Mc lcMC LC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3LI TA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5LI CM N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7TVIT TT VTHUT NG. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9TMLC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11GII THIU. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15MC TIU CA BO CO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15PHNG PHP NGHIN CU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15Khung theo di: cc ch v gi thuyt nghin cu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17Kho st thc a. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18PHN1: TNGQUANV DINBINNGHOVCCNLCGIMNGHO . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211. TNG QUANV DIN BIN NGHO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211.1 T L NGHO GIMTI A PHNG V TRNTAN QUC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211.2 CC NG LC GIM NGHO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22y mnh sn xut hng ha. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23Ci thin c s h tng. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27Ci thin tip cn th trng. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28Tng i lm thu gn nh v i lm n xa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29Ci thin tip cn cc dch v gio dc v y t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30M rng tip cn tn dng v cc dch v ti chnh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .331.3 NHNG VN CNTNTI V TNHTRNG NGHO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34Ngho lng thc v thiu dinh dng cn trm trng mt s ni . . . . . . . . . . . . .34Nhng kh khn trong cng tc r sot h ngho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34Chun ngho khng cn thch hp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36a s ngi ngho cn thiu t tin vo c hi v kh nngci thin cuc sng trong thi gian ti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36PHN 2. CC CH CHNHV GIMNGHO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .392. KHONG CCH GIU NGHO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .392.1 NGUYN NHN CA S BT BNH NG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39Ngi ngho c t ngun thu nhp hn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40Ngi ngho thng c t t hn v t t tt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40Ngi ngho c t ti sn hn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42Ngi ngho tham gia t hn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44Ngi ngho thiu ngun vn x hi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44Ngi ngho cng b nh hng ca vn nn ma ty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46Ngi ngho p dng khoa hc k thut km hn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46Ngi ngho cn gp nhiu hn ch trong tip cn ngun vn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48Ngi ngho tip cn th trng km hn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49Ngi ngho thng l ng bo dn tc thiu s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .502.2 NHM CN NGHO CNG I MT VI RI RO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .522.3 KT LUN: CCYUTQUANTRNG DN N KHONG CCH GIU NGHO . . . . .5433. TNH D B TNTHNG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .583.1 CC YUT LM NGI DN D B TNTHNG. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59Thi tit khng thun li . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59au m v thiu sc lao ng. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60Su bnh, dch bnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61Th trng khng n nh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62Cc ri ro khc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .633.2 CC BIN PHP PHNG CHNG RI RO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64a dng sinh k. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64Quay tr li canh tc nng ry truyn thng. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64Mua chu t cc hng qun, i l ti a phng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65Lm thu theo ma v . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .653.3 CC CHNH SCH V HTR KHC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65H tr ca cng ng. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65H tr ca cc c quan on th v cc t chc khc ti a phng . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66H tr ca Chnh ph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .673.4 KT LUN: GIP NGI DNVT QUA RI RO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .684. VN GII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .704.1 NHNG KHC BIT V GII TRONG GIA NH V CNG NG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70Phn cng lao ng. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70Ra quyt nh: vai tr ca yu t gii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .714.2 TIP CNV S DNG CC DCH V V NGUN LI KHC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71Tip cn t ai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71Tip cn vn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72Tip cn gio dc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 2Tip cn cc dch v khuyn nng. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75Tip cn dch v y t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .764.3 I DINV THAM GIA VO CC HOT NG X HI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76Tham gia sinh hot on th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77Tham gia hp thn v cc cng vic chung trong thn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .774.4 KT LUN: LNG GHP VN GII VO CC N LC V NGI NGHO. . . . . . . . .785. THAM GIAVTRAO QUYN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .795.1 NGI NGHOTHAM GIA VO CC CHNGTRNH, CHNH SCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79Tip cn thng tin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79Tham gia vo qu trnh thc hin cc d n v chnh sch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80Tham gia vo qu trnh gim st v qun l. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .835.2VAI TR CA CNG NG V CC T CHC ANTH TRONG VICTHC Y STHAM GIA CA NGI DN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .835.3 KT LUN: TRAO QUYN HN NA CHO NGI NGHO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84PHN 3. KT LUN: QUTRNHTINTI XA NGHO VIT NAM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .876. NHNGTHTHCHMVIT NAMANGI MTTRONGNLC GIMNGHO . . .876.1 CC CH S NGHO PHC V CHO HOT NG GIM ST. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .876.2 NHNGTHCHTHC TRONGTNG LAI I VI TNGTRNGC LI CHO NGI NGHO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88Tc ng ca WTO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88Tc ng ca khng hang ti chnh th gii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89Tc ng ca bin i kh hu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .906.3 NHNG XUT THO LUN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .907. TI LIUTHAM KHO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .924Li ta1u nm 2007, Vit Nam chnh thc l thnh vin th 150 ca T chc Thong mi Th gii(WTO). iu ny s mang n nhiu c hi cho Vit Nam, nhng ng thi cng t ranhng thch thc, c bit trong vic m bo chia s li ch gia nhp WTO ti mi ngidn, bao gm c nhm ngi ngho v d b tn thng.Trong bi cnh ny, ActionAid Vit Nam, Oxfam Anh v Oxfam Hng Kng, nhng t chclm vic lu nm h tr ngi ngho v thit thi nht Vit Nam, cng vi cc i tc aphng, tin hnh thc hin sng kinTheo di ngho theo phng php cng thamgiat u nm 2007.Sang kin ny nhm mc ch theo di hng nm cc kt qu gim ngho, gn vi nhngthay i v sinh k v tip cn th trng ca ngi ngho v d b tn thng ti mt scng ng in hnh trn c nc. Chng ti mong mun ng gp cc khuyn ngh chotho lun chnh sch ti cp quc gia, cng nh cho vic iu chnh v thit k cc chngtrnh ca ActionAid v Oxfam ti Vit Nam.Chng ti hy vng Qu v s tmthy nhng iu b ch v th v trong bo co tng hp theodi ngho nm th nht ny.Steve Price-Thomas Phan Vn NgcGim c Gim cOxfam Anh Action Aid Vit Nam51Nghin cu ny c s ng gp ca nhiu t chc v c nhn. Tuy nhin, cc kin, quan im, kt lun, v xuttrnh by trong nghin cu ny khng nht thit l quan imchnh sch ca Oxfam, AAV hay t chc v nh nghincu no c ti liu c trch dn trong bo co ny.Li cmnBo co tng hp v theo di ngho nng thn ny l n lc tp th, v khng th honthnh nu thiu s ng gp quan trng ca rt nhiu ngi.Chng ti xin cm n lnh o v cn b ca cc t chc Oxfam Anh, Oxfam Hng Kng vActionAidVit nam(AAV) cho nhng kin qu bu trong sut cc bc thit k, trin khaithc a, hi tho v vit bo co. Mt s cn b ca Oxfamv AAV trc tip thamgia ccchuyn thc a, ng gp nhng kin thc v kinh nghim hu ch v phng php v nidung nghin cu. Chng ti cng xin c cmn AndrewWright v Dr Pamela McElwee h tr chnh sa v hiu nh bo co ny.Chng ti xin cm n s cho php v to iu kin thun li ca UBND, S Ngoi v v ccs ban ngnh lin quan cp tnh v cp huyn ni tin hnh t theo di ngho ny. Chngti xin cm n cc thnh vin Nhm nng ct 09 tnh gm cn b s ban ngnh, cc tchc on th cp tnh v huyn, cc cn b x phi hp cht ch, dnh nhiu thi gianv n lc hon thnh cng tc thc a v vit bo co theo di ngho ca tng tnh.Chng ti xin c bit cm n cc cn b thn bn cng i v h tr tch cc cng tcthc a ti 20 thn bn tham gia mng li quan trc ngho nng thn. S tham gia tchcc v iu phi nhp nhng ca cc i tc a phng ca Oxfam v AAV gm cc iuphi vin, cn b cc Ban qun l chng trnh pht trin ti cc huyn, cn b cc T chcphi chnh ph trong nc nh HCCD, CCD v ACEP l khng th thiu t theo di nghony c thc hin thnh cng.Cui cng, chng ti xin by t nhng li cm n chn thnh nht ti nhng ngi dnngho nam v n, nhng thanh nin v tr em ti cc thn bn dnh thi gian chia snhng thun li v kh khn trong i sng, nhng nhn xt, d nh v mong mun trongtng lai ca mnh thng qua cc cuc tho lun nhm v phng vn su. Nu khng c stham gia tch cc ca h, t theo di ngho ny khng th thc hin c.Do thi gian hn hp, ch nghin cu rng v phc to, v thc t a dng ti cc imquan trc, bo co tng hp ny khng trnh khi nhng thiu st. Chng ti rt mong nhnc kin ng gp ca qu v quan tm2. Chng ti xin chn thnh cm n.Nhm t vn cng ty Trng Xun (Ageless)Hong Xun Thnh (Trng nhm)inh Th Thu PhngNguyn Thu HngPhmVit Sn72Cc kin ng gp c th gi ti: Hong Xun Thnh, Trng nhm t vn, Gim c cng ty Trng Xun(Ageless): (04) 39434478 (vn phng), 091 3340972 (di ng), emai: thanhhx@gmail.com; L Kim Dung, iu phivin chng trnh, OxfamAnh, (04) 39454362, my l 141, email: lkdung@oxfam.org.uk; vVTh Qunh Hoa, Cn bch Qun tr nh nc, ActionAid Vit nam, (04) 39439866, my l 126, email: hoa.vuthiquynh@actionaid.orgT vit tt v Thut ngAAV ActionAid Vit NamACEP Trung tm H tr Nng lc v Hp tc Cng ngADB Ngn hng Pht trin chu BHYT Bo himY tCCD Trung tm Pht trin Cng ng tnh in BinChng trnh 132Chng trnh h tr t sn xut v t cho ng bo dn tc thiu sti ch Ty Nguyn ca Chnh ph (theo Quyt nh s 132/2002/Q-TTg ngy 8/10/2002)Chng trnh 134Chng trnh h tr ngi ngho dn tc thiu s v t sn xut, t ,nh v nc sinh hot ca Chnh