8 Stress and Coping

8/14/2019 8 Stress and Coping

1/44

1

8 Stress and Coping

Jining medical collegeDepartment of PsychologyJi Feng


2/44

2

Contents

1.Concept of Stress

2.Physiological Reactions to Stress

3.Psychological Reactions to Stress

4.Sources of Stress

5.Coping with Stress 6.Stress and Illness


3/44

3

Modern life
http://image.baidu.com/i?ct=503316480&z=0&tn=baiduimagedetail&word=%CA%B3%CE%EF&in=7465&cl=3&cm=1&sc=1&lm=-1&pn=195&rn=1&di=1879362260&ln=2000http://image.baidu.com/i?ct=503316480&z=0&tn=baiduimagedetail&word=%BB%AA%C0%F6%D2%C2%B7%FE&in=9566&cl=3&cm=1&sc=1&lm=-1&pn=93&rn=1&di=989411960&ln=432http://image.baidu.com/i?ct=503316480&z=0&tn=baiduimagedetail&word=%B8%DF%BC%B6%BD%CE%B3%B5&in=25629&cl=3&cm=1&sc=1&lm=-1&pn=2&rn=1&di=1585599096&ln=1346http://image.baidu.com/i?ct=503316480&z=0&tn=baiduimagedetail&word=%B7%BF%D7%D3&in=28910&cl=3&cm=1&sc=1&lm=-1&pn=6&rn=1&di=983417364&ln=2000http://image.baidu.com/i?ct=503316480&z=0&tn=baiduimagedetail&word=%B2%C6%B8%BB&in=24752&cl=3&cm=1&sc=1&lm=-1&pn=13&rn=1&di=1130526361&ln=2000http://image.baidu.com/i?ct=503316480&z=0&tn=baiduimagedetail&word=%B7%B1%BB%AA%D2%B9%BE%B0&in=12521&cl=3&cm=1&sc=1&lm=-1&pn=24&rn=1&di=754329088&ln=333


4/44

4

Modern life
http://image.baidu.com/i?ct=503316480&z=0&tn=baiduimagedetail&word=%B4%AB%C8%BE%B2%A1&in=28397&cl=3&cm=1&sc=1&lm=-1&pn=69&rn=1&di=775437888&ln=2000http://image.baidu.com/i?ct=503316480&z=0&tn=baiduimagedetail&word=%BF%D5%C4%D1&in=23273&cl=3&cm=1&sc=1&lm=-1&pn=40&rn=1&di=2099201860&ln=1512http://image.baidu.com/i?ct=503316480&z=0&tn=baiduimagedetail&word=%BF%D5%C6%F8%CE%DB%C8%BE&in=29796&cl=3&cm=1&sc=1&lm=-1&pn=0&rn=1&di=915064364&ln=1581http://image.baidu.com/i?ct=503316480&z=0&tn=baiduimagedetail&word=%BD%BB%CD%A8%CA%C2%B9%CA&in=8180&cl=3&cm=1&sc=1&lm=-1&pn=19&rn=1&di=1818533568&ln=2000http://image.baidu.com/i?ct=503316480&z=0&tn=baiduimagedetail&word=%BD%BB%CD%A8%D3%B5%BC%B7&in=18039&cl=3&cm=1&sc=1&lm=-1&pn=24&rn=1&di=2640117444&ln=187


5/44

5

Why we must studystress?

We live in a modern life. Everyone has stress.

Stress can be positive and give you energy or itcan be unhealthy and cause health problems.

Stress for short periods may not affect you butstress over time can cause or make someillnesses worse, such as heart disease, stroke,high blood pressure, diabetes, irritable bowelsyndrome or asthma.


6/44

6

Burnout

Burnout: Job-related condition (usually in

helping professions) of physical, mental,

and emotional exhaustion

Stress can cause disease


7/44

7

What is Stress?

Tiger exam
http://image.baidu.com/i?ct=503316480&z=0&tn=baiduimagedetail&word=%BF%BC%CA%D4&in=12665&cl=3&cm=1&sc=1&lm=-1&pn=42&rn=1&di=1841933140&ln=2000http://image.baidu.com/i?ct=503316480&z=0&tn=baiduimagedetail&word=%BB%A2&in=182&cl=3&cm=1&sc=1&lm=-1&pn=0&rn=1&di=1876239844&ln=2000


8/44

8

8.1 Concept of Stress

8.1.1 Definitions of Stress

Response

Stimulus

Cognitive appraisal


9/44

9

Response

One of the pioneers in stress research,Hans Selye, defined stress as thenonspecific response of the body to anydemand made upon it (Selye, 1979).

