Advanced Study Course in Ecohydrology: … · INTERNATIONAL HYDROLOGICAL PROGRAMME Ecohydrology Advanced Study Course Ecohydrology concept as problem solving approach Edited by Maciej

INTERNATIONAL HYDROLOGICAL PROGRAMME

Ecohydrology

Advanced Study Course Ecohydrology concept as problem solving approach

Edited by Maciej Zalewski lwona Wagner

IHP-V Projects 2.312.4

IHP-V 1 Technical Documents in Hydrology ( No. 34 UNESCO, Paris, 2000

SC-2OOOlWSl3 1

The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the publication do not imply the expression of any

opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

UNESCO Advanced Studv Course in Ecohydrolom - 8-22 September 1999

Content

Introduction .................................................................... 5

General information about the Advanced Study Course in Ecohydrology .................... 7

List of the Projects of the Advanced Study Course Participants ........................... 13

Projects’ description and potential upgrading by Ecohydrological approach ................. 2 1

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UNESCO Advanced Study Course in Ecohvdmlom - 8-22 Sevtember 1999

Introduction

According to the International Conference on World Water Resources (Paris, 1998) serious decline of water resources have been observed in many parts of the World as a result of the lack of knowledge of how to establish sustainable systems of water management. The gravity of the problem increases in the face of global development and large-scale degradation of environment.

The patterns of water, nutrients and energy cycles in the biosphere have been established by millions of years of biological evolution and thousand years of succession after last glaciation. These cycles have been degraded in exponentially accelerating pattern during the last 100 years, by human activities mostly due to lack of environmental consciousness and mechanistic approach to the management of natural resources.

Concerning the water resources, the one of the most serious effects of the above process is that the

nutrient loading of rivers in highly developed areas has increased by an order of magnitude. Now, the most important problem to solve is how to restore and adapt the hydrological, biogeochemical and biological cycles to the new conditions of high population densities and activities, without obstructing development.The new approach requires an understanding of the dynamics of water and biogeochemical processes with special emphasis on the role of biota in the catchment and aquatic systems as being the very vulnerable but easy to manage component of the freshwater ecosystem.

Ecohydrology is the concept, which aim is to create a new, interdisciplinary background for the assessment and sustainable management of freshwater resources. The goals of the programme are:

. To improve the understanding of basin scale processes by integration of hydrological and biological factors toward enhancement of resistance and resilience of freshwater ecosystems against anthropogenic stres;

. To develope cost effective methods of water and nutrients cycles restoration in river basin scale by using ecosystem properties as a management tool.

The Programme on Ecohydrology has been launched within the framework of UNESCO International Hydrological Programme IHP-V 2.3/2.4 projects. The Advanced Study Course in Ecohydrology has been organised to promote ideas of Ecohydrology among the scientific community. The course provided a forum for young scientists of different specialization from 24 countries all over the World. The scientific programme enabled them to meet internationally recognised scientists and exchange up-to-date views on both basic research and applied aspects of Ecohydrology and water management. The international character of this meeting provided a unique opportunity to obtain a broad view of the problems related to water resources quality and quantity in Europe and other continents.

During special sessions students presented various problems of water resources management in their countries. The potential ecohydrological solutions were discussed and proposed on the basis of their data and the knowledge gained during the course. The major outputs of the course are provided in this document as one-page syntheses, which also act as a submission of the participants’ research activities for development within the framework of the UNESCO Ecohydrology Programme.

Maciej Zulewski & Iwona Wagner

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UNESCO Advanced Study Course in Ecohvdrolom - 8-22 Sevtember 1999

General information about the Advanced Study Course in Ecohydrology

Date and venue: l University of Lodz, Center for Ecohydrological Studies, Poland g-10.09.1999

l The Tatra Mountains National Park, UNESCO MAB Biosphere Reserve, Poland 11-12.09.1999

* University of Vienna, Austria 13-14.09.1999

l Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Kis - Balaton Laboratory in Keszthely, Hungary 15-17.09.1999

l Croatian Waters - National Agency of Water Resources Management, Croatia 1 g-20.09.1999

l UNESCO Venice Office, Italy 2 l-22.09.1999

The Course was organized by: l UNESCO Venice Office, Regional Office for Science & Technology for Europe, (UVO-ROSTE)

l UNESCO International Hydrological Programme, (UNESCO IHP)

l Center for Ecohydrological Studies, University of todi

In co-operation with: l United Nations Environment Programme, International Environment Technology Centre, Japan (UNEP IETC)

l University of Vienna

l Hungarian Academy of Sciences

l Croatian Waters - National Agency of Water Resources Management

SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM: Lectures:

POLAND. Center of Ecohvdrological Studies. Universitv of Lodi

l Ecohydrology - low cost, high technology approach for sustainable management of water resources, Prof. Maciej Zalewski

l Global climate changes scenarios and hydrological pattern of different types of river systems, Prof. Zdzislaw Kaczmarek

l Possibilities of implementation of Ecohydrology approach in water management, from the point of view of environmental law in EUC countries, Prof. Marek G&ski

l Background for the ecohydrological studies - geological history and recent processes of the Vistula River floodplain near Plock, Poland, Prof. W.L.F Brinkmann

l Risk evaluation through bioassays and UNEP-IETC related Projects, Prof. Vicente Santiago

POLAND. The Tatra Mountain. UNESCO MAB Reserve

l Human impact on mountain river ecosystems - methods and strategies of conservation, Dr. Barbara Bis, Prof. Maciej Zalewski

l Cultural, social and economic aspects of protection of The Tatra Mountain, UNESCO MAB Biosphere Reserve, Dr. Marek Kot

AUSTRIA. Universitv of Vienna

l The influence of the river catchment on hydrological pattern in different types of river ecosystems, Prof. Dieter Gutlcnecht

l The effect of flow on macrophyes biodiversity and biomass distribution in a river channel, Prof. Georg Janauer

l Land/inland water ecotones: intermediate habitats critical for conservation and management in Danube River, Prof. Fritz Schiemer

UNESCO Advanced Study Course in Emhydrology - 8-22 September 1999

HUNGARY. Kis - Balaton Laboratorv in Keszthelv

l History of the construction of the Kis-Balaton Water Protection System (KBWPS), its necessity, hydrological features and mechanism of operation, Dr. Andras Magyarics

l External-internal nutrient loading, efficiency of retention and the effects of meteorological and hydrological regimes on the operation and the water quality of L. Balaton, Dr. Vera Istvanovics

l Primary producers, the regulatory effects of emergent and submersed macrophytes on water quality of the KBWPS, management of macophytes, Dr. Piroska-Pomogyi

l Trophic relationships within the food webs, the role of fish communities (top-down, bottom-up effects) in the regulation of water quality as a potential for management of the KBWPS, Dr. Istvan Tatrai

l Ecohydrology from the water quality and environmental management perspective: the example of Zala river catchment, Prof. Geza Jolankai

CROATIA. Croatian Waters - National Agency of Water Resources Management

l Problems of sustainable water management on the islands of Croatian coast, implementation of ecohydrological processes, Eng. Ljudevit Tropan

l Biodiversity of the Northern Adriatic islands and the related importance of freshwater resources, Dr. Goran SuSic

