c tính nhu sau:-Không có ti.u t. tod.ng tru.c.-Ð.ngt. nàodi sau nó cungph.ib. to.-Khôngbaogi.2d.ngt.khi.mkhuy.tdicùng v.i nhau, n.u có thìb.tbu.cd.ng t.th.2ph.i chuy.n sang m.td.ngkhác.

Ex12.1:Willhave toWillbe able toWillbe allowed to

Ð.ngt.khi.mkhuy.tdu.c s.d.ng v.i các ch.c nang sau:


12.2 Di.nd.tcâudi.uki.n. 12 Ð.ngt.khi.mkhuy.t 12.1 Di.nd.tth.i tuonglai. 12.2 Di.nd.t câudi.uki.n. 12.2.1 Ði.uki.ncó th. th.chi.ndu.c. th.ihi.nt.i.

W ill/shall

If+Subject + simplepresent + subject +

can/may

+[verbin simpleform]

Ex12.2:If Ihave the money,Iwill buy a new car. If you trymore,you will improveyourEnglish.

We will have plenty of time to finish the project before dinner if it is only ten o�clock

now.

If

+subject+ simplepresenttense+ subject+ ...+ simplepresenttense M.u câu nàycòndu.cdùngd.di.n t. m.t thóiquen. -

Ex12.3:Ifthedoctorhas morning officehours,he visits hispatientsin thehospitalinthe afternoon(không cód.ng t.khuy.t thi.u.)John usually walks to schoolif hehas enough time.

If+Subject+ simplepresenttense ...+ commandform* ...

* Nênnh. r.ng m.nhl.nh th.c.d.ngdongi.nc.ad.ng t..( simpleform)M.ucâu trên có nghialà nh. ai, ral.nh cho ailàmgì. Ex12.4:If yougo to thePostOffice,please mail thisletterfor me. Please callmeif youhear fromJane.

12.2.2 Ði.uki.nkhông th. th.chi.ndu.c. th.ihi.nt.i.

W ould/should

If +Subject + simplepast + subject +

could/might

+ verbin simpleform

Ex12.5:IfIhadenough money now,I wouldbuy thishouse(butnowIdon�thave enough money.)IfIhadthe time,I wouldgo to thebeach withyou this weekend.(butIdon�thave the time.)(I�m notgoingto thebeach withyou.)He would tellyou aboutitifhe werehere.(hewon�ttellyouaboutit.)(Heisnothere).Ifhedidn�t speak soquickly,you could understandhim.(He speaks veryquickly.)(You can�tunderstandhim.)

Luuý:Ð.ngt. tobe sau if . m.u câu nàyph.i chialàm were . t.t c. các ngôi.I... they were.

Ex12.6:IfIwereyou,I wouldn�tdo such a thing.(butI�m notyou.)


12.2 Di.nd.tcâudi.uki.n. 12 Ð.ngt.khi.mkhuy.t 12.2.3 Ði.uki.nkhông th. th.chi.ndu.c. th.iquákh.. If +Subject +pastperfect + subject +

W ould/should

+have +P2

could/might

Ex12.7:If wehadn�tlost the way we couldhavebeen herein time.(butinfactwelost the way, so we werelate.)If wehadknown thatyou were there, we wouldhave written you aletter.(Wedidn�tknow thatyou were there.)(wedidn�t writeyou aletter.)She wouldhave sold thehouseif shehadfound the rightbuyer.

(Shedidn�tsell thehouse.)(Shedidn�tfind the rightbuyer.) If wehadn�tlost the way, we wouldhave arrived sooner.

(Welostour way.)(wedidn�t arrive early.)

Câudi.uki.nkhôngph.ilúc nào cung tuân theodúng công th.c trên, trong m.t s.tru.ngh.p1 v. c.a câudi.uki.n.quákh. còn m.t v.l.i.hi.n t.ido th.igian c.a

-

t.ng m.nhd.quyd.nh.

Ex12.8:If shehad caught theflight she would behereby

Luuý:Trong m.t s. tru.ngh.p. câudi.uki.nkhông th. th.chi.ndu.c. th.iquá di vàd.o hadlênd.u câu nhungýnghia v.ngi. nguyên.

now.

Had + subject +[verbinpastparticiple]...

kh., ngu.itab. if

Ex12.9:Had weknown you were there, we wouldhave writtenyou aletter.

Had shefound the rightbuyer, she wouldhave sold thehouse. Hadn�t welost the way, we wouldhave arrived sooner.

12.2.4 Cáccáchdùngd.cbi.tc.awill,would,should trong cácm.nhd.if Thông thu.ng nh.ngd.ng t. nàykhôngdu.cdùngd.ng sauif nhung n.udu.cdùng nó s. mangý nghia sau:

Ifyou will/would.

Thu.ngdu.cdùng trong cácyêu c.ul.ch s.( Wouldl.ch s.hon)

Ex12.10:Ifyou wouldwait a moment,I will seeifMrJohnishere. (N.u côvuilòng ch. m.t chút, tôi s. xemli.uôngJohn có.dâykhông.) Iwouldbe verygratefulifyou will/would make an arrangementfor me.

Ifyou could+ verbin simpleform.N.uông vuilòng

Ngu.i nói cho r.ng ngu.ikia s.d.ngý nhu m.tl. t.t nhiên

Ex12.11:Ifyou could fillin thisform. Ifyou couldopenyourbooks.


13 Cáchs.d.ngthành ng. asif,asthough

If + subject + will/ would.N.u...ch.u -Di.nd.týt. nguy.n

Ex12.12:Ifhe will (would)listen to me,Icanhelphim. N.u nó ch.u nghe theol.i tôi thì tôi có th.giúp nó.

If + subject + will.Di.n t.s. ngoan c..

Ex12.13:Ifyou willlearnEnglish this way, afailureforTOFEL testis sure awaiting

you.

N.u c.u mà c. h.c ti.ng Anh theo cách này thì tru.t k. thi TOFEL ch.c ch.n dang

ch.dón c.u.

-

If+ subject +should.

Di.nd.t m.thànhd.ngdù r.t có th.du.c songkh. nang r.tít vàkhi nói ngu.i nói khôngtinlà s. vi.cl.i có th. x.y ra

Ex12.14:Ifyou shouldn�tknowhowto usethisTVset,please call me upthis number.N.u anhkhôngbi.t cách s.d.ng chi.c tivi này,hãyg.idi.n cho tôi s. máy này.(Nói

v.y nhung ngu.i nóikhông cho r.nglà anh tal.ikhôngbi.t s.d.ng chi.c tividó.)Ifyou shouldhave anydifficulties whiledoingthese exercises,pleasefeelfree to ask

me.

(Ngu.ith.ykhôngchor.ng c.uh.csinhl.ikhônglàmdu.cnh.ngbàit.pdó -vì chúng r.td.ho.c c.uh.c trò r.t thông minh)

-Trong m.t s. tru.ngh.p ngu.i tab. if di vàd.o should lênd.u câu mà ng. nghia khôngthayd.i.

Ex12.15:Should you have anydifficulties whiledoing these exercises,pleasefeelfree to ask me. Should it be cloudy andgray,thegroundhog will supposedly wanderaroundforfood a sign that springis near. N.u tr.i có nhi.u mây và b.u tr.i xám x.t thì ngu.i ta cho là con sóc d.t s. di lang thangki.man -dólàd.uhi.uc.amùaXuândang t.ig.n.Th.cra,khi s.d.ng c.u trúc này thì tácgi. cho r.ngkhi con sócd.t chui ra thì r.thi.mkhi tr.i l.i có nhi.u mây vàb.utr.il.i xáml.i -có th.làdok.tqu. th.ngkê.

13 Cách s.d.ng thành ng. asif,asthough

(Cónghialà :du.ng nhulà, nhu th.là)-M.nhd.d.ng sau2 thành ng. này thu.nghay.d.ngdi.uki.nkhông th. th.chi.ndu.c vàchialàm2 th.i:

13.1 Th.ihi.nt.i N.ud.ng t.. m.nhd. tru.c chia. simple present thìd.ng t.. m.nhd. sauph.i chia. simplepast,d.ng t. tobe s.ph.i chia.là were. t.t c. các ngôi.


14 Cáchs.d.ngd.ngt.Tohopevàtowish

asif

Subject +verb(simplepresent) +

as though

+ subject + verb(simplepast)

Ex13.1:The oldladydresses asif it were winter evenin the summer.(Itis notwinter.)Angelique walks as though she studied modelling.(Shedidn�tstudy modelling)He acts as though he wererich.(Heis notrich)

13.2 Th.iquákh.N.ud.ng t.. m.nhd. tru.c chia. simplepast thìd.ng t.. m.nhd.2ph.i chia.

pastperfect.

asif Subject +verb(simplepast) +

as though

Ex13.2:Betty talked about the contest asif shehad won thegrandprize.

+ subject + verb(pastperfect)(Shedidn�twin thegrandprize.) Jefflookedasifhehad seen aghost.

(Shedidn�tsee aghost.)Helooked as thoughhehad run ten miles.

(Hedidn�trun ten miles.)

-C.2d.ng chiadó sau asifd.udi.nd.tdi.uki.nkhông th. th.chi.ndu.c.Luuý:Trongm.t s.tru.ngh.p n.udi.uki.nlà cóth.t thì2 côngth.c trênkhôngdu.c tuântheo.Ð.ng t.l.i tr. v.d.ngbình thu.ng theodi.nbi.n c.a câu.

Ex13.3:Helooks asifhehasfinish the test.

14 Cách s.d.ngd.ng t.Tohopevà towish

Haid.ng t. này tuyd.ng nghia nhungkhác nhau v. m.t ng.pháp.

+Ð.ng saud.ng t. tohopelà m.t câudi.nbi.nbình thu.ng. Ex14.1:Ihope that they will come.(Idon�tknowifthey are coming.)(Tôihy v.nglàh. s. t.i.)Wehope thatthey came yesterday.(Wedon�tknowifthey came.)

+ Nhungd.ng t. towishl.idòih.id.ng saunóph.ilà m.tdi.uki.nkhông th. th.c hi.ndu.c.Ði.uki.n này chialàm3 th.i. 14.1 Th.i tuonglai Ð.ngt.. m.nhd. sau s.ph.ilà Would/ could + verb ho.cwere +V-ing.


14.3 Th.iquákh. 14 Cáchs.d.ngd.ngt.Tohopevàtowish

Could + verb

Subject +wish + (that) + Subject* +

would + verb were + Ving

+ ...

Subject* : có th.là cùngho.ckhác ch. ng. v.i ch. ng. trong m.nhd. chính.

Ex14.2:We wish thatyou could come to theparty tonight.(You can�t come.)Iwish thatyou would stop saying that.(Youprobably won�t stop.)She wishthat she were coming with us.(Sheis not coming with us.)

14.2 Th.ihi.nt.iÐ.ng t.. m.nhd.2 s. chia. simplepast.Ð.ng t. tobe ph.i chialàm were . t.tSubject+ wish +(that) +Subject*+ verbinsimplepast ...

c. các ngôi.

Ex14.3:I wish thatIhad enough time tofinish myhomework.(Idon�thave enough Wewish thathewere old enough tocomewith us.(Heisnot old enough.)

time.)

Theywish that theydidn�t have togo to class today.(Theyhave togo to class.)

14.3 Th.iquákh.Ð.ngt.. m.nhd. sau s.ph.i chia. Pastperfectho.c Couldhave +P2

Subject + wish +(that) +Subject +

Pastperfect

Couldhave +P2

Ex14.4:I wish thatIhad washed the clothesyesterday.(Ididn�twash the clothesyesterday.)She wishthat she couldhave been there.(She couldn�tbe there.)We wish that wehadhad more timelast night.(Wedidn�thave more time.)

Luuý:Ð.ngt.wish ch. có th..nhhu.ngd.n m.nhd.d.ng sau nób.ng cáchbu.c m.nhd.dóph.i.di.uki.nkhôngth.th.chi.ndu.c. Nhungdi.uki.ndó.th.inàol.idoth.igian c.a m.nhd.dóquy.td.nhkhôngh.ph. thu.c vào th.i c.ad.ng t. to wish.

Ex14.5:He wished thathe could come to theparty next week.Thephotographer wishedthat we stood closer together than we are standing now.

-Ph.iphânbi.tv.i to wish.d.ng câu này v.i nghiau.cgì, monggì v.i to wish trongm.u câu sau:

To wishsomebody something Ex14.6:I wishyou ahappybirthday.


16 Cáchs.d.ngthành ng.Wouldrather

15 Cách s.d.ng thành ng. used tovàget/beused to

15.1 used to Used to +[Verbin simpleform]...(Thu.nghay,dã t.ng)

Ch. m.t thóiquen,hànhd.ng thu.ng xuyên x.y ral.pdil.pl.i trongquákh..

Ex15.1:WhenDavid wasyoung,he used to swim once aday.(Thóiquen trongquá

kh.)

-Chuy.n sang câu nghi v.n:

= Used +Subject+to+ verb.

Did +Subject + use to +Verb

Ex15.2:WhenDavidwasyoung,

did he useto swim once aday?

used he to swim once aday? -Câuph.d.nh:

Subject +didn�t +use to +Verb

=Subject + used not to + verb.

Ex15.3:WhenDavidwasyoung,

hedidn�tuse to swim once aday.

he used not to swim once aday. 15.2 get/beused toBE/GETUSEDTO+ VING(Tr.nênquen v.i)

Luuý:Trong công th.c(*) có th. thay used to =Wouldnhungd. nh.ml.n.

16 Cách s.d.ng thành ng.Would rather

Would rather ...than =Prefer...to(Thích...honlà; thà ...honlà)

Ð.ngsau would rather ph.ilàm.td.ngt. nguyênth.b.to(bareinfinitive)nhung d.ng sau preferph.ilà m.t verb+ing.

Ex16.1:Johnwouldrather drinkCoca-Colathanorangejuice . Johnpreferdrinking Coca-Cola todrinkingorangejuice.

Luuý:Vi.c s.d.ng thành ng. này còn tu. thu.c vào s. ch. ng. và nghia c.a câu


16.2 Lo.icâucó2 ch. ng. 16 Cáchs.d.ngthành ng.Wouldrather 16.1 Lo.icâu có m.t ch. ng. .lo.i câu này ch.dùng Wouldrather (khôngcó than)và chialàm2 th.i :

16.1.1 Th.ihi.nt.i Ð.ng t. sau Would rather là nguyên th. b. to. N.u mu.n dùng ph. d.nh d.t not tru.cd.ng t. nguyên th.b. to (công th.c1)

Subject +Would rather +(not)bareinfinitive

Ex16.2:Jim would rather go to class tomorrow

Trong câu này ngu.i nói mu.n nói Jim thíchd.nl.p vào ngày mai(ch. hôm nay Jim

khôngmu.n)

16.1.2 Th.iquá kh. . th.iquákh. sau would rather là have +pastparticiple(haycòng.ilàphân t. 2 -P2)-Công th.c2.

Subject +would rather +have +(P2)

Ex16.3:John wouldrather havegoneto classyesterday than today

(John thíchdih.c vào ngàyhômquahon ngàyhôm nay).

16.2 Lo.icâucó2 ch. ng. .lo.i câu này thành ng.du.c s.d.ng s.làWould ratherthat(u.cgì, monggì) và chialàm nh.ng m.u câu nhu sau:

16.2.1 Câugi.d.nh Làlo.icâudi.nd.tý ngu.ith. nh.t mu.n ngu.i th.2làm m.t vi.cgìdó, nhunglàm haykhôngcòntu.thu.c vào vàophía ngu.ith.2.Do v.y c.utrúcd.ngt. sau ch. ng. 2ph.ilà nguyên th.b. to -Công th.c1.

Subject1 +Would rather that +Subject2 +bareinfinitive

Ex16.4:I would rather thatJones call me tomorrow(Tôimu.nJohnesg.idi.nchotôi vàongày mai -NhungJonescóg.idi.nchongu.inóihaykhông còn tu. vàoJones).We would rather thathe take this train.(Ðápchuy.ntàudóhaykhông còntu. vàoanh.y -H.ch. mu.nv.y).

16.2.2 Ði.uki.nkhôngth.chi.ndu.c.hi.nt.i(nghiac.acâutrái v.i th.c t.) Ð.ng t. sau ch. ng. 2 s. chia . Simple past, d.ng t. to be s. ph.i du.c chia thành Were. t.t c. cácngôi -Công th.c2


17 Cáchs.d.ngWouldLike

Subject1 + would rather that +Subject2 +Simplepast...

Ex 16.5:Henry would rather thathis girlfriend worked in the same department as hedoes(Infacthisgirlfrienddoesn�tworkin the samedepartment.)Jane would rather thatit were winter now.(Itis notwinter now.)

Nh.n xét: -Trong các câu trên nghia c.a v. th. 2 luôn trái v.i th.c t. . th.i di.m hi.nt.i. -N.umu.nthànhl.p th.ph.d.nhdùng:

Did not + verb

Were not + verb

16.2.3 Ði.uki.nkhông th. th.chi.ndu.ctrongquákh.(Nghiac.acâulà trái v.i th.c t..)

Tronglo.i câu nàyd.ng t.. m.nhd. th.2 s.ph.idu.c chia. Pastperfect

+ would rather that +Subject2 -Công

th.c1.

Subject1

+PastperfectEx16.6:Jim would rather thatJillhadgone to classyesterday.(nhungtrong th.c t. thì Jill dã không t.i l.p ngày hôm qua và ngu.i nói ch. l.y làmti.clàJilldãkhông t.il.p vào ngàyhômqua.)

Nh.n xét:Trênth.ct.nghia c.a to wishvà would ratherthat (v.inghiau.c, mong mu.n)trongtru.ngh.ptrênlàgi.ng nhau nhung Wishdu.cs.d.ngtrongti.ngAnh bìnhdân(hàngngày).Còn Would rather that mangk.ch tính nhi.uhon.

17 Cách s.d.ngWouldLike

Thànhng. nàydùngd. m.i m.c ngu.ikhác m.t cáchl.ch s.ho.cdi.nd.t mong mu.n c.a mình m.t cách nhã nh.n saudóph.ilàd.ng t. nguyên th. có to (infinitive).

Subject+wouldlike+[to+ verb] ...

Ex17.1:Would youliketodance with me?Iwouldlike tovisit Hongkong.We wouldlike to order now,please.Thepresidentwouldlike tobe re-elected.Theywouldlike to study at the university.Wouldyouliketo see a movie tonight?

Luuý :-N.u hành d.ng du.c xác d.nh c. th. v. m.t th.i gian ho.c th.i gian là hi.n t.i thìdùngd.ng t. nguyên th. sau like.-Nhung n.uth.igianlàkhông xácd.nh thìph.idùng Verb+ing.

Ex17.2:Wouldyoulike alemonade now?(th.igianlàhi.n t.i now)


18.2 Should 18 Cáchs.d.ng cácd.ngt.khi.mkhuy.td.di.nd.t cáctr.ngthái.hi.nt.i ShelikeswatchingTV every night.(th.igianlàkhông xácd.nh -ch. s. thíchhobby) Ho.cI wouldlike eating a steak and salad.

18 Cáchs.d.ng cácd.ng t.khi.mkhuy.td.di.n d.t các tr.ng thái.hi.n t.i

18.1 Could/may/might Could/may/might +[Verbin simpleform]Có th./cól..

Ch. m.tkh. nang có th. x.y ra.hi.n t.i song ngu.i nóikhông ch.c.C.3d.ng t. có

It willpossibly rain tomorrow

giá tr. nhu nhau.

It might rain tomorrow .

Ex18.1:

It may rain tomorrow =

ORMaybeit will rain tomorrow

It could rain tomorrow

Chúý: Maybelàs.k.th.p c.a may và be, nhung nólà m.t t. vàkhôngph.ilàtr.

d.ng t.. Nód.ng nghiav.i perhaps.

Ex18.2:Thepresidentsaid that there mightbe a strike next month.

Idon�tknow whatI�mdoing tomorrow.I maygo to thebeach orI may stayhome. (Luuýlàngu.iAnh thu.ng nóilà stay athomenhung ngu.iM.l.i nóilà stayhome.)

Itmightbe warmer tomorrow.Imay notbe able togo withyou tonight.Idon�tknowwhereJaimeis. Hecouldbeathome.

18.2 Should Should+[Verbin simpleform]

Nghialà : -Nên(di.nd.t m.tl.ikhuyên,d. ngh.ho.cb.tbu.cnhungkhông m.nhl.m) -Cókhi-dùngd.di.nd.t mong mu.ndi.ugì x.y ra.

Ex18.3:It should rain tomorrow(I expectit to rain tomorrow) My check should arrive next week.(I expectit to arrive next week).