ph (theo Quyt nh s 134/2004/Q-TTg ngy 20/7/2004)Chng trnh 135Chng trnh h tr pht trin kinh t-x hi cc x c bit kh khn caChnh ph (theo quyt nh s 135/1998/Q-TTg ngy 31/7/1998)CLB Cu lc bCT-DA Chng trnh D nDCCS Dn ch C sCC nh canh nh cDTTS Dn tc Thiu sGNTT Gim nh Thin taiHCCD Trung tm Pht trin Cng ng H TnhHTX Hp tc xKHHG K hoch ha Gia nhKHKT Khoa hc K thutKT-XH Kinh t - X hiNHCS Ngn hng Chnh sch X hiNHTM Ngn hng Thng miOGB Oxfam AnhOHK Oxfam Hng KngReflect Cch tip cn Xa m ch kt hp Pht trin cng ng (do AAV phihp vi cc i tc a phng trin khai thc hin)SKSS Sc khe Sinh snS KH&T S K hoch v u tS L-TBXH S Lao ng Thng Binh & X hiS NN&PTNT S Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thnTCTK Tng cc Thng kTHCS Trung hc C s (cp 2)THPT Trung hc Ph thng (cp 3)TTHC Th tc Hnh chnhTTKN Trung tm Khuyn nngUBND y ban Nhn dnVHLSS iu tra Mc sng H gia nh Vit NamWB Ngn hng Th giiWTO T chc Thng mi Th giiXGN Xa i Gim ngho1 USD = 16,600 VND hoc ng (ti thi im thng 8/2008)9TMLCV t kho stOxfam Anh, Oxfam Hng Kng v ActionAid Vit Nam phi hp vi cc i tc a phngtin hnh t theo di ngho theo phng php cng thamgia ti 10 x thuc 09 tnh trongc nc t thng 4/2007 n thng 1/2008. Ti mi tnh, mt Nhmnng ct c thnhlp. Cc thng tin thu c da trn kt qu cc cuc tho lun nhm, phng vn su, vphng vn theo bng hi vi s tham gia ca 600 h gia nh.V cc kt qu kho stCc ng lc gim ngho chnh trong nhng nm gn y l y mnh sn xut hng ha,ci thin c s h tng, ci thin kh nng tip cn th trng v lao ng lmthu, h thnggio dc v y t tt hn, v m rng tip cn tn dng. Kt qu kho st thc a cho thytnh trng ngho gim so vi 10 nm v trc, nhng t l ngho cn rt cao cc xmin ni, vng su DTTS. Ti nhiu a bn, vi t l bnh qun c 3 h dn th c trn di2 h ngho. Mc d ngho hin nay tin b hn ngho 3-5 nmtrc, nhng nu ch davo tiu ch thu nhp th khng nh gi tnh trng ngho. i vi nhiu ngi ngho,cht lng ba n cn rt kham kh v thiu dinh dng. Thm vo , t l gim ngho cxu hng s chmi trong tng lai gn, do nhng ngi ngho nht v chu thit thi nhtang phi i mt vi nhng kh khn ln.Khi nim ngho s dng trong bo co ny bao gm c cc yu t thu nhp v phi thunhp, v nhm h ngho thua km nhm h kh v c hai mt: cht lng t ai, nh ca,gia sc, ti sn lu bn, v ngun thu nhp chnh. Vi bt li v trnh hc vn v kin thckhoa hc k thut, ngi ngho c t ngun vn v tip cn th trng km hn ngi kh.a s ngi ngho ti cc a bn kho st cm thy thiu t tin vo c hi v kh nng cithin cuc sng.Cuc kho st cho thy nhng khc bit ln v t l ngho v thu nhp gia cc nhm dntc khc nhau sinh sng trong cng mt x. Mc d cc nhm dn tc khc nhau cng chunh hng ca cc iu kin chung nh kh hu, a hnh hay ngun nc, nhng thu nhpv t l ngho li rt khc nhau. Xu hng l nhm ngi Kinh c t l ngho thp nht,nhm ngi Khmer, Ty, Thi, v c t l ngho trung bnh, cn nhm ngi Vn Kiu,Raglai, Khm v HMng c t l ngho cao nht. p dng kin thc k thut, thm canhtrong sn xut, tip cn th trng v gio dc, hiu qu s dng vn, lao ng phi nngnghip v kh nng s dng ngn ng ting Vit l nhng yu t quan trng dn n skhc bit v t l ngho gia cc nhm dn tc.Kt qu kho st cho thy: c mi tng quan cht ch gia kh nng sn xut hiu qu vivic thot ngho, cng nh gia kh nng tip cn th trng v tnh trng ngho. Ngunnhn lc l yu t quan trng quyt nh tnh trng kinh t ca ngi dn nng thn. Thmvo , cc dch v khuyn nng thng c nh gi l c cht lng cha cao do chaquan tm thch ng n nhu cu ca ng bo dn tc khng tho ting Kinh hay nhngkin thc bn a v truyn thng ca h. iu quan trng cui cng l cn phi c mt hthng bo tr x hi ton din.Khi xemxt cc xu th quan trng ca cng cuc gimngho, bo co ny tp trung vo bnkha cnh: khong cch giu ngho tng ln; tnh d b tn thng ca nhng ngi nghokhi i mt vi ri ro v cc c sc; cc thch thc t c bnh ng gii; v nhng rocn v s thamgia v trao quyn ngi ngho c th lmch qu trnh vn ln ca mnh.11Nhng thch thc i vi vic kimch khong cch giu - nghoMc d Nh nc c nhiu chnh sch ring cho ngi ngho nhng hiu qu ca nhngchnh sch ny vn cn hn ch. Ngay c nhng ni c u t v c s h tng nhng thiucc iu kin phc v sn xut nng nghip, v d nh h thng thy li, cc phng tin canhtc, htrvk thut th nhngngi nghonht vnkhcthnngcaocht lngcuc sng.Bo co ny nhn mnh nhng imkhc bit gia nhmh kh gi v nhmh ngho. Dothiu t ai thun li cho canh tc, ngi ngho gp bt li trong sn xut nng nghip.Cc chnh sch tr cc tr gi i vi vt t sn xut vn cha ti c nhiu ngi ngho.Mi lin kt gia cc doanh nghip ch bin, thng mi v sn xut nng nghip cn yunn cha gip c ngi ngho tn dng c hi ca th trng mi trong bi cnh VitNam gia nhp T chc Thng mi Th gii (WTO). Mt s ngi ngho v cn ngho chatip cn c ngun tn dng u i hoc khng s dng vn mt cch hiu qu c thtng thu nhp. Khi vic tip cn cc dch v gio dc, y t v cc dch v khc nh khuynnng c ci thin, th hu ht nhng ngi kh gi c hng li nhiu nht. Ngingho vn gp nhiu bt li, thit thi trong vic tn dng c hi t cc chnh sch vchng trnh mi c th ci thin cuc sng.Khi chun ngho mi c iu chnh li nm 2006, nhm ngi ngho nht cng gp khkhn trong vic hng li t cc chnh sch h tr gim ngho, khin h i mt vi nguyc ri su hn vo vng ngho. Nhm cn ngho cng d b tn thng khi i mt vinhng ri ro. Do khng thuc nhmngho hay kh gi nn nhm cn ngho kh cvay vn u i nh nhmngi ngho nht v cng kh vay vn thng mi. iu ny cngtng t i vi cc dch v v gio dc v y t.Tnh d b tn thng i vi cc c sc v tnh trng kinh t bp bnhCc n lc ci thin tip cn th trng, nng cao cht lng sn xut nng nghip v h trcc cng ng d b tn thng chng vi cc c sc v ri ro cha t c thnh cng.Ngi ngho tip tc i mt vi cc c sc v ri ro. Nhng c sc ln m ngi nghothng phi i mt l thi tit khc nghit, kh d bo, thiu lao ng, su bnh, dch bnh,v bin ng bt li ca th trng. Cc ri ro khc bao gmc thnh vin gia nh b tn tt,mt t do mc n hoc cc d n u t; thoi ha t v mi trng b xung cp. Ngoira cn c cc ri ro gn vi lao ng lm thu, nht l ngi lm thu xa nh.ng bo dn tc thiu s p dng cc gii php khc nhau vt qua ri ro kinh t,tm mi cch kim sng, p dng cc k thut mi hn, a dng ha cc hnh thc sn xutnng ry, hoc mua chu. Tnh cng ng cao ti cc vng min ni DTTS to nn mt mngli, tng tr ln nhau nhng khi thiu i hoc i mt vi ri ro. Tuy nhin, nhng h trny ch c tc dng ngn hn v nh l. Thc t cho thy cc nhm lin gia v cc t chccng ng l nhng hnh thc h tr hiu qu cp c s gip gim ri ro.H tr ca nh nc v cc t chc qun chng cng gip ngi dn i mt vi ri ro.Ngi ngho v cn ngho cn tip cn th trng v cc dch v x hi d dng hn vtqua ri ro v trnh ti ngho. Tuy nhin. vic lng ghp gimthiu tc ng ca thin tai vocc bc thit k v thc hin chng trnh pht trin vn cha thnh cng, v chng ta cth lm nhiu hn na thit lp mng li an sinh x hi nhm ci thin an ninh lngthc, y t, v cht lng cuc sng i vi nhng nhm ngi d b tn thng nht.Vn GiiPhn cng lao ng v ra quyt nh gia namgii v ph n ti cc imquan trc vn theophong tc truyn thng. Tuy nhin, cng c mt s du hiu ca s thay i. Hu ht cccng ng DTTS theo truyn thng ph h. Vic phn chia lao ng vn theo khun muph n lm cc vic c gi lvic nh, cn nam gii lm cc vic c gi lvic nng.Nam gii tham gia nhiu hn vo cc cng vic ngoi x hi, tham d cc cuc hp, thchin cc hot ng mua bn, v lm cc vic mang tnh k thut nh chn ging, chnphn bn, hoc cc thit b sn xut. Tuy nhin, i lm thu xa nh tr thnh mt yu tdn n thay i vai tr gii truyn thng ti ni lm vic cng nh ti gia nh.Theo di Ngho theo Phng php cng Tham giati mt s Cng ng Dn c Nng thn Vit Nam12Cc chnhschca Nh nc cngngy cngch nhiuhnnbnhnggii, v dnhtipcn gio dc v dch v y t. Ngy nay ph n c th vay vn d dng hn. iu ny gip choh c v th tt hn v tham gia nhiu hn vo cc hot ng ca cng ng. Ngi dn nhn thc tt hn v gi tr ca gio dc v s tr em n trng tng ln, trong s emgi v emtrai gn nh bng nhau, nh cp tiu hc v ph thng c s . Ph n cng thamgia nhiu hn vo cc hot ng ca cng ng thng qua vic thamgia tch cc vo cc cuchp v d n. Tt c cc yu t ny c tc ng tch cc i vi cc n lc gim ngho, v thct cho thy vic trao quyn cho ph n c nhng tc ng tt hn i vi h gia nh.S thamgiaKt qu kho st cho thy nhng tin b v tham gia v trao quyn cng ng. Cc cuchp thn v sinh hot on th nh ca Hi Ph n vn l knh ph bin thng tin chnh vcc chng trnh v d n. Tuy nhin, thng tin thng mang tnh mt chiu, ngi dn cntip nhn thng tin mt cch th ng, nht l i vi ph n v nhng ngi ngho nht.ng bo DTTS thng khng nmvng c cc vn quan trng i vi chnh h, v dnh vn ti chnh hoc quyn v ngha v php l. Vic tham gia vo cc khu thit k vlp k hoch chng trnh, d n cn hn ch. Ngi dn mi ch yu tham gia khu thchin, v d nh gp cng lao ng. Qua cuc kho st c nhiu v d v nhng tht bi cacc d n do thiu s tham gia ca ngi dn.Nhn chung, cc th ch cng ng nh hp tc x v cc t nhmnng dn vn cha hotng hiu qu trong vic nng cao s tham gia ca ngi dn. Chc nng ca cc th chny nhiu khi ch hn ch mc l u mi tip nhn h tr t bn ngoi. Cc th chchnh thc v khng chnh thc khc nhau c th phc v cho li ch ca ngi ngho chac ch trng pht trin cc vng nng thn. Cn c thmsng kin pht trin cc tchc, v d nh cc hp tc x cung cp cc dch v tip th, c th gip ngi dn chng ri ro do nhng thay i trong thi k hu WTO mang li v s tc ng mnh n vngnng thn trong nhng nm ti.Nhng vn ny sinh cn theo di gimstLmpht l p lc ln i vi nhng n lc gimngho trong nmqua. Tnh trnggi cnhko gia gi bn sn phm v gi mua cc mt hng lng thc chnh yu, cc loi nguynvt liu v dch v nng nghip bin ng tht thng. Gi bn sn phm cao hn cng chb p c phn no cho gi mua tng qu cao ca nhng mt hng thit yu cho sn xutv tiu dng. Tnh hnh ny tc ng bt li n s n nh kinh t h gia nhv cho thyr nhng th thch i vi mt nn kinh t ang trong qu trnh chuyn i. Khng hongti chnh ton cu hin nay, cng vi lmpht cao m Vit Namtri qua trong sut nm2008,nht l i vi gi c lng thc v thc phm, e da nhng n lc gimngho t ctrong thi gian qua.Mt mi e da nghimtrng khc cn c ch v gimst cht ch l s bin i kh hu.Vit Namc xeml mt trong nhng quc gia c th b chu tn tht nng n nht trn tanth gii, do c b bin di, kinh t ph thuc vo nng nghip, v l quc gia c mc phttrin tng i thp. Mc bin i ca kh hu c d bo trong nhng kch bn tng laicho thy rng c th s c hng triu ngi dnVit Namphi i mt vi cc nguy c nh thitit bt li, tng mc nc bin, hn hn v l lt xy ra thng xuyn hn. thch ng vibin i kh hu, cn phi c nng lc mc cao, v nhng thay i v sn xut, li sng, lpk hoch v xy dng chnh sch u cn phi thc hin tt c cc cp. Mc d Chnh phVit Nam ngy cng nhn thy r nhng mi e a t bin i kh hu m quc gia phi imt, hin ti vn cn rt t cc chng trnh ca Chnh ph tp trung vo vic phn tch nhgi tnh tn thng v mt x hi v cch thch ng vi bin i kh hu trong th k 21 nhmbo v nhng ngi ngho nht vt qua cc tc ng khc nghit.Mt s xut tho lunDi y l mt s gi tho lun chnh sch rt ra t qu trnh gim st nhm hngti cng tc gim ngho bn vng, lu di v thc s.TM LC131. Gim ngho v hn ch khong cch giu - ngho, nht l ti cc khu vc ng boDTTS s t hiu qu nht khi tp trung vo cc ngunlc vnnglc cacon ngi,c bit l nhng ngi ngho nht, thng qua cc c hi gio dc, hc ngh, v phttrin vn x hi ca cc th ch cng ng. iu ny gip ngi ngho c th tipcn tt hn nhng h tr ca nh nc v cc nh ti tr, li dng tt hn cc c hith trng, v i mt vi ri rotrong qu trnh that ngho.2. Cn tip tc u t v nng cp cc h thng h tng c s gn vi sn xut nngnghip, nht l ti cc x DTTS c t l ngho cao t 50-60% tr ln. Cn ci thin hthng thy li v ng s i vo khu vc sn xut. Cc dch v khuyn nng cn hiuqu v ph hp hn. Khuyn nng cho ng bo DTTS cn c thc hin ph hpvi ngi khng bit ch hoc khng bit ting Kinh, c bit l ph n. Hin cnhng m hnh tt thc y x hi ha cc dch v khuyn nng.3. Cn u tin ci thin