A Histroy of Native America

8/10/2019 A Histroy of Native America

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A History of Native America Professor Ned Blackhawk

Yale University

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FOR GREATER UNDERSTANDING

Q ) 7

1. > G <> H ' GI A G> L G HI K> N H II N ' I>K -H G EJG GG>K ?

2. I G A G> " > G IG >I> H?

++) 7)( R)%( +, C G H C.1491: N ? " > )< < A +) B C = *=. ' L

G@: , 2005.

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H < . 3G . B HI : B G / I. GI> [H, 2008.

J@ I I, > I N .C) ): A + < A +) G )< C < < M. ' LG@: >@> <, 2009.

#)& 7) * I 7) ) 71. JH J ' L M> G K> H I > K G HI>-

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3. ' I> <G > L H>I G K> H K GK> L >IH 2009 I K>H> G J I> A +) B C = *=. W

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12



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H> < K G> G > H H > GI I > A G> >HI GN H I I I' I>K A G> J I> H K > I N G I H IE HI G ! >H G . AH H GH L G < >O , I > H G H > 1492 > J<JG I A G> , >

G , L G >HI GN.

H G H C J JH[H GG>K I I C G> I X HI <> > <H.Y G G HH H J > I G I> H IG H G

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I> H L>I I G EJG L GH, GI> J G N I H L H II < IAI I> C HI I > I G> G G>K GL NH > HI G ' GI A G> . JA < , FG , DJI H II IH I G I >H >GHI

I A G> H I EJG M H> .

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N @ L H G I GN M>HI I G 1492 >H < IN < > H I >H I JH N G.

F G I ' I>K H I A G> H, 1492 G J > I G HH G I GN < H. AH G K> JH N >H JHH , I HI G

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16

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> , G N> < > GI> J G N GI G > I H J HH JIG>I>G > GK HIH I I H > I >I GG JH > L G H. @ L H I D G@ A< H HI> K G GI> H IG GI GEJG > I 1400H. HIJ > < M H> EJG L G, L I , @ L < L J K H > G > 1400.

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19


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1. I G XK>G<> H > > > HY?2. " L I GI> J G L NH > I G H JG H ' I>K A G> H J I

<G LI EJG H > I> H I G 1492?

++) 7)( R)%( +CG H N, A G ., G.$ C = * ) E@+ ) / : B / +) ) C= <= )

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<J> , 2001.

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<> > < L>I I >H >G > I A G> H, I I> H IL' I>K A G> J >I> H EJG > H <G L HIG < GI G J< JI I 1500H GI> J G N JG> GN > G> L GH HI >H > G H G HH HI G ' GI A G> . >I I >G F G

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20

Lecture 3N%7 ) P) /) % ( F ) ' , D 7' , % ( E +/ C / ) :! ) ) ) 7)) 7 C) 7 <

! ) ++) 7)( R)%( + * 7 /)'7 ) C / G. C%// %<> N! W*-' "*- A'': I) %a) , E -*+!a) , a) /$! R!(a&%)# *" Ea-' A(!-%ca.

B

D I > G I !J H >K G N, . 1635, N > B J ( GI >H I I G>< I). ' H ' I>K A G> > I HJGG J > < G G .

) J > D >



21

A G> I> I, GIH > L > ' I>K H I I G IG IG N >H K I < .

K G> I> H L>I > IL K G> JH > G> > L G H >O I >HI> I H IH G I> H > H HI >H IL EJG L" > H. D> G I > G> L GH H L H > G I A G>

J >I> H G I I G I G J< JI HI G ' GI A G> G I >HI> I N G <> O H > > . J GHI G N>HI GN >H I J GHI I H G <> > G H; > I >G > G I

L>I ' I>K H, I >H , DJI , FG , I G E < >H L G GK JI G >I JG> < > H > ' GI A G> .

" >I> N, " > H EJG H I I G I G J< JI ' GI A G> I G < G I G H > . " , N I HI JH

G G H I I> > < H ' I>K A G> H G><> I G HJ > >I>J I GH. E>I G GIG N H I H K < H G G I> >O IJG

HJ - > H> > < H L G >HH > I G L> G HH EI G J< JI I 1500H 1600H.

H > >I> G I G>O I> H, L K G, K IJ N < K L N I GM H L H G H G < >I> . " > H EJG H N I H K I I IJGN I G > I G <> JI I HH

I > G H M < G < >I> . GI> J G N L>I > I K H

G N @ L H ' L FG , I >HI> I> H IL " > H EJG H >II H JI K J . CJ IJG > I> H J> G> ' I>K H > I> H I L H JIJ N HIGJ I > I G I H > G I> H.

>@ EJG H, ' I>K A G> H > G >K GH J >I> H I> H. > >K>H> H IL ' I>K H > HI G ' GI A G>

G> G I H L H I G EJG I I L G J IJG > <J>HI> , >I> . L > <J < > > H K G HI GI HI G

' GI A G> : A < J> "G J > . I G GG I H H> NA < J> H "G J >H, I H IL G< <J < > > H K G JHI G ' GI A G> , M I > GIH I JI . F L> < EJG

I I M G I> , I H > <J>HI> J IJG >K>H> H >G > I >I> , > , K > >I GN >K>H> H H I G

>HGJ I> H G J I> H > I G>H>H.

I H L > HJGK>K K IJ N I G H G, I H @H I "G J >H HI >< >@ HI ' I>K H > ' GI A G> , I N G I >G L>I> J > @ L H I "G J >H C G N G EJG B <> > < > I 1530H, FG M G GH > G H> < N > J I "G J >H > N. , I "G J >H L J G I> N H I I

' L FG . BN I G I G> G G>K GH GI HI G ' GIA G> , I FG HI >H IG K G I > GI G> H K>

G >I > I G> G JG IG . H> K G, L > M





H, HI > GI I N<J H J >I> , IFG JG IG G > N G G-< >O ' I>K > H,' I>K H > , , HI H>< > >-

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I G "G J >H ' I> H< H G I H G II > I >G L JGH L>I

L > I N J IG . A ,J GIJ I N G I FG ,

I G EJG > G> L GH

N I G N 1600H <JIG I> 

II I H I I > ' I>K> H G IG .

H EJG IGN> I I >H L G >H H , IG ,

<G L> < " > > IH G I I> N L J IGN ! DJI L G > N L NH I HJ I EJG IG > H, I G J< JI I 1500H, I N K MIG N HJ HH JI G J > < >H H > H H <- >H

IG > <, M G I> , I G J HI. >H H (> , I> N) I> EJG [H G > G > L GH.

" ' GI A G> , I DJI H JG HH I I H G G>K G I ' GI HIWI !J H . C IG > < IG I II , JGI G GI IF GI G < W L I >IN A N ( J > 1624)WI DJI J> @ N

G K> I G I H JG EJG < H G@ IH G " >

I ' GI HI, GI> J G N I "G J >H.H> < L G G > N I >O I DJI FJG G , I

"G J >H N I 1650H I > I > >I> G >HI G ' GI A G> , JH > K H L N G DJI IG

I GH >O> H HI> N I N >O I JG IG I I >G H JI , JI I N H <G > > < L HI G I GG>I G> H G JGH, I>K H, G H JG H > H

HI K> I L G G > ' GI A G> " > >HI GN. G J< JI I 1600HJ > IH G I G>O I IJG > >< JH > G I>

G HH J HI G ' GI A G> . GH > I1600H H I G <> [H HI G > L G > > N H FG , DJ

E < >H > >HI GN I G I G, GI> J G N I G I E < >HI DJI H II IH <

 I> < L>I "G J >H J >I> H G I MI IJGN.

23

A > I> C > [H >I I L@H (G -G G G><> H@ I N C > ) G$

' #) = C ) ) , >I N !. . B><< G( G I : C > > IN, 1922V1936).

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24

E G N A G> " > >HI GN >H K> JH N JI G I I "G J >H"G J >H > J , L K G, H I N > G> G I> H JI H > >< JH J >I> H. M>IN I H G I> H > H G I GG I> H > H I IL " > H IL >G H, GI> J G N II FG E < >H >G H. E < [H FG [H G H I>K G I>L>I ' I>K H I JH H I K JI> I >G > G H.' I>K H L G HH I> GI GH > > G> K I L G

JHI H I > > IH I > >I> H. E < > GI> J G I> I H G> H HIGJ I>K H II I L GH L>I ' I>K H J LI AI I> H G . E < >H H II GH I HI L II I I MIG IG H JG H G G L I J >I> H > I G N 1600H, J

> I> < > G <> L GH > 1622 1644, I L > >G N M IG <> N[H J G> H G >IH, L > I >GHI H JG>IJ HIH ' L E < , H JH >HI G> H G> H I , J I> I N

G I <G N ' L E < . >GHI G< -H JG>I -" >L G, @ L H I J I G, G 1636 I 1637, I G K> -

< H II I> I > JI JH > >I> L G. J > I> < II , 1637 II @ J I J I K> < H >K G > C I> JI, G HJ I > I G > > I> I>G J I

J >IN, L > I > G <> > I, @ L H > < > > [H G, >>GG K N G >< > >< JH JG>I L G I G I G. B G 16

E < >H L JI J G " > L N I G I > ' L E < . BN I 1690H, >I L H > I .

J G > > K GH> H J <G N G > I G> GNIIG> JI H E < >H >O I> > I 1700H, H >G<> > ( J > 1607

' L E < (1620H), I C G > > > H (1670H) H I J G H I JH H L GH G L I N G I BG>I>H "H

JI H > G H> < N I A G> I> I. >HI GN > , I , L H H N I M H IH G I> H > H I> <

G I H K I I - IJGN L G , > L > " > EJG H G HH HI G ' GI A G> .