Luuý:-Hadbetter, oughtto, be supposedtonói chunglàd.ng nghia v.i should v.idi.uki.nlàd.ng t. tobe ph.i chia. th.ihi.n t.i.-be supposed to ngoài nghia tuongduong v.i should còn mang nghiaquyd.nhph.i,b.tbu.cph.i.

Ex 18.4:We are supposedto have a math test this afternoon, but it was postponedbecause theProfessorhadto attend a science conference.(Theoquyd.nhlà....)


19 Cáchs.d.ng cácd.ngt.khi.mkhuy.td.di.nd.t cáctr.ngthái.th.iquákh.

18.3 Must Must +[verbin simpleform]

Nghialà :-Ph.i-b.tbu.cr.t m.nh(ngu.ib.b.tbu.ckhông có s.l.ach.nnàokhác)

Ex18.5:One must endorse a checkbefore one cashesit.(ngu.itaph.iký sau t.m séc tru.ckhi rút ti.n).George mustcall hisinsurance agent today.Apharmacistmust keepa record of theprescriptions that arefilled.

An automobile must have gasoline to run.

An attorney must pass an examinationbeforepractisinglaw.

Thisfreezermustbe kept at -200.

-H.nlà -di.nd.t m.t s. suylu.ncólogicd.atrênnh.nghi.ntu.ng có th.t.hi.n

t.i.

Ex18.6:John�slightsareout. Hemustbeasleep.

(We assume thatJohnis asleepbecause thelights are out.) must be raining.

(We assume thatitis rainingbecause thegrassis wet.)

Thegrassis wet.It

Mustdu.c thayth.b.ng have totrong nh.ng tru.ngh.p saudây

sau Will.th.i tuonglai.

Ex18.7:We willhave to take aTOEFL

-Ð.ng

test at the end of thisyear.

-Had tothay chomust.quákh..

Ex18.8:The teacherhad to attend a science conferenceyesterday.

. th.ihi.n t.i have todu.c thay th. cho must khi:

H.i xem mình có b. bu.c ph.i làm di.u gì không ho.c di.n d.t s. b.t bu.cdo kháchquan mangl.id.làmgi.m nh. tínhb.tbu.c c.a must.

Ex18.9:Q:DoIhave toleave adeposit?

A: No,youneedn�tbutyouhavetosigninthisregister,I�msorrybutthat�stherule. 19 Cáchs.d.ng cácd.ng t.khi.mkhuy.td.di.n d.t các tr.ng thái. th.iquákh.

Could/May/might +have +P2 (cól.dã)

Ch. m.tkh. nang.quákh. song ngu.i nóikhôngdám ch.c.

Ex19.1:It mighthave rained last night,butI�m not sure.(Cól.dêmqua tr.imua)The cause ofdeathcouldhave been bacteria.(Nguyên nhân c.a cáich.t cól.làdo vi trùng)John mighthave gone to the moviesyesterday.


20 Tínht.vàphót.(adjectiveandadverb)

(Cól.Johndãt.i r.p chi.ubóng ngàyhômqua)

Could+have +P2 (cól.dãcó th. -nhung th.ct. thìkhông)

Ex19.2:We couldhavesolved thisproblem at that time(But we couldn�tinfact) (L.ralúcdó chúng tôidã có th.gi.iquy.tdu.c v.nd. này.)

SHOULD+ HAVE+P2 (l.raph.i,l. ranên -nhung th.ct. thìkhông) Thành ng. này tuongduong v.iWas/ were/Supposed to.

H.nlàdã

MUST HAVEP2

-

(Ch.s. suylu.nlogicd.a trên nh.nghi.n tu.ng có th.t trongquákh.)

Ex 19.3:Pauldid so wellinhis speechtodaythathe couldhave rehearsed it many

times thispast week.

(Hôm nay Paul dãcó l.i phát bi.u r.t hay, h.n là tu.n qua nó dã di.n t.p r.t nhi.u

l.n).

MIGHTHAVEBEENVERB+ING -cól.lúc.ydang(Ch.s. suylu.nlogicd.a trên nh.nghi.n tu.ng có th.t trongquákh.)

Ex19.4:Ididn�thear the telephone ring,I mighthavebeen sleeping at that time.

Ididn�twatch that scene on television,I mighthavebeenpaying attention to the argument.

MUSTHAVEBEENVERB+ING -ch.ch.nlúc.ydang(Ch.s. suylu.nlogicd.a trên nh.nghi.n tu.ng có th.t trongquákh.)

Ex19.5:Ididn�thearyouknock,I musthavebeen sleeping at that time. Ididn�tseehim this morning,he musthavebeen working in the office.

20 Tính t. vàphó t.(adjectiveand adverb)

-M.t tính t. bao gi. cung b. nghia cho m.t danh t. và ch. danh t.. Nó d.ng ngay tru.cdanh t.dó.Trong ti.ng Anh ch. có m.tdanh t.duy nh.td.ng saudanh t. mà nób. nghiadólà: galore(nhi.u,phongphú,d.idào).

Ex20.1:There are errorsgalorein thefinal exam.

-M.tphó t.baogi. cungb. nghiacho:+M.td.ng t. -m.ttính t. -và m.tphó t.

khác.

Ex20.2:He runs very fast. Sheis terriblybeautiful.

-Adj+ ly= adv nhungph.i c.n th.n vìkhôngph.ib.t c. t. nào códuôi lyd.ulà phót..M.t s. các tính t. cung có t.n cùnglà ly.


21 Ð.ngt. n.i

Ex20.3:Lovely,friendly,lonely.

-M.t s. các c.m t. m.d.ub.nggi.i t.d. ch.d.adi.m, th.igian,phuong ti.nhành d.ng,tìnhhu.nghànhd.ng cungdu.ccoilàphó t.. Víd.: in the office. -M.ts. cácphó t. có c.u t.od.cbi.t nhu soon, very, almost. -V.trí cácphót.trongti.ngAnhtuongd.itho.i mái nhung cung có nh.ngph.ct.p. Cóm.t s.quylu.t nhu sau:

+Cácphó t.b. ng. s. thu.ng xuyênd.ng. cu.i câu theo th. t.uu tiên: * ch.phuong th.chànhd.ng(duôi ly), * ch.d.adi.m(here, there, at school...), * ch. th.igian, * ch.phuong ti.nhànhd.ng, * ch. tìnhhu.nghànhd.ng. +M.tphó t.khôngbaogi.du.cd.ng xen vàogi.ad.ng t. và tân ng.. Ex 20.4:I have terribly a headache.(câu sai vì phó t. d.ng xen gi.a d.ng t. và tân

ng.)

+ N.utrong câuch. cóphó t. ch. th.igianthì nó th.d.nglênd.ucâu. Ex20.5:In1975 IgraduatedbutIdidn�tfindajob.

+Cácphót. ch. t.n s.(always, sometimes...)thu.ngbaogi. cungd.ngtru.cd.ng t. chínhkhi nólàd.ng t.hànhd.ng, nhungbaogi. cungd.ng saud.ng t. tobe.

Theyhave often visited me recently.

Ex20.6:

-

-Healwayscomesintime. Nhung:Thepresidentis alwaysin time.

21 Ð.ng t. n.i

be appear feel become seem look remain sound smell stay taste

Cácd.ng t. trên có nh.ngd.c tính sau: -Khôngdi.nd.thànhd.ngmàdi.nd.tb.n ch.t c.a s. v.t, s. vi.c, nhu màu s.c, mùi v. ... -Ð.ngsau chúngph.ilà m.t tính t.khôngdu.clà m.tphó t.. Luuý: các c.pd.ng t. appeartohappen seem = to chance (Du.ngnhu) -To appearcó th. thay th. cho to seem và ngu.cl.i nhungkhông th. thay th. cho tohappen và to chance. -3d.ng t. tobe, tobecome, to remain có nh.ng tru.ngh.p có m.tdanh t.ho.c m.t ng.danh t. theo sau,lúcdó chúng m.tdi ch.c nangd.ng t. n.i.

-4d.ngt.to feel, tolook, to smellvà totastetrong m.t s.tru.ngh.pdòih.i sau nólàdanh t.làm tân ng. và tr. thành m.t ngo.id.ng t..Lúc này chúng m.tdi ch.c nang c.a m.t d.ng t. n.i và tr. thành m.t d.ng t. di.n d.t hành d.ng và có quy.n dòih.i1phót.dib. tr.(chúng thayd.i v. m.t ng. nghia).


22.1 Sosánhb.ng 22 Sosánhc.a tínht.vàdanht. -To feel= s., n.n,khám xét.-tolook at : nhìn-to smeel : ng.i.-to taste : n.m.

22 Sosánhc.atính t. vàdanh t.

22.1 Sosánhb.ng So sánhb.ng ch. ra2 th.cth. chính xácgi.ng nhau(b.ng nhauho.c nhu nhau) và

ngu.cl.i n.u c.u trúc so sánh.d.ngph.d.nh. C.u trúc: As ... as

noun

adj

+ as + adv N.ulà c.u trúcph.d.nh as th. nh.t có th. thayb.ng so.

S + verb + as +

pronoun

as hisfather.

Luuý:Ta c.nph.i nh. r.ngd.i t. sau as luôn.d.ngch. ng..

Ex22.1:Heis not so tall

Ex22.2:PeterisastallasI .Youareasold asshe.

Ex22.3:Mybookis asinteresting asyour. His car runs asfast as a race car.

John sings as wellashis sister.

Theirhouseis asbig as that one.Hisjobisnot asdifficult asmine. Ho.c Hisjobisnot sodifficult asmine.Theyare aslucky as we

-Danh t. cung có th.dùngd. so sánh cho c.u trúc này nhung tru.ckhi so sánhph.i xácd.nh ch.c ch.n r.ngdanh t.dó có nh.ngtính t.tuongduong nhutrongb.ng sau:

Tính t. Danht. heavy, light weight wide, narrow width deep, shallow depth long, short length big, small size

-C.utrúcdùng cholo.i này s.là thesame ...as.

Noun

Subject +verb + the same +(noun) + as +

Pronoun

Ex22.4:Myhouseis ashigh ashis Myhouseis the same height ashis.

Luuý:-Do tínhch.tph.c t.p c.alo.i côngth.c này nên vi.c s.d.ngbóh.p vào trongb.ngtrên.


22.2 Sosánhhon,kém 22 Sosánhc.a tínht.vàdanht. -The same as>< different from.

Ex22.5:My nationalityisdifferentfrom hers. Our climateisdifferentfrom Canada�s.

-Trongti.ngAnh c.angu.iM. có th.dùng different thann.u saudólà c. m.t câu hoàn ch.nh(khôngph.bi.n).

Ex22.6:His appearanceisdifferentfrom whatIhave expected. = Hisappearanceisdifferentthan Ihaveexpected.

-Fromcó th. thay th.b.ng to.

Ex22.7:These trees are the same as those. He speaks the same language as she.

Her addressis the same as Rita�s.Their teacherisdifferent fromours.My typewriter types the same as yours.

She takes the same

courses as herhusband.

22.2 Sosánhhon,kém -Trong lo.i so sánh này, ngu.i ta phân ra làm 2 lo.i phó t., tính t. ng.n và phó t.,

tính t.dài.-Ð.iv.i cácphó t. và tính t. ng.n, ta ch. c.n c.ng thêmduôi ERvào t.n cùng.-Ð.i v.i nh.ng tính t. ng.n có1 nguyênâmk.pgi.a2ph.âm, taph.ig.pdôiph.

âm cu.id.khôngph.ithayd.i cáchd.c.

Ex22.8:big -bigger.red -redderhot -hotter

-Nh.ng tính t. có t.ncùngb.ngbánnguyênâmph.id.i thành ier(y -ier)

Ex22.9:happy -happierfriendly -friendlier(ho.cmorefriendlythan)

-Tru.ngh.p ngo.il.: strong -stronger.-Ð.iv.it.t c. cácphót. vàtínht.dàidùng more (n.uhon)vàdùng less(n.ukém).

Ex22.10:morebeautiful, moreimportant, morebelievable.

adj+er

adv+er*

Noun

Subject +verb +

more+adj/adv

+ than +

Pronoun

less+adj

* có th. thêm er vào t.n cùng c.a m.t s. phó t. nhu: faster, quicker, sooner, vàlater.Luuý: -Ð.ng sauphó t. sosánh nhu than và as ph.ilàd.i t. nhân xung ch. ng.,khôngdu.cphéplàd.it. nhân xung tân ng.(l.i cob.n).Ex22.11:John�sgrades arehigherthan his sister�s. Todayishotterthan yesterday.


22.2 Sosánhhon,kém 22 Sosánhc.a tínht.vàdanht. This chairis more comfortable than the other.HespeaksSpanish morefluently than I .He visitshisfamilylessfrequently than shedoes.Thisyear�s exhibitislessimpressivethan lastyear�s.

-Ð. nh.n m.nh cho tính t. vàphó t. so sánh ngu.i tadùng far ho.c much tru.c so sánh.

-M.ts. thành ng. nh.n m.nh : much too much

Subject + verb +

far

+

adj

+er + than +

Noun

much

adv .

Pronoun

+ than +

far

adj

adv

Noun

more

Subject +verb +

+

+

much

less

Pronoun

Ex22.12:Harry�s watchisfar more expensive than mine.

Thatmovie we sawlast night was muchlessinteresting than the one on television.Awatermelonis much sweeter than alemon.Shedances muchmore artistically thanherpredecessor.He speaksEnglish much more rapidly thanhedoesSpanish.

His carisfarbetter thanyours.

+)Danh t. cung có th.du.cdùngd. so sánh trong các c.u trúcb.ngho.chon,kém.

-Trongc.u trúc so sánhb.ng ch. c.n xácd.nh xemdanht.dólàd.mdu.chaykhông d.mdu.c vìtru.c chúng có m.t s.d.nh ng.dùng v.i2lo.idanh t.dó. -Trongc.u trúc so sánhhonkém cung c.nph.i xácd.nh xemdanh t.dólàd.mdu.c haykhôngd.mdu.c vìd.ng tru.c chúng códùng fewer (chod.mdu.c),less(không d.mdu.c)và more dùng chung cho c.2(công th.cdu.idây).Do c.u trúc nàykhông ph.c t.pnêndu.cdùng r.ng rãihon so v.i c.u trúc so sánhb.ng.

ho.c

many

much .

Noun

Subject+ verb +as+ +noun+ as+

little .

Pronoun

few

more .

Noun

Subject +verb +

fewer

+ noun + than +

Pronoun

less

Ex22.13:Ihave more booksthan she.Februaryhasfewer daysthan March.He earns as much money as hisbrother.Theyhave as few class as we.Theirjoballows themless freedom than oursdoes.Beforepay-day,Ihave as little money as mybrother.


22.4 Cácd.ngsosánhd.cbi.t 22 Sosánhc.a tínht.vàdanht. 22.3 Sosánhh.plý Khi so sánh nên nh. r.ng các m.c t. dùng d. so sánh ph.i tuong duong v.i nhau v.b.n ch.tng.pháp( ngu.i v.i ngu.i, v.t v.i v.t).Do v.y3 m.c so sánhh.plý s.là:-s.h.ucách -that of (chos.ít)-those of (cho s.nhi.u)Câu sai: Hisdrawingsareasperfect ashisinstructor(câu nàyso sánhdrawings v.iinstructor)Câudúng: Hisdrawingsareasperfect ashisinstructor�s(instructor�s=instructor�sdrawings)Câu sai:The salary of aprofessorishigher than a secretary.(câu nàyso sánhgi.aluong c.a1ônggiáo su v.i m.t cô thuký)

Câudúng:The salary of aprofessorishigher than that of a secretary.Câu sai:Theduties of apoliceman are moredangerous than a teacher.

(thatof = that salary of)

Câudúng:Theduties of apoliceman are moredangerous than those of a teacher.

(câu nàyso sánhgi.a dutiesv.i teacher)

(thoseof=thosedutiesof).

Ex22.14:John�s car runsbetter thanMary�s.

The climateinFloridais as mild as that ofCalifornia. that climate of)

(Mary�s=Mary�scar)

Classesin the university are moredifficult than thosein the college. the classesin)

(thatof

=

(thosein

=

Thebasketballgames at the universityarebetter than those of thehigh school. thegames of)

(those of

=

Your accentis not as strong as my mother�s. (mymother�s = my mother�s accent) My sewing machineisbetter thanJane�s. (Jane�s=Jane�ssewingmachine).

22.4 Cácd.ng sosánhd.cbi.t B.ngdu.idâylà m.t s.d.ng so sánhd.cbi.t c.a tính t. và phó t.. Trongdóluuý r.ng farther dùngchokho.ng cách, further dùngcho thôngtin và nh.ng v.nd. tr.u tu.ngkhác.

Tính t. và phó t. far So sánh h

farther further on kém

So sánhn

farthest furthest h.t

little

much many

good well

bad badly

less more better worse least most best worst

Ex22.15:Ifeelmuchbetter today than Ididlast week.The universityisfarther than the mall.Hehasless time now than hehadbefore.


22.6Sosánhkép(càng....thì càng) 22Sosánhc.atínht.vàdanht. Marjoriehas morebooksthan Sue. This magazineisbetterthan that one. He acts worse now than everbefore.

+further = more. Ex22.16:Thedistancefromyourhouse to schoolisfarther than thatof mine. Hewill cometothe USforfurthereducationnextyear.

22.5 Sosánhdab. Làlo.i sosánhg.p ru.i,g.pdôi,g.p3. Nênnh. r.ng trong c.utrúcnàykhôngdu.c dùngso sánhhonkém màph.idùng so sánhb.ng.

+ noun + as +

much

many

Noun

Subject +verb +b.i s. + as +

Pronoun Ex22.17:This encyclopedia costs twice as muchAt the clambakelastweek,Fred ate three times as many oysters as Barney.Jeromehashalf as many records now as Ihadlastyear.

as the other one.

Khi dùng so sánhlo.i này ph.i xácd.nh rõ danh t.dólà d.m du.c hay không d.m

Luuý:

-

du.c vìd.ng tru.c chúng có much và many.

Các c.u trúctwice that

much

-

many

(g.pdôis.dó)ch.du.cdùng trong van nói, tuy.td.ikhôngdu.cdùng trong van vi.t.

Ex22.18:Wehadexpected eightypeople at the rally,but twice that many showed up.

(van nói)Wehad expected eightypeople at the rally,but twice as many as that number showedup.(van vi.t)

22.6 Sosánhkép(càng ....thìcàng) Nh.ng câu nàyb.td.ub.ng m.t c.u trúc so sánhhon, vàdodó m.nhd. th.2 cung ph.ib.td.ub.ngm.t c.u trúc so sánhhon.

The + comparative + subject + verb + the comparative + subject + verb

Ex22.19:Thehotteritis, the more miserable Ifeel.Thehigher weflew, the worse Ednafelt.Thebiggerthey are, theharder theyfall.The sooneryou takeyour medicine, thebetteryou willfeel.The sooneryouleave, the earlier you willarrive atyourdestination.

The more +subject +verb + the + comparative + subject + verb


23 D.ngnguyên,sosánhhonvà sosánhhonnh.t

Ex22.20:The more you study, the smarter you willbecome.The more he rowedtheboat, thefarther awayhegot.The more he slept, the moreirritablehebecame.

22.7 Nosooner...than(v.am.i...thì; ch.ngbaolâu...thì) N.u thành ng. no sooner xu.thi.n.d.u câu thì than ph.id.u cho m.nhd.2.Luu ýr.ng tr.d.ng t.ph.id.ng tru.c ch. ng. theo công th.c sau:

No sooner + auxiliary + subject + verb + than + subject + verb

Ex22.21:No sooner had they started outforCalifornia than itstarted to rain. No sooner willhe arrived than he will want toleave.

No sooner hadshe entered thebuilding than shefelt thepresence of somebody else.

Luuý: Nolongernghialà not any more (khôngcòn... n.a).Khôngbaogi.du.c s. d.ng notlonger trong câu mà nghia c.a nó nhu v.y.

Ex22.22:John nolongerstudies at the university.(Johndoesn�tstudy at the university any more).Cynthia may nolonger use thelibrarybecauseher cardhas expired.

not use thelibrary any more)

(Cynthia may


Ph.nl.n cáctínht.di.nt.(tr.ngthái,tínhcách, v.d.p...)d.u có3d.ng:d.ng nguyên (happy),d.ngso sánhhon(happier)và so sánhhon nh.t(happiest).

D.ngnguyên So sánh So sánhnh.t hot hotter hottest interesting more interesting most interesting sick sicker sickest colorful more colorful most colorful

-D.ngnguyênkhông ch. s. sosánh. Nóch. mô t.ph.mch.tdonthu.nc.a1 ngu.i,1 v.t,hay m.t nhóm(ngu.iho.c v.t).

