6. Der Aufstieg Saladins und der Dritte Kreuzzugjoerg-oberste.de/cms/upload/VL_Kreuzzge7.pdf · Samaria. (...). Nor was this ... knights, and likewise for the ... 6. Der Aufstieg

6. Der Aufstieg Saladins und der Dritte Kreuzzug 6.1. Der Aufstieg Saladins 6.2. England und Frankreich 6.3. Barbarossas Kreuzzug 6.4. Wirkungen

6. Der Aufstieg Saladins und der Dritte Kreuzzug 6.1. Der Aufstieg Saladins


Saladins Herrschaftsgebiet um 1187


Ernoul, Fortsetzung der Chronik Wilhelms von Tyrus: Account of the Battle of Hattin, 1187,

written soon after 1197

Now I will tell you about King Guy and his host. They left the spring of Saffuriya to go to the relief of Tiberias. As soon as they had left the water behind, Saladin came before them and ordered his skirmishers to harass them from morning until midday. The heat was so great that they could not go on so that they could come to water. The king and all the other people were spread out and did not know what to do. They could not turn back for the losses would have been too great. He sent to the count of Tripoli, who led the advance guard, to ask advice as to what to do. He sent word that he should pitch his tent and make camp. The king gladly accepted this bad advice.


De Expugatione Terrae Sanctae per Saladinum: The Battle of Hattin, 1187

In the year of the Lord's incarnation 1187, the King of Syria [Saladin] gathered together an army as

numerous as the sands of the seashore in order to wage war on the land of Juda. (…) The King of

Jerusalem [Guy de Lusignan]t also gathered his army from all of Judea and Samaria. (...). Nor was

this host sufficient. Indeed, the King of England's treasure was opened up and they gave a fee to

everyone who could bear a lance or bow into battle. The army was quite large: 1,200 knights,

innumerable Turcopoles, and 18,000 or more infantry.

(…) "But the saying of wisdom: "Woe to the land whose King is a child and whose citizens dine

in the morning "' [Eccles. 10:6] was fulfilled in them. For our young King followed youthful

counsel, while our citizens, in hatred and jealousy, ate their neighbors' meat. They departed

from the advice which would have saved them and others. Because of their foolishness and

simple mindedness they lost land, people, and selves.



Brief des Klerikers Ansbert an den Generalmagister der Johanniter, August 1187

We make known to you, lord Archambault, master of the Hospitalers in Italy, and to the

brethren, all the events which have happened in the countries beyond the seas. Learn,

therefore, that the king of Jerusalem was near Saphora [Sephoria] with a great army of at least

thirty thousand men about the festival of the Apostles Peter and Paul, and was in perfect

concord with the count of Tripoli, and the latter was with the army. And behold Saladin, the

pagan king, approached Tabaria [Tiberias] with eighty thousand horsemen and took Tabaria.

After this was done the king of Jerusalem left Saphora and went with his men drawn up against

Saladin. (…) And, because of our sins, very many of ours were killed, the Christian people

were conquered, the king was captured' and the holy cross (…) and a thousand others of the

best, captured and killed, so that not more than two hundred of the horsemen and soldiers

escaped.After this Saladin collected his army again and on Sunday came to Saphora and took

Saphora and Nazareth, and Mount Tabor. Likewise those of Caifas and those of Cesarea

[Caesarea] and of Jafa [Joppa], and of Naple [Neapolis], and of Ram [Ramlah], and of St. George,

and of Ybelinon [Ibelin], all surrendered. After this, when our galley moved from Sur [Tyre], they

sent Sabani to Saladin that he should go to Jerusalem and they would surrender the city. And we

fled with the galley to Lechia [Laodicea], and we heard that Tyre had surrendered. Moreover, the

following cities are still safe and are awaiting aid fron the western Church; namely, Jerusalem, Sur,

Scalona [Ascalon], Marchat, Antyochia [Antioch], Lassar, Saona, Triplis [Tripoli].

6. Der Aufstieg Saladins und der Dritte Kreuzzug 6.2. England und Frankreich

Saladins Gefangene, frz. Manuskript, 14. Jh.


Folgen der Schlacht von Hattin, 1187: * Verlust fast der gesamten Eliten des Kgr. Jerusalem * Verlust fast des gesamten Kreuzfahrerterritoriums (mit Ausnahme einiger Hafenstädte) * Neue Kreuzzugsinitiative in Europa (Aufruf Papst Gregors VIII. Audita tremendi, Okt. 1187) * Verhandlungen zwischen England und Frankreich (Treffen von Gisors im Jan. 1188) * Festlegung einer allg. Kreuzzugssteuer (10% auf alle Einkünfte und bewegl. Vermögen) * Kreuzzug Friedrich Barbarossas 1190 * Kreuzzug Philipps II. von Frankreich und Richards I. von England 1190/91


Henry II, King of England: The Saladin Tithe, 1188

1. Each person will give in charity one tenth of his rents and movable goods for the taking of the

land of Jerusalem; except for the arms, horses, and clothing of knights, and likewise for the horses,

books, clothing, and vestments, and church furniture of the clergy, and except for precious stones

belonging to the clergy or the laity.