25

EJG C >H I> > ' GI A G> I 1700

>H L H > J > I 1912 >I> IC) * / M H < A< )>I N >G A JH > >G , . . G I G , >G I N G J I I H, E.A. B > H (C G> < >K GH>IN G HH). <H G I> N < <G > G H > N I> N 1700.

JG : >K GH>IN M H GGN-C HI S > G GN C I> .

U - = > K G H > I N ; - M H

B G ; + " > H I ' GI HI?

2. L H J C > L I H >H 1609 II G K ?

++) 7)( R)%( +C L N, C > .N ? ' A : I ) , E= ) , ) < " ) /

E) A +). B I> G , D: H ! @> H >K GH>IN G HH, 1997.

O7 ) B * I 7) ) 7> I G, D > .F)+ / E) H < E) A +). C G> < : ! GK G >K GH>IN G HH, 2001.

>H JGN, ' . M) < = ) > + : I ) , E= ) , ) < M) / N ? E / ) , 1500 1643 . ' L G@: M G >K GH>IN G HH, 1982.

#)& 7) * I 7) ) 71. H IJ @ I J I JH J H G C I G G K> H

I > M > I> " > > > ' L E < G I G E <H II I. W II ://LLL. J I JH J . G<

2. ' L GGN > G GN > C > < JH H H I L G [H <G I HIG H G I GH, I HIJ N GI <G N I G I HIJ

A G> " > >HI GN. A G N > GI I M > >I> H, HX > G > ' GI A G> .Y W

II ://LLL. L GGN. G</H >I / M > >IH/ / 4. I



27

Lecture 4! ) P/%<-O** < 7) % ( 7 ) ) ) $)% > #%

! ) ++) 7)( R)%( + * 7 /)'7 ) F )( A () > Wa- T$a/ Ma ! A(!-%ca: A S$*-/ H% /*- *" /$! F-!)c$ a) I) %a) Wa-.

I GG>I G> G H I >M ' I> H I "G J >HC G N >H H L K G G H I- N I HI I ' L G@ L>I G>K G L I GH H @ H.

JG : G< H > K GH>IN/C = )/ < L ) / E GH K I GH G I ( II ://LLL.<LJ. J/P G GH)

L> H I I E < >H FG >G H, L G G< > I G N >I I E < >H >

IG ' L E < , I > -AI I> HI > , > G H> < NA G> JI , BG>I>H ' GI A G> N 1720 JG IJGN

" > L GH L>I > >IH > H L HI H I G > G L G I A > J I > H. A HH>HH> >, FG> )/ = , >HH> G> H, > > H

> I I> H L>I > A < J> "K> < GH > <G I G > < >G @ L H ' L FG .

" IL ' L FG ' L E < HI I "G J >H C G N, <G J "G J > -H @> < " > J >I> H J >I N <J < , J IJG

>I> H. "G J >H GI> J G N IG> I > I > I >G JIG >IN1700H, JH> G > I G > GN H>I> IL I G>K FG E

>G H I MIG I K GH G>K> < H G . " 1714, I C G > G G I I G I> "G J >H-H @ GH, I JH G G H, L

><G I I ' L G@ L> < L GH L>I E < >H >HIH > I C G >>H >MI ' I> I "G J >H > I >G > > H JIG >IN L>I

FG E < >H >G H, H I "G J >H I> J > I> > >I HJG> >IN I L G > HI G ' GI A G>

F

U + G

B @ H , % % C



28

"G J >H > ' GI A G> [H G< G > I> X N- HNHI L I <<G HH>K JIG >IN JG> GHI I 1

I N> < JI H G> H A < -FG > IH > I >GHI H >H HI I N I G I I > I G HIH G >H , G JH> <, L K G, I H> L>I >I G E < >G FG G H. AH "G J >H G < E < >

> GH > A N > AJ<JHI 1724: X JH> HH H H IL>I J. " H J H I G >H IL I IL CG L H.Y

>@ H N " > J >-I> H L>I > I G E < >H

> H, I "G J >H G >G K G I II G H

N J I> I N HH I I G I G>O " >

G I> H G HH BG>I>H ' GIA G> . > > G N, N > I > > <

> I> >H, "G J >H GH I> -

J I JGI K GH G FGGH > *J , N

L L GG> I I "G J >H-

E < >H > J I IJ H G FG H II IH

> ' L FG .

GH I I MI I "G J >H L G > I H N GH, JI GI I "G J >H > N I G IG N > > >GH. N >H

K H G I N HIJ > I N " > K> < J >I> H G HH IIG H-A > FG I> G L J I H K H J G I G >I I"G J >H, J >I> H I I GI L I H I G XI

C K I C > .Y >- JI JH D L G , > >, I G > >K GN " > J >I> H >K J G "G J >H G I I G I JG> < J

I >H L I L G FG E < >H > J H.

> H I G N >HI GN @H, HJ " > G I> H HI @> < G N A G> > H I > I> I I> I[H

HI >H>K > IH, L G HJ J I G GI> H I I HK > G H> < N I K> L >I H I L G [H >GHI IGJ N <

L G, @ L H I K GH[ G, G XFG " > G,Y G ><JGI N " > -" > J >I> H > ' GI A G> , JI H G -

> J I> > G> G H G HH I C G> , HI A G> , >I GG HI > H. "I L H H J JI AH> I > > >

>I >IH G< HI < < IH > C I> I EJG , I K GH[ GH L G K JI> GN H H > ' GI A G> > EJG . > < N, I L

>GHI HI G I I GH > H >I G IG G H II

A <G K> < G FG @ J >H . 1722> I> < "G J >H < <> < > IG L>I EJG H.

U C > E G I .



29

E < >H G FG J >I> H, JI > I H H > >I> H, ' I>K H > I > I G> G JIII I I H> > G N X N- Y EJG G>K H. >I >H F G>

H JI , FG J>H> I I >G L HI I ' L G H, <G L> < E < >H> H I I >G HI, N JI HI G " > G > H, <G J H L

L J I G @ L H I XF>K C>K> >O G> H,Y K G K>H , FG , E < >H

> > H. D > I> < IJ I > JH HH < HWL NH

> I I G J JI W C G @ , CG @, C I L,

C > @ H L J >I> HIG I H > I G> G

G <> H. C I> <, L K G,L>I I G H L HL>I EJG L GH, I H

J >I> H <G L > G H> <-N I EJG

IG < H, GI> J G N <J H

J >I> , HHJ G G I >H HI GH

L> H I N- HNHI . AH FG I G > LG>K G I G <> , I H H JI G " > L GH @ > G> G

N- I G J> @ N >H I L>I N > >I G HI G - J <GN E < >H H II GH.

> HH >H H -G> I I H K I I IJGN, I > H L H I HH L G HI> G> L>I J GI > I>

L HJGK>K I I L GH G J N,

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J IJG I> H L>I FG J >I> H. G< HI I H G I " > J >I> H L J I @ L H I > L , JI I G <> > J

O H J O H I G A < J> >I> J >I> H, > J > , > >, > @ , " > >H ' I> H.AH > > I > I G K> JH IJG , I FG E < HI

G N H K I I - IJGN > HWI E < >H > 1607 I HI L , IFG > 1608 I *J W JI I HJ H J I K JI> FG C

BG>I>H ' GI A G> L G G J N > G I. >I H N " >J >I> H > I I >G K HI, H G L > < >G , I FG J > I

I GH L>I > IL J >I> H, > I G > G> <G H,

FG "G J >H GH G > I > < G

I> < JG> G.

U C > E G I .



30

IG> I IJG G >I G I >G < G N J G >I H IH > I> H. ' L FG L H K HI N G I BG>I>H ' GI A G> K G

G I H K IN- >K I JH FG H II GH. >G , H HL G<J , I > <> JI < <G > , K HI

G H> >I E < >H HH I I I> I.

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44

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45

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46

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47

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I JG> H H L> J " > H I G J< JI > ' L M>

> I -" > J G>H> H I G > G .



48

G > < >H I <> H GI L > H > < J I NGI G " > G > GH, I J K I I JH G > I >GHI G K JI> > HI- I I L HI G " > >HI GN: I H G J HIG> >H . BN I I 1700H, H C L >I HJ<< HI , I

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GI> J IJG K> < H > G H> < N >H N HIG < G L GH H G HJH I> I EJG >H H H. >

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G K JI> G > H IG I N J GHI > I>K >HI GN ' I>K H J I HIG

> M H> .



49


Q ) 7

1. ! L N EJG L GH > H I ' GI A G> > 1800?2. I EJG > J H H H > I I I> L>H

C G@[H GG>K > 1805?

++) 7)( R)%( +, H .L ? ) C ) A / , 'E: >K GH>IN

' G H@ G HH, 1984.

O7 ) B * I 7) ) 7C L N, C > .O ) < ' < C = <: $ N)< > A +) ' , 'E: >K GH>IN ' G H@ G HH, 2003.

! M> , FG G> @ E., N . ' H , H.L ? ) C ) ) K GH>IN " > >H G HH, 2007.

HI, E > II.$ C < < ) : I ) , G , ) < "= < C.LG , : >K GH>IN G HH H H, 1998.

#)& 7) * I 7) ) 71. >I H > JH J ' IJG !>HI GN IJG H I GI <G > >H

I GN I L>H C G@ EM >I> > I I MI I I> > J H > GI I > G I> " > C J IGN JG> . J/ J I> / / > </> M. I ? < => > J IGN. I

2. B G K> H >IHL ? & C ) : $ J = < C D + > L -H>I H > N BJG H. H>I IJG H H I> ' I>KA G> H, > I G I>K IG > , > I GK> LH L>I >HI G> H

JHH> I> I G ><JG H > K K . W II ://LLL. H. G</ L>H G@



L> K JI> , > G H> < > G I IN J < A G> G J > . N I , JI I J G , " > -

H HI> >K L>I > I J G> H ' L G@ I I , I C G > HG<> , L > L G J JI JH " > H > L>I

BG>I > HI> >K L HI I A > H,GI> J G N > I > >K G I GG>I G> H

XI ' GI L HI.Y I G GH I XF>K C>K> >O G> HY J

IG K G I GG>I G> H > I D JI .

