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1 www.assetintegrity-canada.com

Asset Integrity

Jargon Dictionary

Integrity Management

‘The quality of state of being’, complete unbroken and

unimpaired condition. Looks to the whole picture, notindividual components. Asset integrity refers to the

fitness of an asset to be operated as intended, and to

perform as intended.

Organisational Integrity

This concept can be described as ‘knowing what the

right things to do are, and doing the right things’, also

described as the values and beliefs which drive the

behaviours, systems and practices required to achieve

corporate integrity goals.

Asset Management

Asset management is defined as the optimum way of

managing – usually physical – assets to achieve a

desired and sustainable outcome, usually measured in

terms of operational performance or financial

profitability.

Risk Management

A systematic approach used to identify, evaluate, and

reduce or eliminate the possibility of an unfavourable

deviation from the expected outcome of any process

or activity or operating scenario.

Asset Activity Cycle

This cycle begins at the concept and business case,

before moving to design, purchase and construction,

the delivery and commissioning, and the operating

and maintenance of an asset before concluding at the

dismantling of the asset.

Supply Chain Cycle

This term refers to the management cycle of the

supplied product from raw material supply to themanufacturing of the product and ultimately to the

supply of the finished product to the customer.

Return on Capital Employed

Return on Capital Employed (abbreviated as ROCE) is

a method of measuring the value added by asset

integrity activities and is a technique used to help

measure how effectively the capital available for asset

integrity is being spent.

Economic Value Added

Economic Value Added (also abbreviated as EVA) is

another method of measuring the value added by

asset integrity activities, specifically focusing on the

measurable value created – usually above the

required level of return expected.

Optimal outcome

This is the best outcome possible from an activity and

factors in a cost/benefit balance in relation to the risk

profile, always taking the highest value decision.

Sustainable Integrity Management

The systematic and coordinated direction of

organisational resources towards achieving continued

integrity management of assets on a long term basis.

Hazard

A hazard is something that has the potential to cause

adverse effects, and can refer to anything from an

object, a property, a substance, a phenomenon or an

activity.

Risk

A risk is the likelihood that the hazard will actually

cause its adverse effects, together with the measure

of the effect.

The probability of a risk is the likelihood or a chance

of that risk occurring being wither negative or

positive.

Risk Management Models

These are processes which can be used to manage risk

by establishing the context, identifying the risk,analysing the risk, evaluating and subsequently

controlling the risk.

Risk Register

A Risk Register is a log of risks such as financial,

operational, strategic and compliance risks as well as

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the control measures used including mitigation

measures to eliminate risks.

HAZID

A Hazard Identification Study or HAZID is a tool for

hazard analysis, used early in a project to help project

planners identify, analyse and evaluate the potential

for hazards and to allow them to take corrective

measures.

HAZOP

The Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP) is a

qualitative risk analysis technique that is used to

identify weaknesses and hazards that may represent

risks to personnel or equipment, or prevent efficient

operation in a systematic way.

SWIFT

SWIFT is a risk analysis method where the lead

question ‘What If ’ is used to systematically identify

deviations from normal conditions. SWIFT is similar to

HAZOP but is more flexible than HAZOP

FMEA

Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) is a method

used to reveal failures and to predict failure effects on

the system as a whole. For each component of the

system, you investigate what happens to the system if

this component fails.

FMECA

If you describe and rank the criticalities of the failures

in the FMEA, the analysis is often referred to as a

FMECA (Failure Mode, Effect and Criticality Analysis).

The criticality is functional to the failure effect and

frequency or the probability

Acceptable and Unacceptable risks

Acceptable risks are those for which no additional

mitigation measures are required to control and we

can tolerate. Unacceptable risks require additional

control measures to be installed to assist in mitigation

or elimination of the risk.

ALARP

Once risks have been identified and assessed, an

action plan is usually developed to allow operators to

reduce that risk to a level As Low As Reasonably

Practicable (ALARP) which applies pragmatism to the

process of addressing risk.

Human integrity

The concept of human integrity in this context refers

to individuals within an organization having sound

moral principles, usually associated with honesty and

sincerity.

Organization

An organization is not simply a structure or another

word to describe a business. Instead, for this purpose,

it can be defined as a group which distributes tasks for

a collective goal.

Culture

The culture of a company is concerned with the

attitudes and behaviours of a group of people. It

relates to the collective behaviour of a group and is

realized through communication and co-operation

between people. Culture can be learned.