tip cn tn dng vi m cho c h ngho v cn ngho, trong c bit ch ti cc nhm ngho c th. M rng tn dng u i cn gn vi victhnh lp cc t nhm hp tc nng dn c thnh vin l h ngho. C th kt hpvi cc hot ng khuyn nng, chia s kinh nghimv h tr ln nhau. Ngoi ra cngcn cn nhc cc khan cho vay khn cp gip cho cc cng ng b tn thng khcphc mt mt ma v v vt qua nhng thin tai khc.4. Vn hnh trong mt nn kinh t th trng nn cc t chc nng dn cn c cc hnhthc h tr linh hot, v d thng qua HTX, cu lc b hay nhm cng s thch cth thc hin cc loi dch v m mt c nhn khng lmc. Cc t chc nng dncn thc y s tham gia ca ngi dn vo cc chnh sch, chng trnh v d n.Qu pht trin cng ng c th l mt m hnh tt nhmtrao quyn cho cng ngtrong vic ra quyt nh v c sng kin ca ring mnh cng c cc lin kt giadoanh nghip v ngi dn nhm pht trin cc chui th trng em li li ch chongi ngho.5. Cn thc hin mt h thng bo tr x hi tng hp nhm vt qua thin tai v khkhn v kinh t, ng vai tr nh mt mng li an ton v trc tip hng ti nhngngi b tn thng nht. Do vic xc nh v nh gi tnh tn thng, c tnh nc cc thch thc ca bin i kh hu, cn gn cht ch vi cng tc lp k hoch. Anninh lng thc v k hoch d phng v phng chng thin tai phi c u tin i ph vi nhng loi ri ro v tn thng c cp n trong bo co ny. Bncnh , cc cc chnh sch h tr x hi hin ti cng cn phi c cng c, qua viciu chnh thit k v tng ngun ngn sch. Cc chnh sch ny cn phi cx hiha thc hin c hiu qu. iu ny cn i i vi nng cao nhn thc, tp hunv cng tc chun b ng ph, c tnh n nng lc v kinh nghim ca ngi dn.6. thc hin cc chnh sch h tr x hi c hiu qu, vic iu chnh chun nghocn da trn nhng nhu cu lng thc v phi lng thc ca ngi dn, c bit ltrong bi cnh lm pht cao, v cn nhc nhng khc bit v gi c gia cc khu vc.Nn tin hnh r sot v iu chnh chun ngho hng nm c tnh n yu t lmpht.7. Cn tng cng vic a ngi ngho tham gia nhiu hn vo cc hot ng cacng ng, vic trao quyn cho h trong vic ra quyt nh khng ch lin quan ncuc sng ca h m cn c cc chnh sch v d n ca nh nc bao gm: khuynkhch v thc y cc hot ng truyn thng ca cng ng thng qua m rng ccm hnh hin c v t nhm v/hoc cc t chc cng ng nh T lin gia; xydng nng lc cho i ng lnh o c s thng qua tp hun v lnh o theophng php c s tham gia; h tr cc chng trnh xa m ch kt hp vi phttrin cng ng nhm tng kh nng tip cn thng tin; v pht trin mt k hochchin lc nhm c c i din y ca cc cng ng DTTS v ph n vo cch thng hnh chnh v cc c quan dn c a phng.Theo di Ngho theo Phng php cng Tham giati mt s Cng ng Dn c Nng thn Vit Nam14Cc chnh schgimngho cnch trng hn nan nng lc conngiCn tip tc u tvo c s h tnggn vi sn xutnng nghipCn m rng tndng quy m nhCn c thmccm hnh mi v tchc nng dnCn gn bo trx hi vi cng tclp k hochphng chng thintaiChun ngho cnphi linh hotNgi ngho cnc nhiu c hithamgia hn naGII THIUMc tiu ca bo coVit Nam thay i nhanh chng trong vng 25 nmqua. T ch l mt trong nhng qucgia ngho nht trn th gii, Vit Nam t c nhiu thnh tu to ln v tng trngkinh t v gim ngho trong nhng nm gn y. Nm 1993, c gn 60% dn s Vit Nam din ngho. Theo Bo co Pht trin Vit Nam nm 2008 th t l ny gim xung cn 16%vo nm 2006.Trong giai on 2007-2010, Chnh phVit Namtip tc thc hin hng lot cc chnh sch cicch su sc, ton din nhma t nc ra khi tnh trng kmpht trin v gip nhng hgia nh ngho cn li that ngho. Vic tr thnh thnh vin chnh thc ca T chc thngmi th gii (WTO) vo u nm2007 l mt phn ca k hoch kinh t tng th nh dumt chuyn bin quan trng ca Vit Nam nhm ha nhp vo nn kinh t tan cu. Vai trmi ca Vit Nam trong nn kinh t tan cu mang li nhiu c hi cng nh thch thc chongi dn, c bit l nhng cng ng ngho v ng bo DTTS khu vc min ni.Nhm theo di nhng thay i m Vit Nam s tri qua trong mt vi nm ti, khi thc hincamkt gia nhpWTOv nhng chuyn bin kinh t mnh m xy ra, mt nhmcc t chcphi Chnh ph quc t, trin khai thc hin sng kin theo di ngho ti mt s cng ngin hnh trn c nc. Cc t chc phi chnh ph ny gm Oxfam Anh, Oxfam Hng Kngv ActionAid Vit Nam phi hp vi cc i tc a phng ti nhng tnh m cc t chcc chng trnh h tr xy dng mt mng li theo di tnh trng ngho c s thamgianhm mc tiu:Tin hnh theo di gimst nh k i vi cc nhmd b tn thng ti mt s cngngdncinhnh, trongbi cnhgianhpWTOcngvi cc chnhschci cchcaChnh ph n nm2010, nhmcung cp cc phn tch v xut cho tho lun chnhsch cng nh vic thc hin cc chng trnh, d n ca Oxfam, AAVv cc i tc.Mc ch ca vic theo di hng nm l: Cung cp cc thng tin nghin cu nh tnh hu ch v tnh trng ngho v phttrin, b sung cho cc s liu thng k v iu tra ngho thu thp t cc ngun khc,v d nh ca nh nc v cc t chc khc. Xy dng mt mng li quan trccnh bo smnhmxc nh nhng tc ng btli i vi ngi ngho v d b tn thng trong bi cnh gia nhp WTO. Nngcao nnglc a phngv thc y s thamgia ca ngi dnvo qu trnh theodi gimst ngho phc v cng tc gimngho mt cch hiu qu v cng bng.Phng php nghin cuLa chn a imnghin cuTrn c s trao i vi cc i tc a phng v Oxfam/AAV, 09 tnh thamgia vo mng litheo di ngho nng thn. Ti mi tnh la chn 01 x in hnh (ring tnh Ninh Thunchn 02 x) tin hnh theo di ngho. Trong mt x, chn 02 thn bn: mt thn bn gntrung tm x, c iu kin thun li hn; v mt thn bn xa trung tm x, c iu kin kmthun li hn (cc x v thn bn c la chn tham gia mng li quan trc ngho nngthn khng nht thit phi c chng trnh pht trin ca Oxfam/AAV). Nh vy, tng cng c10 x (gm 20 thn bn) tham gia vo mng li quan trc ngho nng thn (xem Bng 1).15Mc tiu ca mng li theo di ngho ny khng nhma ra cc s liu thng k mang tnhi din, m nhmcung cp cc minh chng nh tnh v kin chia s ca ngi dn phc vcho cng tc tho lun chnh sch v xy dng cc chng trnh pht trin. Do vy, cc imquan trc s c la chn c mc ch, mang tnh in hnh v cc iu kin sinh k v tnhtrng ngho trong tnh, ng thi th hin c s a dng gia cc imquan trc.BNG 1. Mng li cc imquan trcNGUN: Phiu thng tin cp xGhi ch: Bn s dng trong cc Bng s liu ca bo co ny l Bn ngho nm 2006 theo s liuVHLSS 2006. Mu m hn tng ng vi t l ngho cao hn. Ngun: Bo co pht trin Vit Nam 2008.Cc cng ng c la chn l im quantrc ngho th hin tnh a dng cao ca nngthn Vit Nam nh: V tr a l v a hnh: ccimquantrc tri di khp c nc t min nipha Bc, n Bc Trung b, Duyn hiNamTrungb, TynguynvngbngsngCulong. Ccimquantrc c a hnh ni cao (Bn Lin, LngMinh, Thun Ha HG), ni thp (ThanhXng, c Hng, Xy, Phc i,Phc Thnh), cao nguyn (C Hu) vng bng (Thun Ha). Thnh phn cc dn tc: cc im quantrclni sinhsngcaccdntckhc nhau nhKinh, Ty, Thi, HMng,Khm, Vn Kiu, , Raglai, Khmer. Mc xa xi, cch bit: cc im quantrc gm c nhng im gn trung tm huyn v nhng im xa xi cch trung tmhuyn 30-40 km. Khong cch t x n trung tm huyn c mi tng quan t lthun vi t l ngho (Hnh 1). Tnh trng ngho: gm nhng im c kt qu tng i kh quan t hot ng gimngho, vi t l ngho di 30%(Thanh Xng, c Hng, C Hu), v nhng x ccngho trong chng trnh 135 giai on 2, c t l ngho trn 70% (Lng Minh, Xy).Theo di Ngho theo Phng php cng Tham giati mt s Cng ng Dn c Nng thn Vit Nam16X Huyn Tnh Cc nhmdn tcchnhKhongcch ntrung tmhuyn (km)X 135 giaion 2T l nghoca x cuinm 2006(%)Thun Ha V Xuyn H Giang Ty, HMng 42 C 69,49Bn Lin Bc H Lo Cai Ty, HMng 28 C 60,97Thanh Xng in Bin in Bin Kinh, Thi 3 Khng 22,80Lng Minh Tng Dng Ngh An Thi, Khm 17 C 74,70c Hng V Quang H Tnh Kinh 10 Khng 23,87Xy Hng Ho Qung Tr Vn Kiu 36 C 70,10C Hu Eakar k Lk , Kinh 2 Khng 24,70Phc i Bc i Ninh Thun Raglai 0,3 Khng 51,67Phc Thnh Bc i Ninh Thun Raglai 14 C 69,16Thun Ha Cu Ngang Tr Vinh Khmer, Kinh 2 Khng 37,10Mt nhmnng ct v theo di nh gi ngho ca tng tnh c thnh lp bao gm15-20 ngi: i din cc c quan cp tnh nh S Ngoi v, S KH&T, S NN&PTNT, S LTBXH,Ban Dn tc, Cc Thng K, Hi Nng dn, Hi Ph n, on Thanh nin. i din cc c quan cp huyn nh phng L&TBXH, phng NN&PTNT, phng Tichnh K hoch, phng Thng k, Mt trn T quc, Hi Nng dn, Hi Ph n, onThanh nin, v cc cng tc vin ca cc chng trnh thuc t chc Oxfamv AAV tia phng. i din t cc x, thn c la chn tin hnh kho st.Nhm nng ct c trch nhim trc tip tin hnh cc cng vic theo di tnh trng nghoti cc im quan trc trn a bn mnh, t khu t chc, trin khai thu thp thng tin vvit bo co thc a. Nhm nng ct c s h tr k thut ca nhm t vn cng tyTrng Xun (Ageless) v cn b chng trnh Oxfam, AAV.Khung theo di: cc ch v gi thuyt nghin cuCc nhmnng ct xy dng mt khung thu thp thng tin da trn 4 cu hi chnh cgn vi nhau nh 4 ch v gi thuyt nghin cu. Bn bo co ny c lp da trn 4ch chnh ny.CH 1: Khong cch giu ngho. Tnh trng ngho v nhng bt li, thit thi nh khngha nhp, b gt ra ngoi l, thiuchi thngcnguynnhnl dosmt cni v quynlc m ngi ngho phi gnh chu. Khong cch giu ngho c th c lng ho theo ccch tiu v s khc bit trong thu nhp, chi tiu v ti sn; cng nh da trn cc nh gi nhtnh theo cc ch tiu v s khc bit trong ting ni v tnh i din, tip cn cc ngun lc,dchv v th trng. Nghincu ny gi thuyt rngtrongbi cnhhi nhpkinhttancuv i mi ca Chnh ph, nhng ngi c c hi hc hnh tt hn, c cc k nng cao hn,nhng ngi tip cn c cc mng li x hi v cc dch v h tr s vt ln trn nhngnhmkhc.CH 2: Tnh d b tn thng. Ngi ngho v cc cng ng ngho thng i mtvi nhng ri ro nghim trng v lin tc. Tnh trng ngho thng gn vi an ninh lngthc kmv sinh k khng n nh do bin ng gi c th trng, cc c hi vic lmkhngm bo, thiu cc bin php an sinh x hi v thin tai, dch bnh xy ra thng xuyn.Nghin cu ny gi thuyt rng vi quy m sn xut hng ho cao hn v tip cn thtrng th gii tt hn, mt s ngi c th tn dng cc c hi th trng, ng u vis bin ng ca gi c cng nh cc bin i kinh t khc. Mt s ngi khc khng thiu chnh th gp kh khn hoc ti ngho, thmch di mc ngho.CH 3: Quan h Gii. So vi namgii, ph n ngho c vai tr v ting ni khc bit. Phn i mt vi nhng th thch trong phn cng lao ng, quyn li, tho lun v thathun vi nam gii trong qu trnh ra quyt nh, tip cn cc dch v, tham gia cc hotng ca cng ng, v gio dc cho tr em. Nghin cu ny gi thuyt rng cng vi vicci thinchungcc iukinsng, vai trcaphni vi vic raquyt nh, phncnglao ng trong gia nh, thamgia cc hot ng x hi v gio dc cho tr ems c cithin ng k.CH 4: S thamgia v Trao quyn. Tng cng vai tr v ting ni ca ngi ngho c ngha quan trng i vi vic gip cho ngi ngho c c hi v kh nng tip cn thngtin, tham gia v lm ch trong tt c cc giai on pht trin, trong bao gm c gim stv nh gi cc d n v chng trnh gimngho a phng. Nghin cu ny gi thuytrng trong bi cnh kinh t mi s c rt nhiu thch thc i vi cc c quan a phngnhmmbo s phn cp, thamgia, tnh minh bch v trch nhimgii trnh trong qutrnh qun l v gimst cc chng trnh gimngho bn vng.GII THIU17Kho st thc aVng theo di ngho u tin din ra t thng 4/2007 n thng 1/2008. Thi gian khost thc a theo phng php c s thamgia ti mi imquan trc trong khong 7-8 ngy.Cc cng c thu thp s liu chnh l:Phiu phng vn h gia nh: 30 h gia nh c la chn ti mi thn bn (tng cng l 60h ti 2 thn bn trong 1 x). K thut la chn ngu nhin n gin (v d nh v ln thmu) c s dng nhm la chn cc h gia nh tham gia phng vn. Bng hi tp trungvo tm hiu thng tin ca cc thnh vin gia nh, mt s ch s chung v mc sng, thayi sinh k, kin v tip cn cc dch v c bn, th trng v s tham gia ca cng ng. thc hin c 600 phiu phng vn h gia nh ti 10 imquan trc, vi cc s liu thuc t 270 h ngho v 330 h khng ngho (theo chun ngho ca Chnh ph thi imiu tra l di 200.000 VN/ngi/thng ti khu vc nng thn). Trong s 600 ngi tr liphiu phng vn c 507 ngi l namgii, 93 ngi l n gii; 143 ngi Kinh, 457 ngi ccDTTS tp trung vo cc dn tc H'mng, Thi, Ty, Kh'm, Vn Kiu, , Raglai v Kh'mer.Phng vn su ghi li cu chuyn in hnh: phng vn su 8-10 h gia nh ngho v cnngho in hnh trong tng thn bn hiu r hn din bin