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L G I >I>O H G HJ I I >II I H L. J X" > G Y L H>GHI G HH N G< H > H G< J JH ,Y H > . X L> HI >H J GN >IL I JH N L > L

L> K G I G I > JG .Y1

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I G 1812W> L > I JH H G I " > H J HJ HH J N

J IG I >G HWIL G I A G> HI I G HH HI-

G ' GI A G> J G>K . MI < G I> A G> > N-

@ GH > >O I " > HL>I > I G><> I >GI HI I H, GI N I K> I G> JH < G H G

I I L G, A G L @H .

50

Lecture 7! ) C 7 7 7 %/ C * A ) '% I ( % R) %/

! ) ++) 7)( R)%( + * 7 /)'7 ) A 7 < F.C. #%//%')>L*)#, B%//!- T-a%': A) -! Jac& *) a) /$! I) %a) .

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1. G> GN H JG J I H > I >H HH N G G L G H I> H > FG >H J GJ , .,D += < % < #<) : >K GH>IN ' G H@ G HH, 2000.

J H(1768V1813)

J H L H L G GL I >H L > . ! J HI H II G

G I IG> H, > J > < IB II > < > HI " > GG>I G>< K G G JIJG >I I I H G H> I

> > ! GN ! GG>H . ! I G H> L>II BG>I>H > I G 1812 G >HI JHI A G> H G " > .

>H > < >H G K GH> B H HH> <[H GIG >I J H , .1868. ' J N JI I> I > I> <

J H M>HIH. HH> K " > G HHJ I I L H BG>I>H < G . B H >H@ I N > GG DGJ, HH> < G

J H [H I>K HIJ L>I BG>I>HJ > G > I I >H GIG >I.

U C > E G I .



51

J>H> JG H I N J I I> [H I GG>I GN, JI >H G H GH I G G H> IH I I> H JI>

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H I H HI G H, H L H H > H> , , I GH [H I G @H [H HL G I I >H G . HI L J

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GG>I GNY L G " > H L G I > K>I I H II .

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> G G I> L HI G I GG>I G> H > I I A G> I> -HI IN G > I G> GN >I> >K>H> H > A I J

>I H G J>G I G < K G I I G I " > H. J

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K IJ N >I> > H L L G J HH G L>I G H G J > GJ I I H L I K JI> I G G I

C HI>IJI> . "I >H > > I I I >GHI G H> I I >I IL G I G I HH JH IIH G >G<> > WI IL

G< HI E < >H > H > ' GI A G> W MI H>K M G>HJ X @ J IGN G <> HY K GI> J G G H L > " > - > < " > - I> < L G N H G M G>!>H , JGH , L H A G L @H , J >@ >H G HH GH,

J H > > < G I+ G K " > H G L>I >I I> [H J G> H.

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>H HH HH> W @H K> L I HI> L N > G G I H H I > > I HI> I> G " > H > HI G ' GI A G> . X" I

G > L>I > I > >IH I I I H,Y I C <G HH > >H >GHI AI I > > 1829, XI N JHI HJ I I I >G LH.Y



52

>@ N JI G GH, @H K> L G-I > IH G JI G>IN L>I HJH >-

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> >K> J HI I H > G> < J I >H G G HH. II GH " L GH > I G>< IH I IG> H I < K G I L GG HH > I >H G@ H .

" " > H I H I N I>IN I G I I G < K GL I G>< IH N I N HH HH L>I > I M > ? < >O H> X G > HY > I C G C JH , " > H L G I >I>O H

> I GI> > I G N > A G> < K G . AH @H HHJ> , HJ >HHJ H J> @ N I HI .

" 1828, I I I G<> I H G> H LH > I G J > < IG>< IH C G @ " > H L>I > I HI I . G<> > I I G IC G @ I K I HI I I > I JH H G N M> " >

H L HI I >HH>HH> >. " I >H > I , C G @ ' I> G> >C > HH I H > HI

I G I I G > I I> H L>I G H> I @H , HH >C <G HH >G I N. D H >I < G G> < J HJ GI, HH G >K L G I

C > JHI> GH(1755V1835)

U

% > G G N ; C < G H H



53

@H I N HJ GI G<> [H G>IH LH > I G N G < >O

C G @ H, JI I I C <G HH L H HGH> < @H [H G G > N " >

G K . " N 1830, C <G HH HH I" > K A IW <>H I>K I G >

@H [H >GHI I G > > I I JI -G>O I G H> I I HI >H H L HI

I >HH>HH> > I M < G I H I " > I> H > I E HI. F G IMI IL N GH, C G @ GH JH I

A G> < HNHI I < HJGJ > <H J IL I >G H H G

JHI> GH .E >HI> > >GI, I C G @ > > J I> < > HI I I I G<>

G<J I I XI C G @ ' I> L H G > > I H H HI>IJI> LY L H I JH I HJ I I G<> [H JG>H > I> .

H@ I J G C JGI I G I G<> LH MI K GC G @ H J K > JH I N K> I I >I I I H

C HI>IJI> . >H H ,C N)< K.G / ) G 1831, II I I G -< >O C G @ I G " > I> H H > I H K G >< H L

I J G> H I >I I I H JH I N I G > I IG I> HL>I I G < K G I, G HH I I N G > H > I >L>I > I C HI>IJI> .D H >I >H HN I > H, GH > I > J I> > I G

G HH> > I >I> HI > IGC G @ W H >I I >G L HNHI HI>IJI> < K G

G> I> < G HH, > > HI>IJI> HWL G I G >< HI I , JI G X HI> I I> Y L>I > I >I I I H. N I JH J IG> < HJ>I < > HI I I I G<> H G > .A I J I I >I > I K JG>H > I> > I >H

GH I I GIJ >IN I I I C G @ > I G K G G HH> G G H. " I MI N G, I N > JHI I I. "

1832 >H> ' + < K.G / ), I C G @ HJ HH J N HJ I I I G<> G > G>H > < A G> >I>O , J G HI G, L>I >

C G @ I GG>I GN. >H GJ > [H MI H> >> I C G @ H H I > I> G H K G >< G < >I> C G @ I G " > I> H.

>I >GI < > >I> <, I J >GN JI G HI G, I J G C JGI J I I G<> [H LH II I I < N G > I I C G @ ' I> . G HI G[H IG K H

I HI I G > >I> H I I G J>G - I>K H I K > H H, G

C G @ C > HH, . 1860H( H JL>H<JL>)

(1790V1866)

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% > G G N ; C < G H H



54

! L K G, HJ M G >H HI I LH, G > I IIG IN <G IH IL I C G @ I G < K G I. JH, I >

H G G H I G > I G < G > < G LH L GH I HI I H. A G > -J >I> H L G H> JIH> I JG>H > I> HI I < K G IH

>H H >H I JH L L> N G < G H I HI > GI I > A G>" > < >HI GN JH >I > N GI> J I G K>H>

>I> G>< IH HI > < L>I > I I> . ' I G > H, I 1831H I G > , " > I> H G > X >HI

J >IN J N> < >IH L I GG>I GN, L>I J G> H JG I N H G>G K G, XI LH G<> K G , L > I >I>O H

G<> K G>I HH I I C G @ I H K H,G > G >IN L>I IG I> H, L>I I IH <G HH. . . . I II I G<> . . . >H H J I N K > .YBN G < >O> < > >I W JI I I W G H " > H K G >< IN,

GH J > G , I I G < >O I I L G I G < K G I I H " > I> H. G HJ IH K G I G>O

" > LH > N K G H> , I J > I G HJ I G > H I HI G > H > >I I I H >HI GN.

C HI>IJI> GI> J G N I G > HI J G C JGI GJ > <H HI>H >H H J > > G K> L H L G IL I I

K H I G < K G IWI M JI>K G , I <G HH><>H I>K G , I J > > GN G J > > G . >I > I G

I , G H I JI G>IN I I G I JG I -I> M HH>K > J H G H > I> H L G. G J L G I

G GH I C HI>IJI> IG I JI G>IN I I I N > K II >H J I>-I> G HNHI JI G>IN.

>I > HJ HNHI , I J G C JGI G H I G JGIHNHI > I > HH I> G H H> > >I> H I > I G G I I C HI>IJI>

I G > I HI>IJI> >IN <G HH> <>H I> . GH C JGI[H 1832 GJ > <, I , G > I L I ; I >G > I G G I I> HL G I > N < N > > < >H> H. GIJ I N G G HI GC G @ , A G L @H I M JI>K G W> J > < >H >

> GH > >I GN GHWI @ >II I> I C JGI[H GJ > J I G HH GL G L>I I >G > N G K . > N H > >I G < G<> [H LH > I H , I > > I> H GH [H GJ >

HH> < H I I 1830 K A I >IH WL > G N LI H L>I O H G IG I> H <G IH L>I HI G " >

C C <G HH HH <>H I>K > > H I I H G N K> I G K> JIG I> H I >I I I H? J J HI> H G > J I G > H

@H G HH GL G L>I I G G K I C G @ IH JI G " > IG> H.



55

>H I I> HI>IJI> G>H>H L H K GI N G H> I @H> < HH I GH [H GJ > < N I I I I I A G> JI

L G J > I L G . JI G GH >II > I G HI > G I I> < " > H G I >G M > < H K

I JH> HI> N G G K H I> > N. F G , I> I, I J> @ N G HH HH> H, I C G @ L G G

I JI G HH I >HH>HH> > > I " > GG>I GN. ' G N IL IN IJ GL I I >H G >H I I C G @ <J < H XI I L G I N CG> ,Y JG N G N @ L HI G > GH. K G JG I JH > J I , JIG>I> , K

I II @H, H " > G K I G >< JH J >I> H L HH J N K> < HNHI > I K > II I I G

I >G G < >O H.