ITALY. UNESCO Venice Office

l Welcoming addressed by Prof. Pierre Lasserre

l The Role of the Advanced Study Course in the UNESCO IHP Programme, Eng. Philippe Pypaert

l Ecohydrology - use of ecosystem properties as a tool toward sustainable water management, Prof. Maciej Zalewski

l Historical approach to Ecohydrology concept development, Prof. Georg Janauer

Technical and laboratory demonstrations POLAND. Center of Ecohvdroloeical Studies. Universitv of Lodi

l Assessment of algal blooms toxicity (toxicity biotests), Dr. Malgorzata Tarczynska & Dr. Vicente Santiago

l Application of biofilters for elimination of zooplankton excreted nutricuts-aquarium experiment, Dr Adrianna Wojtal

l Ground water hydrochemistry in the agricultural catchment, M.Sc. Agnieszka Bednarek

l Constructed wetlands and restoration of river systems, M.Sc. Jan Bocian

POLAND. The Tatra Mountain. UNESCO MAB Reserve

l Experimental assessment of resilience and resistance of mountain stream on various forms of human impact, M.Sc. Agnieszka Bednarek

AUSTRIA. Universitv of Vienna

l Restoration of riparian forests and back water systems of the Danube, Prof. Georg Janauer, Prof. Fritz Schiemer

HUNGARY. Kis - Balaton Laboratorv in Keszthelv

l Visit and demonstrations at the Kis - Balaton Reservoir System; Constructed wetlands for nutrients load reduction, Dr. Istvan Tatrai

CROATIA. Croatian Waters - National Agencv of Water Resources Management

l Visit to the Island of Krk - the perspectives of catchment management for improvement of water retentiveness, Eng. Ljudevit Tropan

l Visit to the Island of Cresand, the protected area Beli and Vransco Lake; Roman water supply systems, Eng. Ljudevit Tropan

UNESCO Advanced Study Course in Ecohydmlogy - 8-22 September 1999

Participants presentations AUSTRIA. Universitv of Vienna

l Sanchita Boruah (India) ,,Ecohydrology of the Indian stretch of the Brahmaputra River”.

l Rodney Ferdinands (Australia) ,,Regionalisation of a medium size catchment using baseflow turbidity as a dependent variable”.

l Michael Trepel (Germany) ,,Quantitative simulation ofbiochemical processes for water quality enhancement, an ecohydrological / landscape approach”.

l Angela Davenport (UK) ,,The development of a hydro-ecological classification of urban rivers”.

HUNGARY. Kis - Balaton Laboratory in Keszthely

l Claudia Silva (Brazil) ,,Effects of deforestation on fish community in Brasil”.

l Ryan Teuling (Netherlands) ,,The relationships between water quality and nature in the Nethrlands”.

l Maria Alexandra A. Teodosio Chicharo (Portugal) ,,Contribution to the Guardiane estuary management: hydrological and geological approach”.

l Yung-ta Chang (Taiwan) ,,Isoetes transplantation and the water resources in Taiwan”.

l Samuel Gitahi (Kenya) ,,Lake Naivasha monitoring: problem areas, prospects and constrains”.

l Kamau Mbogo (Kenya) ,,Ecohydrological problems associated with the Lake Naivasha ecosystem: general review”.

l Ana Laura Ruibal Conti (Argentina) ,, Environmental situation of San Roque Lake.”

l Terhi Helmio (Finland) ,,River rehabilitation in Boreal conditions”.

l Dennis Doherty (Ireland) ,,The Shannon Catchment in Ireland”.

l Matthew Thomas O’Hare (UK) ,,Flow preferences of benthic invertebrates”.

l Luigi Dal Cin (Italy) ,,Ecohydrological design and management aspects of constructed wetlands in PO catchrnent (Italy)“.

l Anne-Christine Gouder de Beauregard (Belgium) ,,Aquatic vegetation and havy metals: a case study on a storm water basin”.

l Tomas Virbickas (Lithuania) ,,Towards ecohydrological approach in the menagement of river fish communities”.

l Sanda Jebelean (Romania) ,,Ecohydrological features related to ,,Raul Mare” case study”.

CROATIA, Croatian Waters - National Agencv of Water Resources Management

l Ljubica Pojatina Basta (Croatia) ,,Lonjsko Polje - The solution between water management, flood defence and biodiversity preservation”.

l Bard&h Gabrielyan (Armenia) ,,Problems of Eutrophication of Lake Sevan, Armenia”.

l Gabriel Torres (Belgium) ,,Ecohydrological diagnosis of Lake Njivice and its catchment (Omisalj - Island Krk, Croatia)“.

l CCcile Picouet (France) ,,Geodynamic of tropical large river: case study of the upper Niger and inland delta in Mali”.

l Jerome Genin (France) ,,Relationship between agriculture and sustainable development. Applicaton in the case of an integrated management of ponds: LaDombes (France)“.

l Steffen Zober (Germany) ,,Hydrogeochemistry of Vistula river floodplain sediments”.

l Manasse Bokros (Hungary) ,,The ecological role of aquatic humic substances”.

l Bemadett Boncz (Hungary) ,,The macrophytes of the second part of the Kis-Balaton Water Protection System”.

l Beata Pataki (Hungary) ,,Potential role of ecohydrological process in water quality management in Hungary”.

l R.J. Rao (India) ,,Biomonitoring in the Indian Rivers: Ganga experience”. l Gadis Sri Haryani (Indonesia) ,,Changes in ecohydrology of Lake Poso catchment and its effects to the life

cycle of eel Anguilla Mamorata”. l Rebi Nijboer (Netherlands) ,,Restoration in the catchment of a lowland stream”.

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UNESCO Advanced Study Course in Ecohydroloa - 8-22 September 1999

l Harper Shona (UK) & Monika Zalewska (Poland) ,,Development of Ancient Roman Low and its connections to Environmental Low today”.

l Iulia Urda (Romania) ,,A study of the ecohydrological features resulted after the construction of the hydro- energetical and navigational system iron gates”.

l Richard Noble (UK) ,,Factors affecting the availability of fish to bitterns (Botaurus stellaris) in UK reedbeds: Implications for conservation management”.

l Sergiy Dubnyak (Ukraine) ,,Hydrodynamics of the Dnieper Reservoir as a factor of river ecosystem functioning”.

l Lisa Sarma (USA) ,,The use of vegetation in river restoration projects”.

