Advanced Development of Ecohydrology Demonstration Site in the Saguling Reservoir,

the Upper Citarum River basin, Indonesia- Improvements of Water Quantity and Quality using Ecohydrological

Approach and Local Community-based Participation -

PACIFIC CENTRE FOR ECOHYDROLOGY (APCE) – UNESCO CATEGORY II CENTRE

27 April 2017, Jakarta

PARTICIPATING RESEARCHER:

Members: Prof. Dr. Hery Harjono, Dr. Ignasius D.A. Sutapa, Prof. Hidayat Pawitan, Prof. Gadis Sri Haryani, Drs. M. Fakhrudin, M.Si, TjhandraChrismanda, M.Sc, Hadiid Agita Rustini, M.Si, Dr. Apip, M.Eng

Institution Patners: Research Center for Limnology-LIPI, PT. Indonesia Power Saguling Generation Unit/UP Saguling, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), Gadjah Mada University (UGM)

Background

UNESCO-IHP & UNESCO-MAB, 2006

1. UNESCO’s Ecohydrology Approach (UNESCO IHP/Division of Water Sciences, 2011) stated that a Worldwide Network of Demonstration Sites is necessary and relatively required to provide evidence of successful implementation of ecohydrology solutions;

2. In order to meet the challenge, APCE proposed to establish a demonstration site (demosite) and to develop as well as implementing ecohydrology-based solutions entitled “Advanced Development of Ecohydrology Demonstration Site (Demosite) in the Saguling Reservoir, Indonesia”

Objectives1. To demonstrate (showcase) and evaluate the

application of the ecohydrology approach (EH-solutions) to solve issues surrounding water, environment, and people;

2. To setup an integrative program of activities (education, training, etc) for reducing point source and diffuse pollutions as well as concept for controlling surface runoff and soil erosion by means of ecohydrology methods;

3. To create an advanced demonstration site that represent the possibilities of introducing the evaluated ecohydrology-based control measures to other areas such as at the different internal locations of the Saguling Dam catchment and the Upper Citarum River basin;

The demosite aims in developing, validating, disseminating, advancing,

and implementing ecohydrology solutions

Demosite Location

The ecohydrology demosite has been decided to take place in

the Saguling Reservoir, the Upper Citarum River basin.

Citarum River Basin

Demosite Location

Saguling Reservoir

UNESCO-IFIT Program 2016

APCE-UNESCO and Research Centre for Limnology-LIPI in collaboration with other institutions (e.g., PT. Indonesia Power Saguling Generation Unit/UP Saguling, IPB, and UGM)

Case StudyVISION of APCE-UNESCO: To be an

Internationally Reputed Asia Pacific Center in Urban and Rural Ecohydrology by 2021

Aquatic & Rural Demosite Ecohydrology

Cibitung River catchment

Kp. Curugan, Mukapayung Village,

Cililin District, Bandung Barat Regency

Cibitung River

The Cibitung River Catchment (35,53 km2), one of tributaries in the Upper Citarum River basin with the Saguling Dam as the outlet point was decided as the case study of demosite

High Risk to Soil Erosion

Effective Soil Depth is

Relatively Shallow, High

to Flood

Cibitung River Catchment (35,53 km2)

High Risk to Landslide

DEM (m asl)

ShrubsForestAnnual TreesFarmlandSettlementPaddy FieldOpen land

ShrubsForestAnnual TreesFarmlandSettlementPaddy FieldOpen land

Point Source Pollution Non Point Source Pollution

1. Development online monitoring system to measure water quantity and quality (RC-LImnology - Drs. M. Fakhrudin);

2. Development of ecohydrological modeling system(RC-Limnology - Dr. Apip, M.Eng);

3. Phytotechnology application(RC-Limnology - Tjandra Chrismanda, M.Sc);

4. Making a concept and design of environmental sanitation and erosion control (IPB - Dr. Ir. Arief Sabdo Yuwono, MSc), and

5. Preliminary study on socio-economic and cultural aspect (UGM - Prof. Soedarmadji).

Five major activities were initiated and conducted at ecohydrology demosite location, they are:

First Phase Activity (June 2015 – May 2016)

MONITORING WATER QUANTITY AND QUALITY ASPECT (Drs. M. Fakhrudin, M.Si & Team)At the Cibitung River catchment has been installed online monitoring systems at 6 stations.