M% * " 7)( 7%7) I ( % R) %/, 1830 =1835

' )< / ) ? = ) + = < + > ? < < ) ) / * ) ? < = ) )>)/< = @< > " =* +, <= ? < + < , < ? , ) = ) , * ? <

> < ? + ) < +) > = < @ +=< .

P G H> I A G L @H , 1829

$ > , # , = ; < > <)* = / +) += )* . D < <) < ) ) N)< < ? . ( = +) < @ ) <; = +) < ) < )?) . O= ? > ? < ) =

?, ) = ) ? < . A ? = > , # , ? < < < ) ) ) ) ) <, ) *)+ = <, I ) , ? < - )+ , ) ) / < ) * << ) = )>)

PC <G HH E L G EK G II, 1830

JG : H JG , > E.H) * N < A +) I ) . . 4: H I H > " HI>IJI> G HH, 1988.

) J > D >



56


Q ) 7

1. L H GH L N >H > GI I I A G> " > >HI G2. I L H I G G I J G C JGI > I H' + <

K.G / )?

++) 7)( R)%( +, A I N F.C.$ L /, B << $ ) : A ? J)+ ) <, 1993.

O7 ) B * I 7) ) 7G J , , > D. G , H.$ C " >) : A B H < ? < D += <. ' L G@: B G / I. GI> [H, 1995.

#)& 7) * I 7) ) 71. >K GH>IN >HH JG> I H H C>IN L G K> H <

> IG J I> I L G@H I HIJ N G " > L. W II ://LLL. L.J @ . J/ J IN/ G > H/HI /> > . I

2. $ )+ % H < L H>I G K> H H G> H K GK> LH, J IH, HH H I HJ I " > K , > J > < MI G>

H JG H I I > N I H>I> I C G @ ' I> @H [H >JH G HH I I > > 1830 > < G " > G K . W

II ://LLL.I JH >HI GN. G</> > -G K



A +) /N HI (1842V?)

>H > I> < ( . 1872) >H < G> G G H I I> IG >O I> I L HI.

! G I > JH N C J > (> I H GH > > I> I >I I I H) IH L HIL GI X I G E >G Y G G . H I I >I> H I E HI > , I L> >HH>HH>G> H H @, I HI> > I I> > L>I G I HH G L>G H I I <G I I L> > I I> . F > < G G G " > H, J , L>

GH, I G < , >H G> < > I I HI G L K H I > > C HI.

" H I ( G< ): A I > I " > H X > <Y G C J > , L H G H >H G> <> < X >< IG > < X G@ HHY H H H HI.

57

G J< JI I G N > I I IJGN, I >I I I H G > NJ>G L H HJ I J I> H G HH I ' GI A G>

HI. BN > - IJGN, IL > > I GG>I G> HWC > G > (1850) G < (1859)W GI I > . I

G N J > <> L H L N I : I >I I I H I> I >G .

AH L>I I J>H> JG H , HJ I> J M H> G HJ I G HI > I G I> HI> I GH, L > L G > K>I

G G > . AH GI G G GH H JI G H K - L GH GJH >L HI G H, G M , I J>H> JG H L H < G JI GG>I GN JI L HI I H >HH JG> (1821), AG@ H H (1836)" L (1846), > H I (1858), I G H H (1861) ' G H@ (1867).

H HI I H L G J> @ N GK JI I >H K HI I GG>I GN IH H G H> I " > H J G >I I I H JG>H > I> . " I H JI ,

G, M> IG I H H JI I GIN-H G , > JC > G > , C G , ' L M> , M H. AH L >I H II GH GJH > I

M H C > G > > I 1830H 1840H, I N G >< GH, HJ

Lecture 8A ) '% I ( % 7 ) C / #% E %

! ) ++) 7)( R)%( + * 7 /)'7 ) D)) B > B - M H!a-/a/ W* ) ! K)!!: A) I) %a) H% /*- *" /$! A(!-%ca) W! /.

T



58

M> LH. M > I G N IL M> , I >I I I H, G H> I A < , !>H S , > >< JH J >I> H I <G J

I G > I I I JGH L HI G M H> H I IJG L HI G H > IN G I G I L G IL I >I I I H

M> (1846V1848). >H L G, H J H N I G I G, IG> JI I I<G L> < H I> I H> H IL I ' GI I JI . >I H N

L I GG>I G> H H > I > , I 1850H 1860H L>I HH H> < N >H G I >I> >H <G IH K IJ > >I GN G I

I I A G> > JG> K> G EG G J N > A G> " > H. " I >I> > >I GN G H, ' I>K A G>

G I >GHI > G H> < N >K> > I > G H> <J . " , I > >O I> I > AG N IG H G I

A G> HI I I> [H " > > > H > G J L NH. >I HI > < G N G I L G, I G < K G I K > N II I I

G G " > > > H G JIH> I G I I> < KI. DJG> N HH HH

K HI, > HI>IJI> >O , I <> N K G N I> > > H. DJG> AG N I G>

GN > HIGJ I I> " > > N, >IH > I J " > J >I> H L H L G J N K> I N I. >I H K G I > HI " > >HI GN LG>II JG> K> G G J IH I J G JH " > H H > >< JH L G G , HH G , HH > G G I> > J I " > HI G I >H I J

C>K> G L H > > >< JH > I, I I G I L >L J I> J H>H JI G H HH> .

M> G G I> N G ><JG I < <G N ' GIA G> . " I G IN J J !> < , I >I I I H G M>I I HI J >I> N I HH> C > G > , I > G

J >IH GI G I GG>I G> H. > N JH G M I>

G I GG>I G> H, I > J G> H L G GG I >I I> 1848 I > J I GI G >IH H JI G >< G. AH L>I I

J>H> JG H , IL G GG> J G JHJ G H JI H.

! G > , 1849

GJH X GY > GH HI

> < < J ! ), C > G > . >I G< >O L G I > I

> GG ' K I > H HI G I , I > GH >H H

K><> I JHI> < > HI N I N> >I. I L

L H G G> I , H <> <H L G K I > I I L . U

C > ; G >

! > H I G > > I N



59

>H K GN < > I IG K NH C > G > > 1848, > G L J G H I JH H ><G IH L HI. C J L>I I H> J I -JH > JM ><G IH I I G < , I I H L HI G I>HH>HH> > > G H> < N L IG . BN 1860, K G JG > >

A G> ><G IH L >K > I HI.

D H >I HJ I GG I ><G I> , " > H HI> IG JI H I G H- >HH>HH> > HI. >I ><G IH I I H II L HI G L I GL NH K NH, > <G L> > > IN, ' K , G M , L H I > I H > J I> N I FG >H . " > H I G J< JI I ' GI G > H, I " I G J I >

AG H > I IL > I " > H ' GI G M> H > 1844.

JG : D N, BG> .') ) $ = ) D < : I ) ") ) < %.#.-M @ +) ') . ' L ! K : >K GH>IN G HH, 2008.

U > K G H > I N

) G H H



60

HI, I JI L HI >K > HI I >H <G L> , JI I N HI> G I >HH I I >G H. J L H I I H > C > G > > GIH

G < , I , I JI G > H, L G " > H L G > G H> <>H HH HH I >G H. " C > G > , > > < J >I> H K GL>L @, > J, H , I G " > H > I > GG ' K I > H>I I >G HJ G> G I <> H K> K GL > < J GH, L

HJ J G > [H " > H > I GG> K HI I> < L NH. AI I I <N,$ D < =+< < C) ) I )( >I N GI F.! >O G), HI> I H I I > IN I JH " > H > JG> GHI H K IN GH I JH . X N I H I H,Y I JI G LG>I H, XL G IG HJ I H> >G I > > , H L G J I HI GK I> I GH

>H H .Y H G > I N > > < J >I> H, G > HI , IIJG H K " > L G HI> H MJ G. AH < K

I > > I , X"I >H G J I JGG I > L >I >K> < L>I" > L JH I " > H G I Z > [ I N G G J I NHJ I I I L GHI HI GJI IG I I.Y > I > G H> < N

I G I G>O H > G I> H IL N " > L >I JI> H > H> JI I X< HI I .Y " I, I J G X" > GH,Y

H I N @ L , >H H> N I K HI I G J I G I 1850H I G-L G . GH L>I H, >JI H, I H, A H, ' K H, @ I , D @ I H,C H, ' GI G C N , JI G C N , ' GI G H H,

E HI G H H, B @ I, B @, ' O G R, N I G IG> H G JG> K> G EG .

" > GH > I HI L G J >I I>K N > G I I N HI G" > > IH > L > G< -H " > G I> H I I H A G> G > H, L>I HJ G> G I <> H I > > I H II GH H > GH IG K I G J< H N > > G" > H, H I I I G K> > >I HH I GG > G <J GG>

G > > <. C > H L G G L>I I >H

M> H > I JI L HI, A G> H, G > HI , J I G >< N> > >I I A , I , ' K G > GH L > I I> G < >O> H I I >G H.

I > H, J HIG> " > H > I> H H> > G N HH HH G >I GN I I> H K JG> < < G I> H L G L>I >< G> < " >

H G >< L GH. B G I C>K> G, I >I I I H < K G IH> N @ I > >IN I I>K N HJ J I H I G " >

H @ G I > N I I H II IH I I G I

< K G I[H GH I>K G> G> N > I G I I L >I ><G IH H" > H. I> I N, > > > I >K> I> > G G IG H I JH H " > H > I I > , > IH HJ

<G L> < <G> K H H L H J J > G >H H M I I> H.