Ex23.1:Thehouseisbig . Theflowersarefragrant.

-D.ngso sánhhon ch. ra m.cd. m.nhhonhayy.uhon v. s.khác nhaugi.a2 ngu.i (2v.t).

Ex23.2:Mydogis smarter than yours. Bobis more atheletic than Richard. Spinachisless appealing than carrots.

* Ta cung có th. so sánh 2 th.c th.(ngu.iho.c v.t) màkhông s. d.ng than.Trong

tru.ngh.p này thành ng. of the two s.du.c s.d.ng trong câu(nó có th.d.ngd.u câuvà saudanh t.ph.i cód.uph.y,ho.cd.ng. cu.i -Xem2 công th.cdu.idây). Biênt.p:Th.sÐ.MinhTuân Trang56 KhoaT.nhiên -Tru.ngCÐSPNamÐ.nh


Subject +verb + the + comparative + of the two +(noun)

of the two +(noun), +Subject + verb + the + comparative

Ex23.3:Harveyis the smarter of the twoboys.Of the two shirts, this oneis theprettier.Pleasegive me the smallerof the twopieces of cake.Of the twolandscapes thatyouhave shown me, this oneis the morepicturesque.Of the twobooks, this oneis the moreinteresting.

Ghinh.:

-

so sánhhon -so sánhhon nh.t

2th.c th.

-

3th.c th. tr.lên

.c.pd. so sánhhon nh.t,3 th.c th.tr.lêndu.c so sánh v.i nhau, m.t trong chúng tr.ihonho.ckémhon so v.i các th.c th. cònl.i.

adj + est Subject + verb + the + most + adj

In +dtdds.ít

of +dtdd s. nhi.u

least +adjEx23.4:Johnis the tallestboyin thefamily. Deanais the shortestof the three sisters.

These shoes are theleast expensive of all. Of the three shirts, this oneis theprettiest.

Luuý: -Sauthành ng. one of the + superlative,danh t.ph.id..d.ng s. nhi.u vàd.ng t. chia. ngôi s.ít.

Ex23.5:One ofthegreatest tennisplayersin the worldis BjonBorg. Kuwaitis one of thebiggest oilproducers in the world.

-Cácphót.khôngdu.cdikèmb.i -er ho.c-est.Mà thay vìdó,khidu.cdùng trong câu so sánh chúngdi cùng more ho.c lessd.i v.i c.p so sánhhon, và v.i most ho.c leastd.thànhl.p nênd.ng so sánhhon nh.t.

D.ngnguyên So sánh hon So sánhhon nh.t carefully more carefully most carefully less carefully leastcautiously cautiously more cautiously most cautiously less cautiously leastcarefully

Ex23.6:Saldrove more cautiouslythanBob. Joedances moregracefully thanhispartner. Thatchildbehaves the most carelessly of all. Ireneplays the most recklessly of all.


26 Các t. n.ich. nguyên nhân

24 Cácdanh t.làmch.cnang tính t.

Trongti.ngAnh,r.t nhi.udanht. có th.làmch.cnang tính t.khi chúngd.ng tru.c các danh t. khác(a wool coat, a gold watch, a history teacher). Danht. d.ng d.u c.a s.k.th.pdóng vai trò m.t tính t., mô t.danh t. th.2(dóng vai tròdanh t.).T.t c. cácdanh t. v.i ch.c nang tính t.luôn.d.ng s.ít chodùdanh t. mà nó b. nghiacó. s. nhi.u.S.k.th.p s. -danh t.luônph.i cód.ug.ch ngang�-�.

Ex24.1:Wetookatourthatlastedfiveweeks . (Weekslàm ch.c nangdanht. trong câu này). We tookafive-week tour.

His subscription to that magazineisfor twoyears.

(years :danht.)

Hehas a two-year subscription to that magazine. Thatstudent wrote a report that was tenpages long.

(pages :danht.)Thatstudent wrote a ten-page report.These shoes cost twentydollars.These are twenty-dollarshoes.

25 Enough v.i tính t.,phó t. vàdanh t.

S.thayd.iv. trí c.a enough tu.thu.c vào vi.c nób. nghia cho1danh t.,1 tính t.,

hay1phót..Khib. nghia cho1 tính t.hay1phó t., enough d.ngd.ng sau:

adj

+ enough

adv

Ex25.1:Are thoseFrenchfries crisp enough foryou? She speaksSpanish well enough tobe aninterpreter. Itis notcold enough to wear aheavyjacket.

Khib.nghia cho m.tdanh t. enough d.ngd.ngtru.c.

enough + noun

Ex25.2:Doyouhave enough sugar for the cake? Jakeboughtenough redpaint tofinish thebarn. Hedoes nothave enough money to attend the concert.

Luuý: Danh t. mà enough b. nghia dôi khi không c.n thi.t có m.t trong câu mà khônglàm thayd.i nghia c.a câu.

Ex25.3:Iforgotmy money.Doyouhave enough ? (tahi.ur.ngng.ý c.angu.i nóilà �enough money�)

26 Các t.n.i ch. nguyên nhân

Ph.n này s. trìnhbày cách s.d.ng m.t vài công c. ng.pháp ch. nguyên nhân.


26.3 Cause andeffect 26 Các t. n.ich. nguyên nhân 26.1 Because/becauseof Because(khôngcó of)dòih.id.ngsau nólà m.t câuhoàn ch.nh(ph.i có ch. ng. và d.ng t.). Because of dòih.id.ng sau nólà m.tdanh t.ho.c1 ng.danh t.(không du.cphépcód.ng t.liênh.p).

... because +

Subject +verb there + verb + subject

...because of +danh t.(ho.c c.mdanh t.)

Luuý: Because of

có th. thay th. cho thành ng. due to.

Ex26.1:Jan was worriedbecause ithad started to rain.

was a trafficjam.

The students arrivedlatebecause ofthe trafficjam.

Wehave to cutdown on ourdrivingbecause there is an oil shortage

Jan was worriedbecause of the rain. The students arrivedlatebecausethere

Wehave to cutdown on ourdrivingbecause of the oil shortage.

.

26.2 M.cdíchvàk.tqu.(sothat-d.) Các m.nhd. ch. m.cdíchdu.cdi cùng v.iliên t. so that.Sau so that là m.t m.nh

d. k.t qu. g.m ch. ng. và d.ng t.. Th.i gian c.a m.nh d. k.t qu. ph.i . tuong lai trong m.iquanh. v.i th.igian c.a m.nhd. ch. m.cdích.

Subject + verb + so that + subject + verb Luuý: M.c dù trong van nói có th. ch.p nh.n không có that nhung trong van vi.tbu.cph.i có that.

Ex26.2:He studied veryhard so that he could pass the test.(nódãh.c r.tcham ch.d. có th.quadu.ck. thi)Sheis sendingthepackage early so that itwill arrive in timeforher sister�sbirthday.Damienispracticingtheguitar so that he canplay for thedance.IamlearningGermanso thatIwillbeabletospeakitwhenIgoto Austrianextsummer.SusandrovetoMiamiinstead offlying so that she could save money.Willyouletmeknow about theparty so that I can make plans to attend?

26.3 Cause and effect Nh.ng c.u trúc saudâydu.c s.d.ngd. ch. m.iquanh. nhânqu..

Subject +verb + so +

adjective

+ that + subject + verb

adverb

Luuý:Không s.d.ng m.tdanh t. sau so.Còn mu.ndùngdanh t. thì xem các c.utrúcdu.idây.

Ex26.3:The soprano sang so well that she received a standing ovation.Terry ran sofast that hebroke theprevious speed record.Judy worked sodiligently that she received anincreasein salary.


26.3 Cause andeffect 26 Các t. n.ich. nguyên nhân The soup tastes sogood that every one will askfor more.Thelittleboylooks so unhappythat we allfeel sorryforhim.The studentshadbehavedsobadly that he wasdismissedfrom the class.

-Các c.u trúc ch.a cácb.ng. cu.ngd.:

many

Subject +verb + so +

few

+dtd2 s. nhi.u + that + subject + verb

Ex26.4:TheSmithshad so many children that theyformed their ownbaseball team. Ihad so few joboffers that itwasn�tdifficult to select one.

much

Subject + verb + so +

little

+dtkhôngd2 + that + subject + verb Ex26.5:Hehasinvested so much money intheprojectthathe cannotabandonit now.

water that it turnedbrownin theheat.

Subject + verb + such + a + adjective +dtd2 s.ít + that

Thegrass received so little

...

Ho.c

Subject+ verb +so+ adjective+ a+dtd2 s.ít+that ...

Luuý: Such+ a + adjective thu.ngdu.cdùng nhi.uhon trong2 c.u trúc trên.

Ex26.6:It was such ahot daythat wedecided to stayindoors.

Ho.cIt was so hotaday that wedecided to stayindoors. Itwas such an interestingbook that he couldn�tputitdown. Ho.cIt was so interesting abookthat he couldn�tputitdown.

dtdds. nhi.u

Subject + verb + such + adjective +

dtkhôngdd

+ that + subject + verb

Ex26.7:Shehas suchexceptional abilities that everyoneisjealous ofher.

(dtd.mdu.c s.nhi.u)Theyare such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one.(dtd.mdu.c s.nhi.u)

Perryhashad such badluckthat he�sdecidednot togamble.(dtkhôngd.mdu.c)Thisis suchdifficult homeworkthat Iwill neverfinishit.(dtkhôngd.mdu.c)

Luuý:Takhông th. s.d.ng so trong c.u trúc trên. -Phân tích nghia c.a các c.u trúc trên.

Ex 26.8:Ithasbeen suchalong time sinceI�ve seenhimthat I�m not sureifI will rememberhim

(Tôikhôngbi.tli.u tôicó nh.ndu.c ra nókhông vìdãlâul.m r.i tôikhôngg.p nó.)


27 M.ts.t.n.i mangtínhdi.uki.n

Nguyên nhân:Ithasbeen along time.K.tqu. :I�m not sureifI will rememberhim.Hehas soheavy a workload that itisdifficultforhim to travel.

(Th.t là khó d.i v.i anh ta trong chuy.n di du l.ch b.i vì anh ta có nhi.u công vi.cph.ilàm.)Nguyênnhân: Hehasaveryheavy workload.K.tqu. :Itisdifficultforhim to travel.Peterhas suchlongfingersthat he shouldplaythepiano.

(Peter nên choidànPianob.ivì nó có nh.ng ngón taydài.)Nguyên nhân:Peterhas suchlongfingers.K.tqu. : Heshouldplay thepiano.

ProfessorSandsgives suchinterestinglecturesthat his classes are neverboring. (cácgi.h.c c.agiáo suSands ch.ngbaogi.bu.nt.b.ivìông.ythu.ngdua ra nh.ng

bàigi.ngh.t s.c thú v..)

Nguyên nhân:ProfessorSandsgives veryinterestinglectures. Thisis suchtastyice cream that I�llhave anotherhelping.

K.tqu. : Hisclassesareneverboring.

(Tôis.g.i m.t su.tkem n.a vì nó r.t ngon.) Nguyên nhân:Theice creamis very tasty. K.tqu. :I�llhave anotherhelping.

27 M.ts. t. n.i mang tínhdi.uki.n

even if + nagative verb (cho dù...) Ex27.1:You mustgo tomorrow evenifyou aren�tready.

Whether or not +positive verb(dùcó ...haykhông)

Ex27.2:Helikes watchingTV whether or not the showis god

unless+positiveverb =if...not(tr.phi,n.u ...không)

Ex27.3:Ifyoudon�t start at once,you willbelate.

=You willbelate unless you start at once.

Butfor that + unreal condition(n.ukhôngthì ....)

Ex27.4:Herfatherpays herfees,butfor that she wouldn�tbe here(butsheishere) My carbrokedown,butfor thatI couldhave come in time.


27 M.ts.t.n.i mangtínhdi.uki.n

otherwise+ conditional sentence:k.o,n.ukhông thì ....

-Ði.uki.n cóth. th.chi.ndu.c.

Ex27.5:We mustbebackbefore midnight, otherwiseI willbelocked out.

-Ði.uki.nkhôngth.chi.ndu.c.

Ex27.6:Herfatherpays herfees, otherwise she couldn�tbe here. Iused a computer, otherwise itwouldhave taken longer.

Nh.n xét.Trong ti.ng Anhhàng ngày,ngu.i tadùng or... else d. thay th. cho oth

erwise.

Provided/providing(that)(v.idi.uki.nlà, mi.nlà)

Ex27.7:You can camphereprovided(that)youleave no mess.

Suppose/ supposing? (gi.s. vì sao, n.u vì sao)

=what ...if ...?

Ex27.8:Suppose theplaneislate?

-T. n.i này còndu.c s.d.ngd.dem ral.ig.iý.

= what willhappenif theplaneislate?

Ex27.9:Supposeyouaskhim=whydon�tyouaskhim?

WhatifI�m-tao th. thì sao nàodua ra s.thách th.c

Ifonly +

Simplepresent

=hope that(Hy v.nglà...)

will + verb

Ex27.10:If only he comes in time(hy v.ng anh.yd.ndúnggi.) If only he willheadyour advice.

Simplepast

Ifonly +

pastperfect

=wish that(Giá mà -trái v.i th.ct.)

Ex27.11:If only hedidn�t smoke.(buthedoesn�t) If only shehad come in time.(butshedidn�t)

ifonly +would verb -u.csao,mong sao

-dùngd.di.nd.t m.tu.c mu.n.hi.n t.i

Ex27.12:If only he woulddrive more slowly(buthedrive sofast)


28 Câub.d.ng

ho.c m.tu.c mu.n vôv.ng. tuonglai.If onlyit would stop raining.Mongsaotr.id.ng muan.a -nhung th.ct. thì tr.idang muar.tto.

28 Câub.d.ng

Câub.d.ngdu.c s.d.ng nh.md. nh.n m.nh vàohànhd.ng c.a tân ng. ch.không nh.n m.nh vàohànhd.ng c.a ch. ng. trong câu ch.d.ng.

be +P2

Phuongpháp chuy.nd.i t. câu ch.d.ng sang câub.d.ng.-Ðua tân ng. c.a câu ch.d.nglênlàm ch. ng..Trong tru.ngh.p n.u có2 tân ng.(

1tr.c ti.p,1gián ti.p), mu.n nh.n m.nh vào tân ng. nào thì ngu.i tadua nólênlàm ch. ng.( nhung thuònglà tân ng.gián ti.plàm ch. ng.).

Ex28.1:Igavehim abook. hayIgave abooktohim.

Trong câu nàybooklà tân ng. tr.c ti.p,himlà tân ng.gián ti.p, tad.i: He wasgiven abookby me.

Th.ic.ad.ng t.. câub.d.ngph.i tuân theo th.i c.ad.ng t.. câu ch.d.ng. Ð.tby + tân ng. m.id.ng sau t.t c. các tân ng.khác.

---tobe made, tobe made of du.clàmb.ngv.tli.u.

-

ch.m.t v.tdu.clàmb.ng1th. nguyên

Ex28.2:This tableis made of wood.

-tobemade from:du.clàmb.ng -ch. m.t v.tdu.clàmb.ng2th. nguyênv.tli.utr.lên.-tobe made out of:du.clàmb.ng(dùng cho th.cph.m)

Ex28.3:This cakeis made outof flour, egg,butter and sugar.

-M.i bi.nd.i v. th.i và th.d.u nh.m vào d.ng t. to be, cònphân t.2 gi. nguyên (xem các côngth.cdu.idây.)

SIMPLEPRESENT HAYSIMPLEPAST

am/is/are

+[verbinpastparticiple]

were/was

Ex28.4:Ch.d.ng: Hurricanes destroy agreatdeal ofproperty eachyear. B.d.ng:Agreatdeal ofproperty isdestroyed byhurricanes eachyear. Ch.d.ng:The tornado destroyedthirtyhouses. Bid.ng:Thirtyhouses were destroyedby thetornado .

PRESENTPROGRESSIVEhayPASTPROGRESSIVE

am/is/are

+being +[verbinpastparticiple]

were/was


29.1 Have/get/make 29 Ð.ngt.gâynguyênnhân Ex28.5:Ch.d.ng:Thecommittee isconsidering several newproposals . B.d.ng:Several newproposals arebeing considered bythe committee. Ch.d.ng:The committee was considering several newproposals. B.d.ng:Several newproposals were being considered by the committee.

PRESENT PERFECT hay PAST PERFECT

has/have had

+ been + [verbin past participle] Ex28.6:Ch.d.ng:The company has ordered some new equipmentB.d.ng:Some new equipment hasbeen ordered bythe company.Ch.d.ng:The company had ordered some new equipment before the strikebegan.

.

B.d.ng :Some new equipment hadbeen ordered bythe company before the strikebe

gan.

-Ð.ngt.khi.mkhuy.t(modal)

modal +be +[ verbinpastparticiple]

Ex28.7:Ch.d.ng:The manager should sign these contracts today. B.d.ng:These contracts shouldbe signed by the manager today.

-modal +perfect

modal +have +been +[ verbinpastparticiple]

Ex28.8:Ch.d.ng:Somebodyshouldhave called thepresident this morning. B.d.ng:Thepresident shouldhavebeen called this morning.

29 Ð.ng t.gây nguyênnhân

Ð.ngt.gây nguyên nhându.c s.d.ngd. ch. ra m.t ngu.igây cho ngu.i th.hailàm m.t vi.c gì dó cho ngu.i th. nh.t. M.t ngu.i có th. gây cho aidó ph.i làm cái gìdó cho anh taho.c cho ch. taqua vi.c chi tr. ti.n,yêu c.u,ho.c cu.ngép ngu.idó.Các d.ng t.gây nguyên nhânlà: have, get, make.

29.1 Have/get/make M.nhd. theo sau haveho.cgetcó th..d.ng ch.d.ngho.cb.d.ng.

Tohavesmbdosmth=toget smb todosmth(Saiai,khi.n ai,b.o ailàmgì)

Ex29.1:Maryhad John washthe car(John washed the car.) MarygotJohn to wash the car.(John washed the car.)


29.1 Have/get/make 29 Ð.ngt.gâynguyênnhân Tohave/getsmthdone(dua cáigìdilàm...)

-B.n thân mìnhkhônglàmdu.c nên nh.1ngu.ikháclàm.

Ex29.2:Marygotthe car washed.(The car was washby somebody.)Maryhadthe car washed.(The car was washby somebody.)Ihave thelaundry washed.(thelaundryis washedby someone)

To want/like somethingdone

Whatdoyouwantdoneto... Anh mu.nlàmgì

M.u câuh.i c.a2d.ng t. này s.là:

-

v.i ....

Ex29.3:

Whatdoyou wantdone toyour motorbike? ho.cI wantit repaired and cleaned.

-

-I�dlikeit repaired and cleaned

Tomakesmbdosmth = (bu.c aiph.ilàmgì.)

toforce smb todo smth

Ex29.4:The robberforcedthe teller togive him the money.

The robber made the tellergive him the money.

=

Ð.ngt. to make và to cause còndu.cdùng theo m.u sau:

To make/to cause smb/smt +P2 (làm cho ai, cáigìb.làm sao)

Ex29.5:Workingall night onFriday made me tired onSaturday. Thehurricanecausedmany waterfronthousesdamaged .

-Ð.ngsaud.ng t. to make còn có th.dùng1 tính t..

To make smb/ smth + adjective

Ex29.6:Wearingflowers madeher morebeautiful.

Ðitheohu.ng này thìd.ng t. to find có th.dùng theo công th.c:

Tofind + smb/ smth + adjective(P1 -P2 )

N.ulàphân t.1 s. mang tính ch.d.ng cònphân t.2 mang tínhb.d.ng.

Ex29.7:Ifound herquiteinterestingto talk to. My sisterfound snakesfrightening -conr.ndáng s.. Wefound theboyfrightened -b.nthânth.ngbé s..


30 Bad.ngt.d.cbi.t

29.2 Let Let thu.ng du.c b. sung và danh sách các d.ng t. gây nguyên nhân trong các sách ng.pháp. Nhung th.cch.tthì nókhôngph.ilàd.ngt.gây nguyênnhân. Nónghialà allow hay permit.Tahãyluuý s.khác nhau v. m.t ng.phápkhi s.d.ng tolet và to allow hay permit.

Let sbdosmth =to+permit/allowsb todosmth(chophépai,d. ailàmgì)

Ex29.8:Johnlet hisdaughter swim withherfriends.

(John allowedhisdaughter to swimwithherfriends.)

(Johnpermittedhisdaughter to swim withherfriends.) The teacherletthe studentsleave class early.