ngho, nhng bt li v riro ca ngi ngho, quan h gii, ting ni ca chnh ngi ngho v mc tham gia cah vo cc chng trnh, d n. thc hin c 246 phng vn su i vi cc h gia nh.Tho lun nhm: c thc hin vi cc thng tin vin chnh trong x v thn, vi s thamgia ca ngi dn a phng, nhm nam, nhm n, v nhm ngho. Cc cng c nh ginng thn c s thamgia (PRA) nh xp loi kinh t h, ng thi gian, s nhn qu, litk v xp hng c s dng hiu hn v phn ha giu ngho, tiu s cng ng,din bin sinh k, tc ng ca bin ng gi c, phn hi ca ngi dn v vic thc hincc chng trnh v d n a phng. thc hin c 143 cuc tho lun nhmvi stham gia ca 748 ngi dn v cn b thn bn, trong c 470 nam gii v 278 ph n,165 ngi Kinh v 583 ngi cc DTTS.Phiu thng tin: cn b theo di cung cp cc s liu thng k v x v thn kho st. Quanst v chp nh (xin php nu cn thit) ti thc a l nhng cng c nhm cung cp ccthng tin b sung.Phng vn cn b: Ngai cc cng c trn y, chuyn kho st cn thc hin 41 cuc phngvn cn b cc ban ngnh cp tnh v huyn ti 09 tnh kho st.Vng kho st thc a u tin ny nhmthu thp cc thng tin nn v xc nh nhng vn mi ni ln. Cc nmtip theo s tin hnh kho st lp li nhmtheo di nhng thay itheo thi gian ca tnh trng ngho ti cc imquan trc. Bo co ny tng hp cc kt qukho st thu c t 9 tnh. Bng 2 tng hp cc s liu v thng tin v x kho st v khost h gia nh ti 20 thn bn c la chn nghin cu.Theo di Ngho theo Phng php cng Tham giati mt s Cng ng Dn c Nng thn Vit Nam18GII THIU19TnhHGiangLoCaiinBinNghAnHTnhQungTrkLkNinhThunTrVinhHuynVXuynBcHinBinTngDngVQuangHngHoEakarBciCuNgangXThunHaBnLinThanhXngLngMinhcHngXyCHuPhciPhcThnhThunHoThnbnMchBMinhPhongi1KhuChTng1PngChnnui2XpMtChmPungHngThHngTnTroanXyLangTmMHngTL1MaHoaMaDBaCiThuHoScChaThn135giaion2CCCCKhngKhngCCKhngKhngCCKhngKhngKhngKhngCCKhngKhngahnhThunglngNicaoThunglngNicaoNithpThunglngNicaoNicaoNithpNithpNithpNithpCaonguynCaonguynNithpNithpNithpNithpngbngngbngTngsh9645263077923413813795422722112420213611475240344ThnhphndntcchyuTy(97%)H'Mng(97%)Ty(100%)HMng(100%)Thi(82%)Kinh(18%)Kinh(99,6%)Thi(100%)Khm(99,3%)Kinh(100%)Kinh(100%)VnKiu(97,6%)VnKiu(100%)Kinh(95%)(93%)Raglai(56,9%)Kinh(42%)Raglai(93,6%)Raglai(97,4%)Raglai(87%)Khmer(80%)Kinh(20%)Khmer(67%)Kinh(43%)Khongcchntrungtmx(km)2421531,50,4121201,56,520,510,5313Khongcchnngtquanhnmgnnht(km)0,50,525000,4120,20,50000000,2000,6Khongcchnchgnnht(km)3530181114,4261,512422,570,10,51,7131512,5BnhqundintchtNN/h(m2)2,8004,300NANA1,8301,34058,80087,0002,2004,8001,90488,5199,0004,800NANANANA3,40011,400BnhqundintchtNN/khu(m2)600800NANA41034013,30016,3005001,1003,8841,6912,100900NANANANA7502,330SnlngLTbnhqunungi/nm(kg)460360200NA15065018020020299220220720415NANANANA295182,5NgunthunhpchnhcathnLanc,nglai,chnnui,ilmthuLanng,lanc,ngaphng,chnnuiCh,lancLanng,lanc,ngaphngLanc,ilmthu,ngaphng,snLanc,trngrauLanng,ngaphng,lmthu,nglaiLanng,ngaphngLanc,nglai,lc,u,chnnui,keolai,ilmnxaLanc,nglai,lc,u,cynqu,keolai,chnnui,ilmnxaSncngnghip,lanng,ilmthuSncngnghip,lanng,ngaphng,Nglai,cph,chnnui,ilmthuLanc,nglai,cph,ilmthuNgaphng,nglai,chnnui,iu,irng,ilmthuNgaphng,nglai,chnnui,iu,irng,ilmthu,lmphnbLanng,ngaphng,chnnui,irng,lmphnbNgaphng,nglai,chnnui,irng,ilmthu,lmphnbLanc,tm,ilmthu,ilmnxa,bunbnnhLanc,raumu,ilmthu,ilmnxa,bunbnnhTlnghocthncui2006(%)20,053,338,683,043,316,758,889,127,740,035,763,016,952,053,858,078,945,034,849,0BNG2.Mtscimca20thnbntrongmngliquantrcnghonngthnTheo di Ngho theo Phng php cng Tham giati mt s Cng ng Dn c Nng thn Vit Nam20TnhHGiangLoCaiinBinNghAnHTnhQungTrkLkNinhThunTrVinhHuynVXuynBcHinBinTngDngVQuangHngHoEakarBciCuNgangXThunHaBnLinThanhXngLngMinhcHngXyCHuPhciPhcThnhThunHoThnbnMchBMinhPhongi1KhuChTng1PngChnnui2XpMtChmPungHngThHngTnTroanXyLangTmMHngTL1MaHoaMaDBaCiThuHoScChaHsdngin%(*)10069,083,320,010010093,326,710010093,390,096,793,110073,356,710096,793,3Hsdngncvi%(*)46,762,130,063,30,00,096,793,30,00,050,01000,00,073,320,026,73,323,36,7HcNVSthoi/bnthoi%(*)0,00,03,30,06,750,00,00,053,343,30,00,026,717,216,76,70,00,023,313,8Hcradio/cassettle%(*)23,320,740,036,76,723,313,313,343,33,33,30,010,00,036,736,716,720,026,723,3Hctivi%(*)36,748,346,76,7100,096,746,76,780,073,366,753,3100,083,380,046,743,353,373,376,7Hcxemy%(*)20,051,733,320,060,076,720,03,346,750,043,326,790,060,050,043,30,026,736,756,7Hcinthoi%(*)3,310,30,00,023,373,30,00,026,710,06,73,366,723,323,310,00,010,013,330,0Hcngiilmthugnnh%(*)43,331,06,70,080,046,743,33,36,710,040,030,040,053,340,053,326,740,060,053,3Hctingitngiilmnxa%(*)3,30,06,70,00,013,36,70,033,323,36,70,06,73,30,06,70,06,763,330,0Hcngunthutbunbn,dchv%(*)16,70,03,30,03,36,70,00,010,00,00,010,023,310,06,76,70,010,013,36,7Hcbnsnphm12thngqua%(*)60,055,2100,083,350,050,06,70,076,780,096,743,3100,086,746,630,023,340,033,363,3Hcmuavtt12thngqua%(*)96,782,876,780,073,393,36,76,793,390,03,30,0100,086,733,326,720,030,030,066,7HchnglithotngKN12thngqua%(*)60,086,253,353,353,333,340,033,363,356,770,073,351,726,720,030,033,326,740,063,3Hvayvn12thngqua%(*)76,041,230,026,777,372,094,146,753,854,241,226,319,210,3NANANANA83,358,3Thnhvinhkhngihc%(*)7,224,523,332,521,47,014,724,11,30,842,638,55,627,623,332,548,538,823,515,7Thnhvinhchattnghiptiuhc%(*)17,635,729,334,437,115,738,245,77,318,123,541,316,038,535,231,131,534,945,237,3Tlnghotrongmuiutra30hcui2006(*)30,037,938,383,343,316,753,376,726,726,756,760,013,330,053,366,740,040,066,746,7(*)SliutmuiutrangunhinhgianhNGUN:Phiuthngtincpthnthiimcui2007&u2008,vkhosthgianhPhn1: Tngquanv DinbinNghov Cc Nlc Gimngho1. TNG QUANV DIN BIN NGHO1.1 T l ngho gimti a phng v trn tan qucS liu quc gia cho thy xu hng gimngho mnh trn c nc (Bng 3). Tuy nhin Bng3 cng cho thy r l khng phi tt c cc vng u t c kt qu gimngho nh nhau.Cc khu vc nng thn vn ngho hn cc khu vc th, cn ngi DTTS th vn ngho hnngi Kinh v ngi Hoa.TABLE 3. Percentage of People Living in Poverty in Viet Nam, 19932006NGUN: L Thc c v cc cng s, 2006.Ti cc imquan trc cng nhn thy s khc bit ny. Mc d tnh trng ngho giminhng tc gim ngho ti mt s ni din ra nhanh chng hn cc khu vc khc.Ti cc imquan trc, t l ngho da trn chun ngho mi (thu nhp bnh qun theo ungi di 200.000 ng/thng khu vc nng thn v 260.000 ng/thng khu vc th) gim kh nhanh sau mt nm ri k t k r sot h ngho u tin thc hin vo gianm 2005. Tnh trng ngho gim tt c cc x, nhiu ni t tc gim ngho 2 cons (Bng 4). Tuy nhin, Bng 4 cng cho thy rng tc gim ngho ti mt s im chmhn rt nhiu so vi cc im khc. iu ny th hin khang cch ln v kt qu gimngho ti cc a phng khc nhau.C nhiu nguyn nhn l gii iu ny, trong c nguyn nhn khc bit v mc u t vh tr i vi cc h gia nh cng nh s khc bit v dn s v sinh k cc a phngkhc nhau. V d, theo Chng trnh 135 giai on 2 th mc u t trung bnh cho mi x l600 triu ng/nm. iu ny c ngha l nhng x c dn s ng hn (nh C Hu hocThun Ha) th mc u t bnh qun tnh trn h gia nh nh hn ng k.21Xu hng trntan quc chothy t l ngho gimmnhtrong vng 15nmquaNhn chung, t lngho ti c cimquan trc gimi, nhng vi mc khc nhau1993 1998 2002 2004 2006Tan quc 58 37 29 24 16Khu vc th 25 9 7 4 4Khu vc nng thn 66 46 36 25 20Ngi Kinh v Ngi Hoa 54 31 23 14 10ng bo DTTS 86 75 69 61 52BNG 4. T l h ngho giai on 2005 - 2006 ti cc imquan trc (%)NGUN: S liu r sot h ngho 2005-2006 theo chun ngho mi ti cc x kho stThng tin ti Bng 4 cho thy mc d ngho gim tt c cc x nhng s khc bit l rtln. T l ngho x C Hu ch cn 28%, trong khi Phc Thnh l gn75%. R rng lngho gim nhng cn rt ph bin ti nhiu im quan trc, vi 6 trong tng s 10 x vncn t l ngho trn 50%. Tnh trng ngho vn cn dai dng, nht l ti cc x vng sumin ni pha bc (nh Thun Ha v Bn Lin), cc x pha ty vng bc trung b (LngMinh), v pha ty vng duyn hi min trung (Xy, Phc i, Phc Thnh). Vi t l bnhqun c 3 h dn th c trn di 2 h ngho nh ti cc imquan trc ny, s nghip gimngho pha trc cn rt gian nan.Ngoi ra, t l gimngho trong nhng nmti c th s chmli. Nguyn nhn l do nhngiu chnh v chun ngho gn y dn n tnh trng mt s ngi xp hngtrung bnhtheo chun ngho c th nay tr nn ngho (chun ngho trong giai on 2001 2005 lthu nhp bnh qun theo u ngi di 80.000 ng/thng ti khu vc nng thn, 100.000ng/thng ti cc khu vc nng thn ng bng, v 150.000 ng/thng ti cc khu vc th). Do nm gn ngng ngho mi nn nhng h gia nh thuc nhm ny c th tthot ngho v tr nn h trung bnh. iu ny c ngha l s c mt b phn kh khnhn, nmli nghos b tt li pha sau. y l nhng ngi ang phi i mt vi nhngkh khn cng cc nh thiu t, thiu lao ng, thiu vn, thiu tip cn c th trngv nhng ngi ang chu tn thng c bit do gi c, neo n, khuyt tt, hoc ph nn thn ngho lm ch h.1.2 Cc ng lc gimnghoHu ht ngi dn v cn b c s c phng vn u cho rng ngi ngho hin nay c nhiu tin b so vi nm nm v trc (Hp 1). An ninh lng thc c ci thin nn ct h thc s i hay t ba di ngy. Ging mi c s dng nhiu hn, nng sut cytrng cao hn trc. Nhng lc thiu i th ngi ngho c th p dng cc gii php adng nh: vay n hng qun ti ch, i lmthu hoc da vo s h tr ca anh emh hngtrong cng ng.Nh ca v iu kin sng ca ngi ngho cng tt hn trc. Nhiu h ngho c Nhnc h tr xa nh tm theo Chng trnh 134. Ti sn trong nh ngi ngho d cn ns v gi tr thp nhng c s ci thin so vi my nm trc. H ngho nng thn hinTheo di Ngho theo Phng php cng Tham giati mt s Cng ng Dn c Nng thn Vit Nam22T l ngho caonht vn tn ti nhiu x vng sumin ni v cc xca ng boDTTST l gimnghos chmi v phii mt vi tnhtrng ngho canhmngho tiliNh c cc chngtrnh ca Chnhph v nhng tinb trong sn xutcng nh tip cnc gio dc, huht cc h nghou cmnhn tthn so vi 5 nmtrc yX Dn tc chnh T l nghoca x gianm 2005 (%)T l nghoca x cuinm 2006 (%)Tc gimngho(%)Thun Ha Ty, HMng 78,68 69,49 9,19Bn Lin Ty, HMng 65,90 60,97 4,93Thanh Xng Kinh, Thi 33,90 22,80 11,10Lng Minh Thi, Khm 77,40 74,70 2,70c Hng Kinh 39,60 23,87 15,73Xy Vn Kiu 81,50 70,10 11,40C Hu , Kinh 28,10 24,70 3,40Phc i Raglai 68,82 51,67 17,15Phc Thnh Raglai 74,34 69,16 5,18Thun Ha Khmer, Kinh 41,00 37,10 3,90nay a s c chn m, nhiu nh c xe p v ti vi, mt s cn c c xe my. ng s ili tt hn, ngi ngho c giao lu, nm bt thng tin nhiu hn. Nhiu thn bn ngho c u t cng trnh nc sch, c s dng in li theo Chng trnh 135. Tr emc hc hnh y hn. Nhn thc ca ngi ngho i vi vic hc ca con ci caohn so vi my nm trc. Hu ht h gia nh d cn ngho vn c gng cho con i hc tithiu ht tiu hc. Cn b c s v gio vin kh tch cc vn ng tr em n lp. T l trnhp hc bc tiu hc (cp 1) v trung hc c s (cp 2) rt cao ti tt c cc im quan trc.Mt s l do gii thch cho nhng hiu qu t c trong cng tc gimngho c tmttdi y.y mnh sn xut hng haNhm kho st nhn thy mt xu hng r nt ti cc im quan trc v chuyn i c cutheo hng t sn xut nng nghip t cung t cp sang sn xut hng ha. Xu hng nybao gm cc hot ng chn nui gia sc Thun Ha/Phc i/Phc Thnh, cy ch Bn Lin, cy la c sn Thanh Xng, cy lc c Hng/Thun Ha-TV, cy sn cngnghip Xy, cy ng v c ph ti C Hu. iu quan trng l nhng xu hng ny ngycng theo nhu cu th trng v Vit Nam ha nhp vo th trng hng ha th gii.Xu hng sn xut hng ha hin nay khc nhiu vi ng lc gim ngho giai on 2001-2005 da nhiu vo tng nng sut lng thc v s dng ging mi. Ti cc imquan trc,kt qu kho st ch ra mi quan h cht ch gia c hi thot ngho v kh nng tn dngc hi sn xut hng ha, ng thi cc h gia nh thnh cng trong gim ngho cn phisn sng d on v hn ch cc tc ng ca nhng cn sc i km khi chuyn sang snxut theo c ch th trng.Ngi dn a phng p dng cc chin lc khc nhau trong qu trnh chuyn i sangsn xut hng ha (Bng 5). nhiu ni, b con gim canh tc nng ry v thay sn xutla nng bng trng ng lai, ch v cc loi cy ly g. Din tch trng la nng ngy cngthu hp to sc p i vi ngi DTTS sn xut thm canh nhiu hn. Phong tro trng nglai pht trin mnh hu ht cc im quan trc do gi bn tng, k thut trng n gin,ngi dn c th bn sn phm ti a phng hoc dng cho chn nui. Ti x C Hu lni trng ng lai chnh ca huyn Eakar (tnh k Lk) c 2.700 ha ng lai cho thu hoch19.000 tn sn phm. Ti x Thun Ha (tnh Tr Vinh) ngi dn p dng m hnh 2 la,1 mu trng v bn ng ging.Ti nhiu ni, sn xut hng ha vn cha thay th sn xut nng nghip t cung t cp,nhng kt hp v b sung cho hnh thc truyn thng ny. Ngi dn thng gi l lyPHN 1: TNG QUANV DIN BIN NGHOV CC N LC GIM NGHO23C th nhn thynhiu thay i tchcc so vi trcy nhiu niSn xut nngnghip theohng thng mil mt xu hngmnh m ti ccimquan trcNhng chuyn isn xut ny ltheo s iu titca th trng chkhng phi theochnh sch tr gica Nh ncSn xut lanng ngy cnggimv c thayth hoc kt hpvi cc sn phmhng ha nh nglai, ch, v c phHp 1. Cmnhn ca ngi dn v cn b c s v ci ngho trc ySo vi nhng nm trc cuc sng vt v hn: mua bn thun tin, ging la nngsut hn, c cp ngi fibro, phn bn y , c nc sch, hc hnh hn, chnchiu y hn, t hn. --- Nhm ngho HMng, thn Khu Chu Tng 1, x BnLin, Bc H, Lo Cai.Nghonm2001 nhcadt nt, thunhpt, t giaolu. Nmnay ngi nghonhtmc, c thu nhp nhiu hn, c c ti vi xe my, giao lu v tip cn thng tin nhiu hn, ui ca chng trnh d n nhiu hn. --- Nhmcn b x Xy, Hng Ha, Qung Tr.So vi nhng nm trc cuc sng vt v hn: hi xa ng s i li kh khn hnnhiu nh mnh ch yu n mui v c kh, cn by gi th hn cn g th chy ra chl c ngay, mua bn thun tin, ging la nng sut hn, c cp nh , c tip xcvi nhiu ngun thng tin tp hun khoa hc k thut, hc hnh hn. --- Nhmngho , bun MHng, x C Hu, Eakar, c Lcngn nui di, thng qua vic kt hp trng cy di ngy vi cc cy ngn ngy trn cngdin tch t nng ry, v d nh trng ch kt hp vi la nng ti x Bn Lin, trng cph kt hp vi ng lai ti C Hu. Sau khong thi gian 2 3 nm, khi cy di ngy lmhngha pht trin tt th b con s dng canh tc cc loi cy ngn ngy. Ti thn ngi Kinh tiThanh Xng (tnh in Bin), ngi dn dnh mt phn la v chim v din tch vn trng rau mung em bn trong tnh hoc cc tnh Ty Bc ln cn. Ti mt s ni khc,ngi dn vn ch yu sn xut theo hnh thc t cung t cp nhng s dng cc loiging mi. Nhiu ni canh tc hai v la cht lng cao, v d ging la Bt Thm, c thbn vi gi cao hn hn so vi ging IR64 trc y.Phong tro nui gia sc ly tht v gia sc sinh sn nh b, d pht trin mnh nhiu nido c h tr ca cc chng trnh vay vn tn chp ca Ngn hng Chnh sch X hi VitNam. Tuy nhin hot ng ny chu ri ro ca bin ng gi c v dch bnh. Ngoi ra, nuiln v gia cm cng khng pht trin do dch bnh v gi thc n chn nui tng qu cao.Nui tm, c vn cha pht trin mnh ti cc khu vc min ni v vng su. Ch c mt st h gia nh o ao nh hoc tn dng nc khe nui c b sung thm thc n titrong gia nh. Ngi dn ti cc vng ven bin (Thun Ha, tnhTr Vinh) thng o ao, xmng nui tms nhng khng theo quy hoch. H cng i mt vi cc vn v chtlng ngun ging, kim sat dch bnh, h thng cp thot nc v k thut nui tm.Mt s hot ng to thu nhp c xu hng gim st. Ngi dn ti cc khu vc min nivn vo rng kimci, rau, mng, mt ong, nmv l lp nh. Ngoi ra h cng vo rng snbn. Tuy nhin thu nhp t cc hot ng ny thng thp v cc ngun li trong rng cngngy cng cn kit. Cuc kho st nhn thy c mt s hnh thc u t vo hot ngtrng cy ly g ti mt s din tch t rng thuc cc im quan trc (v d nh cc xThun Ha, Bn Lin, Lng Minh, Xy). Tuy nhin cc h gia nh y vn kh pht trin snxut hng ha trn cc din tch trng rng do a bn xa xi v chi ph vn chuyn cao trongkhi lng g thu c cn qu t.Theo di Ngho theo Phng php cng Tham giati mt s Cng ng Dn c Nng thn Vit Nam24Kt hp sn xuthng ha vi snxut t cung tcp a dngha thu nhpChn nui gia sc pht trin mt s ni nhngi mt vi dchbnh v gi thcn tng caoHot ng lmnghip cha thcs c ngha ivi h gia nhngay c khi hsng ngay ti ccvng min niPHN 1: TNG QUANV DIN BIN NGHOV CC N LC GIM NGHO25BNG5.ThayivccngunsinhkXLanngLancNg(bp)aphngNg(bp)laiSn(khoaim)urauccloiCyCNngnngyCyCNdingyGiascLn(heo)GiacmNuic,tmirngTrngcyLNNghthcng,chbinLmthugnnhilmnxaBunbn,il,dchvThunHa+++++++?+?+BnLin+?++++++?ThanhXng?+??+?+++???++++?LngMinh??+??+?+??cHng??+?+?+++++Xy???+++?+?+?+??CHu+?++++++++???+++++Phci+?++++???+++++PhcThnh+?++++???+++++ThunHa?+?+?+?++???+++++NGUN:PhiuthngtincpthnvPhngvnhgianh+++Tngmnh+TngtGimmnhGimtDuytr(hocmtstng,mtsgim)?Khngc(hocRtt,chcmtvihlm)NgunthunhpchnhChuyn i sang sn xut hng ha i lin vi nhng ri ro ln hn, do nh hng ca gic khng n nh trn th trng th gii i vi nhiu loi hng nng sn chnh yu. Tuynhin cc doanh nghip c qun l tt c th gip pht trin cc chui th trng c licho ngi ngho, ng thi to vng m cho ngi ngho mi khi h phi i mt vinhng c sc. Cc nh my ch bin v xut khu ng vai tr quan trng i vi cng cucpht trin v cc doanh nghip ny c th gn kt vi ngi dn, thng qua vic cp ging,h tr k thut, h tr cc t chc hp tc ca nng dn, h tr s ch, vn chuyn, v trctip thu mua sn phm. iu ny s gip gii quyt kh khn ca ngi dn sn xut hngha v vn chuyn v tip cn th trng. Ti mt s im quan trc c nhng trng hpkhng thnh cng ca hnh thc canh tc theo hp ng, do ngi dn cha hi lng vicch thc thu mua sn phmca doanh nghip, hoc do trc trc trong cch h tr k thutv vn, km theo cc iu kin khc nghit ca thi tit nh hng n nng sut v chtlng cy trng. Tuy nhin, nhn chung vn c nhng v d thnh cng v vic doanh nghipv ngi dn cng kt hp trong hot ng th trng cng nhau hng li (Hp 2).Mt hnh thc h tr khc cho ngi dn trong qu trnh chuyn i sang sn xut hng hal cc dch v khuyn nng lm v cc chnh sch tr cc tr gi ca Nh nc. Mc d vncn nhiu hn ch nhng cc dch v th y v khuyn nng lm t ra c hiu qu trong vicgipngi dn a phnghiu, nhn bit v x l tt hn i vi su bnh v dch bnh. Bng6 cho thy t l h dn tham gia hoc hng li trc tip t t nht mt loi hnh hot ngkhuyn nng lml kh cao. Loi hnh khuyn nng ngi dn c hng li ph bin nhtl tp hun/hi tho u b v th y/tim phng gia sc. T l ngi tr li hi lng vi dchv khuyn nng trong 12 thng qua l kh cao, nht l ti cc x c a hnh bng phng dtip cn, gn trung tmhuyn, c ng ngi Kinh. Ti a s imquan trc, t l h nghocmnhnhi lng vi hot ng khuyn nng cao hn h khng ngho. H ngho cho bith hng li nhiu nht l t cc chng trnh tim phng cho gia sc (gia sc thng l tisn ng gi nht ca ngi ngho v h thng vay vn mua).L do chnhhi lngvi dch v khuyn nng l trnh v thi ca cn b khuyn nngc s c nng cao, phng php truyn t c ci thin, v vic s dng cc thit bnghe nhn trong tp hun. Mt nhmnamngi Kinh ti H Tnh chia s: Hng nmc nma v l c cn b khuyn nng huyn/x v tp hun. Trc y t chc cc lp tp hunti x, ch yu cn b i. Ngi dn cng mun tham gia nhng ch c rt t ngi i c.Nm 2006, 2007 cc lp tp hun c m tn thn, b con c th tham d nhiu hn.Theo di Ngho theo Phng php cng Tham giati mt s Cng ng Dn c Nng thn Vit Nam26Gn kt ngi dnvi cc doanhnghip ch bin cth gip to ravng mkhingi dn i mtvi nhng c scv gip hi nhpth trng tt hnCc chui thtrng mang lili ch cho cngi sn xut vdoanh nghipNhn chung ngidn, nht l ngingho, hi lngvi cc dch vkhuyn nngTinbtrongtphunkhuynnngvmrngtphunti nhiungidnhnnalnhngthnhcngHp 2. Cc chui th trng lin kt c th gip h gia nh ci thin thu nhpXBnLingingnhmt c ovngsucahuynBc H, tnhLoCai. BconngiTy ti x Bn Lin trng ch ShanTuyt t my chc nmnay nhng ch yu bn vigi r ti cc ch a phng cho thu nhp khng ng k. Cng ty HipThnh thnhlpxngchbinch t ti x nm2006. Cngty cnghnhthnh9thptc snxutch nguyn liu. Cng ty thu mua ch ti trc tip t b con theo gi th trng. Cng tycng h tr b con vay ging ch thi hn 1-2 nm v h tr k thut min ph. Sau nhnghgianhny scamkt bnchnguynliuchoxngch. Bnhqunthunhpca mt h gia nh trng ch khong 500.000 ng/thng, trong h ngho c thunhp100- 300nghnng/thng, hkh800,0001,200,000ng/thng. Nhiuhtrongx nh c cy ch m i sng gia nh vn hn t ngho ln kh.Cng ty c k hoch xy dng h thng kim sot cht lng ni b i vi sn phmch hu c theo cc tiu chun quc t. Cy ch Bn Lin tng bc vn ra thtrng th gii trng bi cnhhu-WTO. S kt hp thnh cng nhiu yu t lmcho cy ch tr thnh cyxa i gimngho ch lc. Cc yu t l: s kt hp giacn b a phng, cng ty v ngi dn da trn quyt nh hp l v gi c, p dngkhoa hc k thut trong vic pht trin cc sn phmc cht lng cao, v bn cc snphmc sn ti cc th trng nc ngai vi gi cao hn.Ngun: Bo co theo di ngho x Bn Lin (Bc H, Lo Cai), 10/2007BNG 6. T l h hng li trc tip v hi lng vi t nht 1 hot ng khuyn nngtrong 12 thng qua (%)NGUN: Phng vn h gia nh(*) Khng c s liu..Ci thin c s h tngu t vo cc cng trnh cp in, lm ng ngi dn c th i li trong mi iu kinthi tit, trm y t, nc sinh hot cc x vng su kh mnh trong thi gian qua. Phn lncc u t ny thuc Chng trnh 135 c trin khai t nm1998. Ti cc imquan trc uc ng t i c ti trung tmx v ti a s cc thn bn. Cc x u c trng hc vtrmy t c xy dng kh khang trang. Thi gian qua nhiu h ngho c Nh nc htr xy nh theo Chng trnh 134. Tuy nhin, cht lng cng trnh h tng cn km. Nhiuon ng min ni hay b st l, snh ly, chia ct, rt kh i li vo ma ma l.Bng 7 cho thy t l h c s dng in kh cao, tr mt s x/thn bn qu xa xi hoch gia nh bit lp cha c in li. Ti nhng ni cha c in li, mt s b con dngmy pht in mini chy bng ngun nc t chy. Tuy nhin, vo ma kh thiu nc nnthi gian chy in nc thp sng rt hn ch. T l h s dng nc vi (ng ncbmhoc t chy, c b lng lc u ngun) cn thp. Nhiu cng trnh nc sinh hot sauu t khng cn vn hnh hoc vn hnh rt km vo ma kh. Ring ti mt s ni nhThun Ha-LC, Bn Lin, Xy v Thun Ha-TV, cc thn bn kh khn hn c u tin ut cng trnh nc sinh hot trc nn t l h ngho c dng nc vi cao hn so vi hkhng ngho.PHN 1: TNG QUANV DIN BIN NGHOV CC N LC GIM NGHO27Nhng u t voc s h tng a in v ngv nhng ni vngsu, vng xaMc d ngi dn nhiu ni cin nhng vn v sinh mi trngvn b b quaXTham gia/hng li trc tip tcc hot ng khuyn nngMc hi lng vi dch vkhuyn nngChung H ngho H khngnghoChung H ngho H khngnghoThun Ha 72,9 90,0 64,1 60,7 70,0 55,6Bn Lin 53,3 60,0 44,0 60,6 66,7 50,0Thanh Xng 43,3 50,0 40,5 67,7 83,3 57,9Lng Minh 36,7 28,2 52,4 29,6 33,3 25,0c Hng 60,0 62,5 59,1 69,4 80,0 65,3Xy 71,7 74,3 68,0 48,8 57,7 35,3C Hu 39,0 30,8 41,3 65,2 25,0 73,7Phc i (*) - - - - - -Phc Thnh (*) - - - - - -Thun Ha 51,7 44,1 61,5 82,1 69,2 93,3BNG 7. T l h s dng in, nc vi v nh v sinh t hoi/bn t hoi (%)Source: Household survey dataV sinh mi trng vn l vn ng quan tm hu ht cc im quan trc. T l h cnh v sinh t hoi/bn t hoi rt thp. Hu ht b con DTTS vn s dng nh v sinh tmb (quy che bng l, na, ni lng) hoc thm ch khng c nh v sinh. Hin trng kh hn nhng khu vc ca ngi Kinh ti Thanh Xng, c Hng, C Hu, Phc i v ThunHa TV. S khc bit ln v tip cn n cc dch v c bn i vi h gia nh nh ncsinh hot v nh v sinh l mt tn hiu v u t khng ng u trong lnh vc ny.Ci thin tip cn th trngNgi dn mua sm thm phng tin nghe nhn v phng tin i li, do tip cnthng tin th trng tt hn. Hng qun m ra nhiu hn, ngi bun bn v thu gom cngtip cn ngi dn tn nh nhiu hn, t gip cho ngi dn c th bn sn phm hocmua vt t thun li hn. Nhm ph n Khmer ti Cu Ngang cho bit: Trc y khi conng ni u quc l 53 vo p Sc Cha cha trng nha th vic i li ca b con cn kh khn,nht lvomama, ngsnhly i bcnkhni chi li xe. Bconthngphi emcc mthngnngsnrati ch bn, nucbnhnghay thngli vy muath gicngthphnngoi ch 500 700 ng/kg. Nay th tt ri, t khi c con ng ny ngoi vic thun tin i li thvic bn hay mua hng g cng d. Chng ti c thmthi gian lmcng vic nh.Bng 8 cho thy mt t l ng k ngi ngho cm nhn cch bn sn phm v mua vt t