C IG GN I ! NL [H H HH> L>I " > G > H L < IG > H, ><G IH G HH> H M G> G I>K N >II HI> >IN G

H G HI> I , I J GI G- > > ><G IH L G HH I



61

IL 1840 1860, N I G J G H>MIN-IL > > G G -> IH L>I " > H, I G>IN I H GI> J G N J >

G I GI I HI > " , L G G H> IH " > H HJ G > HJG > G>K I> H

I IG > I H I JH H ><G IH I >G G H. G I I, " > H I H <J> H, HIH, IG GH L H G G>I>

L I G, @ L < JI I H L A G> H H. BJI I H> H > I <G L > G H> < N .

I N K HI I> < > IH G I G , L H GK GI> J G HI K HI I> < " > - >I > I I J G > L HI, G M

, > 1862. G><> N L H H, I HI G D @ I >><G I I I > H > I 1700H K J HIG> GI>

IJG K> < H > I GI> G>K G K NH H JI G > H I . AH L<G IH G >< > ><G IH H II > I G <> , I D @ I JI >G I GG>I GN I I >I I I H < K G I I G J< > I G IG IN I> I> H, > J > JM. G I> H L G <

IH G I> > N I A G> I I I J I> < GI> H I <> < IG I." M < G I>I I L HI G > H I , I D @ I , J G I >G >II CG L, M I I >I I I H I >K J I >IH <G IH, GI>

G N > II GH J HJ H> > H, G I I> " > G H JG H GG I, > I HI >H I < > HI>IJI> H G G HH. "

J K K>H> I L> < IL K N GH[ K IH.AH I C>K> G > I H> > , . . AG N GH , G H JG H, II I

H > I I I JI . ' I N > > H I , JI H > ' L M> ,C G , I , M H, @ , I G L HI G I GG>I G> H, " > G < >O I <G L> < >HH JI> L @ HH H I > . ' I

> N JI G H > GH HI I> I L HI G GIH >I G N L @ I >G H>I> H I > I C G N, JI > > H I >I I II H G <> H K GL H L H >H> I G HI > " > F > > K J I >IH 1851 IG IN HI> J I> H, < K G I > > H >IJG > N I G IH N L >I H I D @ I H. IG> JH G H GK I> IG G > G <G J <GN J <GN D @ I

IH I I I N J I <G HH I G I >G < L H G>K L N N L >II I G HHJG H. " I G HJ I> GH, D @ I L GG> GH L G @> G I > AG N

>II CG L[H M I <G> G IG> JI> . >I H II G J >I>I ' L , F GI > < N, I. J GN> < G K < , G N JG JG D @ I L G H I G HH M JI> . >GIN- > H I , > I G< HI HH M JI> > >II I H >HI GN. >II CG L I HJGK>K> < D @ I I I

> H, L G I N > I >G @ I @> H > <G L> < > IH >G <> . >II CG L, L K G, L H H I @> J G IJG I > H I! L H II I> <, H >H , I J I L>I > > G H> < N H II



62

X " > GHY

>H G > 1989 > J >H > > >HI GN I >I I I H AG N. I> > I JI> G H: XA I HI G >I I I H H L> " > IG> H I I>

H G N HIH II H.Y

JG : 35 > C I G 14: X > > I " > GH, 1865V1890.Y A +) M <) H < . AG N!>HI G> G> H. H > I C > > >I GN !>HI GN, >I I I H AG N, C I G > >I GN!>HI GN, 1989.

U D GI I D H / . . AG N





64


Q ) 7

1. ! L > I C>K> G I " > H > I A G> HI?2. I I CG @, C G , > ' K G 1864?

++) 7)( R)%( +BG L , D .B= M H ) < )< ' = K : A I ) H < < A +)

' < . ' L G@: ! I, > GI & > HI , 1970.

O7 ) B * I 7) ) 7

D N, BG> .') ) $ = ) D < : I ) ") ) < %.#.-M @ +) ') .' L ! K , C : >K GH>IN G HH, 2008.

! >O G, GI F.$ D < =+< C) ) I ). > > <, B: B>HB @H, 1993.

I N, GI .$ I ) F < < A +) ' <,1846 1890.A J J G J , ' : >K GH>IN ' L M> G HH, 1984.

#)& 7) * I 7) ) 71. ' L M> > I I I !>HI G> G K> H I > < > H

> I I M G> ' K H JG> I G -I. >G L H>I H IJG H >I> I H, HH NH, G GJI I C>K> G EG . W

II ://LLL. L M> >HI GN. G</ > I > H H. ? > "D=494

2. B G K> H L H>I JI I 1998 E NT-L> > < J I GN I. .- M> G G J N E A-D H/F GI GI . W II ://LLL. H. G</@ G /JH M> L G/> M H . I

3. A +) H < +) " > ? IJG H GI> G 2007 N G HH GBG> D N JI ' I>K A G> > K K I > I . .- M> G

I>I X" I " > H I . .- M> G.Y W II ://LLL. >HI GN G I>K . G</ JG H/ G/11 2.1 / N. I



65

H I C>K> G > I ' I>K J >I> H G HH I I> I, H KG I G@ HI I GH > A G> " > >HI GN L G LG>

I JG> AG N I N IG> GN >H G G > < G " > > > H I G

>I H > G H> < N HH HH > , L HJ > , M H>KG , K HI N G< G I I . . AG N G I L G.G K G, I G I C>K> G, " > > IH G > I G N M

G > L > >I I I H > >I GN >GH G I . ' I J I> I A G> G 1898 L J I >I I I H G I G >< G > H, HI >G H > GH G I " > H I I II > L>I > >

> IH >@ F GI J G.

I >HH> < G >HI G> H I C>K> G G G I N L NH I> >< JH H L G K> N > I I JG> >IH

I , G> < G N @ L H HIGJ I> . DJG> < HIGJ I>A G> GH II I I G> -A G> H K

C G I > > H @ > I I I> L> G H HH>HIGJ I> , L K G, H I N I JI , JI H I HI, L G

> G > H L G HI I> L G L I> > G HIGJ IJG HW >I G > G W > G H> < N L I> > H L I HI I I> . G K G, HI G >I> > H I I GH H K>H>

L >G I> G I G J >I J > . " , G<J N I HI JHA G> JI G I> J >H L N I

N I I HI H I C>K> G < , JI H K I G J > I I L G[H .

I > I H G> < 1866 I ! L >> I K G IM H> A G> I I> > H,

J C H, G G@ L > , < >H >I G-GN G G > I HI JG> K> G

HIGJ I> . AH J H N LG>I G, >HG G L H H N I JGH I L G

>IH I G I .L > J >H >GHI >I G GN HJ HH > >G<> >

C>IN, ' K , M > > < >H K> LH A G> " > ' I>K ! L >> J >-I> H G K> H GIJ >IN I H L IC>K> G >IH I G I H I K -

I A G> [H HI JH JI G.

Lecture 9! ) I ( +) #) 7 * M% ! %

! ) ++) 7)( R)%( + * 7 /)'7 ) M% ! % > R* #$%)# I/:T$! A /$*-%/a/% ! T!3/.

A

G@ L > > 1867.

U % > G G N ; C < G H H



66

H H L > >< JH J >I> H JGI G H L>I > IH I M > JG> IH I G I H I G>H

I > I J > >< JH J >I> H G HH I I> I > I I> > . " I I H G <> H, N J < >HH JG> K IJG , K> < >

JH > GI I LG>I> <H JI I H G I> IG H G I> H.

A I J< >I L H J >H > 1871 I G II + < A* ) > 1869, JC H[H" =/ / I<>H > N L NH G@ L > [H >GHI @. "I G NH I

JI G[H 1861 I 1866 IG K H > G J I A G> HI, > J > < IJI G[H 1866 JG N I ! L >>. GH < G N <G I I > >I> I>H G > < > G HH H <J I > I > I > ' KN I I <>> K> G, C H L GIJ >I> H > >H I>K >HHI G I I I> > I. >HH JG>, H G G HI I , L H N >K>JG> K> G L>I HH J G JH > IH II H.

" I HJ G 1861, JHI H I L G[H >GHI II H L G JI I <> ,C H JH N X >< IH JIY G I ' K GG>I GN L>I >H G G

G> , L > I G I GN ' K GG>I GN. X" L H N J < >< G I, " K> N G I G,Y C H L J I G LG>I > I@[H I >G H I , K> < H> N I> I G< G > I <

>H . AGG>K> < > C GH C>IN AJ<JHI 14, 1861, I C H G I -GH IG K GH I I> I, >GHI N HI H > I N HI <

J > > G>IN I HI >I IG K H C H[H J GHI > <H I HI. J K GIG K HIGJ IJG H I >GHI IL IN- I GH " =/ / I<. " @ I I

K GH H>M-N G G> , IL IN NH K G IG K HI>IJI H I >G I I>G >G, L>I IL K >IH HI I GH ! L >>,

> N J I I" =/ / I<>H H J JI I> I -> IG K H >I >H > > I > > < >HIG> IH. G G I G, I> I IG K G > > IG> H> I L > [H G > HI >I G GN G J I> HW N

HI G LG>I> <H HI < G G H. " HJ GH I>K , C H[H>GHI N I >H JH H J N , G@ L > , F GJ GN 3, 1863, >>G<> > C>IN, ' K [H$ < ) E < , L H GI K K> < HI G

> I>IN I L > I> I IG K IG .

> L >G<> > C>IN, ' K , G G N> H> , 1867V 68.

U % > G G N ; C < G H H





68

G I G H G > <> I M > L N " > > K G>H I, H G G< G > G HH> H JI ' GI A G> [H > >< JH G G N. G KJ H> I I L > M G> > 1861 G K H -

I > < G< G, H I > < > K L H J >K GH .