Values

Values in this context are the core convictions

employees have about how they must behave in the

fulfillment of the organization's mission. Values are

really the fundamentals for the desired behavior.

Leadership

Leadership is a process in which one person affects

another with influence to reach a certain target.

Leadership is not necessarily a hierarchical concept,

and leadership can be demonstrated by all levels of an

organization.

Direct and Supportive behaviour

Direct behaviour is expressed by control and

supervision – it is one way behavior, supportive

behavior is praise, listening and facilitating two-way

communication to deliver direction.

Attitude and behaviour

Attitude refers to what a person believes or thinks

about something (e.g. is safety important?), behaviour

refers to how a person reacts or what they do in agiven situation (e.g. always using personal protective

equipment).

Knowledge and competency

Knowledge refers to the comprehension of how to do

something (e.g. understanding safety concepts),

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competency relates to the ability and skills to act (e.g.

ability to use the procedures).

Policy

A policy is a statement of intent/commitment. The

policy must provide principles and guidelines for the

governing of the company and it provides directions

and limits within which decisions are made.

Mission

A mission is the reason for existence of the

organization - e.g.to maximize integrity to ensure

safety and quality of the products and assets to

guarantee the safety of the people and the

environment.

Management system

A set of interrelated processes, practices, procedures

and instructions and includes organizational structure,

roles and responsibilities. A management system isthe framework or architecture of how the

organization will work.

Asset Management Strategy

Asset Management Strategy describes how a

company will realize the asset management policy

and how the asset management will contribute in the

realization of the organizational plan.

Stakeholders

A stakeholder is any person/organization that can be

positively/negatively impacted or cause an impact on

the actions of a company, government or

organization.

Asset life cycle

Begins with the initial concept/business case and

continues through design, purchase, construction and

commissioning, operations and maintenance,

improvement and modification all the way to

decommissioning/dismantling.

Asset registerA complete record of an asset, which can include

service delivery functions, physical properties,

technical data, safety and integrity data, key

operational data, maintenance data performance

records and financial information.

Asset integrity risk management

Preventing and minimising the consequences of a

major incident, achieved when facilities are

structurally and mechanically sound and perform the

processes and produce the products for which they

were designed.

Risk and risk assessment

Risk is the chance of harm actually being done. Risk =

probability x consequence. Risk assessment involves

finding out what can go wrong, how bad can it be,

what we are doing about it and whether this is good

enough

Texas City

BP refining facility where an explosion took place in

March 2005 which resulted in 15 fatalities, more than

170 injuries and a report which criticised the safety

culture which was deemed at least partly responsible

for the incident.

Deepwater Horizon

The name of the drilling rig which saw an oil blowout

in April 2010 which resulted in 11 fatalities, 17

injuries, around 5m barrels of oil spilt, a £100bn hit to

BPs market value, and strict regulations on deepwater

operations.

Buncefield

A UK oil storage depot which exploded in December

2005 injuring 43 people, and causing a fire which took

5 days to extinguish, and resulted in a total cost of

£1bn. Led to a number of safety and emergency

response recommendations.

Consequences and threats

Consequences are defined as credible worst case

scenarios that might result from the release of a

hazard, and threats - these are possible causes that

might get us to the point of releasing the hazard

Latent errors

Latent errors may lie dormant within system for along time. Operators tend to be inheritors of system

defects created by poor design, incorrect installation,

faulty maintenance, bad management decisions, etc.

Active errors

Active errors are associated with ‘front line’ operators

of a complex system, whose effects are felt almost

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immediately – e.g. what may actually go wrong on a

particular day. Active errors are said to be the result

of latent failures.

Barriers

These are measure put in place to diminish or reduce

the possible maximum consequence that might be

caused by an incident and may be prevention,

detection, control, mitigation or emergency response

measures.

Accident pyramids

The accident pyramid proposes that for every 300

non-injury accidents, there are 29 minor injuries, and

1 major injury. These finding suggest that if a

company can control unsafe behaviours, they can

eliminate major injuries.

Swiss cheese model

This risk analysis model likens human systems tomultiple slices of Swiss cheese, stacked together, side

by side. The holes in the cheese slices represent

weaknesses in individual parts of the system, and are

continually varying in size and position in all slices.

The system as a whole produces failures when all of

the holes in each of the slices align.