LIST OF LECTURERS:

l Prof. Maciej Zalewski

Chairman of the Scientific Steering Committee of UNESCO IHP-V 2.312.4 Project on Ecohydrology

Centre of Ecohydrological Studies, University of Lodz,

ul. Banacha 12/16,90-237 Lodz, POLAND

ph. (+48) 42 635 44 38, fax. (+48) 42 679 06 21, e-mail: [email protected]

l Prof. Zdzislaw Kaczmarek

Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences,

ul. KS. Janusza 64, 01-452 Warsaw, POLAND


l Prof. Marek G&-ski

Department of Environmental Law, University of Lodz,

ul. Narutowicza 59a, 9 1- 13 1 Lodi, POLAND

ph. (+48) 42 635 46 00, e-mail: 602579602Beranet.pl

l Prof. W.L.F Brinkmann

Department of Geosciences, J.W. Goethe University,

Georg-Voigt Street 14, D-60325 Frankfurt am Main, GERMANY

ph. + 49 (0) 69 798 25060, fax. + 49 (0) 69 798 23336, e-mail: [email protected]

l Prof. Vicente Santiago-Fandino

United Nations Environmental Programme,

International Environmental Technology Centre, Shiga Office

109 1 Oroshimo-cho, Kusatsu City, Shiga 525-000 1, JAPAN

ph. 81-77-568-4585, fax. 81-77-568-4587, e-mail: [email protected]

l Dr. Barbara Bis

Centre of Ecohydrological Studies, University of Lodz,

ul. Banacha 12/16,90-237 Lodz, POLAND


l Dr. Marek Kot

Tatra National Park,

ul. Chalubinskiego 42 a, 34-500 Zakopane, POLAND

ph. (+48) 18 206 32 03, fax. (+48) 18 206 35 79, e-mail: [email protected] l Prof. Georg Janauer

Institute of Plant Physiology, University of Vienna,

Althanstrasse 14, A- 1090 Vienna, AUSTRIA

ph. + (43 1) 3 13 36 1486, fax. +(43 1) 3 13 36 776, e-mail: [email protected]

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UNESCO Advanced Study Course in Ecohydrologv - 8-22 September 1999

l Prof. Dieter Gutknecht,

Institute of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Water Resources Management,

Technical University of Vienna, Karlsplatz 12, A- 1040-Wiena, AUSTRIA

ph. (+43 1) 58801-22300, fax. (+43 1) 5056212, e-mail: [email protected]

l Prof. Fritz Schiemer,

Institute of Zoology, Department of Limnology, Vienna University,

Althanstrasse 14, A- 1090 Vienna, AUSTRIA

ph. (+43 1) 3 13 36 12 75, fax. (+43 1) 3 13 36 778, e-mail: [email protected]

l Dr. Andras Magyarics

Chief Administration of the National Water

Authority, Budapest, Man&y u. l/c, HUNGARY

ph:+36 12120779, fax: +36 12120778, e-mail:[email protected]

l Dr. Vera Istvanovics,

Technical Univ. of Budapest, Dep. of Sanitary and Environ.Engineering

H- 1111, Budapest, Miiegyetem rkp.3, HUNGARY

ph:+36 1463 1535, fax:+36 14633753, e-mail:[email protected]

l Dr. Piroska-Pomogy,

Transdanubian Water Authority, Kis-Balaton Laboratory,

H-8360 Keszthely, Csik F.s. 1, HUNGARY

ph:+36 83312886, fax:+36 83 314220, e-mail:[email protected]

l Dr. Istvan Tatrai,

Balaton Limnological Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences,

H-8237 Tihany, HUNGARY

ph. +36 87 448 244, fax/ph. +36 87 448 006, e-mail: [email protected]

l Prof. Geza Jolankai,

Department of Water Quality Management at the Water Resources Research Centre VITUKI,

Kvassay Jeno ut. 1, Budapest H-1095, HUNGARY,

ph. (+361) 215 53 60, fax. (+361) 216 15 14, e-mail: [email protected]

l Eng. Ljudevit Tropan

Croatian Waters - National Agency for Water Resources Management,

Zagreb, ul. Grada Vukovara 220

ph. +385-l-6307-575, fax. +385-l-6151-793, e-mail: [email protected]

l Dr. Goran SuSiC

Croatian Waters - National Agency for Water Resources Management,

Zagreb, ul. Grada Vukovara 220

ph. +385-l-6307-575, fax. +385-l-6151-793

Field and Laboratory Demonstrations

Centre of Ecohydrological Studies, University of Lodz, ul. Banacha 12/16,90-237 Lodz, POLAND tel. (+48) 42 635 44 38, fax. (+48) 42 679 06 21,

M.Sc. Jan Bocian, e-mail: [email protected]

Dr. Malgorzata Tarczydska, e-mail: [email protected]

. M.Sc. Agnieszka Bednarek, e-mail: [email protected]

. Dr. Adrianna Wojtal, e-mail: [email protected]

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UNESCO Advanced Study Course in Ecohydmlogv - 8-22 September I999

List of the Projects of the Advanced Study Course Participants

Country Name

1 ARGENTINA AnaLaura Ruibal Conti

Title

Environmental Situation of San Roque Reservoir: ecohydrological approach for its restoration

Page Address Ph./fax/e-mail

23 National Institute for Water and Enviro- Ph./fax.: + 54 351 4682781182, nment-Center of Semiarid Region. e-mail: [email protected] Ambrosio Olmos 1142. 5000 Cordoba ARGENTINA

2 ARMENIA Bard&h Gabrielyan

3 AUSTRALIA Trevor Rodney Ferdinands

4 BELGIUM Anne-Christine Gouder de Beauregard

Gabriel Torres

5 BRASIL Claudia Silva

Ecological Problems of Lake Sevan (Armenia)

24 Institute of Hydroecology and Ichthylogy Ph.: + 3742 52 38 30, National Academy of Sciences Fax.: + 3742 15 10 48, of Armenia Department of Ichthyology e-mail: [email protected] 24d Bagramian st, room #907, ARMENIA

The development of a predictive 25 Department of Chemistry, Water Studies Ph.: + 61 3 9905 4076/4146, mathematical model as a tool for catchment Centre Monash University, Clayton Fax.: + 61 3 9905 4196, management using turbidity as Victoria 3 168, AUSTRALIA e-mail: [email protected] an independent variable and catchment factors as dependent varaibles

Biological epuration of heavy metals in highways waters. Study case: Ctdrogne’s storm water basin, Belgium

26 Laboratoire d’Ecologie, Facultt Ph.: +32 81 I62 22 44 Universitaire dessciences Agronomiques Fax.: +32 8 1 / 6 1 45 44, de Gembloux Passage des Deport& e-mail: gouder.acgfsagx.ac.be 2 - B-5030 Gembloux BELGIUM

Ecohydrological diagnosis of Lake Njivice and its catchment. Proposals for sustainable management

27 68, rue Dodonee - 1 I80 Brussels, Ph.: 32 2 344 91 02, BELGIUM e-mail: [email protected]

Ecohydrological Perspective for Conservation and Restoration of Rivers Systems in Brazil

28 National Institute of Reseach Ph.: t 55 (92) 643 3254’ in Amazonia (INPA), Fax.: +SS (92) 643 3226, Department Aquatic Biology (CPBA) e-mail: [email protected] INPAKPBA. Cx Postal 478 Manaus-AM BRAZIL

6 CROATIA Ljubica Pojatina Basta Ecohydrology - Solution for Water 29 Croatian Waters - National Agency Ph.: + 385 01 6307 536, Management in Croatia of Water Resources Management, Fax.: + 385 01 6151 794,

Water Pollution Control Sector, e-mail: [email protected] Ulica grada Vukovara 220, 10000 Zagreb, CROATIA

7 ENGLAND Angela Davenport The Development of a Hydro-ecological Classification of Urban Rivers

30 University of Birmingham Ph.: +44 121 414 5682, School of Geography and Fax.: +44 121 414 5528, Environmental SC., Edgbaston, e-mail: [email protected] Birmingham, B I5 2TT, ENGLAND

o\ Country Name Title Page Address Ph./fax/e-mail

ENGLAND

8 FINLAND

9 FRANCE

10 GERMANY

Richard Noble Factors affecting the availability of fish 31

Shona Harper

Tehri Helmio

Jerome Genin

Cecile Picouet

Michael Trepel Ernst-Walter Reiche Klaus Dierllen

Steffen Zober

I I HUNGARY Manasse Bokros

Bemadett Boncz

to bitterns (Botauvus stelluvis) in UK reedbeds: Implications for conservation management