The equipments include:1. Meteorological parameters sensor

(wind, relative humidity, air temperature, and barometric pressure, rain gauge)

2. Water level sensor3. Water quality sensor (turbidity,

conductivity, and water temperature)4. e-most data logger5. Two panels of solar cell 100 Wp

MONITORING WATER QUANTITY AND QUALITY ASPECT (Drs. M. Fakhrudin, M.Si & Team)

Data Center: RC-Limnology

Website & Mobile Phone

MONITORING WATER QUANTITY AND QUALITY ASPECT (Drs. M. Fakhrudin, M.Si & Team)

E-most(Environmental Monitoring System)

Temporal Information:1. Daily (24-hour)2. Weekly (1-week)3. Monthly (30-day)

Prediction

Process Understanding

Scenario based Management (Planning)

Spatial Information & Scale Up

Objective & Function of

Modeling System

ECOHYDROLOGICAL MODELING SYSTEM(RC-Limnology: Apip & Team)

Distributed + Process-based + Event & Long-term

Model Type

Physically-Based Distributed Ecohydrology Model

e-Most Data

Spatial Information:1. Hydrotopography2. Soil Properties3. Landuse Types4. Meteorology5. Water Quality6. Hydraulic Structure

Dimension7. River Dimension8. Demography & Socio-

Economy

Sub-Model:Rainfall PredictionRainfall-RunoffRainfall-Sediment-RunoffRainfall-Sediment-Solutes

Water Temperature Water Quality & Ecology

Process Mechanism & Efficiency Quantification of Ecohydrology-based Technology

- Phytotechnology- Runoff & Erosion Control

Cost & Benefit Analysis

ECOHYDROLOGICAL MODELING SYSTEM(RC-Limnology - Dr. Apip, M.Eng & Team)

Catchment Scale

Micro Scale (Selected Location)

Server

1. Rainfall-Runoff Mechanism

2. Soil Erosion and Sediment Transportation Mechanism

Tachikawa et al. (2004)

Yang (1972)

Rainfall-Sediment-Runoff Sub-Model

Identification of Priority Locations, Selection & Technical Design of Ecotechnology/Soft Engineering, Optimization

Flow Regimes Erosion Hotspots Deposition Hotspots

Rainfall-Sediment-Runoff Sub-Model Application

Total Eroded Soil (m3) Total Deposited Soil (m3)River Discharge (m3/s)

Richness of Microzoobenthos

Ecohydrology-Based Control Measures for Controlling Soil Erosion & Trapping Sediment

Erosion Hotspots

Total Eroded Soil (m3)

Alley Cropping (Budidaya Sistem Lorong)

“Rorak” Farming System

Terrace Farming System

PHYTOTECHNOLOGY APPLICATION DEMOSITE(RC-Limnology - Tjhandra Chrismanda, M.Sc & Team)

Providing an Example of Phytotechnology Application for Solving InlandWaters Problems, which is use of Aquatic Plants for Controlling Water Quality

Paddy Fields Paddy

Fields

Road of Mukapayung HousingsHousings

Sago ProccessingPlant

SwimmingPool

Selected Site

Location

Domestic Wastes

Paddy Fields

Industrial Wastes

Lake/River

Valve-1 Valve-2 Valve-3 Valve-4

Delivery Channel

Reservoir-1 Reservoir-2 Reservoir-3

Treatment-1a Treatment-2a Treatment-3a

Treatment-3bTreatment-2bTreatment-1b

Buffer-1 Buffer-2 Buffer-3

PHYTOTECHNOLOGY DEMOSITE(RC-Limnology - Tjhandra Chrismanda, M.Sc & Team)Design of Phytotechnology Ponds

1. The phytotechnology pond system consists of 3 series of tarpauline ponds, each contains 1 collecting pond, 4 phytoremediation ponds, and 2 buffer ponds.

2. The collection pond has function to collect water from various water sources that has been contaminated. The expected contaminations are housing sewage, paddy field sewege, and sago processing plant sewege.

3. From the collecting ponds water channeling into the phytoremediation ponds before out flowed into the buffer ponds and drain back into the river.