Spinning disc model

This is different from the Swiss cheese model in that it

recognises that our risk control and management is

forever changing and is a dynamic process. It is based

on the same concept that we have hazards contained

by multiple barriers which have 'holes' and when the

'holes' align, the hazards can pass through then

potential harm can be a result.

The bow tie Model

The bow tie model was developed by Shell to meet

the requirement for risk assessment whilst integrating

the understanding of how accidents happen derived

from the Swiss cheese model. It also combines the

concepts of fault, and event trees as used in

quantitative risk assessment.

Risk control hierarchy

Where a risk assessment has identified hazards that

require control, there are some considerations which

should be addressed before going on to setting

priorities for controlling them.

Inherently safe design

Eliminate hazard completely or reduce its magnitude

sufficiently to eliminate need for elaborate safety

systems and procedures. Preferably by means that are

inherent in process and thus permanent and

inseparable from it.

Value assurance/tollgate reviews

The idea is before we proceed to the next phase of a

particular project that we understand the risks and

what the controls need to be throughout, that we've

got the controls and that they continue to function in

the way we expect/

Safety case

A Safety/HSE Case is a detailed document

demonstrating that formal risk assessments have

been carried out, hazards are being managed, and

providing assurance that “gaps” are being addressed,

that risks are managed to ALARP.

Risk assessment techniques

There are numerous techniques available for

assessing risk, some qualitative, others quantitative -

the key is to select the right one for the job (all

techniques have advantages and disadvantages).

Quantitative risk assessment

A risk assessment technique which aims to determine

robustness of design by performing a numerical risk

assessment of hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon

hazards for a facility.

Qualitative risk assessment

A risk assessment methodology that permits system

personnel to use their knowledge and experience to

assign values on a sliding scale. It may be difficult to

audit whether or not a wide range of factors were

considered in decision-making.

Semi-quantitative risk assessmentSemi-quantitative risk assessment provides an

intermediary level between the textual evaluation of

qualitative risk assessment and the numerical

evaluation of quantitative risk assessment, by

evaluating risks with a score.

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Quantitative cost-benefit analysis (CBA)

A CBA reduces everything to a monetary value. So the

reduction of harm to people will be associated with a

numerical value. Like for example the average value

that can be assumed by preventing a fatality.

System criticality

Modern facilities have a large number of risk control

systems that could be deemed Critical. Identifying

those that are truly critical allows us to concentrate

our efforts (design, maintenance, etc.) on those

systems.

Safety critical element

A system, equipment or structural item which could

cause or contribute substantially to; or the purpose of

which is to prevent/detect; or mitigate the effect of; a

major health, safety or environmental accident

hazard.

Critical risk control systems

You must be able to judge if a piece of equipment is

fit for purpose and whether or not you are managing

your risk effectively. Do you know what the

equipment has to do? This is the essence of a critical

risk control system.

Performance standards

A Performance Standard is a statement, either

qualitative or quantitative, of the performance

required of a HSE critical system or item of equipment

and which is used as the basis for managing the

hazard through the installation life-cycle.

FARSI requirements

Performance standards criteria for safety critical

elements - “FARSI” includes Functionality,

Availability/Reliability, Survivability and

Interdependence.

Maintenance management system

Maintenance Management System (MMS) is a

database that produces bills of work detailing at setintervals preventative maintenance, inspection

requirements and testing requirements.

Leading indicators

These are a proactive way of measuring risks before

they occur. This is the percentage of safety critical

plant/equipment that performs to specification when

inspected or tested.

Lagging Indicators

These are more reactive and are based on incidents

that have already occurred, e.g. LTI (Loss Time

Injuries). A Lagging Indicator is the number of

unexpected loss of containment incidents due to

failure of equipment.

Verification scheme

This is a written process implemented to confirm, or

otherwise, that Critical Risk Control Systems are

suitable and remain in good condition. It also

manages the Critical Risk Control Systems assurance

during the asset lifetime.

Asset integrity audit

This process helps owner/operators determine

whether an asset integrity management system isperforming effectively and helps them identify areas

for improvement moving forward.

Safety critical elements (SCE) performance

management

This involves using maintenance, test, inspection and

failure histories to identify whether risk control

element or systems have passed performance criteria,

and been maintained, tested, etc. at the required

frequency.