Role of environmental law in sustainable use of environmental resources

Myllypuro Brook Restoration Project

Ponds managements in “la Dombes” (France): an opportunity for Ecohydrology

The role of the inland delta hydrosystem in the regulation of water, sediment and dissolved matter budget of the Niger river in Mali

Quantitative simulation of biochemical processes for water quality enhancement, an ecohydrological / landscape approach

Hydrogeochemistry of Vistula river floodplain sediments between Wyszogrod and Plock

Effects of humic substances on ecohydrological processes

The role of the reconstructed wetland Kis-Balaton Water Protection System (KBWPS) in water quality management: Dynamic processes in the vegetation structure

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Hull International Fisheries Institute Ph.: + 44 (0) 1482 46642 1, (HIFI), Hull University, Hull HU6 7RX. Fax.: t 44 (0) 1482 470129, Royal Society for the Protection of e-mail: [email protected] Birds (RSPB) UK

University of Leicester, Leicester, LE 1 7RH UK

Helsinki University of Technology, Ph.: +358 9 45 I3 814, Laboratory of Water Resources Fax.: +358 9 45 13 827, P.O. Box 5300, 02015 HUT, FINLAND e-mail: [email protected]

European Continental Hydrosystem Engineering, Part Grandmont, 37200 Tours, FRANCE Institut Superieur d’Agriculture

Ph. fax.: + (+33) 03 86 37 43 12 e-mail: [email protected]

Rhone Alpes, 3 1, Place Bellecour, 69002 Lyon, FRANCE

Universite de Montpellier II, Ph.: + 33 (0) 4 67 41 64 50, IRD Laboratoire d’Hydrologie Fax.: + 33 (0) 4 67 54 54 71 06, BP 5045 34032 Montpellier cedex 01 e-mail: [email protected] FRANCE

Ecology-Center, Ph.: + 49 43 1 880 4037, Christian-Albrechts-Universitlt, Fax.: + 49 43 1 880 4083, Schauenburgerstrasse 1 I2 - 24118 Kiel e-mail: michael@pz-oekosysuni-kielde GERMANY

Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Ph.: + 49 (0) 69 798 25060, Department of Geosciences-Hydrology, Fax.: + 49 (0) 69 798 23336, Georg-Voigt Street 14, D-60325 e-mail: [email protected] Frankfurt am Main, GERMANY

University of Veszprem Ph.:+3688432291 8220 Balatonalmadi Veszpremi u. 133/c, e-mail: [email protected] HUNGARY

Lajos Kossuth University, Department of Applied Ecology H-40 10 Debrecen, HUNGARY

Ph.: + 36 52 512932, Fax.: + 36 52 431148, e-mail: [email protected]

Country Name

Beata Pataki

Title

Treated or partly treated wastewater discharges-of large cities into small recipients - Debrecen Case Study

Page Address

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Ph./fax/e-mail

Water Resources Research Centre Ph.:+ 361 215 6140, VITUKI Rt., Institute for Water Fax.: + 361 216 1514, Pollution Control, H-l 095 Budapest e-mail: [email protected] Kvassay J. u. 1, HUNGARY

Istvan Zsuffa Ecological revitalisation of the Gemenc floodplain in Hungary

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12 INDIA Sanchita Boruah Ecohydrology of the Indian stretch of the Brahmaputra River System

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R.J. Rao Biomonitoring in Indian Rivers: Ganga Experience

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,,Eotvos Jozsef’ College, Department Ph.:+ of Water Management and Utilisation Fax.: + 36 79 322 763 6500 Baja, Bajcsy Zs. u. 14. e-mail: [email protected] HUNGARY

Department of Life Sciences, Ph.: + 91 373 324321; Dibrugarh University Fax.: + 91 373 324568, Lankashi Tea & Seed Estates (P) Ltd., , e-mail: [email protected]; Chowkidinghee East, Dibrugarh, Assam sanchita@gwl .vsnl.net.in INDIA 786 003

School of Studies in Zoology, Ph.: + 91 751 346782, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, M.P. Fax.: + 91 751 341450, INDIA 474 011 e-mail: [email protected]

13 INDONESIA Gadis Sri Haryani Changes in the Ecohydrology of Lake 44 Indonesian Institute of Sciences, R&D Ph.: +(62-2 1) 875 7073 ext. 104 Poso catchment and its effects to the life Centre for Limnology LIPI, Fax.: +(62-21) 875 7076, cycle of Eel Anguilla marmorata Cibinong, 16911, INDONESIA e-mail: [email protected]

14 IRELAND Dennis Doherty Ecohydrology and the River Moy 45 National University of Ireland, Galway, Ph.: + 353 91 750526, catchment in western Ireland Zoology Dept, IRELAND Fax.: + 353 91 750379

e-mail [email protected]

15 ITALY Luigi Dal Cin Reconstructed wetlands: research experiences in the PO Plain (Italy)

46 University of Padova Ph.: + 39 49 8275527, Department of Chemical Processes Fax.: + 39 49 8275528, Engineering, e-mail: ldalcin@uxl .unipd.it Via Marzolo 9 - 35 13 1 Padova, ITALY

16 KENYA Samuel Githai

Kamau Mbogo

Sustainable water management in Lake Naivasha, (Kenya)

Sustainable management of the lake Naivasha ecosystem, Kenya

47 Lake Naivasha Riparian Association Ph.: + 254-2-890171, (L.N.R.A.), P.O. BOX 74662, Nairobi Fax.: + 254-2-217613, KENYA e-mail: [email protected],

[email protected]

48 Kenya Marine & Fisheries Research e-mail: [email protected] Institute, Naivasha, Box 837, Naivasha, KENYA

17 LITHUANIA Tomas Virbickas Estimation of the changes of Lithuanian 49 Institute of Ecology, HEFL, Ph.:+3702796813, river fish communities depending on Akademijos 2, Vilnius 2600, Fax.: + 370 2 729257,

=1 natural and anthropogenic factors LITHUANIA e-mail: [email protected]

& Country Name

18 NETHER- LANDS

Rebi C. Nijboer

Ryan Teuling

19 POLAND AgnieszkaBednarek

Jan Bocian

Kinga Krauze

Monika Marczewska

MaIgorzata Tarczyliska

Adriana Trojanowska

Iwona Wagner

Title

Restoration of Stream Catchments in the Netherlands


50 Institute of Forestry and Nature Research Ph.: + 3 1 (0) 3 17478728, Wageningen, Fax.: + 31 (0) 317424988, THE NETHERLANDS e-mail: [email protected]

Wageningen University, Bomsesteeg Ph.: + 31 (0) 31-317-410691 1 - 20A, 6708 GA Wageningen Fax.: + 31 (0) 31-317-484180 THE NETHERLANDS e-mail: Adriaan.Teuling@student.