tt hn so vi thi im12 thng trc. L do chnhbn sn phmtt hnc ngi dnnu ra l nhiu ngi mua hn, gi bn cao hn v ng giao thng tt hn. L do chnhmuavt t tt hn c ngi dn nu ra l nhiu ngi bn hn v ng giao thng tt hn.Ring ti c Hng, C Hu v Thun Ha-TV ngi dn cn nhc n l domua chu cvt t nng nghip t cc hng qun v i l ti ch, sau tr n khi thu hoch.Kt qu kho st cho thy v tr gn ch v cc trung tm bun bn, dch v (trung tmhuyn, ch u mi) c lin quan mt thit n tnh trng ngho. in hnh l 2 x LngMinh v Xy l 2 x cch xa trung tm huyn nn c t l ngho rt cao (trn 70%). Hu htcc h gia nh ngi Thi v Khm ti x Lng Minh (tnh Ngh An) vn canh tc nngry truyn thng, nng v t cung t cp nn hu nh khng c hot ng mua vt t hocbn sn phm.Theo di Ngho theo Phng php cng Tham giati mt s Cng ng Dn c Nng thn Vit Nam28a s cc h gianh vn cha cnh v sinh ngcchng x tt hngip cho vicmua bn cngcng d dng hnKhong cch gn ni mua bnc tc ng n tl nghoX in Nc vi NVS t hoi/bn t hoiChung HnghoHkhngnghoChung HnghoHkhngnghoChung HnghoHkhngnghoThun Ha 84,7 80,0 87,2 54,2 80,0 41,0 0 0 0Bn Lin 51,7 31,4 80,0 46,7 51,4 40,0 1,7 0 4,0Thanh Xng 100 100 100 0 0 0 28,3 11,1 35,7Lng Minh 60,0 51,3 76,2 95,0 92,3 100 0 0 0c Hng 100 100 100 0 0 0 48,3 37,5 52,3Xy 91,7 88,6 96,0 75,0 80,0 68,0 0 0 0C Hu 94,9 83,3 97,8 0 0 0 22,0 8,3 26,1Phc i 86,7 83,3 88,9 46,7 29,2 58,3 11,7 12,5 11,1Phc Thnh 78,3 75,0 83,3 15,0 13,9 16,7 0 0 0Thun Ha 95,0 91,2 100 15,0 17,6 11,5 18,6 5,9 36,0BNG 8. Nhn thc ca ngi dn v nhng thay i trong cch mua bn (%)NGUN: Phng vn h gia nhTng i lmthu gn nh v i lmn xai lm thu gn nh l mt ngun thu nhp quan trng v ng thi cng l mt thay iln trong sinh k ca ngi ngho a s cc imquan trc. Bng 9 th hin t l h nghoi lm thu gn nh kh cao (tr x Bn Lin c v tr bit lp qu xa xi). Tin cng lm thu tng ng k (30-50 nghn ng/ngy, so vi mc 20-30 nghn ng thi im 2-3 nmtrc). C th ni, tng i lm thu gn nh l mt trong nhng thay i ng k nht, gipngi ngho ci thin mc sng v chng vi nhng kh khn v thiu t sn xut, thiungun thu nhp sng t hot ng nng lm nghip (Hp 3). Thu nhp t lm thu gipngi ngho c tin lo ba n hng ngy v phn no dnh dm lo cho cho con ci i hc,trong bi cnh gi lng thc - thc phm tng cao, lm nng nghip nhiu ri ro v thitit v dch bnh.PHN 1: TNG QUANV DIN BIN NGHOV CC N LC GIM NGHO29Lmthu gn nhngy cng nhiuhn v mc tincng cng tnglnHp 3: Ti sao ngi ngho v ngi khng c t li tmvic lmthuNulmrungcnmc math cncn, nmtht math thiunphi tinvay bchi, vli chngmaubnhtt, 2aconcnnh, mi cngvic trongngoi ti uphilo. Nh c 4000 m2 t cng phi bn 2000 m2 thuc thang cho chng v tr n vay.Trc tnh cnh y ti quyt nh bn 2000 m2t cui cng, mt phn lo thuc thang chochng, mt phn ti mua chic xe gn my i chy xe mkimsng hng ngy.By gi th kh hn ri, mc d cn bnh ca chng ti khng tr khi, nhng hai acon gi ca ti ln ri, chng n i lmthu TP.HCMthng no cng gi tinv ph gip(500.000 700.000 ng). Hn na nh ch cn li 2 ngi, mi ngy ti chy xe mcngkim c 20 30 ngn ng cng sng. iu m ti lo hin nay l sc kho ca tikhngcnnhtrc na, khngcnsc chay xe mv hinnay cng t ngi i xe m.Hn na ri y hai a con ti n cng phi c chng, c cuc sng ring ca n. V vyti dnh dmc c s vn s chuyn sang ngh khc, chn nui heo, b chng hn mimbo n nh.Ch T. T. L., ngi Khmer, p Thu Ho, x Thun Ho (Cu Ngang, Tr Vinh)XT l hc bnsnphmBn sn phm tt hnT l hc muavt tMua vt t tt hnChungHnghoH khngnghoChung Hngho H khngnghoThun Ha 57,6 82,4 75,0 84,6 89,8 50,9 52,9 50,0Bn Lin 91,7 70,9 76,7 64,0 78,3 59,6 60,7 57,9Thanh Xng 50,0 46,7 28,6 52,2 83,3 22,0 7,1 27,8Lng Minh 3,3 - - - 6,7 - - -c Hng 78,3 31,9 30,8 32,4 91,7 41,8 46,2 40,5Xy 70,0 19,0 21,1 17,4 1,7 - - -C Hu 93,3 51,7 38,5 55,6 93,3 47,4 53,8 45,5Phc i - 33,3 16,7 44,4 - 20,0 12,5 25,0Phc Thnh - 23,3 19,4 29,2 - 16,7 5,56 33,3Thun Ha 48,3 62,1 45,5 72,2 48,3 48,3 35,3 65,4BNG 9. Thu nhp h gia nh t lao ng lmthu (%)NGUN: Phng vn h gia nhCc cng vic lm thu gn nh ph bin l lm nng cho cc trang tri v cc nh kh gihn (nh c, cy dm, ct la/b bp/hi c ph, bc ht iu, chm sc ao c) v lm phh. Cc cng trnh dn dng v h tng c xy dng ti a phng to ra nhu cu v laong. B con dn tc Thi trong cc thn bn ngho x Thanh Xng hng ngy ra thnhph in Bin ng i cc t imch lao ng ch vic lm (b con gi l nghlixng). Tuy nhin, lm thu gn nh l loi hnh cng vic khng thng xuyn v kh bpbnh, ph thuc nhiu vo ma v, thi tit v tin ca cng trnhTi cc x DTTS vng su vng xa, lp thanh nin bt u c xu hng i tmvic lmxa nhnhng cn t. Bng 9 cho thy, ti cc vng ng bng v vng ni thp (c Hng, ThunHa-TV), xu hng thanh nin i lm n xa nh ang tng mnh, tr thnh mt ngun thuquan trng ca ngi ngho. t cht ngi ng, sn xut nng nghip thu nhp thp vnhiu ri ro dn n xu hng mun thot ly nng nghip/nng thn, cng vi iu kinthng tin lin lc tt hn, nhu cu lao ng tng cao ni n, khin cho dng dch chuynlao ng i lm n xa ra ngoi a bn tnh ang tng ln.Ti x c Hng s thanh nin trong tui t 18 25 i lmn xa tng ln nhiu trongnhng nm gn y. Phn ln thanh nin vo min Nam i lm cng nhn trong cc nhmy, x nghip. Nhng ngi c gia nh tui trung nin th i hi c ph, lm nnghoc i lm thu cho cc ch cng trnh. Ngi dn a phng cho bit "c nhng thi vnng nhn, lao ng trong thn i ht, nh cn ngi gi, ph n v tr con thi". Ti x ThunHa, tnh tr Vinh, ngi dn a s l ng bo Khmer khng c t sn xut, c tp qun dichuyn lao ng rt cao. Hng nmtrn a bn x c trn 600 lt ngi i lmn xa. Ring6 thng u nm 2007 c trn 400 lt ngi ch yu tui thanh nin hoc trungnin ri khi a bn x i lm n ti cc tnh, thnh ph ln min ng Nam b.Ci thin tip cn cc dch v gio dc v y tHin nay, cc x trong mng li quan trc ngho u c trng mu gio, trng tiu hcv trng trung hc c s. Vic m rng imtrng tiu hc n tn cc thn bn xa trungtm x gip tr i hc d dng hn. Bng 10 cho thy hn 90% tr em trong tui t 6 11 n trng hng ngy.Theo di Ngho theo Phng php cng Tham giati mt s Cng ng Dn c Nng thn Vit Nam30Cc cng vic lmthu gn nh phbinl lmnngcho cc trang triv lao ng ti cccng trnh xydngCc c hi lmvicxa nh cng tnglnNgy nay c nhiutr emi hc cpmt hn trcX i lm thu gn nh Tin gi v t ngi i lm n xaChung H ngho H khngnghoChung H ngho H khngnghoThun Ha 37,3 55,0 28,2 1,7 5,0 0Bn Lin 3,3 2,90 4,0 3,3 2,9 4,0Thanh Xng 63,3 83,3 54,8 6,7 0 9,5Lng Minh 23,3 23,1 23,8 3,3 2,6 4,8c Hng 8,3 12,5 6,8 28,3 25,0 29,5Xy 35,0 37,1 32,0 3,3 0 8,0C Hu 46,7 53,8 44,7 5,0 7,7 4,3Phc i 46,7 58,3 38,9 3,3 4,2 2,8Phc Thnh 26,7 38,9 25,0 0 5,6 0Thun Ha 56,7 73,5 34,6 46,7 52,9 38,5BNG 10. T l tr ang i hcSource: Household survey dataC nhiu chnh sch u tin v gio dc cho ng bo DTTS. B con cng nhn thc tthn v li ch ca vic i hc v u mong mun cho con i hc t nht ht THCS (lp 9). Hcsinh ngho DTTS min ni c Nh nc h tr hc ph, sch v v dng hc tp. Thyc gio v cn b c s kh tch cc trong vic vn ng tr n trng, nht l i vi hcsinh cc lp cao hn thng phi i xa. Mt s a bn min ni nh Lo Cai, Ngh An phttrin mnh m hnh bn tr/ni tr dn nui gip tr cc thn bn xa c iu kin n gn trng, t hn ch tnh trng b hc.S ci thin v gio dc cho tr em c cn b c s v ngi dn coi l thay i rt c nghatrongmynmqua. yltimnngnngcaochtlngngunnhnlcaphng trong tng lai. Qua phng vn phiu hi, t l ngi dn hi lng vi cng tcgio dc kh cao, k c trong nhmngi ngho v khng ngho (Bng 10). L do chnhhilngl thi nhit tnh ca i ng gio vin, trng lp c ci thin v c h tr tinmua sch v/ dng hc tp. Tuy nhin, mt s ph huynh vng su vng xa DTTS (LngMinh, Xy) cn cmthykhng hi lng vi cht lng gio dc, ch yu l v tr i hc mynmm vn cha tho c, tho vit ting Vit.iu ng quan tm l cho con em i hc bc cao hn sau khi tt nghip cp 2 vn ang lni lo ca phn ln h gia nh min ni vng su vng xa. Hin nay, tr mun hc ln bcTHPT phi ra trung tm huyn hc ni tr (theo ch nh nc nui hoc dn nui) cchx hng chc km. Hu ht cc gia nh c hi kin u cho rng mnh khng c iukin cho con emi hc bc THPT. Ring ti Thun Ha (Tr Vinh), tp qun i lmn xa vmang con ci i theo ca ng bo Khmer ngho hn ch ng k c hi hc ln cc bccao hn ca tr. Bng 10 cho thy t l tr trong tui 16-20 ang i hc cn thp nhiuni (Bn Lin, Xy, Thun Ha-TV). T l tr thuc h ngho trong tui ny ang i hc caohn tr thuc h khng ngho, l do l cc em thng hc mun v phn ln vn ang hc bc THCS; trong khi t l tr trong tui 16-20 ang i hc nhm khng ngho thphn, nhng hu ht ang hc bc THPT. Mt s gia nh chia s:--- Ti lo lm. Sau ny con i hc cp 3 ly tin u. Khng phi ng hc ph trng nhngcn tin mua qun o, go, mui. Nh giu y cho con i hc cp 3, nhng nh ti, tru khngc, t t nn d mun cng ch cho con i hc n lp 9 thi. V.A.Ch., x Bn Lin, Bc H,Lo CaiPHN 1: TNG QUANV DIN BIN NGHOV CC N LC GIM NGHO31Cc h gia nhDTTS c hngli t cc chngtrnh h tr giodcNgi dn kh hilng vi h thnggio dc, mc dcn quan tmvcht lng giodc i vi tr emDTTSChi ph cho tr emi hc cc lp trn(t lp 9 tr ln)vn lgnh nngi vi nhiu gianhX 6-11 tui 12-15 tui 16-20 tuiChung HnghoHkhngnghoChung HnghoHkhngnghoChung HnghoHkhngnghoThun Ha 92,9 93,8 92,3 95,7 81,8 100 87,1 66,7 95,5Bn Lin 92,9 96,2 100 80,5 66,7 95,0 23,4 38,1 11,5Thanh Xng 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 56,0 62,5 52,9Lng Minh 94,1 96,3 85,7 85,7 85,5 93,3 40,5 52,0 16,7c Hng 92,9 90,9 94,1 100 100 100 74,3 66,7 78,3Xy 69,8 71,4 66,7 84,6 83,3 86,4 28,6 25,0 33,3C Hu 97,0 88,9 100 78,9 66,7 82,8 50,0 28,6 57,1Phc i 83,0 78,3 86,7 83,3 83,3 83,3 53,6 22,2 68,4Phc Thnh 84,1 84,0 84,2 65,8 57,9 73,7 34,8 21,4 55,6Thun Ha 96,9 100 92,9 66,7 52,9 84,6 15,4 0 30,8-- Cho con i hc ht cp 2 l chc chn. Nhng cp 3 ra huyn th kh lm. Nu hc t tc cp3 huyn mt a ht 200.000 ng/tun cho tin n, v hc thm. Ngi nng dn khngkim, Nh nc cho th mi i hc c. --- L.A. M., h ngho, x Bn Lin, Bc H, Lo Cai-- Cthnch cmt ngi cconhc cp3 ni trngH, lhnghothngbinhi tngchnh sch c Nh nc nui. Con 3-4 thng v thmnh b m mt ln. a s tr em y chhc ht lp 9 -- Nhmthng tin vin chnh thn Troan , x Xy, Hng Ha, Qung TrTnh hnh trn cho thy, chnh sch h tr chi ph hc tp cho tr em min ni DTTS nghohc xa nh bc THPT cn c y mnh hn na. Cn m rng chnh sch h tr hc bngcho h ngho c con hc cp 3.Tng t nh nhng tin b t c trong gio dc, cc im quan trc u c trm y tx xy dng kin c, c i ng y bc s v h l phc v khm cha bnh cho ngi dn.Ti cc x ngho min ni DTTS, gn nh 100% ngi dn c cp th bo him y tmin ph (mc d vn c mt s trng hp b con phn nn v vic cp th BHYT chm vsai tn). S lt khm cha bnh tng mnh trong nm qua ti hu ht im quan trc. Cchot ng tuyn truyn v KHHGc thc hin kh tt, t l sinh con th 3 gimnhiugim so vi trc. Ti cc x min ni DTTS t l ph n sinh ti trm x tng ln, nhiuni t trn 80%.Bng 11 cho thy ti a s im quan trc t l ngi dnhi lng vi dch v y t kh khquan t trn 50%. mt s im quan trc (Thun Ha-HG, c Hng, Xy), t l hilng nhmngho cao hn hn nhmkhng ngho. L do chnhhi lng l c cp thbo him y t min ph v c thuc men c bnBNG11. Mc hi lng ca ngi dn vi dch v gio dc v y t ti a phng (%)NGUN: Phng vn h gia nhTuy nhin, cht lng chm sc sc khe vng DTTS vng su vng xa cn thp. Do dinhdng v iu kin sng khng tt, cc h ngho hay au bnh hn. T l suy sinh dngca tr di 5 tui cn cao (x Lng Minh 38%, x Phc i 47%, x Xy 57%). in hnh tix Xy, t l h dn dng nc sng sui lm nc ung v nu n cn cao (50%) nn ccbnh v ng tiu ha hay xy ra. Bnh st rt c xu hng tng, do nhiu l do nh ngunnc sinh hot khng m bo, v sinh mi trng cha tt (mc d y t thng xuyn cTheo di Ngho theo Phng php cng Tham giati mt s Cng ng Dn c Nng thn Vit Nam32M rng cc c sy t v cp th bohimmin ph lmtng kh