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A and P Intro – Handouts Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy: The study of structure
Subdivisions:
Gross or macroscopic (e.g., regional, surface, and systemic anatomy)
Microscopic (e.g., cytology and histology)
Developmental (e.g., embryology)
Essential tools for the study of anatomy:
Mastery of anatomical terminology
Observation
Manipulation
Palpation
Physiology: The study of function at many levels
Subdivisions are based on organ systems (e.g., renal or cardiovascular physiology)
Essential tools for the study of physiology:
Ability to focus at many levels (from systemic to cellular and molecular)
Basic physical principles (e.g., electrical currents, pressure, and movement)
Basic chemical principles
Anatomy and physiology are inseparable
Function always reflects structure
What a structure can do depends on its specific form
Homeostasis
Maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment despite continuous outside changes
A dynamic state of equilibrium Negative Feedback Mechanism
Receptor (sensor)
Monitors the environment
Responds to stimuli (changes in controlled variables)
Control center
Determines the set point at which the variable is maintained
Receives input from receptor
Determines appropriate response
Effector o Receives output from control center o Provides the means to respond o Response acts to reduce or enhance the
stimulus (feedback)
Regional Terms
Directional Terms
Body Planes and Sections
A sagittal section divides the body (or organ) into left and right parts
A median, or midsagittal, section divides the body (or organ) into equal left and right parts
A frontal section divides the body (or organ) into anterior and posterior parts
A transverse, or cross, section divides the body (or organ) into superior and inferior parts
Body Cavities
Dorsal body cavity
Cranial cavity houses the brain
Spinal cavity houses the spinal cord
Ventral body cavity
Thoracic cavity houses heart, lungs and others
Abdominopelvic cavity houses digestive system and most urinary system organs
Serous Membranes
Thin, double‐layered membrane separated by serous fluid
Parietal serosa lines internal body walls
Visceral serosa covers the internal organs Abdominopelvic Major Organs Abdominopelvic Regions