Management review

These regular audits assess the overall effectiveness

of the asset integrity management system and help

identify possible improvement opportunities in asset

integrity, including lessons learned, benchmarking and

objective setting.

Process safety cultural ladder

Culture is an outcome of the climate created by

executive decisions and leadership practice - moving

up the “cultural ladder” to improve safety

performance requires acceptance that there are moreadvanced cultures than your own.

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Asset Integrity Implementation

This is the process of putting into action an asset

integrity management plan – this in turn is a

continuous process applied throughout design and

operations to ensure facilities perform safely and

function as intended.

Major accident hazard (MAH)

A hazard with significant consequences, managed by

Control of Major Accident Hazards (COMAH)

regulations which ensure measures are taken to

prevent major accidents and limit the consequences

of any accidents which do occur.

Hazard identification

A Hazard Identification Study (HAZID) is a tool for

hazard analysis, used early in a project as soon as

process flow diagrams, draft heat and mass balances,

and plot layouts are available.

Hazard and operability (study)

A hazard and operability study (HAZOP) is a

systematic examination of a planned/existing process

or operation in order to identify and evaluate

problems that may represent risks to personnel or

equipment, or prevent efficient operation.

Risk-based inspection (RBI)

A risk based approach to prioritizing and planning

inspection which analyses the likelihood and

consequence of failure of an asset to calculate its risk

of failure. The level of risk is used to develop a

prioritised inspection plan for the asset.

Reliability centred maintenance

Reliability-centred maintenance, often known as RCM,

is a process to ensure that assets continue to do what

their users require in their present operating context.

Fitness-for-service (FFS)

FFS is a Quantitative engineering evaluation to

determine if an in-service equipment is safe and

reliable to operate at specific conditions during adetermined time

Quantitative risk assessment

Quantitative risk assessment is a step in a risk

management procedure. Risk assessment is the

determination of quantitative or qualitative value of

risk related to a concrete situation and a recognized

threat (also called hazard).

Hazard and Risk Assessment

A hazard and risk assessment is a critical input to

integrity implementation planning. Any

implementation plan must maintain safety critical

elements. Performance standards for safety critical

elements also must be considered in the plan

Performance standards

Functionality: what it has to do; Reliability: the

required probability of it functioning correctly on

demand; and Survivability: if it is necessary to survive

an incident to complete its protective function

Simultaneous operations

Simultaneous Operations (SimOps) is defined as

performing two or more operations concurrently.

SIMOPS refers to two or more potentially clashingoperations occurring, for example, at the same

time/same place.

Key performance indicators

Key Performance Indicators, also known as KPIs, help

an organization define and measure progress toward

organizational goals. As such, they represent a key

way of managing the success of an integrity

implementation.

Corrective action plans

This term refers to the corrective actions from KPIs,

integrity studies, management visits, and audits. They

should have due dates and firm closure deliverables.

Technical Authority (TA)

The technical authority reports to the senior integrity

technical leader and is responsible for the technical

lead in an area of expertise; they should be up to date

on standards and specifications and participate in

integrity processes.

Emergency Response (ER) and Contingency Planning(CP)

ER is generally concerned with personnel safety and

asset protection whereas CP is generally concerned

with business continuity, i.e., recovery of production.

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Integrity performance metrics

Integrity performance metrics consist of business-

critical integrity management data, operations

important integrity management data, and locally

specific integrity management data.

Plant and Process Integrity

The assurance of fitness for service by Construction /

fabrication to a suitable design, materials and

workmanship, in accordance with recognised codes

and standards commissioning and Operation within

approved design parameter.

Anomaly Processing

Logs of defects maintained, fitness-for-service

analyses performed, corrective actions recommended

with due dates defined. Corrective work orders

entered into maintenance management system.

Action accountabilities assigned.

Protective Systems

Those safety systems, devices and controls which

make a primary contribution to preventing, detecting,

controlling or mitigating a major accident, or ensuring

the escape and survival of people.

Safety Integrity levels (SIL)

Defined as a relative level of risk-reduction provided

by a safety function, or to specify a target level

of risk reduction. In simple terms, SIL is a

measurement of performance required for a Safety

Instrumented Function (SIF).

Information and opinions on Hansonwade.com solely represent

the thoughts and opinions of the author/interviewees and are not

endorsed by, or reflect the beliefs of, Hansonwade.com, its parent

company Hanson Wade, or any corporate affiliation that the

interviewee may have.

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