Thepolicemanlet the suspect make onephone call. Dr.Jonesisletting the studentshand in thepapers onMonday. Mrs.Binionlether son spend the night with afriend.

We aregoing tolet her writetheletter.Mr.Brown alwayslets his children watchcartoons onSaturday mornings.

Helpth.c ch.tcungkhôngph.ilà m.td.ngt.gây nguyên nhân, nhung nói chungdu.c

29.3 Helpxemxét cùng v.i cácd.ng t.gây nguyênnhântrong cácsách ng.pháp. Nóthu.ngdiv.id.ngt..d.ng simple form (t.clàd.ngt.nguyênth.b. to), nhungcóth.di v.i

d.ng t. nguyên th. trong m.t s. tru.ngh.p.

todo smth

Tohelpsmb -gi.ng nhauv. nghia.

do smth

(giúpailàmgì)

Ex29.9:Johnhelped Mary wash thedishes.Jorgehelpedthe old woman with thepackages(to)find a taxi.The teacherhelped Carolinafindthe research materials.

-N.u tân ng. sau helplà m.td.i t. vô nhân xung mang nghia ngu.i ta thì ngu.i ta b.divà vàb.luôn c. to c.ad.ng t.d.ng sau.

Ex29.10:This wonderfuldrughelps (people to)recover morequickly.

-N.utân ng. c.a helpvàtân ng.th.2 c.ad.ngt.d.ng sautrùngh.p nhauthì ngu.i tab. tân ng. sau helpvàb.luôn c. to c.ad.ng t.d.ng sau

Ex29.11:Thebodyfatofthebear willhelp (himto)keephim aliveduringhibernation.

30 Bad.ngt.d.cbi.t

-Ðó là nh.ng d.ng t. mà nghia c.a chúng s. hoi bi.n d.i n.u d.ng t. d.ng sau tân ng. c.a nólà m.t nguyên th.b. to hay verbing.


31.3 Wholàmch.ng. c.acâuph. 31 C.utrúcph.ch.pvàd.it.quanh.thayth. tohear/watch/seesomebodydosomething -Hànhd.ng tr.nv.nt.d.ut.i cu.i.

tohear/watch/see somebodydoing something -Hànhd.ng có tính nh.tth.i,không tr.nv.n.

Ex30.1:Ididn�thear the telephone ring. Ididn�thear the telephone ringing. Iseeher sing./I seeher singing.

31 C.utrúcph.ch.pvàd.i t.quanh. thay th.

Câudongi.n :làcâu ch. có m.t thànhph.n và ch. m.t thànhph.n cungd. nghia.

Ti.ng Anh có2lo.i câu: -

Ex31.1:Sheis standingin the way.

-Câuph.ch.plà câu có2 thànhph.n chính vàph. n.i v.i nhaub.ng1d.i t.g.ilà

31.1 That vàWhichlàmch. ng.c.acâuph.d.i t.quanh. thay th..

Chúng d.ng d.u câu vàlàm ch. ng. c.a câuph., thay th. cho danh t.b.td.ng v.t d.ngtru.c nó.Do v.y, nó nh.t thi.tph.i có m.t trong câu.

31.2 That và wichlàmtânng.c.acâuph. Chúng v.n d.ng . d.u câu ph. và thay th. cho danh t. b.t d.ng v.t d.ng tru.c nó nhunglàm tân ng..Do v.y, nó có th.b.didu.c.

Ex31.2:Georgeisgoing tobuy thehouse that wehavebeen thinking ofbuying.

Ngoài ra, trong m.t s. tru.ngh.p ngu.i tab.tbu.cph.idùng that.

The + tínht. so sánhb.c nh.t +danh t. + that + m.nhd.ph.

Ex31.3:Thisis thebestbookthatIhave ever readbefore.

All/ every/little/ no/ none/ smth + that +dependent clause

Ex31.4:All the apples that fallare eatenby thepigs. That�s somethingthat looks terrible.

31.3 Wholàmch. ng.c.acâuph. Nóthayth. chodanht. ch. ngu.iho.cd.ng v.td.ngtru.c nó vàlàm ch. ng. c.a câuph..Dodó, nókhôngth.b.didu.c.Luuý:Tuy.td.ikhôngdu.cdùng that thay cho who trong tru.ngh.p này m.cdùnó có th.du.c ch.p nh.n trong van nói.


31.4 Whomlàmtânng.c.acâuph. 31 C.utrúcph.ch.pvàd.it.quanh.thayth. 31.4 Whomlàmtânng.c.acâuph. Nó thay th. cho danh t. ch. ngu.i ho.c d.ng v.t d.ng ngay tru.c nó nhung làm tân ng. c.a câuph..Dodó, nó có th.b.didu.c.

Ex31.5:The man(whom)Idon�tlike are angry.

Luuý: Tuy.t d.i không du.c dùng who thay th. cho whom trong van vi.t m.c dù trong van nói có th.du.c ch.p nh.n. -N.uwhomlà tânng. c.a1 ng.d.ng t.baog.m1d.ng t. +1gi.i t.,thìl.i vi.t hoàn ch.nh nh.tlàduagi.i t.dólên trên whom.

Ex31.6:Heisthemanto whom Italked yesterday. Ho.cThe man to whom youhavejust talkedis the chairman of the company.

-Tuy nhiên, n.u whom là tân ng. c.a1 ng.d.ng t.baog.m1d.ng t. +2gi.i t.,

thìlu.ttrênkhôngdu.ctuântheo. Haigi.i t.dó v.nph.id.td.ng saud.ng t..

Ex31.7:The man whom you arelooking forwardto is the chairman of the company.

31.5 M.nhd.ph.b.tbu.cvà m.nhd.ph.khôngb.tbu.c -M.nhd.ph.b.tbu.clàlo.im.nhd.b.tbu.cph.i có m.ttrong câu, n.ukhông câu

s. m.th.n nghiaban d.u.Trong tru.ngh.p nàykhôngdu.cdùng which là ch. ng.c.a câuph. màph.idùng that m.cdù which v.n có th.du.c ch.p nh.n.Câuph. s.

d.ngxen vàogi.a câu chính vàkhông tách rakh.i nób.ngb.t c.1d.uph.y nào.

Ex 31.8:Hurricanes that arebornoff thecoast of Africa oftenprove tobethe most

deadly. (TOEFLkhôngb.tl.inày)

-M.nhd.ph.khôngb.tbu.clàlo.i m.nhd. mang thông tinph. trong câu, n.ub. nódi thì câu cungkhôngb. m.t nghiaband.u.Dodób.tbu.cph.idùng which làm ch. ng.,không ch.p nh.ndùng that. Whichchodù cólà tân ng. c.a câuph. cung không du.c b. di, câu d.ng xen vào gi.a m.nh d. chính và tách ra kh.i m.nh d. dó b.ng2d.uph.y.

Ex31.9:Thisrum,which Iboughtinthe VirginIsland ,is very smooth. (TOEFLb.tl.inày)

31.6 T.mquantr.ngc.ad.uph.y trong m.nhd.ph. -Trong m.nhd.ph.b.tbu.c,khi nó ngan cáchgi.a m.nhd. chínhb.ngb.t c.d.uph.ynàothìdanht.d.ngtru.c m.nhd.ph.dób.gi.ih.n(tuongduong v.i câuti.ngvi.t �ch. có�).

Ex31.10:The travellers whoknew about theflood took another road.(onlythetravellerswhoknewabouttheflood ...)The wine that wasin the cellar was ruined.(onlythewinethatinthecellar ...)

-Trongm.nhd.ph.khôngb.tbu.c,danht.d.ngd.ngtru.cd.it.quanh.thayth.

b. ngan cách v.i nób.i1d.u ph.y không b. xácd.nhho.c gi.i h.nb.i m.nh d. ph.dó(tuongduong v.i nghiati.ng vi.t �t.t c.�).


31.7 Cáchs.d.ngAll/both/ several/ most ...+ of+ whom/ which 32 Cáchlo.ib.cácm.nhd.ph. Ex31.11:The travellers, whoknew about theflood, took another road.(allthe travellersknew about theflood...)The wine, that wasin the cellar, was ruined.(allthewineinthecellar ...)

31.7 Cáchs.d.ngAll/both/ several/ most ...+ of+ whom /which Khôngdu.c s.d.ngd.i t. nhân xung tân ng. tronglo.i câu này.

Ex 31.12:Her sons, both of whom are working abroad, ring her up everynight. The buses, allof which arefull ofpassingers,begin pulling out of the station.

+ What(thething/thethingsthat)cóth.làmtân ng. c.a câu chính vàd.ngth.i31.8 What và whoseEx31.13:What we are expectingis his exam result.

làm ch. ng. c.a câuph..

+ whose (c.a ngu.imà, c.a con mà) -Thay th. cho danh t. ch. ngu.i ho.c d.ng v.t d.ng tru.c nó và ch. s. s. h.u c.a ngu.iho.cd.ng v.tdód.i v.idanh t.d.ng sau.

Ex31.14:Ifound the cat whoseleg wasbroken.

-Ð.i v.i b.t d.ng v.t v.n có th. dùng whose trong nh.ng tru.ng h.p bình thu.ng. Tuy nhiên,trong nh.ng tru.ngh.p ti.ngAnhquy chu.nnêndùng of which.

Ex31.15:Checking accout, of which interestisquitehigh,is common now.

32 Cáchlo.ib. cácm.nhd.ph.

-Trong nh.ng m.nhd.ph.b.tbu.c, ngu.i ta có th.lo.ib.d.i t.quanh. thay th.vàd.ng t.bobe(cùng v.i các tr.d.ng t. c.a nó n.u có) trong nh.ng tru.ngh.p saudây:+)Khi nód.ng tru.c m.t m.nhd.ph. mà c.u trúcd.ng t.. th.b.d.ng.

Ex32.1:ThisistheZvalue which was obtained fromthetable areas underthe normalcurve.Ho.cThisis theZ value obtainedfrom the table areas under the normalcurve.

+)Tru.c m.t ng.gi.i t.(m.tgi.i t. m.d.uk.th.p v.i cácdanh t. theo sau).

Ex32.2:Thebeaker thatis on the countercontains a solution. Ho.cThebeaker on the counter contains a solution.

+)Tru.c m.t c.u trúcd.ng t.. th. ti.pdi.n.

Ex32.3:Thegirlwhois running down the street mightbein trouble. Ho.cThegirl running down the streetmightbein trouble.


34 Cáchs.d.ng nguyênm.uhoànthành

-Ngoài ra, trong m.t s. tru.ngh.p ngu.i ta có th.lo.ib.d.i t.quanh. thay th. và d.ngt.chính,thay vàodób.ng1 Vingn.u nhud.it.quanh.d.ng sát ngaydanht. mà nób. nghia.

Ex32.4:Weedsthat floaton the surface shouldbe removedbefore theydecay. Weedsfloatingon the surface shouldbe removedbefore theydecay.

-Ð.i v.i m.nhd.ph. khôngb.tbu.c ta có th. lo.ib.d.i t.quanh. vàd.ng t. to bekhinód.ng tru.c m.t ng.danh t., nhungph.n ng.danh t. cònl.i v.nph.id.ng trong2d.uph.y.

Ex32.5:Mr.Jackson, whois aprofessor,is travelingin theMideast thisyear.

ho.cMr.Jackson, aprofessor,is travelingin theMideast thisyear.

-Ngoài ra, ta còn cóth.lo.ib.d.it.quanh. vàd.ngt. chính vàthay vàodób.ng1 Vingkhi nódib. nghia cho1 tân ng..

Ex32.6:Thepresidentmade a speechfor thefamous man who visited him.

ho.cThepresident made a speechfor thefamous man visiting him.

33 Cáchs.d.ngphânt.1trong m.t s.tru.ngh.p

d.cbi.t

-Khi2hànhd.ngx.y rasong song cùng m.tlúcthìhànhd.ngth.2.d.ngVing. Hai hànhd.ng nàykhông ngan cách v.i nhaub.ib.tk.1d.uph.y nào.

Ex33.1:Hedrivesaway and whistles =Hedrivesaway whistling.

-Khihànhd.ng th.2ho.c cáchànhd.ng ti.p theo saudólà1ph.n trong ti.n trình c.ahànhd.ngth. nh.tthìhànhd.ngth.2 và cáchànhd.ngtheosaudó.d.ngVing. Nó ngan cách v.ihànhd.ng chínhb.ng1d.uph.y.

Ex33.2:Shewentout and slammed thedoor =shewent out,slamming thedoor.

-Khihànhd.ng th.2ho.c cáchànhd.ng theo sau nólàk.tqu. c.ahànhd.ng th. nh.t thìhànhd.ng th.2 s..d.ng Ving.

Ex33.3:Hefired two shots,killing a robber and wounding the other.

-Hànhd.ngth.2không c.nph.i có chung ch. ng. v.ihànhd.ngth. nh.t,nó ch. c.n làk.tqu.c.ahànhd.ng th. nh.t thì cungdãd..d.ng Ving.

Ex33.4:Theplane crashed ,itsbombs exploding whenithit theground.

Luuý:Các tru.ngh.p trêndây thu.ngdu.cdùng trong van vi.t.

34 Cách s.d.ng nguyênm.uhoànthành

Tohave +P2


35 Nh.ngcách s.d.ngkhácc.athat

Shouldlike/wouldlike + tohave +P2 (Di.nd.tu.c mu.n nhungkhôngthành.)

Ex34.1:I would(should)like tohavepassed the testlast week.He should/wouldlike tohave seen thephotos.He should/wouldhaveliked to see thephotos.(buthe couldn�t)

-Nódùng v.i m.t s.d.ng t. : To seem/appear/happen(du.ngnhu)/ pretend(gi.v.).

-Nên nh. r.ng hành d.ng c.a nguyên m.u hoàn thành x.y ra tru.c hành d.ng c.a m.nhd. chính.

Ex34.2:Heseemstohavebeenanathlete =Itseemsthathehasbeenanathlete. Hepretended not tohaveknown about that. = Hepretended that hehadn�tknown aboutthat.

-Dùng v.i sorry.

Tobe sorry + tohave +P2

Hànhd.ng c.a nguyên m.uhoàn thành x.y ra tru.c.

Ex34.3:Thegirlwere sorry tohave missed the rock concert.

=Thegirl were sorry that theyhad misseds the rock concert.

-Dùng v.i m.t s. cácd.ng t. saudây. th.b.d.ng.To acknowledge, to belive, to understand, to consider, to find, to know, toreport, to say, to suppose, to think.-Nênnh.hànhd.ng c.am.nhd.ph. x.y ratru.chànhd.ng c.am.nhd. chính.

Ex34.4:Heis said tohavebeen out of the country.Itis saidthathehasbeen out of the country.

Nó còndu.c s.d.ng v.i m.t s.d.ng t. : claim/expect/hope/promise.-Trong tru.ngh.p này,hànhd.ng c.a nguyên m.uhoàn thành x.y ra sauhànhd.ngc.a m.nhd. chính.d.ng tuonglaihoàn thành.

Ex34.5:He expects tohavefinished thehomework tonight.= Heexpectsthathewillhavefinished thehomework tonight.Hepromised tohave told me about that event.= Hepromised thathewouldhavetold meaboutthat event.

Needn�t +have +P2 (l.rakhông c.nph.i)

Ex34.6:You needn�thavehurried , we stillhave enough time now.

35 Nh.ng cách s.d.ngkhácc.athat


36 Câugi.d.nh

35.1 That v.i tucáchc.am.tliênt.(r.ng) -Khithat d.ngsau4d.ng t. : say, tell, think, believengu.i ta có th.b. nódi.

Ex35.1:John said that he wasleavingnext week.HayJohn saidhe wasleavingnext week.Henry told me that hehadalot of work todo.HayHenry told mehehad alot of work todo.

-Tuy nhiên, sau4d.ng t. : mention, declare, report, state thì that không th.b.

di,b.tbu.cph.i có.

Ex 35.2:The mayor declaredthat on June the first he would announce the results of

George mentioned that he wasgoing toFrance nextyear. The article statedthat this solution wasflammable.

the search.

35.2 M.nhd.cóthatLàlo.im.nhd.b.tbu.cph.i cóthat trong câu, nó cóth.dùng v.i ch. ng.hình th.c it,ho.cd.ngd.u câulàm ch. ng..

Th.It + to be + adj + that + subject + verb .... That + subject + verb +... + tobe + adj

Ex35.3:Itis wellknown that many residents of third world countries aredying.HayThatmany residents of third world countries aredyingis wellknown.

Luuý: N.um.t câub.td.ub.ng1 m.nhd. that, taph.i ch.c ch.n r.ng c.2 m.nhd.cùng ch.a1d.ng t..

Ex35.4:It surprises me that John woulddo sucha thing.HayThatJohn woulddo such a thing surprises me.Itwasn�tbelieved until thefifteenth century that the earth revolves around the sun.hayThatthe earth revolves around the sun wasn�tbelieved until thefifteenth century.Itis obvious thattheWilliamsboyis abusingdrugs.HayThattheWilliamsboyis abusingdrugsis obvious.

Nh.n xét:Ch. ng.gi. itthu.ngdu.cdùngtrong van nói cònthatd.ngd.u câudu.c

dùngtrong van vi.t.

36 Câugi.d.nh

Làlo.i câu mà ngu.i th. nh.t mu.n ngu.i th.2làm m.t vi.cgì cho mình, nhunglàm haykhôngcòn tu. thu.c vàophía ngu.i th.2.


36.3 Câugi.d.nhdùngv.itínht. 36 Câugi.d.nh 36.1 Câugi.d.nhdùng would ratherthat Xemthành ng. would rather. m.c16 -lo.icâucó2 ch. ng..

36.2 Câugi.d.nhdùng v.id.ng t.trongb.ng B.ng saulà m.t s.d.ng t.b.tbu.cd.ng t. sau nóph.i.d.nggi.d.nh.

advise demand prefer require ask insist propose stipulate command move recommend suggest decree order request urge

-Trong câu nh.td.nhph.i có that.-Ð.ngt. sau ch. ng.2.d.ng nguyên th.b. to.

+ verb + that + subject2 +[verbin simpleform] Subject1

...

Ex36.1:We urge thatheleave now.

N.ub. that di ch. ng.2 s. tr. thành tân ng.,d.ng t. tr. v.d.ng nguyên th. có to, câu s. m.tdiý nghiagi.d.nh và tr. thành câubình thu.ng.

Ex36.2:We urgehim toleave now.

Luuý :Trong ti.ngAnh c.angu.iAnh(BritishEnglish), tru.cd.ngt. nguyên th.b.to có should. Nhung trong ti.ngAnh c.angu.iM.(AmericanEnglish)ngu.i ta

b. nódi.

Ex36.3:Thejudgeinsisted that thejury return a verdictimmediately.The universityrequires that allits students take this course.Thedoctor suggested that hispatient stop smoking.Congresshasdecreedthat thegasoline taxbe abolished.Weproposedthat he take a vacation.Imove that we adjourn until this afternoon.

36.3 Câugi.d.nhdùng v.i tính t. Các tínht.dùng trong câugi.d.nhg.m các tính t. trongb.ngdu.idây.

advised necessary recommended urgent important obligatory required imperative mandatory proposed suggested

Trong công th.c sau, adjective ch.d.nh m.t trong các tính t. có trongb.ng trên.

it +be +adjective + that + subject +[verbin simpleform]...

Ex36.4:Itis necessary that hefind thebooks.

Itwas urgent that sheleave at once. Ithasbeenproposedthat we change the topic. Itisimportant that you rememberthisquestion.


36.4 Dùngv.i m.t s.tru.ngh.pkhác 37 L.inóibaohàm Ithasbeen suggestedthat heforget the election. Itwas recommended that we wait for the authorities.

Trong m.t s. tru.ng h.p có th. dùng danh t. tuong .ng v.i các tính t. . trên theo công th.c sau.

it + be +noun + that + subject + [verbin simple form ]... Ex36.5:Itis a recommendationfrom adoctor that thepatientstop smoking.

36.4 Dùngv.i m.t s. tru.ngh.pkhác -Câugi.d.nh còndùngdu.c trong m.t s. câu c.m thán, thu.ngbaohàm các th.l.c

Ex36.6:God save thequeen!.Chúaphùh. cho n.hoàng. goodbye(khi chia tay nhau)

siêu nhiên.

Godbe withyou!

=

Curse thisfrog!: ch.t ti.t con cóc này

+)Come what may:dù có chuy.ngìdi n.a.

-Dùng v.i m.t s. thành ng.:

Ex36.7:Come whatmay we will standbyyou.

+)Ifneedbe : n.u c.n

Ex36.8:If needbe we can take another road.