nng tipcn dch v y tT l ngi dn hilng vi cc dchv y t kh quan,trong t lnhmngingho cao hn mt s niDch bnh v suydinh dng vncn l vn khkhnXHi lng vi dch vGio dcHi lng vi dch vY t c sChung H ngho H khngnghoChung H ngho H khngnghoThun Ha 66,1 83,3 57,9 59,5 80,0 53,1Bn Lin 75,6 78,3 72,3 71,4 65,0 77,3Thanh Xng 80,0 64,3 88,5 57,5 71,4 50,0Lng Minh 50,0 48,1 53,8 34,4 28,6 45,5c Hng 65,2 58,3 67,7 48,1 64,2 42,5Xy 36,6 40,9 31,6 54,9 67,9 39,1C Hu 50,0 30,0 55,6 56,8 50,0 58,6Phc i 75,0 54,2 88,9 53,3 33,3 66,7Phc Thnh 73,3 69,4 79,2 63,3 69,4 54,2Thun Ha 83,3 90,0 75,0 60,4 61,3 58,8t phun thuc, pht mn cho b con), nhiu ngi i rng di ngy. Mt s ph n vn sinhnhiu con v tnh trng t vong tr s sinh cn ph bin.C th bo him y t min ph cha m bo c hi khm cha bnh cho ngi ngho khivt ra ngoi nhng bnh thng thng hoc phi i iu tr tuyn trn. H ngho khi mau phi chuyn ln tuyn trn thiu tin iu tr, kh tmc h tr v phng tin, thiuvt dng c nhn, thiu thc phm v khng c ngi i theo chm ngi bnh. l chak n cung cch phc v ca i ng cn b y t vi nhng ngi c th BHYT khng philc no cng lm cho ngi dn hi lng. Mt ph n Raglai ni: Cn b y t ton la thi. Cbnh, n trm x th h la l sao khng n sm. n sm th h bo sao n sm th. C khibnh 12h tra n trm x th h bo khng phi l gi hnh chnh nn khng khm bnh, iv. M mnh c mun n lc u, ti au bnh th mi phi n ch.M rng tip cn tn dng v cc dch v ti chnhTip cn tn dng ng vai tr quan trng i vi kinh t nng thn. Cc h gia nh nghohin nay c th vay vn vi th tc kh n gin t cc ngun nh Ngn hng Chnh sch,Ngn hng Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn, ngun vn t cc d n ti tr v t quca cc on th nh Hi Ph n, Hi Cu chin binh. Qui m vn vay cng ln hn trc(my nm trc bnh qun 3-5 triu ng, nay bnh qun 7-10 triu ng/h).Bng 12 cho thy, ti mt s imquan trc, t l gia nh ngho c vay vn ngn hng trong12 thng qua l kh cao. Tuy nhin c s khc bit ln gia cc a phng: ti Thun Ha-HG, Thanh Xng, Lng Minh, Thun Ha-TV c nhiu h vay c vn, trong khi sngi vay vn cc x khc cn thp (v a s h vay vn t cc nm trc). a s h gianh s dng vn vay u i t Ngn hng Chnh sch mua gia sc.BNG 12. T l h vay vn ngn hng trong 12 thng quaNGUN: Phng vn h gia nh(*) Khng thu c s liuTuy nhin vn cn khang 1/3 s h trong vng kho st cha tip cn c vi ngun vntn dng u i, c bit l nhng h cn ngho. Nhng h cn ngho khng th tip cnc vi ngun vn thng mi, trong khi vic ra khi din ngho c th khin h khngvay c vn u i hoc phi vay vi li sut cao hn (mc d Nh nc c chnh schcho cc h va ra khi danh sch h ngho tip tc c hng cc h tr nh h nghotrong vng 2 nm).PHN 1: TNG QUANV DIN BIN NGHOV CC N LC GIM NGHO33Nhng kh khnkhc l thiu dchv i vi bnhnhn c th bohimv thi ca cn b y tTip cn v s dngh thng tn dng c nhiu tin b,quy m vn vaycng ln hnHu ht cc h gianh c th vayvn trong nhngnmgn yMt s h vncha tip cn cngun tn dng uiX Chung H ngho H khng nghoThun Ha 61,9 71,4 57,1Bn Lin 28,3 28,6 28,0Thanh Xng 74,5 66,7 77,1Lng Minh 90,9 88,9 93,3c Hng 54,0 69,2 48,6Xy 33,3 40,9 21,4C Hu 14,5 15,4 14,3Phc i (*) - - -Phc Thnh (*) - - -Thun Ha 70,8 78,6 60,01.3 Nhng vn cn tn ti v tnh trng nghoMc d c nhng din bin tch cc, s liu thu thp c t cc imquan trc cho thytnh trng ngho c gim mt s ni nhng vn cn cao mt s a phng. Cc x minni v ng bo DTTT vn i mt vi t l ngho cao. Mt s nhm cn chu kh khn vthiu lng thc. Ngoi ra, mc d ngi dn ni rng cuc sng gi kh hn 5-10 nmtrc nhng nhiu ngi khng lc quan v nhng thay i tt p trong tng lai.Ngho lng thc v thiu dinh dng cn trmtrng mt s niMt trong nhng biu hin v cuc sng kh khn l kh nng khng th c lng thc,thc phmdinh dng tt cho cc thnh vin trong h gia nh. Mc d c nhiu tin btrong cng tc gim ngho, mc dinh dng trong ba n ca ngi dn ti cc imquan trc cn thp, th hin qua tnh trng suy dinh dng trm trng mt s thn bn.Ngay quan nimthiu n ca ngi dn cng c s khc nhau gia cc thn bn. Ti ccthn bn c i sng kh hn mt cht (nh bn ngi Ty ti Thun Ha-HG v Bn Lin-LC, p ngi Khmer ti Thun Ha-TV, cc thn ngi Kinh ti Thanh Xng-B, c Hng-HT v C Hu-L), thiu n l khi ngi dn khng c go n v phi n nhng loithcphmkhngnhmongmun. Cnti nhngbnkhkhnhn(nhbnngiHMng ti Thun Ha-HG v Bn Lin-LC, bn ngi Vn Kiu v Khm ti Xy-QT, thn ngiRaglai ti Phc i v Phc Thnh-NT) th thiu nl khi ngi dn thiu c ng (bp) haysn (khoai m) n n cng vi go. Ngun thc n chnh ca h ngho min ni vngsu ch yu ph thuc vo cc cy trng a phng, thiu rau v hoa qu, nhiu nh vnphi n n ng sn. Tht c mua ngoi xut hin vi tn sut rt thp trong ba n hngho, bnh qun 1-2 ba trong mt thng; v ngi ngho thng cng ch tin mualoi tht r nht nh ba ch v tht m. Nhng thc n t kim c (rau mng rng, snbn, bt c...) ngy cng phi i xa v him dn.Cc h gia nh chia s v nhng kh khn trong ba n hng ngy ca h nh sau:--- Mt ba n ca mt gia nh thng gm c: bp gi un nc, hoc m, hoc go, mng,hoc c t, hoc u vn hoc u cht nc n ring hoc nu chung vi bp n vi canh mtluc. Nu i lmcng trnh c tin th n c, tht, rau mua ngoi ch, mt thng khong 1-2 ba-- Nhm nam Raglai, thn Ma Hoa, x Phc i, Bc i, Ninh Thun.--Trung bnh cc h gia nh thiu n t 3-4 thng/nm. Trong nhng thng thiu n, a s hgia nh n cm n sn, mt s h ngho phi n sn tr ba hoc t gim ba n t 3ba/ngy xung 1-2 ba/ngy. Thnh thong mt s h gia nh cng c tht, c, trng nhng hngho 1-2 thng mi c mt ba ti, cn h kh trung bnh 1 tun c 1-2 ba ti Nhm hVn Kiu, x Xy, tnh Qung Tr.Nhng kh khn trong cng tc r sot h nghoNm2007 B L-TBXH hng dn cch c tnh thu nhp h gia nh da trn vic chmim cc tiu ch d nhn bit. Hng dn ca B c dng trong cng tc r sot hngho lm i tng ca cc chng trnh h tr ca Chnh ph. Cch lm mi ny ccn b c s hoan nghnh v n gin v trc quan hn so vi cch lm c tnh ton thunhp chi tit. Ti a s cc im quan trc vic r sot h ngho hng nm c thc hincng khai, dn ch. Sau khi hon thnh phiu kho st, thn bn t chc hp dn thngqua danh sch h ngho. Theo cn b c s v ngi dn, nhn chung vic bnh xt h nghohng nm c tin b hn cc nm trc, c t trng hp khiu ni.Tuy nhin ti cc im quan trc vn cn nhiu kh khn hn ch xung quanh qui trnh rsot h ngho hng nm. Trnh v nng lc ca cn b thn bn cc x vng cao DTTScn rt hn ch, cha m ng c vic iu tra r sot h ngho ng nh mu hngdn. Vic tp hun cho cn b c s v qui trnh r sot h ngho cn s si (huyn tp huncho x c mt ngy, x tp hun li cho thn c na ngy, bn thn cn b huyn v xcn cha hiu ht ni dung r sot). Ph ch tch x Bn Lin nhn xt Biu chi tit lm.Chng c h no hon thnh biu c. Cn b thn ch hc lp 2, lp 3, c cn cha thoTheo di Ngho theo Phng php cng Tham giati mt s Cng ng Dn c Nng thn Vit Nam34Ngi ngho vni mt vi thiui v dinh dngngho nnHng dn r rngca B L&TBXH gip cho cngtc xc nh hngho d dng vminh bch hnTuy nhin, vic xcinh cc h ngho mt s ni vncn cha r rngv gp kh khnkhng lmc. Ch yu huy ng cn b x v trng ph on th x. iu ny c th lmcho quy trnh r sot h ngho thiu chnh xc v khng huy ng c s tham gia cangi dn.PHN 1: TNG QUANV DIN BIN NGHOV CC N LC GIM NGHO35Hp 4. Nhng kh khn trong vic xy dng chnh xc danh sch h nghoQua kho st thc t ti x Lng Minh, tnh Ngh An v trao i vi cc cn b trctip theo di mng iu tra h ngho, c th rt ra mt s bi hc v nhng kh khntrong cng tc r sot h ngho. Kh khn th nht l S liu v h ngho gia x,huyn v tnh khng thng nht. V d, theo s liu ca S L-TBXH Ngh An, t lngho nm 2006 ca huyn Tng Dng l 73.96%, cn theo s liu tng kt cngtc XGN ca bn thn huynTng Dng th t l ngho nm2006 l 71.3%. cpx cng tng t: theo bo co ca lnh o x th nm2006 t l h ngho l 74.7%;cn theo s liu do huyn qun l th l 82.9%. S chnh lch ln v s liu gia cccp c gii thch l do thiu thng tin phn hi gia s iu tra bo co ban u vs chnh thc cui cng sau khi cp trn phc tra v iu chnh, do khc nhau vs liu tng s h gia nh trn a bn (v d, tnh n s h di dn, ti nh c haykhng). Ring cp thn bn, sau khi np bin bn bnh xt danh sch h ngholn x th bn cng khng cn bn chnh no lu li, s liu cui cng cng khngc vn bn thng bo li cho bn, Ban qun l bn ch da vo tr nh nn cng thiuchnh xc.Kh khn th hai l cng tc chun b cho qui trnh r sot h ngho cha tt.Trong bi cnh trnh vn ha v nng lc cp c s cn rt yu, vic thc hnh rsot h ngho bc l nhiu sai st. Lnh o huyn Tng Dng cho bit Tnhtp hun cho huyn c mt ngy; huyn trin khai xung x c na ngy; ri x trinkhai xung thn bn mt buiri rng ht. Ngay cn b huyn cn hiu cha k th nig n x v thn bn. Thc t ti bn Xp Mt, ban qun l bn khng lm c ccbiu r sot ngho theo phng php mi hiu t thi, khng lmc biu ca Nhnc u. Khi cn b S L-TBXHkimtra th 1 biu ca 1 h bn Xp Mt cho thy,biu chmimh ngho do cn b x lmcn nhiu sai st (b st mt s hng mctnh im, nn khi qui ra thu nhp s thp hn).Mt khkhnnalphngphpchmimc tnhthunhpchac iuchnh cho ph hp vi a phng. Theo hng dn mi ca B L-TBXH cc aphng c th chn 1 trong 2 cch: iu tra thu nhp c th (nh lm nm 2005)hoc chmimtheo cc tiu ch d nhn bit t c tnh thu nhp h gia nh.Thc t huyn Tng Dng (v c tnh Ngh An) lm theo cch th hai v n gin vd lmhn. Tuy nhin, do qu gp rt nn tnh Ngh An dng lun cc tiu ch v h stnh imdoTng cc Thng k a ra (da trn phn tch s liu iu tra mc sng hgia nh nm 2004, p dng chung cho ton quc) m cha c s iu chnh cho phhp vi a phng mnh. Qua thc t trin khai phng php chm im, cn b aphng phn nh c mt s tiu ch cha c sc thuyt phc, v d: c c gi trtrong nh ch tnh ging m khng tnh cc th khc nh t, sa lng; hay i vinhng bn khng c in th a vo cc tiu ch c dng in khng ph hp.Thc trng trn y cho thy cn ci tin c bn cng tc r sot h ngh. Kh khnhin nay l ngn sch ca a phng lmvic ny rt hn ch, a bn rng, i li khkhn, thiu cn b c o to v c kinh nghim. Cn c h tr ci tin cng tcr sot h ngho, qun l thng tin cng nh thc y s thamgia ca cng ng aphng.Ngun: Bo co theo di ngho ti x Lng Minh (Tng Dng, Ngh An), 3/2008Nhiu b con vn mun gi ngho c hng cc chnh sch h tr nh BHYT minph, vay vn li sut u i, con em i hc c min gim hc ph v cc khon ng gp.Cn b thn bn mt s ni cn n nang, linh ng khi bnh xt h ngho. Mc ch cacng tc r sot h ngho ca Nh nc l nhm hng h tr n nhm ngi kh khnnht. Tuy nhin, nhng h tr ny khng phi l hnh thc an sinh x hi lu di nn nhngi tng vn ln sau khi c nhn h tr s c a ra khi danh sch h ngho.Nu b con vn mungi nghoth cc ngun lc s b gimbt v trong nhiu trng hpth khng n vi nhng ngi thc s kh khn.Xu hng tch h cho con ci c xt vo trng hp h ngho pht sinh chng cc h tr ca Nh nc cn kh ph bin. Ngc li, cng c a phng munghm s h ngho li nn cha xt ngho i vi s h mi tch. Ti Thun Ha (Tr Vinh),trong 2-3 nm qua x cha xt s h mi tch a vo din ngho.Cn b mt s thn bn cha thc hin ng quy trnh bnh xt h ngho cng khai vi stham gia ca ngi dn. Ti thn ng Tm (C Hu), c thn c 221 h nhng cuc hpbnh xt h ngho cui 2007 ch c 25 ngi i hp. L do l ngi dn khng nghe cthng bo trn loa v do nhng h khng ngho khng quan tm n vic ny. Cn b xC Hu cng cng nhn kh khn l h khng ngho khng quan tmkhng i hp, cc cuchp bnh xt ch c 20-30%h dn trong thn thamgia. Ti bn P ng (Thanh Xng) chhp thn vo lc ma v. Ban qun l thn t tin hnh vic r sot h ngho v gi kt quln cp trn, sau thng bo li danh sch h ngho cho ngi dn trong cuc hp thntip theo; nhng trn thc t ngi dn cng t c c hi ng gp kin v kt qu xt hngho do ban qun l thn a ra.Ngoi ra cng gp kh khn trong vic xc nh chnh xc thu nhp ca h gia nh. Mt sni p dng cch lm c tnh thu nhp thng qua cc ch tiu d nhn bit theo hngdn ca B L-TBXH t cui 2007. Tuy nhin, cc ch tiu chmimv cc h s c tnhthu nhp (da vo iu tra mc sng h gia nh nm 2004) cha c s iu chnh cho phhp vi tng a phng, dn n c tnh