Restoration of the Noor brook in South Limburg, The Netherlands

Experimental assessment of resilience and resistance of stream ecosystem to various form of human impact (The Tatra Mountains UNESCO MAB Reserve)

The abioticibiotic interaction in constructed wetlands for polluted water treatment - small scale experiment

Biodiversity conservation based on the mode of mechanisms regulating ecosystem functions

Applications of EH approach to reduce non-point pollutants

Effect of hydraulic water retention time on the appearance of cyanobacterial blooms in a lowland reservoir

The role of Enzymatic Processes for Phosphorus Internal Load Dynamics

Potential reduction of eutrophication and toxic algal blooms in the shallow Sulej6w Reservoir (Central Poland) by control of tributaries and reservoir hydrology

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University of Lodz, Department of Applied Ecology, ul. Banacha 12116, 90-237 Lodz, POLAND



University of Lodz, Department of Applied Ecology, ul. Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, POLAND

University of Lodz, Department of Applied Ecology, ul. Banacha 12/l 6, 90-237 Lodz, POLAND


University of Lodz, Department of Applied Ecology, ul. Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, POLAND

whh.wau.nl

Ph.: + 48 42 635 44 38, Fax.: + 48 42 679 06 21, e-mail: [email protected]

Ph.: + 48 42 635 44 38, Fax.: + 48 42 679 06 2 1, e-mail: [email protected]

Ph.: +48 42 635 44 38, Fax.: +48 42 679 06 2 1, e-mail: [email protected]

Ph.: +48 42 635 44 38, Fax.: +48 42 679 06 21, e-mail: [email protected]

Ph.: 148 42 635 44 38, Fax.: +48 42 679 06 21, e-mail: [email protected]

Ph.: +48 42 635 44 38, Fax.: +48 42 679 06 2 1, e-mail: [email protected]

Ph.: (+48-42) 635 44 38, Fax.: (+48-42) 679 06 21, e-mail: [email protected]

Country Name

Adrianna Wojtal

Monika Zalewska

Title

Effect of the trophic cascade and hydrological condition on filtering zooplankton activity

Role of environmental law in sustainable use of environmental resources


59 University of Lodz, Ph.: (+48-42) 635 44 38, Department of Applied Ecology, Fax.: (+48-42) 679 06 21, ul. Banacha 12116, 90-237 Lodz, e-mail: [email protected] POLAND

32 Department of Environmental Law, University of Lodz, ul.Namtowicza 59a Lbdi, POLAND

20 PORTUGAL Maria A. A. Teod6sio How will the Alqueva dam affect the 60 Universidade do Algarve Ph. + 351 289800900, Chicharo aquatic biota in the Guadiana estuary U.C.T.R.A. (Aquatic Resources Fax. + 351 289818353, Luis Manuel Zambujal (South Portugal)? Preliminary results Department), Campus de Gambelas, e-mail: [email protected] Chicbaro based on an ecohydrological approach 8000 Faro, PORTUGAL

21 ROMANIA Sanda Jebelean The influence of sediment deposits 6 1 Facultatea de Hidrotechnica Ph.: (+40) 56 19 85 87, (40) 56 19 38 72 on river bed Str. George Enescu l/A Fax.: (+40) 56 13 35 01, (40) 56 20 78 67

Cod 1900 Timisoara, ROMANIA e-mail: [email protected]

Iulia Urda Not provided on time Facultatea de Hidrotechnica Ph.: (+40) 56 19 85 87, (40) 56 19 38 72 Str. George Enescu l/A Fax.: (+40) 56 13 35 01, (40) 56 20 78 67 Cod 1900 Timisoara, ROMANIA

22 SCOTLAND Matthew Thomas Macrophytes as Invertebrate Habitat 62 University of Glasgow,EEB-IBLS, Ph.: + 44 (0)141 330 6569, O’Hare Rehabilitation Tools Division of Environmental & Fax.: + 44 (0) 141 330 5971,

Evolutionary Biology, Graham Kerr e-mail: [email protected] Building, Glasgow G12 SQQ, UK

23 TAIWAN Yung-ta Chang The water management of Fei-Tsui reservoir in Taiwan

63 Bio. Dept. National Taiwan Normal Ph.: +886 229 333 149, University. No. 88 Sec. 4 Ting-Chou Rd. Fax.: +886 229 312 904, Taipei. TAIWAN. R.O.C. e-mail: biofv03 [email protected]

24 UKRAINE Sergiy Dubnyak Hydrodynamics of the Dnieper reservoirs as a factor of their ecosystem functioning

64 Institute of Hydrobiology, Ph.:+380444187448, Ukrainian Academy of Scienses, Fax.:+380444182232, Prosp. Geroyev Stalingrada 12, e-mail: [email protected] 2542 10, Kiev 2 IO, UKRAINE

25 USA Lisa Sarma Ecohydrology : An Inspiration in the Development of Civil Engineering Guidelines

65 Stanford University, Department of Civil and Environmental Ph.: + (650) 498-0660, Eng. Rains Houses Apt. 1 C, e-mail: [email protected] 704 Campus Dr., Stanford, CA 94305, USA


Projects’ description and potential upgrading by Ecohydrological approach

UNESCO Advanced Study Course in Ecohydrology - 8-22 September 1999

Environmental situation of San Roque Reservoir: ecohydrological approach

for its restoration

Author ANA LAURA RUIBAL CON~I National Institute for Water and Environment-Center of Semiarid Region. Ambrosio Olmos 1142.5000 C6rdoba ARGENTINA San Royue Easm Cordobo A,p,r,,,a

phone/fax: (54-351) 4682781/82, e-mail: [email protected]

Problem Basically, two general problems can be detected in the San Roque catchment (Subsecretaria de Gesti6n Ambiental, 1987): l Deforestation and others factors which have reduced the vegetation’s capability to diminish rain and flood

impact, caused lower infiltration and thus increase flood overpowering. It is for this reason that each year there is more water circulating during summer time and less in winter (the latter as a result of lack of reservoirs and permanent natural streams) The basin’s desertification will cause a marked increase in the water concentration that drains in summer, thus causing silting of river beds and the lake floor.

l The growth of urban centers has produced yet another impact: pollution caused by untreated sewage. The urban development of most parts of the towns is being carried out without urban codes or collection and sewage treatment systems

Recently applied solutions No management plan has been develop in this basin, however in order to improve the water quality some tools have been applied. Among these solutions are biomanipulation, cutting of shore reeds and elimination of algae by superfi- cial mechanic vacuum cleaning (pilot level). These solutions have not been successful because of lack of data and a comprehensive quantitative assessment of ecological and hydrological processes. At present, the lake shows clear signals of eutrophication considering phosphorous concentrations (Ruibal Conti et al, 1999; Wetzel, 198 1) in water, chloro- phyll ,,a” values and presence of toxic algae blooms over the year.

Potential upgrading by application of Ecohydrological approach .

.

The management of the lake catchment should be based on the knowledge of the nutrient paths, to consequently establish a sustainable management of the water resource, quantification of ecological, biochemical processes as well as evaluation and quantification of the pulse water regularity should be done. The natural variation of the water level of the lake generates natural wetlands at the entrance of the tributaries that, in addition to the construction of sewage treatment plant (control of point pollution sources ), could be used as economic tool for control of nutrient load (non-point source). Not only hydraulic and water quality variables but also climatological and geomorphological parameters are necessary for modelling and characterisation of processes involved in lake water quality.