By nonspecific he meant that the same

pattern of responses could be producedby any number of different stressfulstimuli


10/44

10

Stimulus

Within this framework, researchers havestudied catastrophic events such astornadoes, earthquakes or fires, as wellas more chronic stressful situation suchas imprisonment or crowding. They havealso studied the relationship between theaccumulation of stressful life event suchas job loss, divorce, or the death of aspouse. (as we will see later)


11/44

11

Cognitive appraisal

Cognitive appraisal is an evaluativeprocess that determines why and to whatextent a person views a situation asthreatening.


12/44

12

8.1.2 Cognitive Appraisal

The Primary Appraisal

The Secondary Appraisal


13/44

13

(Folkman and Lazarus, 1984).

Stressor

Primary appraisal

Secondaryappraisal

Outcome

An event occurs.

What does this mean to me?

Am I okay or in trouble?

How can I cope with this?

Stress if I cannot cope.


14/44

14

PRIMARY APPRAISALPRIMARY APPRAISAL1. Irrelevant to me?2. Relevant but not threatening3. Stressful...relevant AND threatening

SECONDARY APPRAISALSECONDARY APPRAISAL

The evaluation of personal resources toThe evaluation of personal resources tocope with the threat...cope with the threat...Can I deal...?Can I deal...?


15/44

15

Stress

Threats, challenges to people

Responses to situations

Process by which we appraise and copewith environmental threats & challenges


16/44

16

Stress is a process

Stressor CognitiveappraisalCoping

Physiologicalreaction

Psychologicalreaction

Heart diseaseUlcers

DepressionAnxiety disorder


17/44

17

8.2 Physiological Reactionsto Stress

8.2.1 Emergency Response

8.2.2 General Adaptation Syndrome

(GAS)


18/44

18

Emergency Response

Liver release extra sugar Fats and proteins change to sugar Metabolism increase Heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate Muscles tense Digestion decrease Endorphin decrease Surface blood vessels constrict Spleen release more red blood cells Bone marrow produces more white corpuscles


19/44

19

Emergency Response

hypothalamusStress center

Autonomic nervous system Pituitary gland

Adrenal medulla Adrenal cortex

epinephrine corticosteroids

ACTH

Heart rateBlood pressure

Liver release sugar

Metabolic processesLiver release sugar

Release other hormone


20/44

20

General AdaptationSyndrome (GAS; Selye)

Series of bodily reactions to prolonged stress; occurs inthree stages

Alarm Reaction : Body resources are mobilized tocope with added stress

Resistance : Body adjusts to stress but at a highphysical cost; resistance to other stressors is lowered

Exhaustion : Bodys resources are drained andstress hormones are depleted, resulting inpsychosomatic disease, loss of health, or collapse


21/44

21

General AdaptationSyndrome

stage 1:Alarm

Reaction

stage 2:Resistance

(cope)

stage 3:Exhaustion

StressResistance


22/44

22

8.3 Psychological Reactionsto Stress

8.3.1 Cognitive Impairment

Attention : cant concentrate on the task.(tiger)

Thinking : cant organize our thoughtslogically, confusion (fire), poor problem solving

Memory : cant retrieve knowledge we hadlearned well.


23/44

23

8.3.2 Emotional Responses

Anxiety

Anger and Aggression Apathy and Depression


24/44

24

Anxiety

composite emotion. tension, apprehension, worry, and fear Normal anxiety Neurotic anxiety Cause by 1.unconscious conflict (Freud )

2.learned (behaviorist)3.uncontrolled situation


25/44

25

Anger and Aggression

Whenever a persons effort to reach agoal is blocked. (frustration)

Direct aggression Displaced aggression


26/44

26

Fig. Frustration and commonreactions to it.


27/44

27

Apathy andDepression

Frustration may cause apathy andwithdrawal

Continued and not successful controlledstressful situation may lead to depression.