thu nhp cn thiu chnh xc. Kh tnh chnh xcthu nhp h gia nh v ngi dnkhng nh, khng cn o m, v.v... v c tml rt btthu nhp. Nhiu khi phi ly kin dn biu quyt thay cho vic tnh thu nhp c th xcnh h ngho (Hp 4).Chun ngho khng cn thch hpChun ngho mi ca Vit Namgiai on 2006 2010 l thu nhp bnh qun u ngi di200.000 ng/thng khu vc nng thn v 260.000 ng/thng khu vc thnh th. Trongbi cnh v kinh t cui nm 2008 th chun ngho thu nhp bnh qun u ngi 200.000ng/thng nng thn t ra lc hu, nht l ti cc im quan trc c mc i lmthu, i lm n xa cao. V d, mc tin cng lm thu ph bin vi ngi ngho 40.000ng/ngy, trong mt thng c thu nhp bnh qun 1,2 triu ng. Tuy nhin mc thu nhpny qu t i so vi nhu cu ca bt k h gia nh no nht l trong thi k lmpht cao nhhin nay. Cng cha r vic t ra mt chun ngho quc gia cho khu vc nng thn nhhin nay c t hiu qu nh phng n t ra nhiu chun ngho khc nhau cn c vonhng khc bit trong tng khu vc v tin cng, lm pht v mc sng hay khng.a s ngi ngho cn thiu t tin vo c hi v kh nng ci thin cucsng trong thi gian tiNgi ngho vn i mt vi nhiu thch thc nh thiu lao ng, t ai, kin thc, vn...nn kh tn dng cc c hi pht trin v vt qua ri ro cho d cuc sng ang ngy mtkh ln. Bng 13 cho thy mt t l thp ngi dn, c bit l trong nhm ngho t cmnhn cuc sng nm nay tt hn so vi nm trc, hoc d kin cuc sng sang nm s tthn nm nay.Theo di Ngho theo Phng php cng Tham giati mt s Cng ng Dn c Nng thn Vit Nam36Mt s h gia nhc gng c lidanh sch nghongay c khi khhnCon s v hngho i khicha chnh xcS thamgia cangi dn vo vicbnh chn vthng qua danhsch h nghovn cn b hn chThc hin nhgi thu nhp lmt cng vicphc tpChun ngho caChnh ph cho giaion2006-2010 khng cn phhp do tnh hnhlmpht v skhc bit v iukin a phngNhiu ngi dnvn cha lc quanv mt tng laitt p hnBNG 13. Cmnhn ca ngi dn v cuc sng hin ti v 12 thng tiNGUN: Phng vn h gia nhPHN 1: TNG QUANV DIN BIN NGHOV CC N LC GIM NGHO37XCuc sng tt hn trong 12thng qua (%)Cuc sng s tt hn trong 12thng ti (%)Chung H ngho H khngnghoChung H ngho H khngnghoThun Ha 64,4 60,0 66,7 61,0 61,0 71,8Bn Lin 38,3 32,0 42,9 56,7 57,1 56,0Thanh Xng 28,3 16,7 33,3 21,7 22,2 21,4Lng Minh 11,7 7,7 19,0 16,7 12,8 23,8c Hng 25,0 12,5 29,5 40,0 25,0 45,5Xy 13,3 5,7 24,0 8,3 8,6 8,0C Hu 23,3 15 31,7 30,5 7,7 37,0Phc i 31,7 12,5 44,4 35,0 12,5 50,0Phc Thnh 15,0 12,5 16,7 10,0 4,2 13,9Thun Ha 53,3 38,2 73,1 28,3 17,6 42,3Phn 2. Cc Ch chnh vGimNgho2. KHONG CCH GIU NGHOTheo di ngho ti cc im quan trc nhm ghi nhn ting ni ca chnh ngi dn vnhng hn ch, bt li ca ngi ngho so vi ngi kh gi. Kt qu cc kho st nhVHLSSc th cho chng ta bit v khong cch thu nhp gia ngi giu v ngi ngho, da trncc tnh ton ca ch s Gini v cc cng c khc. Tuy nhin nhng kho st loi ny khngth hin y bc tranh v nhng khc bit trong i sng ca ngi dn. Bo co ny tptrung vo cc nhn xt nh tnh v tnh trng ngho v nhng mi quan h gia ngi giuv ngi ngho da trn bi tp phn loi kinh t h, tho lun nhm v phng vn su tng thn bn.2.1 Nguyn nhn ca s bt bnh ngNgi ngho chu thit thi nhiu kha cnh khc nhau. Bn bo co ny quan tmn victhu thp thng tin nh tnh v khch quan hn v cc mt ca tnh trng ngho nh ngunlao ng, cht lng gio dc, kh nng p dng khoa hc k thut, tip cn tn dng v thtrng, cng ting ni i vi cc hot ng ca cng ng(Hp 5). Cc thng tin ny thhin r hns khc bit gia ngi giu v ngi ngho. Phn ny trnh by v nhng khacnh c s khc bit gia nhm ngi ngho v khng ngho.39Nhng nhn xtnh tnh gip chovic nh gi skhc bit giangi giu vngi nghoBt bnh ng lmt kh khn tnti nhiu khacnhHp 5. Ngi ngho thc s l g?Ch P. N. B., sinh nm 1954 l mt h ngho ph n lm ch h ti thn Ma Hoa, xPhc i, tnh Ninh Thun. Ch sng trong mt ngi nh tm nh chng 24m2. Diy l tm s ca ch v nhng bt li, thit thi ca gia nh: khng c rung la u, khng c ry trng m, ch c 4 so t xa, ry trn ni, ton ch trng bp a phng nhng nmnay cng b kh ht c vi cy o nhng thu gimnhiu khng trng bp lai, khng mua ging ca Nh nc tin u m mua b, lmg m c xe my, g b dch cht ht ri, trc nui mt conheo cng emgi ri con gi mt tun i rng mt ln ly mng ci v dng con r ngy i lmc 30 ngn, c nh trng ht vo y, i quanh nmlmh SongSt, nu khng i ly g mua go n ngho qu nn qun cng khng cho vay u c tin mua c tht u, tin mua go n thi khng mun vay ngn hng v lo khng c tin tr con gi, con r c i hp thn, ch khng i. C thc mc ti sao ch khng c nh(Chng trnh 134) cng khng tnh c sp ti, cng ngy cng xu hn v lo nng hn, cn phi lo nv lo cho con i hc.Ngun: Bo co theo di ngho ti 2 x Phc i v Phc Thnh(Bc i, tnh Ninh Thun), 8/2007Ngi ngho c t ngun thu nhp hnVic xp hng ngho Vit Nam thng da trn thu nhp nh gi v tnh trng nghov xp hng h gia nh theo ba hoc bn nhm l: kh, trung bnh kh, trung bnh, vngho. Theo , ngi ngho c hiu l nhng ngi c thu nhp thp hn. Tuy nhintng thu nhp khng phi l yu t duy nht th hin s khc bit gia ngi giu v ngingho. Cc hnh thc thu nhp v s a dng v thu nhp cng c ngha rt quan trng.Nhn chung, nhmkhthng l nhng ngi lmkinh doanh - dch v, c iu kin sn xuthng ha qui m cao hn nhiu so vi cc nhmkhc, v nhng ngi c thu nhp n nht lng thng. Nhmtrung bnh kh/trung bnh thng l nhng h bit lm nng nghiptheo hng sn xut hng ha, nh trng ng lai, nui gia sc, v c t sn xut. Nhmtrung bnh v trung bnh kh thng kt hp linh hot cc hot ng nh chn nui gia sc,lng/tin cng, kinh doanh, dch v tng thu nhp. Cc h gia nh c ngi hng lngca Nh nc (gi cc chc v trong x, huyn, tnh, v c quan on th) v sn xut kinhdoanh (bun bn, lmvic ti cc doanh nghip) thng c thu nhp cao hn. Thu nhp hngnm ca nhng h gia nh c ngi hng lng n nh t Nh nc hoc c thu nhp thot ng kinh doanh thng cao hn rt nhiu so vi cc h gia nh ngho.Nhm ngho thng c ngun thu nhp b hn ch, ch yu da vo hot ng sn xutnng nghip v lao ng lmthu do nhng bt li v ngun lc nh thiu t, trnh hcvn v k thut thp, thiu vn. Mc d hu ht cc h gia nh ci thin thu nhp trongnhng nm gn y nhng cc h ngho vn khng th tng thu nhp cng mc vinhng ngi kh gi. R rng l khong cch gia nhmngi kh gi nht v nhmnghonht ang ngy cng rng hn.Khi chun ngho ca Nh nc c nng ln mc 200.000 ng/ngui/thng vo nm2006th s h ngho ti cc thn kho st tng t bin so vi giai on 2001-2005. Cc hngho theo chun c nay c xp vo nhmngho nht. Nhmngho nht ny thng cnhng kh khn c th so vi cc h ngho cn li, nh sc khe km, gi c khng ninngta, nh c ngi tntt, b bnhtmthn. Nhmh ngho nht ny thnggpnhiukh khn nht trong vic tip cn ti cc chnh sch h tr, ng thi cng hng li t nht tcc qu trnh pht trin. Nhmngho nht trong nhng ngi ngho phi l i tng cbit ca cc n lc pht trin v h cn nhng h tr c th c th tn ti (Hp 6).Ngi ngho thng c t t hn v t t ttH ngho thng c t t canh tc hn so vi h khng ngho (Bng 14). Trong cng mtthn bn th h ngho thng l h c t t rung, t vn v t lm nghip so vi hkhng ngho. Tnh trng t t canh tc ca h ngho c cc nguyn nhn ph bin sau y:h mi tchb m khng c t cho(tt c cc x); h thiu lao ng khai ph v canhTheo di Ngho theo Phng php cng Tham giati mt s Cng ng Dn c Nng thn Vit Nam40H kh gi thngc nhiu ngunthu nhp, trong bao gmlng vtin cngNgi ngho cthu nhp t hn vkma dng hnNhmnghonht trong nhngngi ngho imt vi nhng khkhn c thThiu t sn xutl mt yu t cnbn dn n tnhtrng nghoHp 6. Ch n nhmngi ngho nht trong s nhng ngi nghoNhng h thuc nhmngho nht c nhng hn ch, bt li c th ca mnh, do thng gp kh khn trong vic hng li t cc chnh sch v chng trnh-d n.V d ti x Lng Minh, vi chnh sch h tr trng rng (keo lai) th a s h kh lm;vi chnh sch tr gi tr cc (tr gi ging ng lai) cng l a s h kh hng li.Vi chnh sch vay vn u i tn chp th nhng h ngho nht cha tip cn cngun vn v mt s l do c th. C h khng dm vay v s khng tr c li vgc; hoc khng c vay v s ri ro khng tr c n nh hng n t vay vn,do c bt li c th nh nh c ngi nghin, hoc ngi tn tt. Thc t ny i hiphi xut nhng bin php h tr b sung nhm h ngho nht ny c thc hng li tt hn t cc chnh sch, chng trnh d n.Ngun: Bo co theo di ngho ti x Lng Minh (Tng Dng, Ngh An), 3/2008tc t nng ry (cc x min ni); h c nhiu khu sinh sau thi imchia rung min Bc(Thanh Xng, c Hng); h trong din di dn ti nh canh nh c nhng ni mi thiut sn xut (Xy); h nhp c hoc n sau ti cc vng kinh t mi (C Hu), v nhng h bn hoc cm c t (Thun Ha-TV, C Hu). Ngoi ra, mt s h kh ngi Kinh lm cn bhoc lm bun bn-dch v ti cc x min ni DTTS c th c t hoc khng c t sn xut,tuy nhin c hi thu nhp ca cc h ny c th lmcn bng nhu cu v t.Gia h ngho v h khng ngho c s chnh lch v din tch t cng nh cht lngt. Mt yu t rt quan trng l v tr t. t ca nhmngho thng l t xu, xa ngunnc/hn ch v thy li, xa ng ci v xa ni . Nhmh li ngho thng thiu lao ngnn khng th canh tc hiu qu nh nhm h kh. Nhng yu t ny dn n nng sutkm. t nng ry ca b con DTTS khai ph theo truyn thng lun canh b ha. p lct ai ngy cng ln vng min ni DTTS trong bi cnh dn s gia tng. Thi gian luncanh b ha t nng ry vng cao ngy cng ngn li, c ni khng cn thi gian bha. Cc h DTTS min ni pha Bc (nht l ngi HMng) t rung vn c gng khai phthm rung bc thang hng nm, nhng din tch t tp trung c th khai ph lm rungcn rt t v iu kin thy li kh khn. Chnh sch h tr t sn xut cho ng bo DTTSkh khn (Chng trnh 132 v 134) c trin khai ti cc vng min ni nhng hiu qucha cao do din tch t cp thm qu xa ni , t xu, h tng v thy li cha m bo,nh ti C Hu din tch t cp thm cch ni n 30-40 km (Hp 7)BNG14. Din tch t trng cy hng nmv cy lu nmbnh qun nhn khu (m)NGUN: Phng vn h gia nh(*) Mu quan st qu nh (**) Khng c s liuPHN 2. CC CH CHNH V GIM NGHO41H ngho c t ttt so vi h khX t trng cy hng nm t trng cy lu nmChung H ngho H khngnghoChung H ngho H khngnghoThun Ha (*) 944 827 1005 - - -Bn Lin (**) - - - - - -Thanh Xng (*) 656 587 685 - - -Lng Minh 2.353 2.152 2.726 1.076 1.005 1.220c Hng (**) - - - - - -Xy 1.827 1.581 2.170 453 185 668C Hu 1.690 1.390 1.773 1.001 662 1.078Phc i 1.568 1.161 1.839 787 960 682Phc Thnh 1.514 1.367 1.734 610 609 611Thun Ha (*) 1.123 491 1.949 - - -Ngi ngho c t ti sn hnS hu ti sn l mt imkhc bit c trng d nhn bit gia nhmh giu v h ngho.Thi gian qua nhiu h ngho c Nh nc h tr xy nh hoc cp tmlp. Tuy nhin,nh ca ca nhm h ngho nhn chung vn n s v nh hp hn nhiu so vi nhm hkhng ngho. S liu kho st cho thy nhiu h ngho vn sng trong cc nh tm, vchna hoc vch l, lp tranh tre hoc mi tn.Bng 15 cho thy rt t h ngho c nh kin c/bn kin c, xe my v cc ti sn khc nhti vi, qut my. Ngoi ra, s lng n gia sc nh tru, b, d l mt tiu ch khc bit khr gia h ngho v khng ngho. C tru b l c sc cy ko, c phn chung bn, cngun ti sn bn ly tin khi cn kp. Nhmh kh c iu kin u t, c kh nng thulao ng chm sc hn nn thng c s lng gia sc nhiu hn nhm ngho. Mt s ni vng t bng phng, ngi dn s dng my ko v cc loi c gii khc thay cho gia sc(v d Thanh Xng, C Hu, Thun Ha-TV).S khc bit v ti sn c nh hng trc tip n kh nng thot ngho ca cc h gia nh.Khng c phng tin i li, h ngho kh c th bn nng sn v thu nhn thng tin v gic th trng. H ngho cng gp kh khn v lao ng nng nghip khi khng c gia sc.Tt c nhng yu t ny cng lm cho h ngho kh tin ln.Theo di Ngho theo Phng php cng Tham giati mt s Cng ng Dn c Nng thn Vit Nam42Chng trnh 132v 134 gp ro cndo qu t hnchH ngho c t tisn hn h giuH ngho c s giasc t hn h giuThiu ti sntcng trc tip nthu nhp ca hnghoHp 7. Ti sao cc Chng trnh 132 v 134 cha hiu qu?Theo Quyt nh 134 ca Th tng Chnh ph, hng nmcc a phng c phnb ngn sch h tr ci thin t sn xut cho cc h ngho DTTS. Cc h gia nhtrong din h tr c nhn ti thiu 0,5 ha t b ha hoc 0,25ha rung la mt v,hoc 0,15ha rung la hai v. Cc h ny xun