Reference Subsecretaria de Gestidn Ambiental (I 987). Eutroficaci6n del Lago San Roque. lnforme de la Situaci6n Ambiental. (Eutrophycation

qf San Roque Lake. Environmental Situation). Cordoba, Argentina p. 122. Ruibal Conti, et al. (I 999). Monitoreo y Modelacibn de la Hidrodinamica y Calidad del Recurso Hidrico afectado por una epresa: Lago San Roque (C6rdoba). (Monitoring and Modelling ofHydrodynamic and Quality qf a Water Resource qficted by a Dam).

Anales del Congreso Argentino de Grandes Presas y Aprovechamientos Hidroelktricos. San Martin de Los Andes Argentina. pp. 483-492

Wetzel R. (198 I). ,,Limnologia” Ediciones Omega. Barcelona. p. 679.

23

UNESCO Advanced Study Course in Ecohydmlogv - 8-22 September 1999

Ecological problems of Lake Sevan (Armenia)

Author BARDUKH GABRIELYAN Institute of Hydroecology and Ichthylogy of National Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Department of Ichthyology, 24d Bagramian st, room #907, phone: +3742-52-38-30, fax: +3742-15-10-48, e-mail: [email protected]

Problem Anthropogenic eutrophication of Lake Sevan has caused changes in the ichthyofauna of the lake that were mainly related to the disturbance of reproductive dynamics and nourishment of certain fish species. The level of unac- counted fishing (poaching) in recent years has increased 2 - 4 fold leading to overexploitation, this, in turn, has disordered equilibrium of trophic levels.

Recently applied solutions Water level drop of Lake Sevan has brought about eutrophication processes there, that consequently caused changes in primary production of phytoplankton. The latter is strongly linked with dynamics of fish population mainly young species through trophic interactions.

Ii 51 T 80000

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

r- FPB Year

--.mR Dynamics ofprrmo~production and recruitment bywars

Potential upgrading by application of Ecohydrological approach It is necessary to evaluate by research project to what extent restoration of hydrological processes and biological interactions control can improve water quality 1. As results of the investigation show, the relationship between biomass of the fish population and the level of

eutrophication is reversible, depending on certain conditions. This will allow the control of eutrophication processes and correspondingly water quality through management and regulation of fish stocks.

2. To reduce the symptoms of eutrophication of the lake it is necessary to take drastic measures against fish poaching and reduce water releases for power generation purposes.

24


The development of a predictive mathematical model as a tool for

catchment management using turbidity as an independent

variable and catchment factors as dependent varaibles

Author RODNEY FERDINANS Water Studies Centre, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, AUSTRALIA

phone: 61 3 9905 4076,61 3 9905 4146, fax: 613 9905 4196, e-mail: [email protected]

Problem Since the time of European occupation in Victoria (ca. 150 years B.P.) there has been a steady increase in suspended solids (SS) and, therefore, turbidity in the majority of the state’s rivers and streams. This has affected the food chain by altering light penetration into the system, and, consequently, catchment ecology has also been affected. The main causes of increased SS are: 1. Reduction of riparian vegetation. 2. Environmentally damaging practices e.g., clearfell logging, roadworks, broadacre agriculture. 3. Livestock damage to bed and bank. 4. Discharge of incompletely settled industrial effluents. The first three points have increased erosion and the latter has caused large amounts of organic sediments to be deposited into the waterways. Developing management strategies to reduce sediment inputs into these systems is an immense task, and strategies employed thus far have not yielded satisfactory results.

Recently applied solutions 1. Increased grass and shrub buffer zones for dairy and broadacre SITE 226204 -TURBIDITY INDEX TRENDS

farms. ia

2. Regrowth of riparian vegetation and removal of large fallen trees I6 from waterways to improve natural flow. 3

14

3. Logging practices to be changed from clear-felling to selective for preservation of biodiversity.

F 1:

4. Biological degradation of organic mattear in effluents prior to E 8 9

discharge into the river system. 2 6 4

5. Improvement of existing, and creation of new wetlands to act as 2

sediment sinks. 0 The above measures have only been partially implemented over the %E%Ess~~a%~~~~a%EsHaHE ____-___--______---_ past few years. YEAR

Rerulrr show no signt@cant mprovenwnr in allsiter over two decades

Potential upgrading by application of Ecohydrological approach The monitoring and study of isolated catchment parameters and the application of simplistic solutions, have not achieved significant improvements in reducing suspended sediment concentrations in Victoria’s rivers. A more holistic catchment management approach should be introduced, to account for hydrological, biological and physico- chemical characteristics of the river system. This Ecohydrological approach is essential to ensure a reduction of the threats to, and increase the probability of, successfully producing sustainable river health. It is envisaged that this Ecohydrological approach would provide the impetus for the environment to heal itself, similar to the concept of an organism curing itself (“Gaia”), once conditions have been restored to a minimum critical level.

25


Biological epuration of heavy metals in highways waters

Study case: Ckdrogne’s storm water basin, Belgium

Authors ANNE-CHRISTINE GOUDER DE BEAUREGARD, SUPERVISOR: PROF. R. IMPENS Laboratoire d’Ecologie, FacultC Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques de Gembloux, Passage des DCportCs, 2 - B-5030 Gembloux - BELGIUM phone: +32 8 1 I 62 22 44, fax: +32 8 1 I 6 1 45 44, e-mail: [email protected]

.a .E i! :. 1 !i 8

6 :. 540m’ 540m’ 2

I?!4 Stream

Sommernio

Problem This study was undertaken three years ago in the ‘Plateau des Tailles’ (1200 mm precipitation/year). The primary inputs to the storm water basin are from highways. Heavy metals, such as cadmium, zinc, lead and iron, are released in the water runoff because of the road traffic. Water basins have traditional functions such as water storage, sedimentation, oil extraction, retention of particles, and dilution of salts. However, some of these are able to undertake biological epuration of heavy metals by the presence of aquatic vegetation. Ctdrogne is a very good example of such a function, where some of the vegetation was introduced artificially (Typha latifolia L., Sagittaria sagittifolia L., etc.) and other species appeared naturally (Elodea canadensis Michaux) in each basin. The aim of the study was to prove the efficiency of aquatic vegetation to assimilate heavy metals. A decrease of heavy metals concentrations within the plants, and also in the waters and sediments from the inlet to the outlet was used to test this hypothesis.

Recently applied solutions Results showed that heavy metals (iron excepted) are not highly concentrated in the waters, due to the inflow collecting mixed waters from highways and natural wetlands nearby. However, concentrations of heavy metals are higher in the aquatic vegetation (roots, stems, leaves) and in the sediments. Elodea canademis is the most appropriate species for bioaccumulation of heavy metals and can accumulate 10 to 40 times more Cd, 4 to 20 times more Pb and 4 to 8 times more Zn than any other plant species (exportable parts). Results show a decrease of heavy metals between the inlet and the outlet as shown on the graph. Management programmes have been infrequently applied due to technical problems: sediments should be extracted by mechanical processes but banks are weak. Dying vegetation is cut irregularly as skilled labour is expensive, and the vegetation is burnt or dried close to the basins, leading to a release of heavy metals.

Potential upgrading by application of Ecohydrological approach The storm water basin shelters a number of rare species for the region including plants, amphibians and nesting birds, and manual management should be initiated to maintain this system intact. All the plant species have the capacity to accumulate higher concentrations of heavy metals, and should must be maintained in that state. A plan should be proposed for the periodical management of heavy metals extraction, where sediments and vegetation are removed by volunteers through mechanical and manual methods. The aquatic vegetation and sediments contain very low amounts of heavy metals, and could, therefore, be exported once a year and spread on agricultural lands. Other ideas for management could be given through the Internet, where civil engineers and bioengineers could share their knowledge between similar systems, For instance, prevention methods concerning eutrophication could be exchanged with Croatian scientists who have an effective monitoring of artificial ponds (Island of Krk, Croatian Waters - National Agency for Water Resources Management).