-Dùng v.i if this be trong tru.ng h.p mu.n nêu ra m.t gi. d.nh t. phía ngu.i nói nhungkhông th.t ch.c ch.nl.m v.kh. nang.

Ex36.9:If thisbeproven right,you wouldbe consideredinnocent.

36.5 Câugi.d.nhdùng v.iitistime Itis time(for smb)todo smth :dãd.nlúcph.ilàmgì.(th.igian v.a v.n,không dua ragi.d.nh)

Ex36.10:Itis timefor metoget to the airport(justin time).

Nhung:

It is time

It is hightime It is about me

+ subject + simple past (dã d.n lúc -gi. d.nh th.i gian d.n tr. m.t chút)

Nh.n xét: High/about du.cdùng tru.c time d. thêm vàoý nh.n m.nh.

Ex36.11:It�shightime Ileft for the airport. (itis alittlebitlate)

37 L.inóibaohàm

Ðólàl.i nóik.th.p2ý trong câul.ilàm m.t thôngqua m.t s. thành ng..


37.1 Notonly ...but also(không nh.ng ...mà còn) 37 L.inóibaohàm 37.1 Notonly ...but also(không nh.ng ...màcòn) Các thànhph.ndi sau2 thành ng. nàyph.i tuongduong v.i nhau v. m.t ng.pháp, t.clàdanh -danh,tínht. -tính t....


37.3 Both...and(c. ...l.n) 37 L.inóibaohàm Subject+verb +not only + Noun/adj/adv+but also+ adv

Subject +not only + verb +but also + verb

Luuý: Thông thu.ng thành ph.n sau but also s. quy.t d.nh thành ph.n sau notonly.

Ex37.1:Heis not onlyhandsome butalso talented.Bethplays not only theguitar butalso the violin.He writes not only correctly but also neatly.

Maria excels not onlyin mathematics butalsoin science. Paul Ankanot onlyplaysthepiano but alsocomposesmusic.

37.2 Aswell as(cung nhu,cung nhulà)Các thànhph.n did.ng tru.c vàd.ng sau thành ng. nàyph.i tuongduong v.i nhau v. m.t t.lo.i theo công th.cdu.idây:

Subject+ verb +not only + Noun/adj/adv+but also+ Noun/adj/adv

ho.c

Subject + verb + as well as + verb

...

Ex37.2:Robertis talented as well ashandsome.Bethplays theguitaras well as the violin.He writes correctly as well as neatly.Marta excelsin mathematics as wellasin science.Paul Ankaplaysthepianoaswell ascomposesmusic.

Luuý:Khôngdu.c nh.ml.n thành ng. này v.i as well as c.ahi.n tu.ngd.ng ch. ng. mang nghiacùng v.i. Nódi cùng v.i cácthànhph.nd.ng saunód. t.othành1 c.m t., tách rakh.i m.nhd. chínhb.ng2d.uph.y vàkhông.nhhu.nggìd.n vi.c chiad.ng t..

Ex37.3:The teacher, as well as her students,is going to the concert. My cousins, as well as Tim,havea test tomorrow.

37.3 Both...and(c....l.n) Côngth.c nàydùnggi.ngh.t nhu tru.ngh.p Not only ... but also.Luuý :Both ch.du.cdùng v.i and khôngdu.cdùng v.i as well as.

Ex37.4:Robertisboth talented andhandsome.Bethplaysboththeguitar and the violin.He writesboth correctly and neatly.Marta excelsbothin mathematicsandin science.Paul Ankabothplaysthepiano and composesmusic.


39.2 Although,eventhough,though 39 M.nhd.nhu.ngb. 38 Cách s.d.ng toknowvà toknowhow

Nh.ng công th.c saudâyliênquan t.i cách s.d.ngd.ng t. know. Knowhowluôn du.cs.d.ngd. ch. m.t aidó cók. nanghaykh. nanglàmvi.cgì. Vìvây,nó thu.ng du.cdi theob.i m.td.ng t., vàkhidó,d.ng t.ph.i.d.ng nguyên th. có to.

Subject +knowhow todo smth:bi.t cáchlàmgì nhu th. nào.

Tuynhiên sau to know còn cóth.là m.tdanht., m.t ng.gi.i t.ho.c m.t câuhoàn ch.nh.

Danht.

Ng.gi.i t.

câu

subject +know +

Tuy nhiênd.ng sau to knowhow v.n có th.dùng1 m.nhd.hoàn ch.nhd. ch.kh. nanggi.iquy.tho.c vi.cb.tbu.cph.ilàm.

Ex38.1:Ataglance,heknewhowhe could solve this mathproblem.Seeing the weather map, thepilotknewhowhehad tofly at whichline.

Ex38.2:Billknowshowtoplay tennis wellMaggie andher sisterknowhowtoprepareChinesefood.Doyouknowhowtoget toJerry�shousefromhere ?

.

Jasonknewthe answer to the teacher�squestion.No oneknows aboutRoy�s accepting the newposition.

Ididn�tknow thatyou weregoing toFrance.

39 M.nhd. nhu.ngb.

Làlo.i m.nhd.di.nd.t2ý trái ngu.ctrong cùng m.t câuthôngqua m.ts. thành ng..

39.1 Despite/inspiteof(m.cdù) Ð.ngsau2thành ng. này ch.du.cphép s.d.ng m.t ng.danht.,khôngdu.c s.d.ng m.t câuhoàn ch.nh.

Despite

+ Ng.danh t.

In spite of

Ex39.1:Despite hisphysicalhandicap,hehasbecome a successfulbusinessman.In spite of hisphysicalhandicap,hehasbecome a successfulbusinessman.Jane willbe admittedto the universitydespite herbadgrades.Jane willbe admittedto the universityin spite of herbadgrades.

39.2 Although, even though, though Although/Eventhrough/though +Subject+Verb +(complement) ...


40 Nh.ngd.ngt.d.gâynh.ml.n

Ex 39.2:Although hehasaphysicalhandicap ,hehasbecome a successfulbusinessman.Jane willbe admittedto the university even though shehas abadgrades.

Luuý: N.u though d.ng . cu.i câu, tách ra kh.i câu b.ng 1 d.u ph.y. Khi nói hoi d.ngl.i m.t chút,lúcdó nó tuongduong v.i nghia �tuy nhiên� (however).

Ex 39.3:He promised to call me, but till now I haven�t received any call from him, though .

Ex39.4:In spite of thebad weather , we aregoing tohave apicnic.

The child ate the cookie even though his motherhadtoldhim not to.Although the weather was verybad, wehad apicnic.The committee votedto ratify the amendmentdespite the objections.

Thoughhehadnotfinished thepaper,he went to sleep. She attended the class although shedid notfeel alert.

40 Nh.ngd.ng t.d.gây nh.ml.n

Ðólành.ngd.ng t. trongb.ng sau:

N.id.ng t. rise rose risen rising lie lay lain lying sit sat sat sitting

h.Ngo.i d.ng t. Raise raised raised raising lay laid laid laying set set set setting

Các d.ng t. này r.t d. gây nh.m l.n v. m.t ng. nghia, chính t. ho.c phát âm, c.n phânbi.tchúngb.ng ng. c.nh trong các câu c. th..

1. TORISE-t.dânglên(d.ng t. nàykhông c.n tân ng.) Ex40.1:The sun rises earlyin the summer.When thebell rings, the students risefrom their seats.When oiland water mix, oil rises to the top.Jim rose earlyso thathe couldplaygolfbefore the others.It mustbelate; the moonhas risen.Priceshave risen more than tenpercentin a very short time.

2. TORAISE(smb,sth)-Nâng ai,cáigìlên -Ð.ngt.dòih.i1 tânng.. Ex40.2:The students raisetheirhands in class.The weighlifter raisesthebarbell overit�shead.The crane raisedthe car out of thelake.


40 Nh.ngd.ngt.d.gâynh.ml.n

After studying veryhard,John raised hisgrades substantially. Mr.Danielshas raisedhis tenants� rentanotherfifteendollars. TheOPEChave raisedtheprice of oil.

3. TO LIE:. t.i , n.m. -Toliein:. t.i noi nào. -Toliedown: n.m xu.ng -Tolie on: n.m trên. Ð.ng t. này r.td. nh.ml.n v.i tolie (nóid.i)ph.iphânbi.tnó v.i tolie trong

m.u câu : Tolie to smb.

Ex40.3:The universityliesin theWestern section of

If the children are tired, they shouldliedownfor a nap. MariaElenalayon thebeachfor threehoursyesterday sunbathing.

town.

(trongcâu nàyhànhd.ng sunbath x.y ra song song v.i vi.c n.mtrênbãibi.n nên nhuph.nlý thuy.t. trêndã trìnhbày)

The olddogjustlay on thegrass watching the children atplay.

dùng sunbathing

-

(2hànhd.ngn.m và xem x.y rad.ng th.i nêndùng watching....) Don�tdisturbMary; shehaslaindownfor a rest.

Thatold rughadlainin the cornerfor manyyearsbeforeit wasputin thegarage.

4. TO LAY(smth, smb):d.t,d.aidó, cáigìlên trênb. m.t -Tolayon :d.t trên. -Tolayin:d.t vào. -Tolaydown:d.t xu.ng. Luuý: Nguyên th. và hi.n t.i c.a d.ng t. này r.t d. nh.m l.n v.i th.i quá kh. c.ad.ng t. tolie, c.nphânbi.t chúng theo ng. c.nh.

Ex40.4:Don�tlayyour clothes on thebed.Theboylayshisbooks on the table everyday.The enemysoldierslaiddown their weapons and surrendered.=The enemy soldierslaiddown their weapons surrendering.The childrenlaid their toys on thefloor when theyhadfinished using them.The studentshadlaid their composition on the teacher�sdeskbefore thebell rang.The nurselaidthebaby in crib.

5. TOSIT: ng.i

-To sitin: ng.i trong, ng.i.. -To sit on : ng.i trên. -To sitdown: ng.i xu.ng. Biênt.p:Th.sÐ.MinhTuân Trang79 KhoaT.nhiên -Tru.ngCÐSPNamÐ.nh

41 M.ts.d.ngt.d.cbi.tkhác

Ex40.5:We aregoing to sitin thefifth row at the opera.Bullfightfans sitin the shadebecauseitis cool.Because the weather was nice, we saton thepatio.After swimming,Bob sat on thebeach todry off.Nobodyhas sat through as manyboringlectures asPeterhas.Theyhave satin the samepositionfor2hours

Luuý:Khôngdu.c nh.ml.nd.ng t. này v.i to seat (có s.c ch.a, có ch. ng.i)

Ex40.6:This studium can seat100.000people.

6. TOSET:d.td.( tuongduong v.i toput). Luuý :Ð.ng t. này r.td.l.nphátâm vói simplepast c.a to sit (sat). Ex40.7:Thelittlegirlhelpsherfather(to)set the table every night.

The carpenters set their toolsin thebox atnoon andgo tolunch. Thebotanistsetherplantsin the sun so that they wouldgrow. After carryingher sonfrom the car, the mother sethiminhis crib.

Don�tset the chocolate near the oven orit will melt.No soonerhad they set the roastin the oven, than the electricity went out.

M.t s. thành ng.dùng v.i cácd.ng t. này.

-

+) Tolay off (workers, employees)-Dãnth.,chongh.b.t,chot.mngh..+) To set(brokenbone)in:bó xuongg.y vàotrong ...+) To setone�s arlam for + time:d.d.ngh.báo th.c vàolúc.

Ex40.8:I set my alarmfor6 am everyday.

+) To set fire to(smth):làm cháy.

Ex40.9:Whileplaying with matches, the children setfired to the sofa.

+) To raise(plants, animals)for aliving:Tr.ng cây, nuôigia súcd.ki.m s.ng.

Ex40.10:Thatfarmer raises chickensfor aliving.

41 M.ts.d.ng t.d.cbi.tkhác

-Agree todo smth(Ð.ngýlàmgì)Agree to smb�sdoing smth (Ð.ngýv.i vi.clàmgì c.a ai).

Ex41.1:He agrees to myleaving early tomorrow morning.

-Mean todo smth: cóýd.nhlàmgì.

Ex41.2:I mean toget to the top of the mountbefore sunrise.

-Itmeansdoing smth:baog.m c. vi.clàmgì.


41 M.ts.d.ngt.d.cbi.tkhác

Ex41.3:Heisdeterminedtoget ticketforSaturday�sgameifit means standingin the line allnight.

-Propose todo smth: cóýd.nhlàmgì.

Ex41.4:Ipropose to start tomorrow.

-Proposedoingsmth:Ð. ngh.làmgì.

Ex41.5:Iproposed waiting until thepolice came.

-Go ondoingsmth:Ti.p t.clàm vi.cgì(dangb.b.d.)

Ex41.6:Hegoes on talking abouthis accident.

-Go on to do smth: Ti.p t.c làmgì(v.n cùng m.t ch.d. nhung chuy.n sang m.t khía c.nhkhác).

Ex41.7:Hegoes on to tell abouthis accident on the trip.He shows theposition of theIsland on the map andgoes on to talk aboutit�s climate.

-Trytodo smth: c.g.nglàmgì.

Ex41.8:He tries toimprovehisEnglish.

-Trydoingsmth : th.làmgì.

Ex 41.9:They try putting wise netting all around the garden to stop entering of the

livestock.


42 S.hoàh.pc.ath.id.ngt.

TI.NGANHVI.T

I.Cácl.i thu.ngg.p trong ti.ngAnhvi.t Ti.ng Anh vi.tkhácv.i ti.ng Anh nói. m.cd.dòih.i ng.pháp và s.d.ng t. v.ng m.t cách ch.t ch.d. t.othành ti.ngAnhquy chu.n(FormalwrittenEnglish).

42 S.hoàh.pc.ath.id.ng t.

Trongm.t câuti.ngAnh có2 thànhph.nthìth.i c.ad.ng t..2thànhph.ndóph.i

hoà h.p v.i nhau.Th.i c.ad.ng t.. m.nhd. chính s.quy.t d.nh th.i c.a m.nh d. ph..

Th.sÐ.MinhTuânMAINCLAUSE DEPENDENT CLAUSE Simple present Present progressive Simple present Simple past Hành d.ng c.a m.nh d. ph. x.y ra song song v.i hành d.ng c.a m.nh d. chính. Ex 42.1:Isee that Harriet is writing her composition. Do you know who is riding the bicycle? Simple present Will/ can/ may + verb be going to Hành d.ng c.a m.nh d. ph. x.y ra sau hành d.ng c.a m.nh d. chính trong m.t tuonglai không xác d.nh (ho.c tuonglai g.n). Ex 42.2:He says that he willlookfor a job next month. Iknow thatshe is going to win that prize. Mary says that she can play the piano. Hànhd.ng c.a m.nhd.ph. x.y ra tru.chànhd.ng c.a m.nhd. chính trong m.tquákh.du.cxácd.nh c. th. v. m.tth.igian .

Ex42.3:Ihope thathe arrived safely. They thinkhe washerelast night.

Simplepresent

Presentperfect(progressive)

Hànhd.ng c.a m.nhd.ph. x.y ra tru.c hànhd.ng c.a m.nhd. chính trong m.t quákh.không xác d.nh c. th. v. m.t th.igian . Ex 42.4:He tells us that he has been to the mountains before. We knowthat you have spoken with Mike about the party. Simple past Past progressive Simple past Biênt.p:Th.sÐ.MinhTuân Trang82 KhoaT.nhiên -Tru.ngCÐSPNamÐ.nh

44 T.ditru.cd.gi.ithi.u

Hành d.ng c.a m.nh d. ph. x.y ra song song v.i hành d.ng c.a m.nh d. chính.

Ex42.5:Igave thepackage to my sister when she visited uslast week. Mikevisited thePrado ArtMusiumwhilehewasstudying inMadrid.

Simplepast

Would/ could/ might + verb

Hànhd.ng c.a m.nhd.phù x.y ra sauhànhd.ng c.a m.nhd. chính.

Ex42.6:He said thathe wouldlookfor ajob next month.

Mary said that she couldplay thepiano.

Pastperfect Hànhd.ng c.a m.nhd.ph. x.y ratru.chànhd.ng c.a m.nhd. chínhlùi sâu

Simplepast

vào trongquákh..

Ex42.7:Ihopedhehad arrived safely. They thought hehadbeenherelastnight.

43 Cách s.d.ng tosay,totell

N.ukhông có m.ttân ng. nào màd.nliênt. thatngaythìph.idùngd.ngt. to say.

Subject+say +(that) +subject+ verb ...

Nhung n.u có m.t tân ng.gián ti.p r.i m.id.nliên t. that thìph.idùng to tell.

Subject+tell+inderect object+(that) +subjct+ verb ...

Ex43.1:He tells me thathe willbe verybusy today.

Tuy nhiên d.ng sau d.ng t. to tell còn có m.t s. tân ng. tr.c ti.p dù trong b.t c. tìnhhu.ng nào.

Tella story/ ajoke/ a secret/ alie(lies)/ the truth/(the) time

44 T.di tru.cd.gi.i thi.u

Trongm.t câu có2thànhph.n n.u m.ttrong2thànhph.ndó códùngd.nd.it. nhânxungdùlàb.t c.lo.id.i t. nào thì. m.nhd. cònl.iph.i có m.tdanh t.gi.i thi.ucho nó.Danht.gi.ithi.uph.ih.p v.id.it.dó v.gi.ng(d.c, cái), s.(ít nhi.u).Ch.du.cphépcó m.tdanh t.digi.i thi.u chod.i t., n.u có2 s.gây nên nh.ml.n.

Các víd.v.d.i t.không có ti.n s.:

Ex44.1:Câu sai: Henrywasdenied admissiontograduateschoolbecausetheydid notbelieve thathe couldhandle the workload.(Trongcâu này d.i t. nhân xung they không có ti.n s. trong câu. Graduate schoollà m.tdon v. s.ít, và các thành viên trongkhoa c.a nókhôngdu.cd. c.p t.i.)


45 Ð.it.nhânxungonevàyou

Câudúng:Themembers oftheadmissionscommitteedeniedHenry admissiontograduate schoolbecause they didnotbelieve thathe couldhandle the workload.(Trongcâu này, they ám ch. các thành viên c.a u.ban.)Ho.clàHenry wasdenied admission tograduate schoolbecause the members of the admissionscommitteedid notbelieve thathe couldhandle the workload.Câu sai:Georgedislikespoliticsbecausehebelieves that they are corrupt.(Ð.it. they không có ti.n s. trong câu này. Politicslà s.it, vì v.y they không th.ám ch.t.i nó.)Câudúng:Georgedislikespoliticsbecausehebelieves thatpoliticians are corrupt.Ho.clà

Georgedislikespliticiansbecausehebelieves that they are corrupt.

-Các víd.v.d.i t. có ti.n s.không rõ ràng:

Ex44.2:Câu sai:Mr.BrowntoldMr.Adamsthathe wouldhaveto work all nightin (Khôngrõ rànglà heám ch.t.i Mr.Brownhay Mr.Adams.)

order tofinish the report.

Câudúng:AccordingtoMr.Brown,Mr.Adams willhave to work all nightin order toMr. Brown said that, in order to finish the report, Mr. Adams would have to work all

finish the report. Ho.clà

Câu sai:Janet visitedherfriend everyday while she was on vacation.

night.

(Ð.it. she có th.ám ch. t.i c. Janetl.nb.n c.a cô.y) Câudúng:WhileJanet was on vacation, she visitedherfriend everyday.

45 Ð.i t. nhânxung onevàyou

C.2d.i t. nàyd.u mang nghia ngu.i ta nhung cách s.d.ngkhác nhau.-N.u. trêndãdùng t.id.i t. one thì cácd.i t. tuong.ng.du.i cungph.ilà one,one�s ho.che, his.

Ex45.1:If one takes this exam without studying, oneislikely tofail.If one takes this exam without studying,heislikely tofail.One should alwaysdo one�shomework.One should alwaysdohishomework.

M.t s. ngu.i c.n th.n tránh phânbi.t nam n.dãdùng heho.c she (hisho.c her)nhungdi.udólàkhông c.n thi.t.N.u . trên dã s. d.ng d.i t. you thì các d.i t. tuong .ng . du.i ph.i là you ho.cyour.

You+verb...+you/your+(verb) ...

Ex45.2:Ifyou take this exam without studying,you arelikely tofail. You shouldalwaysdoyourhomework.

Tuy.td.ikhôngdu.cdùngone vàyou l.nl.n. -Các víd.v. câu sai

Ex45.3:If one takes this exam without studying,you arelikely tofail.


46.1 V+ingm.d.um.nhd.ph. 46 Cáchs.d.ngphânt.m.d.uchom.nhd.ph. If one takes this exam without studying, they arelikely tofail.