4. The phytoremediation is facilitated by mainly floating aquatic plants, such as Lemna perpusilla, Landoltia punctata, Salvinia sp, Pystia stratiotes, and Eichornia crassipes.

Water tank

Nile pond 1

Catfish pond 1

Nile pond 2

Catfish pond 2

Nile pond 3

Catfish pond 3

Lemna pond 1

Landoltia pond 1

Lemna pond 2

Landoltia pond 2

Salvinia pond 1

Phystia pond 1

Salvinia pond 2

Phystia pond 2

Eichhornia pond 1

Control pond 1

Eichhornia pond 2

Control pond 2

Lemna pond 3

Landoltia pond 3

Lemna pond 4

Landoltia pond 4

Salvinia pond 3

Phystia pond 3

Salvinia pond 4

Phystia pond 4

Eichhornia pond 3

Control pond 3

Eichhornia pond 4

Control pond 4

Outlet pond Outlet pond Outlet pond

Outlet pond Outlet pond Outlet pond

Domestic waste and sago industry waste

River

Paddy field

River

Treatments at Phytotechnology Ponds

PHYTOTECHNOLOGY DEMOSITE(RC-Limnology - Tjhandra Chrismanda, M.Sc & Team)

Phytotechnology Ponds

PHYTOTECHNOLOGY DEMOSITE(RC-Limnology - Tjhandra Chrismanda, M.Sc & Team)

Floating aquatic plants, such as Lemna perpusilla, Landoltia punctata, Salvinia sp, Pystia stratiotes, and Eichornia crassipes.

PHYTOTECHNOLOGY DEMOSITE(RC-Limnology - Tjhandra Chrismanda, M.Sc & Team)

Performance Evaluation

Preliminary evaluation shows that the phytoremediation technology performedits function in improving water quality, particularly of those relatively big plants.

Launching Ceremony of Demosite Saguling,Cibitung River catchment – Bandung, 29 Sptember 2016

SUMMARY

Online and Real-Time Monitoring System for meteorological component as well as river’swater quality and quantity parameters. It was established to support the field and research activitiesat demosite location, quantification of hydrological responses and geochemical components of theriver catchment as well. The system has been set up at three locations of river segment in order torepresent the upper area (two stations), middle area (1 station), and downstream area (two stations)of the river catchment;Rainfall-Sediment-Runoff Model of the Cibitung Demosite and Saguling Reservoir catchment,for spatio-temporal quantification of hydrological cycle dynamics, soil erosion and deposition rate,and transportation sediment material (eroded soil and nutrient);

Phytoremediation Technology Infrastructure at Downstream of the Cibitung Rivercatchment, it was constructed to provide an example of direct field phytotechnology application forwater quality improvement at small scale. The waste water sources are domestic waste fromhouseholds, paddy field waste, sago industry waste, and river. Floating plants were used inremediation ponds, - Lemna perpusilla Torr, Landoltia punctata, Salvinia sp., Pistia stratiotes, andEichhornia crassipes -, for removal or degradation of contaminants;

The results of the first phase (June 2015 – May 2016) of ecohydrologydemosite development include the following:

SUMMARYConcept and Detail Engineering Design (DED) for the Environmental SanitationImprovement of the selected housing block which located closely to the phytotechnology ponds.An alternative design of the sewerage system has been created, which is integrated with theapplication of phytotechnology. Herein, the domestic waste water is not flowed directly to the waterbody (Cibitung River) but it should be flowed first to the phytoremediation ponds;

Concept and Detail Engineering Design (DED) for Controling Soil Erosion Rate atCatchment Scale. Erosion rate control concepts based on the ecohydrology approach wereproposed. The main point of these concepts is the use vegetation to minimize anthropologicalstructure. According to the topography property information, magnitude of erosion rate and sedimentyield in the river catchment, those three erosion control concepts are terracing, mulching, andintercropping planting techniques;

Basic information of Socio-Economic and Cultural Aspects of the LocalCommunity to convey the community habit, perception, and response to the existing of newdeveloped ecohydrology demosite in order to enhance the participation and involvement of the localcommunity in demosite activities and its future development.;

MoU with IPB, UGM, Indonesia Power

1. Continuation of the tasks that developed in the first phase of the demosite development;

2. Prepatory work for implementation of the achievements obtained from the first phase at a larger scale or defferent locations;

3. Elaboration of a strategy for ecohydrology demosite use as a site for knowledge and technology exchange, training and education, community capacity development, and dissemination.