26

UNESCO Advanced Study Course in Ecohydrvlogy - 8-22 September 1999

Ecohydrological diagnosis of Lake Njivice and its catchment

Proposals for sustainable management

Author ENGINEER GABRIEL TORRES Independent Agronomist 68, rue DodonCe - 1180 Brussels, BELGIUM phone: + 32 2 344 91 02, e-mail: [email protected]

Lake Njwice on the Island Krk, Croano

Problem Until 1999, Lake Njivice was the main supply of drinking water for the municipality of Omisalj. Nevertheless, this natural source is now completely abandoned because of the onset of eutrophication and a strong concentration of faecal bacteria in the water. This is due to the pasture of sheep in the catchment and particularly upon the drainage network connected to the lake. Currently, the island obtains drinking water from the continent but this solution can’t be considered as a sustainable management of water supply because of the high cost generated by the transport in parallel with the degradation of the natural resource.

Recently applied solutions An ecohydrological diagnosis of the catchment has been realised by: . observations of pollutant concentrations in the lake during four years . measures of groundwater flows by the installation of piezometers l identification of vegetation occupying the catchment l physico-chemical and microbial analysis of drainage waters. On the basis of these results a map was produced, using GIS, that divides the catchment into 6 zones. Each zone has a particular management regime related to their potential as a pollution hazard to the lake.

Potential upgrading by application of Ecohydrological approach 1. Elimination of threats by a pro-active management of the catchment: application of GIS - map. 2. Amplification of chances by the development of low cost and high technologies:

a) optimisation of ecotone structures occupying half of the lake surface. This ecotone is composed of reeds and could play an important role as a trapping system for nutrients buffering against eutrophication;

b) the biomanipulation of trophic dynamics in the lake. This is also a very efficient tool to reduce eutrophication by the stocking or introduction of predatory fish species and the removal of others that accelerate the problem.

27


Ecohydrological perspective for conservation and restoration

of rivers systems in Brazil

Author CLAUDIA SILVA National Institute of Reseach in Amazonia (INPA), Department Aquatic Biology (CPBA) INPAKPBA. Cx Postal 478 Manaus-AM BRAZIL phone:+55(92) 643-3254 fax:+55(92) 643 3226, e-mail: [email protected]

Problem Brazil is a large country and presents a vast hydrographic net, characterised by morphological, hydrological, climatic and biogeographical differences. Due to accelerated human population increase and the impacts caused by human activities, the aquatic resources in Brazil have become a limiting factor. The deforestation in Amazon has been increasing due wood exploitation, uses of soils for agriculture and human settlement. Manaus the state capital, for example, has many degraded streams caused mainly by deforestation at the edges. It is one of the most important problem of these systems. Streams are generally poor in nutrients, its production capacity is low. Consequently, they depend on allochthonous energy to sustain the populations of consumers. The vegetation riparian, therefore, is important because provides energy supply to sustain the food web.

Recently applied solutions In streams where riparian vegetation was removed, some problems were observed: l increase of nutrients concentration, and oxygen consume (BOD5)

by decomposition of organic matter (Table 1); l high sediment load (total solid soluble TSS); l the channel became shallower and larger; l decrease of spatial heterogeneity; . increase of temperature and light incidence; l decrease of animal and plant diversity and alteration of species composition. Results The solution proposed by authorities was the channelization of the streams. However, the high cost and the results achieved by this process are not effective at rehabilitating these streams.

Potential upgrading by application of Ecohydrological approach To reach best results cost effectively, it will be necessary to develop studies based on an ecohydrological approach, such as: l to study the system in natural conditions and investigate its dynamics; l to understand the relationship between abiotic hydrological processes and the community structure and dynamics; l To stress the importance of the riparian zones on hydrological processes (e.g., erosion, sedimentation, runoff),

and explain how they act as buffering zones (to understand its retention properties); l To use communities (fish/invertebrates) as indicators of ecosystem health.

28


Ecohydrology - solution for water management in Croatia

Author LJUBICA POJATINA BASTA Croatian Waters - National Agency of Water Resources Management, Water Pollution Control Sector, Ulica grada Vukovara 220, 10000 Zagreb, CROATIA phone: +385 01 6307-536, fax: +385 01 615-1794, e-mail: [email protected]

Problem Croatia is currently undertaking the development of a large scale legislative framework with a view to providing the country with flood protection measures, the sustainable protection ofwater resources, and large scale monitoring of pollution. The developments made thus far are, therefore, not in widespread use at present.

Recently applied solutions Croatian Waters have been created as the National Agency responsible for water management. The management structure has the potential to improve and conserve water resource on a countrywide basis. Results The task of setting up a national management framework to manage all aspects of water management is an immense one, which will take not only many years to come to fruition, but will also require large scale economic investment if the management plans are to work. The Republic’s Water Pollution Control Plan has defined the major priorities as the construction of waste treatment plants, regulatory bodies and procedures for dealing with accidental pollution. The development plan however, is limited by financial position of Croatia both at present and in the future. This is highlighted be the fact that ~20 % of Croatia’s waste water is currently receiving any form of treatment prior to discharge. Waste and surface water regulations have been set at national and international levels. A quality assurance system for the monitoring of discharges has been developed but has yet to be initiated, however, laboratories authorised by the State Water Directorate have been set up.

Year 1991. 1999.

Household wastewaters connected to sewage system 41,5% 51.0%

Industrial wastewaters connected to sewage system 65.0% 75.0%

Industrial wastewaters with pre-treatment 73.6% 91.5%

Industrial and household wastewaters with treatment 6,8% 11.9%

Potential upgrading by application of Ecohydrological approach 1. Utilise the experience of and develop dialogue with other countries, to minimise the potential for implementing

solutions that have not been as successful as others. 2. Predictive planning and integrated approach considering Ecohydrology biotechnology solutions for managing

Croatia’s water resources. 3. Develop appropriate databases including bio monitoring and hydrological data and utilise GIS for management

purposes.

29

.- -.


The development of a ecohydrological classification of urban rivers

Author ANGELA DAVENPORT University of Birmingham School of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B 15 2TT, ENGLAND phone: +44 121 414 5682, fax: +44 121 414 5528, e-mail: [email protected]

Upper River Tame Carckment, England

Problem The key problem in the management of urban rivers is the balancing of the demands of the consumers in terms of water supply for industry domestic consumption, the quality of the water being supplied in drinking waters and the quality of waste waters and effluents; protecting properties from flood waters using conventional engineering methods whilst maintaining, restoring and rehabilitation urban rivers for ecological purposes. The upper river Tame displays all the characteristics of an urban river and forms the basis for my research into the classification of urban rivers.