-Các víd.b. tr. cho c.2d.ng

Ex45.4:Oneshould nevertellhis secrets to agossipifhe wishesthemto remain secret.You should alwayslookboth waysbeforeyou cross the street.If one�sknowledge ofEnglishis complete,he willbe able topassTOEFL.Ifyoudo not wantyour test scores reported,you must request that theybe canceled.Oneshould always rememberhisfamily.

46 Cáchs.d.ngphânt. m.d.uchom.nhd.ph.

Trongm.t câuti.ngAnh có2 thànhph.nchung m.t ch. ng. ngu.i tacó th. s.d.ng:

phân t.1(Verbing)m.d.u cho m.nhd.ph.d. cho2hànhd.ng x.y ra song song,ho.cphân t.2 m.d.u cho m.nhd.ph.(ch.b.d.ng),ho.cd.ngt. nguyên th. m.d.u cho m.nhd.ph.( ch. m.cdích) vàng.danh t.ho.c ng.gi.i t. m.d.u cho m.nhd.ph.d. ch. s. tuong.ng.

-

-

-

Luuý:Khi s.d.nglo.i câu này c.nh.t s.cluuý r.ng ch. ng. c.a m.nhd. chính d.ng th.i cunglà ch. ng. c.a m.nhd.ph..

Ex46.1:Incorrect: Afterjumping out of aboat,thesharkbittheman.

-

(Tahi.u ch.ng. th.t c.ad.ng t. jumping là the man;nhu v.y, ngay saud.uph.y taph.id. c.p t.i the man.)

Correct: Afterjumping out of theboat,themanwasbittenby ashark.

46.1 V+ing m.d.um.nhd.ph. Thôngthu.ng có5gi.i t. m.d.u cho m.nhd.ph.d.ng tru.c Vingdólà:By:b.ng cách,b.iafter, upon : saukhibefore: tru.ckhiwhile : trongkhiwhen :khi

Ex46.2:Afterpreparing thedinner,Michelle will read abook.= AfterMichellefinishespreparing thedinner,hewill read abook.Byworking a ten-hourdayfourdays, we canhave along weekend.Because we worka ten-hourdayfourdays, we canhave along weekend.While reviewingfor the test,Marcia realised that shehadforgotten to study the us

e ofparticipalphrases.=WhileMarcia was reviewingfor the test, she realisedthat shehadforgotten to studythe use ofparticipalphrases.

N.u beingho.c havingm.d.u câuph. thìd.ng tru.c chúng.ngi.i t. because.

Ex46.3:Having aterribletoothache,Felipehad to callhisdentistfor an appointment.=BecauseFelipehadaterribletoothache,hehadto callhisdentistfor an appointment.

N.u mu.ndùngph.d.nhd.t not tru.c verbing saugi.i t.(xem công th.c).

(Preposition)+(not) +[verb +ing] ...+ noun+verb ...


46.2 Phânt.2m.d.um.nhd.ph.d. ch.b.d.ng 46 Cáchs.d.ngphânt.m.d.uchom.nhd.ph. Nên nh. r.ng th.i c.ahànhd.ng. m.nhd. chính s.quy.td.nh th.i c.ahànhd.ng.m.nhd.ph.. Haihànhd.ng x.y rasong song cùng m.tlúc(công th.ctrên).

Ex46.4:Hi.n t.i:Practicing herswing everyday,Triciahopes toget ajob asagolfinstructor.Quá kh.: Having aterribletoothache,Felipecalled thedentistforanappointment.Tuonglai:Finishing theletterlater tonight,Sally will mail it tomorrow morning.

Trongtru.ngh.phànhd.ngc.a m.nhd. chínhl.n m.nhd.ph.d.u x.y ra.quákh. mà hành d.ng c.a m.nh d. ph. x.y ra tru.c hành d.ng c.a m.nh d. chính thì công th.c s.là:

(not)+having +P2 ...,Subject + simplepast

Ð.ngtru.c có.n2gi.it.becausevà after, vi.chi.u2gi.i t. nàytu.thu.c vào ng.

Ex46.5:Havingfinished their supper, theboys went out toplay.

c.nh c.a câu.

(After theboyshadfinihedtheir supper, they went out toplay.) Having written his composition,Louiehandedit tohis teacher. (AfterLouiehadwrittenhis composition,hehandedit tohis teacher.) Nothaving read thebook, she could not answer thequestion.

not read thebook, she could not answer thequestion.)

N.uhànhd.ng c.a m.nhd.ph.. th.b.d.ng thì công th.c s.là:

(Because shehad

(not)+havingbeen +P2

...,Subject +simplepast

Ex46.6:Havingbeen notified bythe court,Melissa reportedforjuryduty.(AfterMelissahadbeen notified, she reportedforjuryduty.)Havingbeendelayed by the snowstorm,Jason andI missed our connectingflight.(After wehadbeendelayedbythe snowstorm, we missed the connectingflight.)Nothavingbeen notified of the changein meeting times,George arrivedlate.(BecauseGeorgehadnotbeen notified of the changein meeting times,he arrivedlate.)

46.2 Phânt.2 m.d.um.nhd.ph.d. ch.b.d.ng Xu.tphát t. c.u trúc trên(. th.b.d.ng) ngu.i tab. havingbeendi và ch.gi.l.iPastparticiple(P2 )

Ex46.7:Incorrect:FoundinTanzaniabyMaryLeaky, some archaeologists estimatedthat the three millionyear oldfossils were the oldesthuman remains tobediscovered.Correct : Found in Tanzania by Mary Leaky, the three million year old fossils wereestimated tobe the oldesthuman remains tobediscovered.

Incorrect:Attackedbyanangrymob,thegashesintheboy�sthroatwerelife-threatening.(Luuýr.ng attacked có cùng nghia v.i having been attacked. Ch. ng. th.c c.ad.ng t. attacked là the boy; vì v.y, vi.cám ch. t.i nóph.i xu.thi.n ngay saud.uph.y.)Correct : Attacked by an angry mob, the boy suffered life-threatening gashes in histhroat.


46.3 Ð.ngt.nguyênth.ch. m.cdích m.d.uchom.nhd.ph. 48 Th.a(redundancy) 46.3 Ð.ng t. nguyên th. ch. m.c dích m. d.u cho m.nh d. ph. Ex46.8:Incorrect:Topreventcavities,dentalflossshouldbeuseddailyafterbrushingone�s teeth.Correct : To prevent cavities, one should use dental floss daily after brushing one�steeth.

46.4 Ng.danht.ho.cng.gi.it.m.d.um.nhd.ph. ch. s. tuong.ng : A competitive sport, gymnast has to perform before a panel of judges who use theirknowledge todetermine whichparticipantwill win.

Ex 46.9:Incorrect

Correct:In a competitive sport,gymnasthas toperformbefore apanel ofjudges who use theirknowledge todetermine whichparticipant will win.

Ði.u c.nluuý nh.tkhi s.d.nglo.i m.u câu nàylà ch. ng. c.a m.nhd. chínhph.i

47 Phânt.dùnglàmtính t.

là ch. ng. c.a m.nhd.ph..

47.1 Dùngphânt.1làmtính t.Phân t.1du.cdùnglàm tínht.khi nódáp.ngd.yd. cácdi.uki.n sau: Ð.ng ngay tru.cdanh t. mà nób. nghia.

-

-Ð.ngt.khôngdòih.i m.t tân ng. nào(n.id.ng t.). -Hànhd.ngph.i. th. ch.d.ng -Hànhd.ngdang. th. ti.pdi.n.

47.2 Dùngphânt.2làmtính t. Phân t.2du.cdùnglàm tínht.khi nódáp.ngd.yd. nh.ngdi.uki.n sau:-Ð.ng ngay tru.cdanh t. mà nób. nghia-Hànhd.ngph.i. th.b.d.ng-Hànhd.ngdóph.i x.y ratru.chànhd.ng c.am.nhd. chính.Luuý:M.t s. cácd.ng t. nhu tointerest, tobore, excited và frighten.Khidùngph.ic.n th.n xemhànhd.ngdó. ch.d.nghayb.d.ng.

48 Th.a(redundancy)

M.tcâu trongdóthôngtin trong câudu.cl.pl.i màkhông c.n thi.tdu.cg.ilàth.a. Saudâylà m.t s. c.m t. th.a mà ta c.nbi.td. tránh s.d.ng.

C.m t. Gi.inghia Advance forward Proceedforward Progress forward advance, proceed, và progresst.tc.nghia là�ti.n

lên phía tru.c�. Vì v.y, forward là không c.n thi.t (th.a) return back revert back return và revert nghia là�tr. v.ho.c tr.l.i� vì v.y backlà không c.n thi.t (th.a) sufficent enough các t. nàylà d.ng nghia. Nên s. d.ng 1 trong2.


49 C.u trúc câu songsong

compete together B.n thân t. compete nghia là �tham gia vào cu.c thid.u v.i nh.ng ngu.ikhác� reason ... because Các t. này ch. ra cùng 1 v.n d.. M.u chu.n là reason... that. Join together. Join có nghia là� dem l.i cho nhau�, �sát cánh bên nhau�, hay �tr. thành 1b.ph.n hay thành viên c.a ....� nên together .dây làth.a. Repeatagain B.n thânrepeat có nghia là � nóil.il.n n.a�, (re -luôn có nghia là again)nên . dây th.a again. new innovations B.n thâninnovationcó nghia là � 1ýtu.ngm.i, 1 sángki.n m.i� matinee performance uânmatinee nghia là� bu.i bi.u di.n ban chi.u�. Nên performancelà th.a same identical Các t.nàyd.ng nghia. hTtwo twins Twinsnghia là � hai anh em hay 2 ch. em� the time when Ð.MinNgu.i Anh không nói the time when mà ch. dùng 1 trong 2. Ex 48.1:It is the time you must leave. Th.sthe place wherre Ngu.iAnhkhông nóithe place wheremà ch.dùng 1 trong 2. Ex 48.2:It is the place I was born

Ex48.3:The armyadvanced after thebigbattle.HayThe armymovedforward after thebigbattle.Thepeace talks advanced.HayThepeace talksprogressed.Wehave sufficentmoney tobuy the newdress.Theyhave enoughtime to eat a sandwichbeforegoing to work.The teacherproceededto explain thelesson.John andhisbrother are competingin the runninggames.The teacher asked us tojoin the students who were cleaning the room.Maryrepeated thequestion slowly so thatJim would understand.Besides the two eveningshowings, there will alsobe a matinee.The reasonIwanttotakethat classisthattheprofessoris supposedtobe very eloquent.(Lýdo tôithamd. vàol.ph.cdólàônggiáo su r.t có tàihùngbi.n.)Thisis where Ilefthim.Thatwas the time Ihitahome run.

49 C.u trúc câu songsong

Khi thông tin trong m.t câudu.cdua radu.id.ngli.tkê ra hàng lo.t thì các thành ph.ndu.cli.tkêph.i tuongduong v.i nhauv. m.t ng.pháp(danh -danh,tính t. -


50.2Phuongphápchuy.nd.it.câutr.cti.p sang câugiánti.p 50Thôngtintr.cti.pvàthôngtingiánti.p tính t.).

Nên nh. r.ngthông thu.ngthìthànhph.nd.utiên saud.ngt.s.quy.td.nh cácthànhph.n cònl.i.Tuynhiên n.uth.igiantrong câukhác nhauthì cáchànhd.ngtrong câuph.itheoquylu.t th.igian và nguyên t.c song songkhôngdu.cápd.ng.

Ex49.1:Sheis a senior, studies everyday, and willgraduate a semester early.

50 Thông tintr.cti.p và thông tingiánti.p

50.1 Câutr.cti.p vàcâugiánti.pTrong câu tr.c ti.p thông tindi t. ngu.i th. nh.td.n ngu.i th.2.

Ibought a new motorbikefor myselfyesterday�

Còn trong câugián ti.p, thông tindi t. ngu.i th. nh.t qua ngu.i th.2 vàd.n ngu.i

Ex50.1:He said �

th.3.Do v.y có s.bi.nd.i v. m.t ng.pháp.

Ex50.2:He saidhehadbought a new motorbikefor myself thedaybefore.

50.2 Phuong pháp chuy.n d.i t. câu tr.c ti.p sang câu giánKhi chuy.nd.i t. câu tr.c ti.p sang câugián ti.p c.nph.i:

ti.p

-Phá b. ngo.c kép, chuy.n d.i toàn b. các d.i t. nhân xung theo ngôi ch. ng. th.nh.t sangd.i t. nhân xung ngôi th.3.-Lùid.ng t.. v. th.2 xu.ng1 c.p so v.i. m.cband.u(lùi v. th.i).-Chuy.nd.i t.t c. cácd.i t. ch. th.,phó t. ch. th.igian theob.ngquyd.nh.

B.ng d.i d.ng t. DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH Simple present Simple past Present progressive Past progressive Present perfect (Progressive) Past perfect (Progressive) Simple past Past perfect will /shall would / should Can /may Could/ might B.ng d.icác lo.i t.khác. This, these That, those here, overhere there, overthere today that day yesterday the day before the day before yesterday two days before tomorrow the followingday/ the next day the day after tomorrow in two days� time next + th.igian (week, year ...) the following + th.i gian (week, year...) last + th.i gian (week, year...) the privious + th.igain (week, year...)

th.i gian + ago th.i gian + before/ the privious +th.i gian


50.3Ð.ngt.v.itânng.tr.cti.pvàtânng.giánti.p 50Thôngtintr.cti.pvàthôngtingiánti.p -N.ulà nói và thu.tl.i x.y ratrong cùng m.t ngày thìkhông c.nph.id.i th.igian.

Ex50.3:Atbreakfastthismorninghesaid�Iwillbeverybusy today�Atbreakfast this morninghe saidhe wouldbe verybusytoday.

-Vi.cdi.uch.nhlogict.t nhiênlà c.nthi.t n.ul.i nóidu.cthu.tl.i saudó1ho.c2ngày.

Ex50.4:th.2Jack nói v.iTom:I�mleaving theday after tomorrow.(t.clà th.4Jack s. r.idi)N.uTom thu.tl.il.i nói c.aJack vào ngàyhôm sau(t.clà th.3) thìTom s. nói:Jack saidhe wasleaving tomorrow.

N.uTom thu.tl.il.i nói c.aJack vào ngày ti.p theo(ngày th.4) thìTom s. nói:

Jack saidhe wasleaving today.

50.3 Ð.ng t. v.i tânng.tr.cti.p và tânng.giánti.p Trongti.ngAnhcó nh.nglo.id.ngt.(trongb.ng sau) có2tânng. vàd.ngth.i cung

buildfeed

có2 cáchdùng.

Bring draw get lend

buy cut

tell find

give hand leave

write make offer

owe paint pass pay

promiss read sell send show teach

-Cáchdùnggián ti.pd.t tân ng. tr.c ti.p saud.ng t. r.id.ngi.i t. for, to và tân ng.gián ti.p(công th.c sau.)

Subject +verb + tân ng. tr.c ti.p +for/to + tân ng.gián ti.p

-Cách dùng tr.c ti.p d.t tân ng. gián ti.p ngay sau d.ng t. và sau dó d.n tân ng. tr.c ti.p,gi.i t. to và for m.tdi, công th.c sau:

Subject +verb + tân ng.gián ti.p + tân ng.gián ti.p

-N.u c. 2 tân ng. d.u là d.i t. nhân xung thì không du.c dùng công th.c tr.c ti.p (t.clàcông th.c th. nh.tdu.c s.d.ng).

Ex50.5:Correct:Theygaveit to us. Incorrect:Theygave usit.

-Ð.ng t. tointroduce và to mention khôngbaogi.du.cdùng công th.c tr.c ti.p màph.idùng công th.cgián ti.p.

Tointroduce sb/smth to sbto mention smth to sb

Ex50.6:Johngavetheessay tohisteacher . Johngavehis teacherthe essay. Thelittleboybroughtsomeflowers forhisgrandmother.


51 Phót.d.olênd.ucâu

Thelittleboybroughthisgrandmothersomeflowers.Ifixedadrink forMaria.IfixedMaria adrink.Hedrew apicture forhis mother.Hedrewhis mother apicture.Helenthis car tohisbother.Helenthisbrother his car.We owe severalthousanddollars to thebank.We owe thebank several thousanddollars

51 Phót.d.olênd.ucâu

Trong ti.ng Anh có nh.ng tru.ngh.pphó t.khôngd.ng. v. tríbình thu.ng c.anó màd.olênd.ngd.u câu nh.m nh.n m.nh vàohànhd.ng c.a ch. ng..Trong tru.ng h.p dó ng. pháp có thay d.i, d.ng sau phó t. d.ng . d.u câu là tr. d.ng t. r.i m.i d.n ch.ng. vàd.ng t. chính(công th.c sau).

.Mhardly/rarely/seldom/never/only ... + auxiliary + subject + verb ... Ex 51.1:Never haveso manypeople been unemployed as today. (so manypeoplehave neverbeen unemployedas today.) Hardly hadhefallen asleep whenhebegan todream offar-awaylands.

(Hehadhardlyfallen asleepwhenhedream offar-awaylands.) we seen such an effective actor ashehasproven.

Rarelyhave

(wehave rarelyseen such an effective actor ashehasproven.)Seldom does the class letout early.Onlybyhard work will we beable to accomplish thisgreat task.(We willbe able to accomplishthisgreat task onlybyhard work.)

M.ts. cácphó t.d.cbi.td.ngd.u câu

1. IN/UNDERNOCIRCUMSTANCES:Dù tronghoàn c.nh nào cungkhông. Ex51.2:In/under no circumstances shouldyoulendhim the money.(dùtrongb.t c. tru.ngh.p nào anh cungkhông nên cho nó vay ti.n.)

2. ONNOACCOUNT:Dùb.t c.lýdo nào cungkhông. Ex51.3:On no accountmust this switchbe toughed.(dùv.ib.t c.lýdo nào anh cungkhôngdu.cd.ng vào. c.m này)

3. SO+ADJ +AUXILIARY +S +V +THAT. ....d.nn.i mà .... Ex51.4:Sodifficultdid sheget ajob that shehad to stayhomefor anyear.

So sure ofthis werethe ownersthattheyprovidedlifeboatsfor only950ofitspossible3,500passengers.(Nh.ngngu.i ch. c.a con tàu dã quá tin tu.ng d.n n.i mà h. ch. trang b. xu.ng

c.ud.mcho950trong s.3,500hànhkhách mà contàucóth.t.idu.c -chíchtrong

bàid.c v. tàuTitanic).(Cô.yki.mdu.c vi.clàm m.tcáchkhókhand.n n.i cô.ydãph.i ng.i nhà1 namtr.i)


52 Cáchch.nnh.ng câutr.l.idúng

4. ONLYINTHISWAY:Ch. cób.ng cách này. Ex51.5:Onlyin this waycouldyou solve theproblem.(Ch.cób.ng cách này thì c.u m.igi.idu.c v.nd.hócbúa này.)

5. NAGATIVE, ... , NOR +AUXILIARY +S +V....( ...mà cung ch.ng/ mà cungkhông ...) Ex51.6:Hedidn�thave any money, nordidheknow anybodyfrom whomhe couldborrow.(Nóch.ngcònd.ng nàoc. mà nó cung ch.ngbi.t ai mà nó có th.h.i vay.)

52 Cách ch.nnh.ng câutr.l.idúng

M.t trong2bài thi ng.pháp c.aTOEFLdu.cdua radu.id.ng m.t câu cho s.n cònb.d. vàdu.idólà4 câud.di.n vào.Trong4 câudó ch. có1 câudúng.Ð. ch.ndu.c

câudúngdó ta c.n ti.nhành cácbu.c sau:

1. Ph.iki.m tra cácl.ing.pháp,baog.m: a-S.hoàh.pgi.a ch.ng. vàd.ng t.. b-Vi.cs.d.ng cáctính t. vàphó t..c-V.trí c.acácb. ng. theoth. t.:

+ ch.phuong th.chànhd.ng + ch.d.adi.m + ch. th.igian + ch.phuong ti.nhànhd.ng +hoàn c.nhhànhd.ng.d-S.ph.ih.pgi.a các thì c.ad.ng t..e-Xemxét vi.cs.d.ngh.plý cácd.i t..f-C.u trúc câu song song.