28/44

28

Learned Helplessness(Seligman)

Learned inability to overcome obstacles andavoid harmful stimuli;

learned passivity Occurs when events appear to be uncontrollable

May feel helpless if failure is attributed to lasting,

general factors


29/44

29

Fig. 15.6 In the normal course of escape and avoidance learning, a light dims shortly before thefloor is electrified (a). Since the light does not yet have meaning for the dog, the dog receives ashock (non-injurious, by the way) and leaps the barrier (b). Dogs soon learn to watch for thedimming of the light (c) and to jump before receiving a shock (d). Dogs made to feel helplessrarely even learn to escape shock, much less to avoid it.


30/44

30

8.4 Sources of Stress

8.4.1 Conflict

8.4.2 Life Changes

8.4.3 Daily Hassles

8.4.4 Social & cultural sources of stress


31/44

31

8.4.1 Conflicts

Approach-Approach Conflicts : Having tochoose between two desirable or positivealternatives

Avoidance-Avoidance Conflicts : Being forcedto choose between two negative or undesirablealternatives

Approach-Avoidance Conflicts : Beingattracted and repelled by the same goal or activity


32/44

8 4 2 Lif Ch


33/44

33

8.4.2 Life Changes(P101)

Social Readjustment Rating Scale(SRRS)

Assesses impact of major life changes

e.g., death, marriage, divorce, loss of job

make person more vulnerable to disease


34/44

34

STUDENT STRESS RATING SCALE

The following are events that occur in the life of a college student. Place acheck in the left-hand column for each of those events that has happened toyou during the last 12 months.1. Death of a close family member - 100 points

2. Jail term - 80 points

3. Final year or first year in college - 63 points

4. Pregnancy (to you or caused by your) - 60 points5. Severe personal illness or injury - 53 points

6. Marriage - 50 points

7. Any interpersonal problems - 45 points

8. Financial difficulties - 40 points

9. Death of a close friend - 40 points

10.Arguments with your roommate - 40 points

11. Major disagreements with your family - 40 points

12.Major change in personal habits - 30 points


35/44

35

13.Change in living environment - 30 points

14.Beginning or ending a job - 30 points

15.Problems with your boss or professor - 25 points

16.Outstanding personal achievement - 25 points

17.Failure in some course - 25 points

18.Final exams - 20 points

19.Increased or decreased dating - 20 points

20.Changes in working conditions - 20 points

21.Change in your sleeping habits - 18 points

22. Several-day vacation - 15 points

23.Change in eating habits - 15 points

24. Family reunion - 15 points

25. Change in recreational activities - 15 points

26. Minor illness or injury - 15 points

27.Minor violations of the law - 11 points Score: __________


36/44

36

INTERPRETING YOURSCORE

q Less than 150 points: relatively low stress level inrelation to life events

q between150 - 300 points: borderline range

q Greater than 300 points : high stress in relation to lifeevents

q Note: From Girdano, D.A., Everly, G. S., Jr., & Dusek, D.

E. (1990). Controlling stress and tension (3rd edition),ENnglewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.


37/44

37

8.4.3 Daily Hassles

Minor but frequent stresses annoying events in everyday life

e.g., too many interruptions, arguments

cumulative effect on health


38/44

38

8.4.4 Social & cultural

Social conditions that promote stress e.g., poverty, racism, crime

Culture clashes lead to stress e.g., refugees, immigrants


39/44

39

8.5 Coping with Stress

8.5.1 Emotion-focused Coping

Defense Mechanisms

8.5.2 Problem-focused Coping


40/44

40

8.5.1Freudian Defense Mechanisms

Defense Mechanisms: Habitual and unconscious (inmost cases) mental processes designed to reduceanxiety Work by avoiding, denying, or distorting sources of threat or

anxiety If used short term, can help us get through everyday situations

If used long term, we may end up not living in reality

Most operate unconsciously

Protect idealized self-image so we can live with ourselves


41/44

41

Some Examples

Denial : Most primitive; refusing to accept or believe reality; usually occurs with death andillness

Repression : When painful memories, anxieties,and so on are unconsciously held out of our awareness

Reaction Formation : Impulses are repressedand the opposite behavior is exaggerated


42/44

42

Projection : When ones own feelings,shortcomings, or unacceptable traits andimpulses are seen in others; exaggerating

negative traits in others lowers anxiety Rationalization : Justifying personal actions by

giving rational but false reasons for them

Displacement : A motive that cannot be gratifiedin one form is directed into a new channel.


43/44

43

8.6 Stress and Illness

8.6.1Ulcers

8.6.2 Heart Disease

8.6.3 The Immune System

8.6.4 Stress-resistant Individuals


44/44

44

Documents

8 Stress and Coping