2. Let the money be collected in every parish in the presence of the parish priest and of the rural

dean, and of one Templar and one Hospitaller, and of a servant of the Lord King and a clerk of the

King, and of a servant of a baron and his clerk, and the clerk of the bishop; and let the archbishops,

bishops, and deans in every parish excommunicate every one who does not pay the lawful tithe, in

the presence of, and to the certain knowledge of, those who, as has been said above, ought to be

present. And if any one according to the knowledge of those men give less than he should, let there

be elected from the parish four or six lawful men, who shall say on oath what is the quantity that he

ought to have declared; then it shall be reasonable to add to his payment what he failed to give.

3. But the clergy and knights who have taken the cross, shall give none of that tithe except from

their own goods and the property of their lord; and whatever their men owe shall be collected for

their use by the above and returned intact to them. 4. Moreover, the bishops in every parish of their sees shall cause to be announced by their letters

on Christmas Day and on the Feast of St. Stephen, and on the Feast of St. John, that each will collect the said tithe into his own hands before the Feast of the Purification of the Blessed Virgin; and, on the following day and afterwards, each will pay, in the presence of those who have been

mentioned, at the place to which he has been summoned.


6. Der Aufstieg Saladins und der Dritte Kreuzzug 6.3. Barbarossas Kreuzzug

Die Versumschriften feiern Barbarossa als „unbesiegbaren Bannerträger und Freund des himmlischen Königs“ und setzten in ihn die Hoffnung, dass er das Heidenvolk Saladins aus dem Land des Herrn vertreiben solle.[Aus der Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzuges des Robert de Sant-Remini, 1188/89, Vatikanstadt, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat. Lat. 2001

http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_Apostolica_Vaticana


1188, März Hoftag Jesu Christi in Mainz: Kreuznahme 1189, 11. Mai Aufbruch des Heeres in Regensburg (zuvor Verhandlungen mit Ungarn, Byzanz und dem Sultan der Rum-Seldschuken) 1190, Febr./März Konflikte mit Byzanz zwingen den Kaiser, die Kreuzzugskasse über Venezianische Schiffe nach Tyrus bringen zu lassen 1190, Mai Sieg bei Ikonium gegen ein seldschukisch-danischmanidisches Heer 1190, 10. Juni Tod des Kaisers bei Seleukia 1190, Dez. Bremer und Lübecker Bürger gründen in Akkon eine Hospitalgenossenschaft



Tod Barbarossas im Saleph. Bebilderte Handschrift des Schwabenspiegels, 14. Jh.

6. Der Aufstieg Saladins und der Dritte Kreuzzug 6.2. England und Frankreich II

1190, 4. Juli Gemeinsamer Zug Philipps II. von Frankreich und Richards Löwenherz von England beginnt in Vézelay; Philipp zieht nach Genua; Richard nach Marseille. Die beiden Flotten treffen im Herbst 1190/91 in Messina ein, wo man überwintert. 1191, März Französisches Kontingent bricht allein von Messina auf; Engländer folgen im April (Eroberung von Zypern) 1191, Juli Eroberung Akkons durch französische und englische Truppen (Beuteteilung zwischen den Königen; Leopold V. von Österreich interveniert erfolglos) Es kommt zum Streit der Herrscher um die Thronfolge in Jerusalem. England unterstützt die Ansprüche Guidos von Lusignan; Frankreich diejenigen des Verteidigers von Tyrus, Konrad von Montferrat (Kompromiss im Juli 1191 vor der Abreise Philipps II.)




Belagerung von Akkon 1191 (Bericht des arab. Chronisten Imad ad-Din) „Die Feinde rückten in die Stadt ein, hielten sich aber nicht an die Abmachungen. Sie hinderten unsere Soldaten am Hinausgehen, legten Hand an sie und ihr Eigentum und fesselten sie. Sodann verlangten sie Geld. Der Sultan (Saladin) ließ es zusammenbringen und bewahrte es in seinem Schatz auf. Das Kreuz der Kreuzigung wurde gebracht und die ausgehandelten Bedingungen erfüllt. Aber da zeigte sich ihre Treulosigkeit und Schlauheit. […] Wir sahen sie entblößt am Strand sterben. Es ist kein Zweifel, daß Gott sie mit reichen, seidenen Gewändern bekleidet und in die Wohnungen des ewigen Glücks geleitet hat. Über das gesammelte Geld verfügte der Sultan zugunsten seiner Leute, und ließ die Gefangenen an ihre Stellen zurückbringen. Das Kreuz der Kreuzigung ließ er an seinen Ort zurückbringen, aber nicht zur Verehrung, sondern zur Verunglimpfung.“

6. Der Aufstieg Saladins und der Dritte Kreuzzug 6.4. Wirkungen

## Bild von der Gefangennahme Richards

Gefangennahme Richards Löwenherz, deutsche Miniatur um 1200

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6. Der Aufstieg Saladins und der Dritte Kreuzzugjoerg-oberste.de/cms/upload/VL_Kreuzzge7.pdf · Samaria. (...). Nor was this ... knights, and likewise for the ... 6. Der Aufstieg