SUMMARYFurther development of the demosite project is to be addressed on the following aspects:

APCE-UNESCO, RC Limnology-LIPI, & UTM Malaysia have initiated to do a collaborative activity at the Saguling Ecohydrology Demosite (1st Meeting of the UTM-APCE-LIPI, Cibinong, 31 January - 2 February 2017)

THANK YOU...

Case Study

1. Represents the regional problem in water resource management;

2. Catchment area has relatively long environmental data collection, and operationally easy to perform a direct data collection through measurements;

3. The site has suitable landscape for phytotechnology or artificial wetland construction;

4. Appropriate accessibility to facilitate the mobility of equipments and materials, as well as to accommodate visiting purpose of stakeholders.

The selected location is suitable area for ecohydrology demosite and meets the following criteria:

Scope of Research Activity at the Demosite• Ecohydrological research activities need to cover the physical and

social sciences. The physical sciences in general will assess the dynamic links between hydrology and ecology biota, interrelated with climate, ecosystem services, and relevant existing anthropogenic drivers on landscape ecosystems;

• Research of ecohydrology also be associated with other scientific discipline such as environmental economics, social, cultural, gender, health, food, energy, climate, because water as a basic of life that covers all aspects of life;

• Ecohydrological research consider the complexity of environmental problems, particularly relating to water resources.

ECOHYDROLOGICAL MODELING SYSTEM(RC-Limnology - Dr. Apip, M.Eng)

Implementation of EH-solutions require knowledge of precipitation patterns, soil andgroundwater dynamics, interactions with vegetation (i.e., evapotranspiration), and processessuch as nutrient cycling and food web dynamics in ecosystems.

Measuring, Modeling, and Managing of the natural processes related to water flows and values of the linked ecosystem services

Principles of Ecohydrology as a Framework for Scientific Investigation and Problem-solving Implementation

Demosite LocationWhy Saguling?1. The Citarum River basin and Saguling Dam hold

strategic functions at the national scale (Presidential Decision of the Republic of Indonesia No.12/2012);

2. Several key environmental issues in this site which attracted national attention are land degradation, flood, soil erosion and sedimentation, water quality deterioration, and high water supply fluctuations;

3. The Saguling site has been chosen as a study site for ecohydrology implementation since the First Advanced Training Workshop on Ecohydrology in Bogor, 2001 and has been included in the UNESCO Catalogue of Ecohydrology Demosites.

The ecohydrology demosite has been decided to take place in the Saguling

Reservoir, the Upper Citarum River basin.

Citarum River Basin

Demosite Location

Saguling Dam

(Saguling Dam)

Bac

kgro

und

Flood

Water Quality Degradation

http://www.slideshare.net/OswarMungkasa/icwrmp-bplhd-oct-2009-15042157

Sedimentation & Landslide

Saguling Dam Inlet Saguling

Dam Inlet

Main River

0

1000000

2000000

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8000000

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Time (yyyy)

Total Sediment Yield (ton/year)

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Number of Landslides

Sediment Yield

Mean Sediment Yield

Total Landslide Event

Trendline of Sediment Yield

Mean Annual Sediment Yield (2.874.993,7 ton/year)

System Architecture

Internet

Re

BTS

ModemPower Controller

Central Processor

Logger

Weather Sensors

Wl, Turb. pH, EC, T

Server

Terminal

Solar Cell

Principles of Ecohydrology as a Framework for Scientific Investigation and Problem-solving Implementation

Hydrological Principle -quantification of hydrologicalcycle analysis from the point ofview of spatio-temporal dynamicin socio-economy vs. variousforms of human impact

Ecological Principle - analysisof distribution of various types ofbiocenosis and its potential toenhance resilience and absorbingcapacity of the ecosystem fromhuman impact

Ecotechnological Principle - Theuse of ecosystem properties as amanagement tool is based on the firstand second principles of ecohydrologyand related to ecological engineering

Source: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1519-69842010000400001

Implementation of EH-solutions require knowledge of precipitation patterns, soil and groundwaterdynamics, interactions with vegetation (i.e., evapotranspiration), and processes such as nutrient cyclingand food web dynamics in ecosystems.