X JH I I I H IH < K ,Y J , XH I I M > -> < JI G>I> H, I H > G " K G- HI> I> H I I L G >H GI> <. "I L H JG> JH I H LJ> @ N I > I I> H L N G > I > IG G JH,

G J H>K .Y " HJ , L > J , X K G > H " > IG> H N J H IH G G HH > > N >G J HI H HJG-

G J > <HW JI H IH, I G .Y

' K [H H L J G K G JG@ > C H[H K>H> A G>" > H, G H> < G GH G I HI I " > - >I G I> H > 'A G> . G K G, L > [H HJ<< HI> I I " > H G H X I G

> > >I HHJ I> > K G> JH HIG > H A G> > I IJI GN, H > J G I <G GH, LG>I GH, J IJG I I GH

H> > G I> H JI I H J >I> H[ G HJ > G> G>IN. >@ N - > H> >H >HH H " > J >IN, I H GIG >IH H

I >HI G> H > HJ > K G>H I HI > G G >HH HH IH. N IG I I >I> H JH> < HJ K GIN H IJG

> >< JH J IJG L>I G>K I> .

" ' I>K H > G J > > < >HIG> IH >H GI L > , I , J IJG , H > G I> H I ' I>K ! L >> JGI G J

>HH JG> , HI H GH <G I I >H 1866 IG> I G ! L >> GG H I X G IJG > < > I > >H G G.Y A I G I G N GH H J> ' K C > G > J G >H G I N > I , L > G IJG

G ! J J G N I J L H >H G G H J > IJGA I G >H 1866 G IJG G ! L >>, H @ M JH>K N JI >H IG>>H H. C I J I> < > > I I I> > >< I, >H X L> "H

I J JH H > I C > G > ' K , L > G I >IG @ > I I IJG> < >G J>I > ' L G@. "I L H HJ HH G I H IJ

I I < K > HH I I >< N J > >O I JG EJG I ! N L > I H>H G >H >GHI @,$ I + < A* ) (1869), L >L H >H HI-H > < @ > >H > I> .

" ! L >>, I >H I HI >H I, L > G I I K GH L I J H I > EJG -A G> > G H @> K ! L >> <J < L>I I G @

>H, H ' I>K ! L >> H < G N G G I I H K H. L > , > I, LJ N I J IJG >K GH>IN > G H H L > ! L >> I

II I I @ H H ! L >> H N G L> < J G > > G G >> G H. ! > I, G M , IJG JI I M >I> H

I G H > L G H I I G I G>O I "H > < W > L >>I ' I>K ! L >> H < K G L>I H H G H H> > >IN I G>

J >I> H L>I > I > < > L > G >< GH I



69

HJ IH I > < . F G L > , ' I>K ! L >> H L G I JHI M I> JH > > G > I >G J H @ G H I HI G IN H JI G

N L G XG> , G@ G L , @> @ I . IG > HJ < > < L NH > G>I G I >G HI GH K I G I G > .Y L G > GH X HIG JH > G > Y G GI> . N X K GNI > <

N G I G .YJ G I G>O I> H G G>I> N > GI I I I HIJ N I > >

>HI G> H I > > , JI N I H K H, I N >HH H I HHI G> G HH H I I GG> L > I ! L >>. ' I>K ! L >> > <

G > HI , GJ N HJ HH> G H I G J< JI I I I IJGN, I >G G N G >K G < >I> H H K G >I >H H. BG>I>H > GI> J G K MI H>K IG > G I> H L>I I ! L >> > < . " K> LH I ' I>K ! L >><, G M , I J G- I G G GG> H K GH> E < [H

@, L > I G < >O H E < [H >HI G> > J > I >HG H > > N G H I J N 1843 G < >I> I ! L >>

*J > I G> , L H >HH GN A >G > G H GG>K > ! L >H K L G K> JH BG>I>H HH J IH J ! L >> JI G>IN. G

XG HI G I> Y ! L >> H K G >< IN >H @ L H HI G I> D N G I J N J N 31. B G L > [H >GI > 1845, I , ' I>K ! L >>

H HJ HH J N K GIH I K GIJG I >G >I> J

J GIH N > I H> > JG> < L > [H > I> .! L >> H K G >< IN L H G N > >I> > J

I >I I I H, >I >H > >I I L > GI G ! L >> > G1866, HH I N G I G I IC>K> G. ! L H H I G HH IL -I J-H > H N >H C > G > >-I GH, L J GHI I I I < H

LG J <> < > G-I I > IG H G I> H I I! L >> > < .

><< HI < G I> I I I H, JGH , L H I

I C G N >IH G> GN -N H K GN. DJG> < HIGJ I> , H

I JI <G L>I I G-G H K H > H > IN, I I> >I H >

! L >> II I I > > I I' I>K ! L >> G N > G -G I I "H > < > I I >I

I I H. J I I> GH > JG D , GJ>I HJ< G <G L G

L H > J G > > I

> < D K> @ J , . 1882(1836V1891)

D K> @ J L H I HI G >< > < @> < ! L >>. ! G >< GF GJ GN 12, 1874, J I> >H I > FG >H , J GN 20, 1891.

U ! L > >

I I

A G = > K H



70

I GG>I G> L G. ! H E < >H -H @> < L GH I>K N

GIH I I I ! L >> > < K IJ N, > I 1890H, G >K G < >I>N I >I I I H H I <>I> IJI G>IN > I >H H.J >HI G> H, I >G > @H I G

> HJ IH >I I I H >HI G>> J>GN, K N G I N M > ,

H G > GI> J G H J K G G JH G K> JH N J GHIJ > ! L >> -

<J < H JG H I I @ J I N GI MI H>K GIH I I ! L >> G-

>HIH I >G HJ GI GH > >I> I I L G M I> N I >I I I H. > @H . . M H> L>I G G

G HH H I> < > I I G I IA G> C>K> G, L > H > G-

I N. ! L H I N >H L N I ' KH I L G < , JI H I

! L >> >I L H K G. C>K> G >IH

I G I , I , H I G HH H A G> > <G LI > I > > , H

J G JH >I>O H I >I I I H> G H> < N K I I GI> H I! L >> > < . F L> < L > [H G IJGI C > G > , G M , L> < >HHJ H J I >I G GN I JGH J > I> H,D >H >I HJ GI GH > ! L >>

> G H> < N < HI >H > < G GIN LHI I >M HIG> I <J> > H G J L J J I > K K > I >I>

G HH. I >H, I L G GIN IK I . J LH N I 1880H I>K N

G> I G N[H JI G>IN HI ->H , L >I ( G X Y) >I H I I I G I > < ; I HJ

H J I HI>IJI> HH > 1887 N I >H >< G N >H @ L H I B NC HI>IJI> JH I K H > I> > I> N N >IH HJ GI

BN I 1890H, I G N L H H L >IH G G H , JI L> < I1891 I > < @ J , L G J I ><JG , >H H>HI*J > >[J @ >, HJ > . H J H G L HI>IJI> , <G J HI N EJG -A G> JH> HH GH G

>II > I K GI G L> < . N H H JN I >I I I H.

G B. D , . 1882(1844V1926)

D L H G > ! J J IG I HI I C G>HI> >HH> G> H G

> . BN 1887, I >HH> GN GIN <G L K GN GJHIG I L>I > <

@ J . D I G A G> HL K G M I> G <G J

I ! L >> <J . " J 1887,GH I <J , G L>I <J H @ N I ! J J > H,

HH I I I H>IJI> .

L HI>IJI> HIG> K I> <G>< IH G AH> H JIG>H-

G >H G ' I>K ! L >> H I G >I>O H N G >H> < >

L I G J>G IH G K I> <, I JHI>K N H > I> < L G L>I I

>I G H> IH. " >I> , >I > > >OI L G I G > K G

G > J I> < K G N I> I. D I G LN GH

A G> H I G I I J-I, L > @ L H I

XB N I C HI>IJI> .Y

U % > G G N ; C < G H H



71

" J GN 1893, *J > >[J @ > L HK GI G L G N G K>H>

< K G I H GH IC >II IN. G H> I G K GC K J I I G G K

> < G G > HI I -I, JI I G K>H> < K G I

G JH . " 1896, G H> I > >> N HHJ I> L G

HJ >II IG IN I I >I I I HI I G N M I ! L >>

> < . I IG IN L H K G HH GG I> > N I I , G< N JH

*J > >[J @ > I G ! L >> G >

I H > . NGG> L>I I I I>I> H I J-

H H ' I>K ! L >> H G > > G >I > I G N. >@ G@

L > I >GIN N GH G > G, *J > >[J @ > GG>K > FG >H< IJG> <, LG>I> <, G I HI> < M I> GIH. JI G @

>H -A G> G, L K G, HI HJ G I *J [H GIH; G H> 1898 > C <G HH M I G J > , L > HJ H J I N I G>I GN ! L >>.

*J > >[J @ >, . 1891(1838V1917)

U % > G G N ; C < G H H



72


Q ) 7

1. G L H G@ L > IG K > I HJ G 1861 > I H G> < 1866?

2. L H *J > >[J @ > L N > H I H > 1898?

++) 7)( R)%( +L > , G@." =/ / I<: $ A=< <)< > $ @<. B G@ N, CA: >K GH>IN C > G > G HH, 2002.

O7 ) B * I 7) ) 7, A N.$ A ) + E < M) / %.#. C= <=. C G> < ,

A: ! GK G >K GH>IN G HH, 2002.

> K , ' . A ) B < ) : N)< > H)?) ) " <) + < A +)C ) . DJG , 'C: DJ@ >K GH>IN G HH, 2004.

R)' ()( B, > .$ L ) $ M) $?). G G G> H.

G> FG G> @, D: G B @H, C, 2010.