2. Ph.ilo.ib. nh.ng câu tr.l.i mang tính ru.m rà a-Ph.i lo.i b. nh.ng câu tr. l.i bao g.m 1 thành ng. tuy không sai nhung dài,

trongkhidól.i có1 t.khác ng.nhond. thay th..Nhungluuý r.ng có nh.ngphó t.không cóhình th.cduôilyho.c n.u có s.mang nghiakhác, nênph.idùng theo cách : m.t c.m thành ng.( nh.ng tính t.códuôily)

Ex52.1:Freshlykhác v.iin afreshmener(tuoi).Minhho.Thisfoodis onlydelicious when eatenin afresh mener(khian tuoi).Hehad adozenfresh-laid egges(tr.ng v.a m.id.)

b-Ph.itránh nh.ng câu tr.l.i có2 t. mang cùng m.t nghia(Redundancy)

3. Ph.i tránh nh.ng câu tr.l.i có nh.ng t. v.ngkhôngkh.p v.i nghia c.a câu.Ð.c bi.tlà các ng.d.ng t.. 4. Tránhnh.ng câu tr.l.i có ti.nglóng. Biênt.p:Th.sÐ.MinhTuân Trang92 KhoaT.nhiên -Tru.ngCÐSPNamÐ.nh

53 Nh.ngt.d.gâynh.ml.n

53 Nh.ng t.d.gây nh.ml.n

Ðólành.ng t. r.td.gây nh.ml.n v. m.t ng. nghia, chính t.ho.c cáchphátâm.

1. ANGEL(n):Thiên th.n. ANGLE(n):Góc. 2. CITE(v):Tríchd.n.Inher termpaper,Janishad to cite many references. SITE(n):Khud.t(d. xâyd.ng).Thecornerof NorthMainandMimosaStreets willbe the site of the new shopping center.

: 1-Khe ng.m, t.m ng.m. Through the sight of the rifle, the soldier (n)2-c.nhtu.ng.Whatchingthelanding ofthe space�s capsule was apleasant sight.

SIGHT (n)

spotted the enemy.

(v)3-Th.y,quan sát th.yWe sighteda shipin thebay.

3. COSTUME(n)Qu.náo, trangph.cl.h.i. Ex 53.1:It is a custom in Western Europe for little boys to wear shorts pants to

school.

4. DECENT(adj):1-d.ngd.n, t.ch.nh.2-tuom t.t, t.t

Ex53.2:When one appearsin court, one mustweardecent clothing.

DESCENT (n):1-leo xu.ng, trèo xu.ng.

Ex 53.3:The mountain climbers found their descent more hazardous than their ascent.

2-ngu.ng.c,dòngdõi.

Ex53.4:Vladimiris ofRussiandescent.

5. DESSERT(n):Món tráng mi.ng. Ex53.5:Wehad applepiefordessertlast night.

DESERT (n): sa m.c.

Ex53.6:Itisdifficult tolivein thedesertwithout water.

DESERT (v):b.,b. m.c.

Ex53.7:Afterdeserting thepost, the soldier ran awayfrom the camp.

6. LATER(adv): saudó, saudây, r.i thì(thu.ngdùng v.i câu. tuonglai). Ngu.c nghia v.i nólà earlier (du.cdùng.simplepast).

Ex53.8:We went to the movies andlaterhadice cream atDairyIsle.



THE LATTER>< THEFORMERCáith.2, ngu.i th.2 >< cái th. nh.t, ngu.i th. nh.t.

Ex53.9:GermanyandEnglandbothdevelopeddirigiblesfor useduringWorld war II,thelatterprimarilyforcoastalreconnaissance.(latter =England).

7. LOOSE(adj):l.ng >< tight : ch.t Ex53.10:Afterdieting,Marcyfoundthather clotheshadbecome soloose that she had tobuy a new wardrobe.

LOSE (v):1-dánhm.t, th.tl.c.

Ex53.11:Marylostherglasseslast week.

Ex53.12:If Harrydoesn�tpracticehistennismore,hemaylosethematch.

2-thua, th.tb.i.

quákh. c.apass) :

8. PASSED(v-

Ex53.13:Fivehourspassedbefore thejury reachedits verdict.

1-trôiqua,quadi.

2-diqua,di ngangqua.

Ex53.14:While we were sittingin thepark, several of ourfriendspassed us.

3-thành công, vu.tquadu.c.

Ex53.15:The students arehappythat theypassed their exams.

PAST(adj):1-dãqua,di vãng.

Ex 53.16:This past week has been very hectic for the students returning to the university.

2-tru.cdây.

Ex53.17:In thepast,hehadbeen a cook, a teacher, andahistorian.

9. PEACE(n):hoàbình, s. tr.t t., s.yên.n, s.yênl.ng, s. thanhbình. Ex53.18:Peace was restoredto the community after a week of rioting.

PIECE(n):M.t m.u,1 m.nh.

Ex53.19:Heidi ate apiece of chocolate cakefordessert.

10. PRINCIPAL(n):1-hi.u tru.ng(tru.ng ti.uh.c và trungh.c). Ex53.20:Theprincipal called afaculty meeting.

(adj)2-chính, ch.y.u.



Ex 53.21:An anthropologist, who had worked with the indigenous tribes in Australia, was theprincipal speaker atFriday�sluncheon.

PRINCIPLE(n): Nguyên t.c,lu.tl..

Ex53.22:Mr.Connorsis a man whobelievesthattruthfulnessisthebestprinciple.

11.QUIET(adj):yên.ng,yên.,iml.ng,tinh m.ch. Ex53.23:The night was soquiet thatyou couldhear thebreezeblowing.

QUITE(adv):1-hoàn toàn.

Ex 53.24:Louise is quite capable of taking over the household chores while her

motheris away.

2-hoi, m.tchút.

Ex53.25:He wasquite tired afterhisfirstday of classes.

QUIT(v):d.ng.

Ex53.26:Hermanquit smoking onhisdoctor�s advice.

: c.d.nh,khôngdi chuy.n, tinh t.i.

12. STATIONARY(adj)Ex53.27:The weatherman saidthatthe warmfrontwouldbe stationaryfor several

days.

STATIONERY(n):Gi.y vi.td.cbi.t, vanphòngph.m.

Ex53.28:Lucille usedonly monogrammed stationaryfor correspondence.

13. THAN(liên t.):du.c s.d.ng trong câu so sánhhon. Ex53.29:Today�s weatherisbetter thanyesterday�s.

THEN(adj): saudó(du.cdùng sau1 th.idi.mdãdu.cd. c.p).

Ex53.30:First,Juliefilledouther schedule; then, shepaidherfees.

14. THEIR(adj): tính t. s.h.u s. nhi.u. Ex53.31:Their team scoredthe mostpointsduring thegame.

THERE(adv):1-.dó,.d.ngkia.

Ex53.32:Lookover therebetween the trees.

2-du.c s.d.ng v.ibed. ch. ra s.hi.ndi.n, s. có m.t, s. t.n t.i.

Ex53.33:Thereis abookon the teacher�sdesk.

THEY�RE(d.it. +d.ng t.): vi.t t.t c.a they are.



Ex53.34:They�releaving on the noonflight toZurich.

15. TO(gi.it.) :di t.i, cho t.i, t.i t.nlúc. Ex53.35:Go to theblackboardand write out the equation.

TWO(nho.cadj)-hai.

Ex53.36:Two theorieshavebeenproposedto explain thatincident.

TOO(adv)1-quá.

Ex53.37:This morning was too coldfor the childrengo to swimming.

2-cung, cung v.y.

Ex53.38:Jane went to the movie, and wedid too.

16. WEATHER(n): th.iti.t.Ex53.39:Ourflightwasdelayedbecause ofbad weather.

WHETHER(liên t.):nên chang(ch. ra1l.a ch.n).

Ex53.40:Because ofgas shortage, wedo notknow whether we willgo awayfor our

vacation or stayhome.

17. WHOSE(d.it.) -tính t.hayd.i t.quanh. s.h.u. Ex53.41:Theperson whose nameisdrawnfirst will win thegrandprize.

WHO�S(d.it.quanh. +d.ng t.) : vi.t t.t c.a who +isho.c who +has.

Ex53.42:Who�s(whois)your newbiologyprofessor?Scottis the attorney who�s(whohas)been reviewing this case.

18. YOUR(adj)-s.h.uc.a you. Ex53.43:We are allhappyaboutyour accepting theposition with the companyin Baltimore.

YOU�RE(d.it. +d.ng t.) -Vi.tt.t c.a you+ are.

Ex53.44:You�regoingto enjoy thepanoramafrom the top of thehill.

Các t.códi.mgi.ng nhaud. nh.ml.n.

19. ACCEPT(v): ch.p nh.n. Ex 53.45:Professor Perez will accept the chairmanship of the humanities department.

EXCEPT(gt): ngo.i tr.(1 v.thay1 ngu.i).



Ex53.46:Everyoneisgoingto the convention exeptBob.

20. ACCESS(n): s.n có, cách truy c.p vào. Ex53.47:The teacherhad no access to the students�files, which werelockedin the principal�s office.

EXCESS(adj):1-d.idào,phongphú,duth.a.

Ex53.48:Wepaid a surcharge on our excessbaggage.

(n)2-Lu.ngb.xung,ph..

Ex53.49:Thedemandforfunds wasin excess of the actual need.

Ex53.50:Ifyouheedthe teacher�s advice,you willdo wellinyour studies.

21. ADVICE(n):l.ikhuyên, tu v.n.ADVISE(v):dua ral.ikhuyên,ho.c tu v.n.

Ex 53.51:The Congress advised the president against signing the treaty at that

time.

22. AFFECT(v):Tácd.ng. Ex53.52:Thedoctors wantedto seehow the medication would affect thepatient.

EFFECT(n):1-K.tqu.ho.ch.uqu..

Ex53.53:The children sufferednoill effectsfrom theirlongplane ride.

(v)2-T.ohi.uqu..

Ex53.54:To effect a changein citygovernment we must all vote onTuesday.

23. Again(adv):1l.n n.a,l.pl.i(1hànhd.ng). Ex53.55:Mike wrote to thepublishers again,inquiring abouthis manuscript.

AGAINST(gi.it.) :1-ch.ngl.i,ph.nd.i aidóho.c cáigìdó.

Ex53.56:The athleticdirector was against ourdancingin the newgym.

2-k.bên,bên c.nh.

Ex53.57:Theboy standing against thepianois my cousinBill.

24. ALREADY(adv): s.n sàng. Ex53.58:Jan�splanehad alreadylandedbefore wegot to the airport.

ALLREADY(noun +adj):Ðã ch.nb. s.n sàngd.làmgì.

Ex53.59:We are allready togoboating.



25. AMONG (gi.it.):Ch. ra m.iquanh. trong(ho.c s.l.a ch.nt.) 3hay nhi.u ngu.i(nhi.uv.t) -trong s.. Ex53.60:It wasdifficult to select a winnerfrom among so many contestants.

BETWEEN(gi.it.) : ch. ra m.iquanh.(s.l.a ch.n)gi.a2 th.c th..

Ex 53.61:Between writing her book and teaching, Mary Ellen had litte time for anything else.

Luuý : c.utrúc between... and cung cóth.du.cdùngd. ch. v.trí chính xác c.a

1qu.cgia n.mgi.a cácqu.cgiakhác.

Ex53.62:Vi.tnamliesbetweenChina,laos and cambodia.

26. BESIDE(gi.it.) :bên c.nhdó.Ex53.63:Thereis a smalltablebeside thebed.

BESIDES(gi.it.ho.cphó t.): ngoài ra, cung,hon n.a.

Ex53.64:Ihavefivehistorybooksherebesides thefour thatIleft athome.

ASIDE(adv):d.t sang1bên.

Ex53.65:Harry sets money aside everypaydayforhisdaughter�s education.

27. COMPARE(V) +WITH: so v.i(d. ch. ra s.gi.ng nhau, s. tuongd.ng). Ex53.66:Sue comparedher new schoolwith thelast one shehad attended.

CONTRAST(V) +WITH: ch. ra s. tuongph.n(khác nhau).

Ex53.67:Inher composition,Marta chose to contrastlifein abigcity withthat of a small town.

28. CONSECUTIVE(adj):Liên t.c(không có tính ng.tquãng). Ex53.68:Todayis the tenth consecutiveday of unbearableheat wave.

SUCCESSIVE(adj):liên t.c(có tính ng.tquãng).

Ex53.69:The UnitedStateswongold medalsintwosuccessiveOlympicGames.

29. CONSIDERABLE(adj):dángk.. Ex53.70:EventhoughtMargehadconsiderable experienceinthefield, she was not hiredfor thejob.

CONSIDERATE(adj):l.chs.,ân c.n, chudáo,hayquan tâm t.i ngu.ikhác.

Ex53.71:Itwasvery considerateofHarry tosendhishostessabouquet offlowers.

30. CREDIBLE(adj): có th. tindu.c. Biênt.p:Th.sÐ.MinhTuân Trang98 KhoaT.nhiên -Tru.ngCÐSPNamÐ.nh


Ex53.72:His explanation of the rescue at sea seemed credible.

CREDITABLE(adj): v. vang,dáng ca ng.i,dángkhen.

Ex53.73:Thefireman�sdaring rescue of those trappedin theburning was a cred

itabledeed.Vi.c ngu.ilính c.uho.dám xông vào c.u nh.ng ngu.ib. nh.t trongdám cháylàvi.clàmdángkhen ng.i.

CREDULOUS(adj):c. tin, nh.da.

Ex53.74:Ritais so credulous thatshe will accept any excuseyou offer.

31. DETRACT(v):làmgi.m(giá tr., uy tín). Ex53.75:Molly�s nervousnessdetractedfromher singing.

DISTRACT (v):làmlãngquên,làm m.t t.p trung.

Ex53.76:Pleasedon�tdistractyourfather whileheisbalancing the chequebook.

32. DEVICE(n):m.tphát minhhay1k.ho.ch, thi.tb.,d.ng c., máy móc. Ex 53.77:This is a clever device for cleaning fish without getting pinched by the

scales.

: nghi ra, sáng ch. ra.

DEVISE (v)

Ex53.78:Thegeneraldevised aplanfor attacking the enemy camp at night while the soldiers were celebrating.

33. ELICIT(v): rút ra, moi ra, thuh.il.i, rútl.i Ex 53.79:The prosecutor�s barrage of questions finally elicited the truth from the witness.

ILLICIT(adj):b.th.ppháp.

Ex 53.80:The politician�s illicit dealings with organized crime caused him to lose hisgovernmentposition.

34. EMIGRANT(n): ngu.idi cu(d.ng t.là Emigrate from:di cu t.). Ex53.81:After worldwarII, manyemigrantsleftEuropetogotothe UnitedStates.

IMMIGRANT(n): ngu.i nh.p cu(d.ng t.là Immigrateinto).

Ex53.82:The UnitedStatesisacountrycomposed ofimmigrants.

35. EXAMPLE(n): thíd.,d.n ch.ng. Ex53.83:Picasso�sGuermicais an excellent example of expressionismin art.

SAMPLE(n): m.u.



Ex53.84:My nieceloves togo to supermarketbecause thedairylady alwaysgives her a sample ofcheese.

36. FORMERLY(adv): tru.cdây. Ex53.85:Heformerly worked as aprofessor,but nowheis aphysicist.

FORMALLY(adj)1-t. ch.nh(an m.c).

Ex53.86:At the resort we were required todressformallyfordinner every night. . noidông ngu.i ngu.i tayêu c.u chúng tôian m.c ch.nh t. vào t.t c. cácb.aan

t.i.

2-chính th.c.

Ex53.87:Shehasformallyrequested a name change.

37. HARD(adj):1-khó.Ex53.88:The test was sohard that nobodypassed.

Ex53.89:The stadium�s seats werehard, so we rented a cushion.

2-c.ng.

3-(phót.) cham ch., r.t n.l.c.

Ex53.90:Theyworkedhard on theproject.

HARDLY(adv):h.u nhukhông.

Ex53.91:Hehad so much worktodo afterthe vacationthathehardlyknew where tobegin.

38. HELPLESS(adj):Vô v.ng, tuy.t v.ng. Ex53.92:I could not speak theirlanguage,Ifelthelpless trying to understand the tourists�plight.

USELESS(adj): vôd.ng.

Ex53.93:An umbrellais uselessin ahurricane.ô s. tr. nên vôd.ng trong tr.nbão.

39. HOUSE(n)và Home(n) :nhi.ukhidu.cs.d.ngl.nl.n,nhung có s.khácbi.t v. ng. nghia. 1-Houseám ch. t.i toà nhàho.c công trìnhki.n trúc.

Ex53.94:TheChapmans arebuildinga newhouseinBuckinghamEstates.

2-Homeám ch. t.ib.ukhôngkhí trong ngôi nhà. Homelà noi trái tim..

40. IMAGINARY(adj):Tu.ngtu.ng,không có th.t.



Ex53.95:SinceRalphhas nobrother or sisters,hehas created animaginaryplaymate.

IMAGINATIVE(adj):phongphú trí tu.ng tu.ng,giàu trí tu.ng tu.ng.

Ex53.96:StarWars was createdby anhighlyimaginatve writer.

41. IMMORTAL(adj):b.t t.. Ex53.97:Theimmortalworks ofShakespeare are stillbeing read and enjoyedthree centuries after their writing.

IMMORAL(adj): trái v.iluân thu.ngd.olý,d.ib.i.

Ex 53.98:Their immoral behavior in front of the students cost the teachers their

: ng.m,.n tàng, ti.m tàng, tuy.td.i,hoàn toàn.

jobs.

42. IMPLICIT(adj)Ex 53.99:Our supervisor has implicit faith in our ability to finish the project onNgu.igiám sátd.án có ni.m tin tuy.td.i vàokh. nanghoàn t.td.ándúng th.i

time.

h.n c.a chúngtôi.

EXPLICIT(adj): rõ ràng, chính xác.

Ex 53.100:The professor gave explicit instructions for carrying out the research

project.

43. INDUSTRIAL(adj):[thu.c] công nghi.p. Ex53.101:Paulhadanindustrial accident and wainthehospitalforthree months.

INDUSTRIOUS(adj):c.n cù, siêng nang.

Ex53.102:Markwas such anindustrious studentthathe received afour-year scholarship to the university.

44. INFLICT(v):k.tán,b.tph.i ch.u. Ex53.103:Becausetheprisonershadcreatedariotandhadassaultedseveralguards, the wardeninflicted severalpunishments on all theparticipants.

AFFLICT(v):làm s.u não,làmdaukh..

Ex53.104:DuringtheMiddle Ages, millions ofpeople were afflictedbytheplague. (vào th.itrung c.,hàng tri.u ngu.idãb. ngãb.nh vì n.nd.ch.)

45. INSPIRATION(n):c.mh.ng(sáng t.o,h.c t.p,khámphá). Ex 53.105:Thomas A. Edison, inventor of the phonograph, said that an idea was ninety-ninepercentperspirationand onepercentinspiration.(Thomas A.Edison, nhàphátminh ra chi.ckèn,nói r.ng1ý tu.nglà99% m.hôi công s.cvà ch.1% c.mh.ng sáng t.o).



ASPIRATION(n):1-khát v.ng, nguy.n v.ng.

Ex53.106:Gail�slifelongaspirationhasbeen that ofbecoming adoctor.

2-s.hít th..

Ex53.107:Topronounce certain words,proper aspirationis necessary.

46. INTELLIGENT(adj): thông minh. Ex53.108:Dan was sointelligent thathe receivedgoodgrades withouteverhaving to study.

INTELLIGIBLE(adj):d.dàng,d.hi.u.

Ex53.109:The science teacher�s explanations were sointelligible thatstudentshad

noproblemsdoing their assignments.

INTELLECTUAL(n):1-trí th.c.

Ex 53.110:Because Fabian is anintellectual, he finds it difficult to associate with his classmates who arelessintelligent.

2-(adj):khôn ngoan, tàitrí, uyênbác.

Ex53.111:John wasinvolvedin anintellectualconversation withhis oldprofessor.

47. INTENSE(adj): m.nh,d.d.i, mãnhli.t. Ex53.112:Last winter�sintense cold almostdepleted the naturalgas supply.

INTENSIVE(adj): m.nh, sâu, t.p trung.

Ex53.113:BeforegoingtoMexico,Phil took anintensive courseinSpanish.

48. LATE(adj, adv):1-khôngdúnggi., mu.n. Ex53.114:ProfessorCarmichaelhates to seehis students arrivelate.

2-(adj)quác..

Ex53.115:Herlatehusband was the author of thatbook.

LATELY (adv):g.ndây.

Ex53.116:Ihaven�tseenBurtlately. Hemustbeextremelybusy withhisresearch.

49. LEARN(v):h.c. Ex 53.117:The new cashier had to learn how to operate the computerised cash register.

TEACH(v):d.y.

Ex53.118:Theinstructoris teachingushow toprogram computers.



50. LEND(v)và LOAN (v):chovay -có th.dùngl.ndu.c. Ex53.119:Jillloaned(lend)meher reddress to wear to thedance.

BORROW(v): vay.