PHYTOTECHNOLOGY DEMOSITE(RC-Limnology - Tjhandra Chrismanda, M.Sc)

Proposed DemositePlant Arrangement

on the Selected Area

5 m

Fish Ponds

Collecting Ponds

Phytoremediation PondsCollecting

Ponds

Strategic Issues

• Research related to floods and droughts• Research on phytotechnology to solve environmental pollution problems• Research on rural and urban ecohydrology• Research on peatland ecohydrology• Research and development of zoning aquatic• Research on trophic levels (trophic level) in terms of balance between producers

and consumers in a lake or reservoir, and its relation with water level• Research in the ecotone area between biota and water fluctuations• Research development of riparian areas• Research related to increased water retention ability of the environment• Research in the delta ecohydrology

Objectives and Goals• Develop the concept of ecohydrology in Asia-Pacific region in line with the concept that adopted by

UNESCO through review of activities and related research as a solution and contribution for water resources problems in the world

• Facilitate and organize ecohydrological research activities by involving researchers from universities and institutions that attached to ecohydrology network in Indonesia and Asia Pacific region Conduct research collaborations in ecohydrology with research institutions (in house research and

collaborative research) Provide research funding scheme in ecohydrology that can be offered to graduate students and

researchers

• Participate in workshops and seminars presenting research results: national and international

• Arrange research training workshops and seminars The workshop will be set annually for national and bi-annually for regional/international program Quarterly research seminars (in-house) with visiting/invited speakers

• Prepare syllabus and research training materials

• Publish research results in national and international journals, including book /proceedings writings

Research Activities 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

Research in DemositeSaguling

xxxx xxxx xxxx

Review of ecohydrologicalresearch in Asia-Pacific region

x xx xxx xxxx xxxx

In-house research xxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx

Collaborative research x x x x x x xx x x xx x x

Research training workshop

x x x x x x x x

Research funding scheme x x x x x x x x x

In-house seminars x x x x x x x x x

Research training materials

x x x x x x x x x x

Scientific meetings x x x x x x x x x x

Publications x x x x x

Planned Activities

• Monitoring and spatial quantification of hydrology and transport material process in watershed scale

• Quantitative identification of ecosystem types and functions in spatial watershed scale• Development and eco-technology test to the improvement of ecosystem functions/values in

watershed scale• Cost-benefit analysis for applied eco-technology

1. STRENGTENING ECOHYDROLOGY DEMOSITE

• Implementation and development of ecohydrology-based technology system to solve water resources problems

2. TECHNOLOGY APPLICATION BASED ON ECOHYDROLOGICAL CONCEPT

Roadmap

2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

Monitoring and spatial quantification of hydrology and transport material process in watershed scale:• Flash floods and water quality (non point source) 2017 – 2018 • Droughts 2018 – 2020 • Tidal and peatland 2017 – 2020• Groundwater 2017 – 2020• Urban floods and water quality 2017 - 2020

Quantitative identification of ecosystem types and functions in spatial watershed scale:• Ecosystem structure (terrestrial, riparian, aquatic)• Biodiversity and ecosystem function• Carrying capacity of ecosystem & ecosystem productivity

Development and eco-technology test to the improvement of ecosystem functions/values in watershed scale:- Zero runoff (water harvesting and floods mitigation) 2017 – 2018 - Water and soil conservation - green dam 2018 – 2021

Roadmap

2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

Development and eco-technology test to the improvement of ecosystem functions/values in watershed scale (cont’d.):- Phytoremediation & wetland 2017 – 2018 - Sediment and erosion control 2017 – 2018 - Riparian function 2018 – 2020 - Peat water treatment (to fulfill human/agricultural needs) 2018 – 2021 - Water operating system or hydrological engineering in peatland area 2018 – 2021 - Hardware and software for early warning system 2018 – 2021 - Local culture based technology 2018 – 2021

Implementation and development of ecohydrology-based technology system to solve water resources problems

Cost-benefit analysis for applied eco-technology