#)& 7) * I 7) ) 71. >K GH>IN D NI L G K> H I G > H M

> H I >HI GN ' I>K ! L >> H K G >< IN. WII :// > .J NI . J/G /02G>< IH/ L >>. I

2. H)?) ) K / I + B / G K> H >HI G> J IH JGG I >HHJ H GI > > > H K G >< IN. W II ://LLL. L >> @> < .>



73

I G >IH M H> G HH I I> I > I I > > , I >I I H < G HH > G G I> < A G> " > H > I I IJG H A G> < K G . F L> GH

I > > >I GN G I I> H K HH G H IL. . AG N " > H G HH L HI G ' GI A G> , I A G>

< K G I < L H " > > N. "I K L G H > J J A G> [H " > J >I> H > G H> < N I G< IA G> " > G H GK I> J >I> H > >< H> H > , >I> , > G I> H.

AH I " > GH I A G> HI I , " > J I H K H HJ I I II @H > G I @> . F G H >IL G J< N 1880 1930, > J I> <G J H > A G> H > INW

G I HI I C I > JG H, J I GH, I G H - G HH HG G GH, GI> J G N > N @ GH > H > > I > GI I HH> > I " > H > I > < L >I A G>

>@ N G N A G> G H> I> > >HIG I> H, I H <G J H X >K> >O Y " > H K I >K H I GN >K H >M> >K> J N L . G GH L I " > H I H -HJ >

G GH. N L I I I H @ E < >H , I N L I I I G -I> C G>HI> >IN. H L G I > H> H G @ L > A G>" > >HI GN H I A< AHH> > I> .

I N IG < > H JG N A G> " > J >I> H, I G> H > IH > G " > > N I G I " > GH G > < IHIJ > . > J G H " > G H GK I> H L G HI >H G H

Lecture 10! ) A+) * A /%7

! ) ++) 7)( R)%( + * 7 /)'7 ) F )() ' E. H ; )> F%)a'P-*(% !: T$! Ca(+a%#) /* A %(%'a/! /$! I) %a) , 188051920.

A

G H>HI GH I I. FG >H C G>HI> C G>IN G G

L>I ' I>K A G> HIJ IH II I. FG >H >HH> , H J

H GKI> , JI D @ I , . 1886.

G ><> JH G G L H J> 1835 > I ' I G H. A H<G J >HH> GN J H GG>K> BJ , ' L G@, > 1874.

G G H I J IL >HH> H > JID @ I > I 1880H H GI I< K G I[H GIH I HH> > I> <' I>K A G> H.

U D E G I I ; I =

" I G

> G



74

A G> H G< N I G J< > I G IG IN I> H J I> 18N G H> I> EM JI>K G GH I G I G, I > HI I> G H GK< IH, I HIGJ I> G > < H H G " > > G , I

I I HJ >K> G H GK I> H > I IH @ L H I IH G >>II > JI G IG> GH. "G > N IG <> N, I H > >

I > >I> I N H - G> H A G> " > HW G <G HH>K G G GH L > K I I I N L G I> < > I HI > I G HIH ' I>K

H. A L > H I , I B @ I I , I I C G , I C @ , > I G J< JI " > C J IGN,

HJ G > N < H G I> N J G JI I JI N IG>J >I> H L > H I G < K > G H GK I> G H JG H, GI> J

I> G, G MI G K I. ! I 150 > > G H G H GKH HI >H N IG I> H IL I G < K G I " >

IG> HWG J< N 8 G I I I> I >I I I HW L IG > J G IG> IG , I >HI GN A G> " > H H L H

G A G> L J > G I. " HI , I G H> G H GK I> HJGI > I IG> J IJG G I> H, I GI I> G H GK I>

I G > < H H, I > H>I> JI G I> >I> > HI>IJI> I G@H I G < K G I[H " > > N L>

I " > GH.

FG > I I - > I I - IJGN G I G> II G I J > I, I

> <> H > G " > > > H L G I H H > K JI> I N I I GI > H G J>G > HIGJ I> G G , JI H

I I I G H I HI G H L I HJ G G H J I > .EJG -A G> G G GH I > I >I I I H > C > K

HH I I ' I>K A G> H G > > G N I >G J IJG HJ @L G HI < K JI> . >@ I G A G> G > >

I> H, GI> J G N A G> A G> H, A G> J IJG GH > I I I ' I>K A G> H L G G > N G N > HJ HH

I> . I IG GN, I N > K I I " > H J > I K >I >G G K> JH J IJG G I> H K > I I X > HIG Y KA G> >K> >O I> .

J > H I JH I>K I H > < K G I G G GH JG> < IHH> > I> G , G G GH L GI N > K I I I N

HI > I G HIH " > J >I> H > > H I N I L I J I> IN H I HI K HI I> < G <G H. H> JI GJI

>G N >H I I I H HI > I I > G K> I> I

I> [H " > H I H I I> [H L GHI > > H. BN I GI J > <H " > J >I> H I >G >G I> H, G G GH > I > K H>K > > H I I K HI I IJ >I> H I N > I I G G . G GH H > I G H > I

HI > I> I H IH [H >K H: I L NH L GH > , IH I N JH , I I > >O

I >G N J <.



75

& E H H = L > > < H > O ; ' I > K A G > G H G K I > H > I = I > I > I I I H J H ; L G H

I I H . - = E ; G 1 9 9 0 H = L H ; G H I I G H G K I > H . H G G H G K I > H G I H = L .

U G B @H, C

J G : . . D E G I I ; I = " I G > G / B J G J ; " > A ; ; > G H

D :

- 1 ( / - 1 +

R ) 6 ) 5 9 % 7 - 2 1 6



76

I> I N > I A< AHH> > I> , G H GK I> H < > I H I >I N I G K> JH N . G> G I JI 1880, L HI G G H GK I> H <

N > I > H H H H JH> G G< G A G> < K GG <G H. CG I N IG IN I> H, G H GK I> H I G I

I G>H K J H I IG> GH L G I I ; IG> L GI> > I > HJ I> H I N G H JG L>I > IG> H, JI H I> J J I> < < G>< IH,

G >H J>I> H, > G H > G HIGJ IJG HJ GI. ! L K G, H IAHH> > I> EG K , G H GK I> H > G H> < N < G IJ G> H G G I I K H G ' I>K H I > < G I G> H >

G HH J IJG G > I> I I N H GH L K> L H G I> HI > H> <.

G GH > K I I I >GHI HI I L G HH> > I> < ' I>K G J>G I G > I> I N K HI>< H IG> > , G GIJG I I H L > I @ L ' I>K H HI. N IJG I

> >I GN > > H L >I G J I HI[H N " > L GH GGI> > I > I >< H H>K H > >

GI> J G AG N I > , > G ! GN G II, H I J I> > IHI G C K GN > I 1860H [70H, H GK> < G N N GH > @GG>I GN, L G N HI G " > H H I. " 1875, I G NJI G > H " > H G I I I G > >I GN GIH, G II

G HH> , F G> .AI F GI G> , > L , AG , K IJ N C >G J A L GG> G

L G > , C I > G II I> L I>K > >I GN G >H > > G H HIGJ IJG G JI> H L G > G K> > < >H L > I

L>I >G G H H EJG -A G> I> , <J < , K> G. JI>G> H, > >I GN-HIN >K> < GG < IH, , G H K , IG H

> G < ' I>K HW I HI > G II[H > W G J JIJG J > G I> I > >< JH H I G < >O > G

> >K> J I A G> H.G II[H G > K > < > >I GN-HIN G <> I- > HIGJ I> G I G I >GHI

A G> " > G > < H , JH IC G >H , HN K > . L H I C G >H " >" JHIG> , I >H G > < H IIG II JH H " > HIJ IH G I MI GINN GH G K> G I G G > <H H. G II K JH L > -

JH II I I <J> I H HJ H -J I N I I> [H J I> > N G ' I>K

H: XA I " > I G >H > I G H J

> G ! GN G II (1840V1924) H > JI I, . 1879. U % > G G N ; C < G H H



77

.Y G II > I I X@> I " > H K I .Y J > HI G HH I < K G I[H > N >G H. >HH> G "

A >GHWI I> [H G H> > < > G " > > NW H G< LG I , XI >H GJ , I I >H L HI J , L > I I I >H J , > , C G>HI> .Y F G J I> I

G K K G IL IN- >K I JH " > > G G I >G > I I> [H > N, G> GN I I HH> > I> ><

1900, IL IN- >K -G H GK I> H H HI >H I I I > G N I I JH > G .

@ I JI G JI G I > H I < IG > J > I> H G I> H M G> H. ! GI> J

H>O I > > I < H G JH I G HIJ IH[G G > H:

AI I C G >H L G I < G IG> I L >I [HI > < L H HJ >G I. . . . JG >GHI G H I I L H > K> <

JG >G JI. . . . >GHI G> HI> <, JI G >O> < H , HJ >II . BJI NH I G > < H G , L I HIG < J GI .

I > @ I G I I GH, J GHI J L I > >K>> < > I> < HIG I <> H JI> >O I C G >H .

I > <N G I> I HH> > I>>< , > I> N> I> I G H > IGJH> J < > HI I

A G> " > > >K> J J N, L > J I> I G> GN I H HH> > I> , G " > > > H G

' I>K A G> HIJ IH I I C G >H " > " JHIG> , C G >H , HN K > , . 1900. " H II > G G N ; C < G H H



78

I H K H H GG> HJ > <> HIGJ I>K > J H. AI G > > JH IG <> N >G > > > H I I I G J

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1. L H C G H E HI L I > GI I >HI G> K IH > L>I HH?

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> I> Y N " > H, GI> J G N J G H GK I> J >I> HJ K G > I >I I I I> , JI I HH < HJ HH>HI IH

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COURSE MATERIALS

++) 7)( R)%( +

A GH , FG .$ ') $ )< M) A +): A # < H < < F + ) I ) ') . ' L G@: >@> < <J> , 2005.

BG L , D .B= M H ) < )< ' = K : A I ) H < < A +)' < . ' L G@: ! I, > GI & > HI , 1970.

C L N, C > .$ A +) " > = N)< > A +) C = <. ' L G@: C G> < >K GH>IN G HH, 1995.