Ex53.120:IborrowedJill�s reddress to wear to thedance.

51. LIQUEFY(v): tan ra, ch.y ra. Ex53.121:Theice creambegan toliquefyin theintenseheat.

LIQUIDATE (v): tr.kh., thanh toán, thanhlý.

Ex 53.122:The foreign agent tried to liquidate the traitor before he passed the

information tohis contacts.

52. LONELY(adj): côdon.. Ex53.123:Afterherhusband�sdeath,Debbie was verylonely and withdrawn.

Sau cái ch.t c.a ch.ng,Debbie r.t côdon vàkhó tính. ALONE(adj)

Ex53.124:Afterlosingin theOlympic tryouts,Phil asked tobeleft alone.

: m.t mình.

53. Near(gi.it.ho.cphó t.):g.n. Ex53.125:MybiologyclassmeetsneartheStudent Union.

Nearly(adv):h.uh.t,g.n nhu, suýtn.a.

Ex53.126:We were nearlyhitbythe speeding car on the turnpike.Chúng tôi suýt n.a thìb. m.t xe t.cd. caohúc vào trên xal..

54. Observation(n):s.quan sát, s. theodõi. Ex53.127:The ancientEgyptians� observation oftheheaventlybodieshelpedthem know when toplant andharvest.

Observance(n):s. tuân theo, s. tuân th., nghi th.c, nghil..

Ex53.128:There willbe numerousparades anddisplays of thefireworksin observance ofIndependeceDay.

55. Persecute(v): ngu.cdãi,hànhh.. Ex53.129:Throughouthistorymanypeoplehavebeenpersecutedfortheir religious beliefs.

Prosecute(v): truyt..

Ex53.130:Shoplifters willbeprosecuted to thefullest extent of thelaw.

56. Preceed(v):d.ngtru.c. Biênt.p:Th.sÐ.MinhTuân Trang103 KhoaT.nhiên -Tru.ngCÐSPNamÐ.nh


Ex53.131:WeatherService warningspreceeded thehurricane.

Proceed(v): ti.pt.c(m.t công vi.cb.b.d.).

Ex 53.132:After the firedrill, the teacherproceeded to explain the experiment to thephysics class.

57.Quantity(n): s.lu.ng(du.cdùng v.idanh t.khôngd.mdu.c). Ex53.133:Alargequantityof sand was removedbeforethe archeologistsfoundthe prehistoric animalbones.

Number(n):s.lu.ng(du.c s.d.ng v.idanh t.d.mdu.c).

Ex53.134:A number of artefacts werefound at the excavation site.

58. Remember(v): nh.l.i, nh., nghi v..

Ex53.135:Ido notremember what timehe asked me to call.Youdon�t remember,

doyou?

: nh.c nh. ai,làm cho nh.l.i.

Ex53.136:Pleaseremind metocall Henry at7 o�clock tonight. Henry reminds me of my uncle.

Remind(v)

: cóócphándoán t.t.

59. Sensible(adj)Ex53.137:Whenitis raininghard, sensiblepeople stayindoors.

Sensitive(adj): nh.y c.m.

Ex53.138:Stephen cannotbe outinthe sun verylongbecausehehas verysensitive skin andburns easily.

60. Special(adj):d.cbi.t. Ex53.139:Meyer�sDepartmentStore willhave a special salefor their charge customers.

Especially(adv):d.cbi.t.

Ex 53.140:Rita is especially tatented in the fine arts. She has a special talent for playing musicby ear.

61. Use(n):ápd.ng, s.d.ng. Ex53.141:The salesman said that regular use offertilizer would ensure agreener, healthierlawn.

Usage(n): cách s.d.ng.

Ex 53.142:Norm Crosby�s usage of English vocabulary in his comedy routine is hilarious.


54.3 Outof(rakh.i)><into(di vào) 54 Cáchs.d.nggi.it. 54 Cách s.d.nggi.i t.

Vi.c s.d.nggi.i t.là r.tkhó vìh.uh.t cáckhái ni.m v.gi.i t.d.u có nh.ng ngo.i l.. Cách t.t nh.t d. h.c chúng là minh ho. b.ng hình .nh xem chúng th.chi.n ch.c nang nhuth. nào so v.i cácgi.it.khác vàd.h.c nh.ng.ngd.ng chung nh.td.nh và nh.ng thành ng. s.d.ng cácgi.i t.khác nhau. Sod.du.idây s.deml.i chob.n1ý ni.m chung v. cách s.d.nggi.i t..Tuy nhiên, nó không giúp du.c b.n hi.u nh.ng thành ng. ch.agi.i t. nh.t d.nh. Ð.i v.i nh.ng thành ng. mà t. nó không nói lên nghia c.a nó thì nghia c.a nó s. ph.i h.c thu.c. Nghiên c.u các câu ví d. d. hi.u nghia c.a m.i thành ng.. Cácgi.i t. và thành ng. này r.tquan tr.ng trong t.t c. cácph.n c.aTOEFL.

.s n -trong su.t(hànhd.ng x.y ra trong m.t quãng

54.1 Duringth.igian)

during6for + time(ch.tr.ng thái)

=

Ex54.1:Duringour vacation, we visited many relatives across the country. Duringthe summer, wedo nothave to study.

54.2 From(t.) ><to(d.n) Dùngcho th.igian vàd.adi.m.

a time

a time

From to

aplace

aplace

Ex54.2:HelivedinGermanyfrom 1972to 1978. WedrovefromAtlantatoNewYorkinoneday.

From time to time: th.nh tho.ng,dôikhi.

Ex54.3:Wevisittheart museumfromtimetotime .

54.3 Out of(rakh.i) ><into(di vào) be(run)out of +danh t. :h.t,không còn. -be outof town :di v.ng.


54.4 By 54 Cáchs.d.nggi.it. Ex54.4:Mr.Adams cannotseeyou this weekbecauseheis out of town.

-be outofdate (cu,l.ith.i) >< be up todate (m.i, c.pnh.t,h.p th.i)

Ex54.5:Don�tuse thatdictionary.Itis out ofdate.Find one thatis up todate.

-be outof work : th.t nghi.p.

Ex54.6:Ihavebeen veryunhappy sinceIhavebeen out of work.

-be outof the question :không th.du.c.

Ex54.7:Your requestfor an extension of creditis out of thequestion.

-be outof order:h.ng.

Ex54.8:Wehad to use our neighbour�s telephonebecause ours was out of order.

54.4 By=dingangqua.

Ð.ngt. ch. chuy.nd.ng + by

-Ð.ngt. tinh + by-

.g.n,.bên. by+ th.igian c. th. : tru.clúc.

eat supperby six o�clockin the evening.

=

Ex54.9:We usually

-Bydu.cdùng trong câub.d.ngd. ch. ra ch. th.gâyhànhd.ng.

Ex54.10:Romeo andJuliet was writenbyWilliamShakespeare.

-By+phuong ti.ngiao thông(bus/plane/train/car/ship/bike).

Ex54.11:We traveledtoBostonby train.

-By then : tru.clúcdó.

Ex54.12:I willgraduatefrom the universityin1997.By then,Ihope tohavefound ajob.

-By way of = via : theodu.ng.

Ex54.13:We aredriving toAtlantaby way ofBatonRouge.

-By the way :1-tình c..

Ex 54.14:By the way, I�ve got two tickets for Saturday�s game. Wouldyou like to gowith me?

2-nhândây, ti.ndây.-By far+ tính t. so sánh :(dùngd. nh.n m.nh).

Ex54.15:Thisbookisbyfar thebest on the subject.

-By accident /bymistake : tình c.. >< onpurpose (c.tình).

Ex54.16:Nobody will receive a check onFridaybecausethe wrong cards wereputinto the computerby accident.


54.5 In(.trong,.t.i)-nghiaxácd.nhhonat 54 Cáchs.d.nggi.it. 54.5 In(. trong,. t.i) -nghiaxácd.nhhonat In a room/building/drawer/closet :bên trong ...

Ex54.17:Your socks arein thedrawer.

-In+ nam/ tháng.

Ex54.18:Hisbirthdayisin April.I willbegen classin1998.

-In time:dúnggi. -v.av.n.

Ex54.19:We arrived at the airportin time to eatbefore theplaneleft.

-In the street:du.ilòngdu.ng.

Ex54.20:The children were warnednot toplayin the street.

-In the morning/afternoon/evening : vàobu.i sáng/bu.i chi.u/bu.i t.i.

Ex54.21:Ihaveadentalappointmentinthemorning,butIwillbefreeintheafternoon.

-In thepast/future: trongquákh./ tuonglai.

Ex54.22:In thepast, attendance at school was not compulsory,butitis today.

Ex 54.23:I will spend much time on learning English in future because the TOEFL

-In future: t. nay tr.di.

In thebeginning/end. : tho.td.u/ r.t cu.c

Ex54.24:Everyone seemed unfriendlyin thebeginningbutin the end everyone made

testis coming.

-

at first/atlast.

=

: ch.n ngangl.i,d. ngayl.i.

friends.

-In the way

Ex 54.25:He could not park his car in the driveway because another car was in the way.

-Oncein a while: th.nh tho.ng,dôikhi.

Ex54.26:Oncein a while, we eatdinner atChiness restaurant.

-In no time atall: trong nháy m.t, trong1 thoáng.

Ex54.27:Georgefinisheshis assignmentin no time at all.

-In the meantime= meanwhile : tronglúcdó.

Ex54.28:We start schoolin several weeks,butin the meantime, we can take a trip.

-In the middle:.gi.a(d.adi.m).

Ex54.29:Grace stoodin the middle ofthe roomlookingforherfriend.

-In the army/air force/navy.Trongquând.i/ trongkhôngl.c/ trongh.iquân. -In the+ s. th. t. + row :.hànggh. th..

Ex54.30:We aregoing to sitin thefifteen row of the auditorium.

-In the event that: trong tru.ngh.p.

Ex54.31:In the event thatyou win theprize,you willbe notifiedbymail

.-In case:d.phòngkhi,d. ng. nh..

Ex54.32:Iwillgiveyouthekeytothehouse soyou willhaveitin caseI arrive alittle late.

-Be/getin touch/contact with : ti.p xúc,liênl.c,g.pg. v.i ai.

Ex54.33:It�s verydifficult togetin touchwithJennybecause she works allday.


54.6 on 54 Cáchs.d.nggi.it. 54.6 on On+ th. trong tu.n/ ngàytrong tháng.

Ex54.34:Iwill callyouonThursday. HisbirthdayisonFebruary3.

-On+ a/the +phuong ti.ngiao thông(bus/plane/train/ship/bike).

Ex 54.35:It�s two late to see Jane; she�s already on the plane. I came to school this morning on thebus.

-On a street:. t.iph..

Ex54.36:Ilives on1st Ng.ckhánh.

On+ the + s. th. t. + floor:. t.ng th..

Ex54.37:Mygirlfriendlives on thefourthfloor ofan oldbuildingby myhouse.

On time:dúnggi.(b.t ch.phoàn c.nhbên ngoài).

-

-

Ex54.38:Despite thebadweather, ourplaneleft on time.

On the corner(of two street):gócgi.a2ph..

Ex54.39:Myhouseis on the corner of Ng.ckhánh

-

street andTr.m cu.p street.

ThOn the corner at the corner in the corner -On the sidewalk: trên v.ahè.

Ex54.40:Don�twalkin the street, walk on the sidewalk.

-On the way: trêndu.ng t.i >< on the wayback to: trêndu.ng tr. v..

Ex54.41:We can stop at thegrocery store on the way to theirhouse.

-On the right/left:.bên trái/bênph.i.

Ex54.42:Paulsits on theleft side of the room andDave sits on the right.

-On television/(the)radio: trên truy.nhình/ trêndàiphát thanh.

Ex54.43:Thepresident�s �Stateofthe UnionAddress� willbeontelevisionand onthe radio tonight.

-On the telephone(on thephone):nói trêndi.n tho.i,g.idi.n tho.i, nhà có m.c di.n tho.i.

Ex54.44:Isyourhouse on the telephone? -nhà c.u có m.cdi.n tho.ikhông? Janetwillbehere soon; sheis on the telephone.


54.7 at -.t.i(thu.nglàbênngoài,khôngxácd.nhb.ngin) 54 Cáchs.d.nggi.it. -On the whole= ingeneral: nói chung.

Ex54.45:On the whole, the rescue mission was wellexecuted.

-On the otherhand: tuy nhiên.-on the onehand ... on the otherhand :m.t m.t ...m.tkhác.

Ex 54.46:The present perfect aspect is never used to indicate a specific time; on the otherhand, the simplepast tenseis.

-On sale1-for sale : cóbán,d.bán. 2-bánh.giá.

Ex 54.47:The house will go on sale this weekend. The regular price of the radio is

$39.95,but todayit�s on salefor$25.

-On foot:dib..

Ex54.48:My car would not start soI came onfoot.

. t.i(thu.nglàbên ngoài,không xácd.nhb.ngin) Ex54.49:Janeis at thebank.

54.7 at-

-At+ s. nhà.

Ex54.50:Georgelives at56516thAvenue.

-At+ th.igian c. th..

Ex54.51:

Theclassbeginat5:15. -At+ home/school/work :. nhà/.tru.ng/danglàm vi.c.

Ex54.52:Charlesis atwork andhis roommateis at school.At night, they are usuallyathome.

-At+ noon/night: vàoban trua/ vàobandêm.at noon (M.):dúng12h trua.-Atleast: t.i thi.u >< at most : t.ida.

Ex54.53:We willhave to spend atleast two weeksdoing the experiments.

-Atonce : ngayl.p t.c.

Ex54.54:Please comehome at once.

-At times: thi tho.ng,dôikhi.

Ex54.55:At times,itisdifficult to understandhimbecausehe speaks toofast.

-Atpresent/the moment = now + th.i ti.pdi.n.Luuý:2gi.it.trêntuongduong v.i presentlynhungph.i c.nth.nkhi s.d.ngphót. này vì. nh.ng v. tríkhác nhau s. mang nh.ng nghiakhác nhau.

Sentence+ presently: Ngay t.c thì, ch.ngbaolâu.


54.7 at -.t.i(thu.nglàbênngoài,khôngxácd.nhb.ngin) 54 Cáchs.d.nggi.it. Ex54.56:She willbeherepresently: cô.y s. t.idây ngaybâygi..

Presently+ sentence : Ngay saudó.

Ex54.57:Presentlyheheardherlivinghome.

Subject+presently+verb : Hi.nnay.

Ex54.58:Sheispresentlyworking onherPhDdegree. -Hi.nnay cô.ydanglàmlu.nánti.nsi tri.th.c.

Ex54.59:Sheis studyingat the moment.

-At first: tho.td.u >< atlast : v. sau.

Ex54.60:

Janewasnervousatfirst,butlatershefeltmorerelaxed. -At thebeginning/at the end of :.d.u/. cu.i(dùng chod.adi.m/ th.igian).

M.t s. thành ng.d.cbi.tdùng v.igi.i t.. On thebeach: trênbãibi.n.

-

Ex54.61:We walked on thebeachfor severalhourslast night.

instead of : thay cho, thay vì.

Inplace of

-

=

Ex54.62:Samisgoingto the meetinginplace ofhisbrother, whohas to work.

Luuý: Inplace of không thay th.du.c cho insteadkhi insteaddi m.t mìnhd.ng cu.i câu.

Ex54.63:She was supposed to come this morning,but she went to thelabinstead.

-For the mostpart: ch.y.u.

Ex54.64:The articlediscuses,forthe mostpart,thepossibilityoflifein otherplanets.

Inhopes of + Ving= hoping to + verb = hoping that + sentence.

Ex54.65:John calledhisbrotherinhopes offindingsomebodyto watchhis children.

-Ofcourse : ch.c ch.n, t.t nhiên.

Ex 54.66:If you study the material very thoroughly, you will have no trouble on the examination.

-Off and on :daid.ng, táih.i, t.ng ch.p m.t.

Ex54.67:It rained off and on alldayyesterday.

-All of a sudden:b.t thìnhlình.

Ex54.68:When we were walkingthroughthe woods, allofa sudden, wehearda strange sound.


55 Ng.d.ngt.

-Forgood= for ever : vinh vi.n, mãi mãi.

Ex54.69:HelenisleavingChicagoforgood.

55 Ng.d.ng t.

Ðólành.ngd.ngt.k.th.p v.i1,2ho.cdôikhi3gi.it..Khik.th.p.d.ng nhu v.y,ng. nghia c.a chúng thayd.ih.n so v.i nghiaband.u.-Tobreakoff: ch.md.t, c.td.t,do.n tuy.t.

Ex55.1:As a result of the recent, unprovoked attack, the two countriesbroke off their

diplomatic relations.

-Tobringup: nêu ra,dua ra.

Ex55.2:The countrycommissionerbrought uptheheatedissue of restricting on-street

parking.

-Callon :1-yêu c.u.

Ex55.3:The teacher called onJames to write the equation on theblackboard.

Ex55.4:The new ministercalledon eachofthefamiliesofhis churchin ordertobecome

2-ghé tham,d.n tham.

better acquaintedwith them.

-Care for:1-thích(take care of).

Ex 55.5:Because Marita doesn�t care for dark colors, she buys only brightly coloredclothes.

2-trông nom, san sóc(take care for).

Ex55.6:My neighbors asked me to carefor their children after school.

-Checkout :1-Mu.n sách(thu vi.n).

Ex55.7:I went to thelibrary and checked out thirtybookslast nightfor my researchpaper.

2-xem xét,di.u tra.

Ex 55.8:This photocopy machine is not working properly. Could you check out theproblem?

-Check out of :làm th. t.c(d. rakh.ikhách s.n, sânbay, nhàga) >< checkinto:làm th. t.cd. vào sânbay,khách s.n...-Check(up)on :di.u tra.

Ex 55.9:The insurance company decided to check up onhis driving record before insuringhim.

-Closein on: ti.nl.ig.n, ch.yl.ig.n.

Ex 55.10:In his hallucinatory state, the addict felt that the walls were closing in onhim.


56.2 Ð.ngt.+gi.it.. 56 S.k.th.pc.acácdanht.,d.ngt.vàtínht.v.i cácgi.it. -Come alongwith:di cùng v.i.

Ex55.11:June came along withher supervisor to thebudget meeting.

-Comedown with:M.cph.i1 canb.nh.

Ex55.12:Duringthe summer, manypeople comedown withintestinaldisorders.

-Count on = depent on = rely on : trông c.y vào,d.a vào, nh. vào.

Ex 55.13:Maria was counting on the grant money to pay her way through graduate school.

-Do away with = eliminate

get rid of : t.ngkh.,lo.ib., tr.kh..

Ex55.14:Becauseoftheincreasingnumberofbroblemscreatedafterthefootballgames,

=

thedirectorhasdecided todo away with all sports activities.

-Draw up : so.n th.o(1h.pd.ng,1k.ho.ch).

Ex55.15:A new advertising contract wasdrawn up after the termshadbeendecided.

-Drop out of :b.(d.cbi.tb.h.cgi.a ch.ng).

Ex55.16:This organizationhasdone agreatdealtopreventyoungpeoplefromdrop

pingout of school.

56 S.k.th.p c.acácdanh t.,d.ng t. và tính t.

v.i cácgi.i t.

R.t nhi.udanh t.,d.ng t., và các tính t.du.cdikèm v.i cácgi.i t. nh.td.nh.Tuy nhiên, cung có nhi.u ngo.il..Saudây s.li.tkê m.t s.danht.,d.ngt., vàtínht. mà chúng thu.ng xuyênhi.ndi.n v.i cácgi.i t.kèm theo.

56.1 Nouns+prepositions equivalent of quality of pair of number of reason for sample of example of exception for possibilityof

Cácdanht. cho trongb.ng sau có th.di v.iho.c for ho.c of.

fear method hatred need means

Ex56.1:Thequality of thisphotographispoor.Isaw a sample ofher work and wasquiteimpressed.

Theyhaveyet todiscover a new methodof/ methodfor analyzing thisinformation.

56.2 Ð.ng t.+gi.i t.. Biênt.p:Th.sÐ.MinhTuân Trang112 KhoaT.nhiên -Tru.ngCÐSPNamÐ.nh

56.2 Ð.ngt.+gi.it.. 56 S.k.th.pc.acácdanht.,d.ngt.vàtínht.v.i cácgi.it. Decideon detractfrom emergefrom participatein confidein planon engagein escapefrom removefrom payfor depend on approveof succeedin minglewith rely on Chúý:Khôngdu.c nh.ml.ngi.a to c.a m.td.ng t. nguyên th. v.igi.i t. to.


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56_chu_de_ngu_phap_TOEFL.txt