WWW. N ? ' A : I ) , E= ) , ) < " ) / E) A +.B I> G , D: H ! @> H >K GH>IN G HH, 1997.

CG H N, A G ., G.$ C = * ) E@+ ) / : B / +) ) C= <= ) C = + 1492. HI GI, C : G L J >H > < G J , 1973.

DJI J, '. BGJ . A +) I ) ) < L)? . ' L G@: >@> < <J> , 2008.

! M> , FG G> @ E. A F ) : $ C) ) / < A )< , 'E: >K GH>IN ' G H@ G HH, 2001.

N, LG C.$ A )= < A )< : J C ) < O / + " . A J J G J , ' : >K GH>IN ' L M> G HH, 1983.

, C G H C.1491: N ? " > )< < A +) B C = *=. ' LG@: , 2005.

, H .L ? ) C ) A / , 'E: >K GH>IN ' G H@ G HH, 1984.

L H , I > > .' ') II ) < A +) I ). A J J G J ,' : >K GH>IN ' L M> G HH, 2002.

L > , G@." =/ / I<: $ A=< <)< > $ @<. B G@ N, CA: >K GH>IN

C > G > G HH, 2002., A I N F.C.$ L /, B << $ ) : A ? J)+ ) <, 1993.

> @> H , C G H.B #< =// : $ " M I ) N)<. ' L G@:. . ' GI , 2005.

O7 ) B * I 7) ) 7

A H, D K> .E =+)< E@< +< : A +) I ) ) K GH>IN G HH H H, 1995.

B @H, D >H, > G EG H.O *?) ') : D B) ) < "< A +) I ) M > <. ' G , : >K GH>IN @

G HH, 2005.

C L N, C > .F < : A D += <) #= > A +) I )H < . 3G . B HI : B G / I. GI> [H, 2008.



109

WWW. O ) < ' < C = <: $ N)< > A +) ' , 'E: >K GH>IN ' G H@ G HH, 2003.

C II > , HH> .H / #<) : F ) # G) / ) # > / < .DJG , 'C: DJ@ >K GH>IN G HH, 2008.

C > , BG .B ) / #+ # ) : A +) I ) F) , 1900 1940.> , 'E: >K GH>IN ' G H@ G HH, 1998.

D N, BG> .') ) $ = ) D < : I ) ") ) < %.#.-M @ +) ') .' L ! K , C : >K GH>IN G HH, 2008.

D G> , > > .I ) % @ +< )+. LG , : >K GH>IN G HH H H, 2006.

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! , . C $) ) ') : N)< > A +) ) ' ') II. ' LG@: C H ! JH J > I> H, 2007.

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! M> , FG G> @ E., N . ' H , H.L ? ) C ) ) K GH>IN " > >H G HH, 2007.

, A N.$ A ) + E < M) / %.#. C= <=. C G> < ,A: ! GK G >K GH>IN G HH, 2002.

IG , A N, A . C , H.$ N)< ) M= = < A +)I ) : C < +) C > )<. > , 'E: >K GH>IN ' G H@ G HH, 2008.

> , C G>HI> . M) / I ) L)?: $ H=) ) ) L) C) ) K GH>IN G HH, 2007.

J@ I I, > I N .C) ): A + < A +) G )< C < < M. ' LG@: >@> <, 2009.

G J , , > D. G , H.$ C " >) : A B H <? < D += <. ' L G@: B G / I. GI> [H, 1995.

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N ? E / ) , 1500 1643 . ' L G@: M G >K GH>IN G HH, 1982.

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110

G- >I , JH .I ) ' ) F + M : " < / C= <= ) E + = < < ' < G )< L). A GHI, A: >K GH>IN

HH JH IIH G HH, 2001.

>I , J C I, GI A GG> G.L ) H= +) : $ I ) M > < A +)< ) < ' = K. ' L G@: ' L G HH, 1997.

N G, A . A +) C : $ # << / N < A +). ' L G@: >@> <<J> , 2001.

I N, GI .$ I ) F < < A +) ' <,1846 1890.A J J G J , ' : >K GH>IN ' L M> G HH, 1984.

N G, A . A +) C : $ # << / N < A +). ' L G@: >@> <<J> , 2001.

HI, E > II.$ C < < ) : I ) , G , ) < "= < C.LG , : >K GH>IN G HH H H, 1998.

R)' ()( B

L , H ." < / A +) ) <: " + / / F)+< , F +< , ) L A +) H < . G G G> H. G> FG G> @, D:

G B @H, C, 2004.

, > .$ L ) $ M) $?). G G G> H.G> FG G> @, D: G B @H, C, 2010.

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111

The Incas: Inside an American EmpireProfessor Terence N. D’Altroy—Columbia University

This course introduces the Incas, a small ethnic group from the southern Peruvianhighlands who created the greatest empire ever seen in the independent Americas. Itbegins with the encounter between the Spaniards and the Incas in 1532 that led tothe downfall of Tawantinsuyu (The Four Parts Together), as the Incas called theirvast domain in the South American Andes. The course then explains what kinds of information are available to understand Incas, who did not have their own writing system, as did most ancient empires. Instead, we have to rely on Spanish chroniclesand reports, based on their observations and interviews with the Incas, and onmodern archaeology.

Rethinking Our Past: Recognizing Facts, Fictions,and Lies in American History Professor James W. Loewen—University of Vermont

Evidence shows that much of the history Americans learn in schools is rife withdistortions of fact, and sometimes even tainted by outright lies. Best-selling authorof the 1996 American Book Award winnerLies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your

America History Textbook Got Wrong,Professor James W. Loewen presents this remark-able course that challenges the inaccurate accounts of American history propagated by many educators and educational institutions. In this eye-opening series of lectures,Loewen encourages listeners to reevaluate everything they think they know about

America’s past. Examined under closer scrutiny, many of the ideas we may take forgranted about our history stand in stark relief to the truth.

Brotherhood of the Revolution:How America’s Founders Forged a New NationProfessor Joseph J. Ellis—Mt. Holyoke College

This course is a chronological survey of the period from 1763 to 1800 and discusses

the single most consequential event of American history: the American Revolution. We will examine some of the issues and problems that characterized this convolutedperiod of history. The American colonists wanted independence from Great Britain,

while Great Britain wanted to hold onto America and use the colonies for its owneconomic advantage. Besides turmoil between the colonists and Great Britain, there

were a number of internal disputes within the new nation. African-Americans facedslavery, and Native Americans faced the issue of being pushed out of their homeland.Indeed, the late eighteenth century proved to be a troublesome time for America.

The Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin

Professor H.W. Brands—Texas A&M University Chandler, balladeer, poet, printer, writer, humorist, satirist, swimmer, businessman,

inventor, philosopher, soldier, administrator, scientist, politician, ladies’ man, musi-cian, humanitarian, philanthropist—Benjamin Franklin was a man of many inter-ests. This course focuses on his life and his influence on history. His contributionsthrough inventions, scientific investigation, and political thought still echo morethan two hundred years after his passing. A man of his time and of his place,Franklin sought not only to enlighten himself, but also to help shed a new lightof reason and self-government to all who would pay heed.

RECORDED BOOKS HIJ N >HI GN >H H > < H J >

H>I> H G J I L G . G G H GH I L> < JGH H I GN > I A G> H.



112

A House Reunited: How America Survived the Civil War Professor Jay Winik—University of Maryland

It was only through the resolve of strong individuals, the courage of great leaders,and the fortunes of circumstance that the United States managed to survive theCivil War as one nation. While most courses focus on the entire sweep of the con-flict, this course presents an in-depth examination of the waning days of the greatstruggle. We’ll examine the dramatic events leading up to April 1865 and pondersome of the unthinkable alternatives that, had they materialized, would have surely prevented the formation of the country we know today. In the end we’ll discoverhow our nation was saved not only by a devoted president, a stalwart general, anddedicated troops, but just as much so by the grace and character of those who ledthe vanquished.

The American Presidency: From Theodore Roosevelt to Ronald ReaganProfessor Robert Dallek—Boston University

The twentieth-century American presidency is something of a mystery. Some presi-dents performed exceptionally well in office, displaying strong leadership and win-ning the respect of the American people as well as the rest of the world. Others fellshort of expectations and are remembered at best as marginal chief executives. Whatelusive mix of character traits, circumstance, and determination shape a presidentialadministration? This course explores the tenures of the men who held our nation’shighest office during most of the twentieth century. The lectures examine thestrengths and weaknesses of the presidents as well as the times in which they served.

American Inquisition: The Era of McCarthyismProfessor Ellen Schrecker—Yeshiva University

During the early years of the Cold War, the anticommunist witch hunt that wenow call McCarthyism swept through American society. As we will discover,McCarthyism was much more than the career of the blustering senator from

Wisconsin who gave it a name. It was the most widespread and longest-lasting episode of political repression in American history. Dozens of men and women wentto prison, thousands lost their jobs, and untold numbers of others saw what hap-pened to those people and refrained from expressing controversial or unpopularideas. McCarthyism reminds us that we cannot take our basic freedoms for granted.This course aims to provide a basic understanding of what happened during theCold War red scare of the late 1940s and 1950s.

Cold War: On the Brink of ApocalypseProfessor David S. Painter—Georgetown University

The devastating U.S. atomic bombing of the Japanese cities of Hiroshima andNagasaki not only brought World War II to an end, but it effectively gave birth tothe Cold War. For forty-five years thereafter, the fragile relationship of the UnitedStates and the Soviet Union held the potential for an apocalyptic confrontationthat could have spelled doom for the human race. Understanding the Cold War isabsolutely essential to our understanding of the history of the second half of thetwentieth century and beyond.

! ) ) ' ) % ) % % /%&/) / ) 7 + . () ' /% .' &< '%// + R)' ()( B %7 1-800-636-3399.

Documents

A Histroy of Native America