Recently applied solutions The UK National Environment Research Council is funding a 7 year research programme into urban regeneration (URGENT) to provide a scientific basis for rehabilitating the urban environment. My research focuses on developing a hydro-ecological classification system specifically for urban rivers, which will provide the framework for integrating specific information from many disciplines to provide an holistic view to urban river management. Results A spatially nested hierarchical classification system will be developed which will integrate hydrological and ecological data into a geomorphological spatial framework. Data collection will be focussed at the stretch level which is defined as a stretch of river up to 500m in length of any one particular engineering type. Data will be held in a purpose-specific database designed in Microsoft Access. The classification will provide the basis for a hydro-ecologically based urban river management system.

NESTED FRAMEWORK

CATCHMENT LEVEL

SECTOR LEVEL

I

1 UNIT LEVEL

1 HABITAT LEVEL

1 PATCH LEVEL

Potential upgrading by application of Ecohydrological approach The research is focussed on developing a management tool to enable restoration and rehabilitation of urban rivers to be carried out in a structured and organised fashion. The river must be allowed to interact with it’s surroundings if these restoration schemes are to be successful. Ecotonal habitats such as wetlands will be crucial if water quality and biological quality are to return to urban rivers. However, surrounding land in the urban environment may not be suitable for these interactions to occur due to historical land contamination, or further urban development. The nested framework and the attributes contained within each spatial scale must reflect this need to allow the river to interact with any remaining parts of its floodplain, and recognise the temporal problems of land use pressures and historical pollution legacies, if classification is to be a successful management tool for urban rivers.

30

UNESCO Advanced Study Course in Ecohydrwlow - 8-22 September 1999

Factors affecting the availability of fish to bitterns (Botaurus stellaris)

in UK reedbeds Implications for conservation management

Author RICHARD NOBLE

Hull International Fisheries Institute (HIFI), Hull University, Hull HU6 7RX, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB), UK phone: 01482 466421, fax: 01482 470129, e-mail: [email protected]

Problem The bittern (Botuurus stellaris) is a red data list species with currently less than 20 breeding males at 6 sites in the UK. The status of the bittern is closely linked to the availability of its preferred habitat, Phragmites dominated wetlands and open water margins (Tyler 1994). The decline in the breeding population has been linked to the loss and degradation of habitat through anthropogenic impacts and succession to dry reedbed (Tyler 1994). To date most work to restore bittern populations has been the creation of suitable wet reedbeds with little consideration for the food resources (predominantly fish) or how these can be manipulated for the benefit of bitterns. For example the problems of intensive land drainage and natural low rainfall in the East Anglia region has lead to a predominantly mechanistic approach to water level management in semi-natural wetlands. The construction of bunds and sluices has impacted on wetland connectivity and had consequent impacts on the recruitment of fish to wetlands, thus reducing potential food availability.

Recently applied solutions 1. Initiation of a joint research programme into fish community

dynamics within UK reedbeds. Integrating the specialist knowledge and experience of the HIFI and the RSPB to provide a sound base for management of wetland fish populations.

2. Initiation of a conservation action plan for the bittern in the UK. The “Bittern-EU LIFE” project is a partnership between 7 organisations which aims to halt and reverse the decline of breeding bitterns in the UK through an integrated approach to habitat rehabilitation and creation.

Rrlolmships hemem J&h. hrrrerns and hahrrar

Potential upgrading by application of ecohydrological approach 1. The use of an ecohydrological approach to provide quantitative information regarding fish community dynamics

in reedbeds establishing a sound basis for management. 2. The ecohydrological approach must be integrated into conservation planning and management to provide the

ability to predict potential future changes in wetland water resources in order to optimise ecotone protection and minimise threats and conflicts within the catchment.

3. An ecohydrological approach to the understanding of the dynamics of semi-natural and constructed wetlands may provide an opportunity to construct wetlands that provide a sustainable approach to water quality management and simultaneously have a high conservation value.

References Tyler, G. (I 994) Management of reedbeds for bitterns and opportunities for reedbed creation. RSPB Conservation Review 8, 57-62

31


Role of environmental law in sustainable use

of environmental resources

Author SHONA HARPER* & MONIKA ZALEWSKA** * University of Leicester, Leicester, LE 1 7RH, UK **Department of Environmental Law, University of Lodz, ul. Narutowicza 59a, 9 1 - 13 1 todi, POLAND

Problem European law could not have assumed its actual shape if it had not had its background of Roman law. Roman law was very strongly determined by environment. It is commonly known that in a society with this level of development, the surrounding environment is instrumental both in economic growth and crisis, and from the economic structure, the character of the law developed. When Rome was stable, its legal system became more sophisticated. But when economic problems occurred, there was no need to use such a complicated legal system. It had been converted back to the more original primitive system.

Recently applied solutions Now, the situation has changed. The human race is no longer so dependent on its environment as it was in the times of the Roman Empire. Now it is up to us - whether we destroy this world or protect it. Water resources are some of the most pre- cious and also the most vulnerable to degradation. This is due to the resources being part of a landscape that has been drasti- cally altered and changed, due to several different sorts of pollution, for example. This is the rationale behind environmental law - it must be powerful enough to protect natural resources and punish those who breach the law. This protection is achievable at three different levels: national, community and international. At the national level, each State

I I I 0 1000 2000

Time [years]

can pass laws through its domestic legislature relevant to its particular resources. An example of this is the Envi- ronmental Protection Act 1990 here in the United Kingdom. The community level is evident where a group of states has joined together and passed some degree of legislative power to that Community. For example, the United Kingdom is part of the European Community, which has produced a number of protective directives which the UK must comply with. An example of one of these relevant to water resources is the Urban Waste Water Directive 91/ 27 l/EEC as amended. Above both these two levels is the international level. This is where a group of States have again joined together to form a different sort of community by becoming signatories to treaties, agreeing to meet certain standards or goals for the common good. This is especially important, as most environmental problems do not respect national borders so international co-operation is required. An example of such an agreement is the Convention on Biological Diversity, and the parties to this Convention are legally bound by it.

Potential upgrading by application of Ecohydrological approach Thus much of environmental law is regulatory, ensuring standards are met by both business and private individuals. This is essential to ensure that the natural resources currently enjoyed by this generation last into the future for following generations.

32

-.” .-.. “-.-- -.- -


Myllypuro Brook restoration project

Author TERHI HELMIO Helsinki University of Technology, Laboratory of Water Resources, P.O. Box 5300,02015 HUT, FINLAND phone: +358-9-4513814, fax: +358-9-4513827, e-mail: [email protected]

Problem Engineering works to improve drainage (dredging, moving stones from rapids, blasting bedrock thresholds) were carried out in Myllypuro Brook (MQ = 0,24 m3/s, A = 24,5 km*) in the 1950’s and 1960’s. As part of the Nuuksio National Park, the restoration of the brook has become important. The brook runs mostly through National Park and only 0.5% of the catchment is presently cultivated. However, due to privately owned small farms and summer cottages the original fluctuations in water level must be restricted. The main difficulty at present is determining the dimension required for the restored channel that will allow the interaction of the channel and its riparian zone, whilst achieving the level of flood alleviation required.

Recently applied solutions The restoration programme, supported by the EU Life Fund, com- menced in 1997, where a single reach of the brook (length 250 m) was returned to it’s old meander pattern from the over-widened and straight- ened channel. The former channel of the brook could easily be found

Variation of Manning coe~aents in some reaches

n l dredgd 0.35

l natural on the basis of the geomorphological contour lines of the field. Two 0,3

rapids were also restored by returning stones to them. The aim of the 0.25 f

c A restaed

project is to allow the brook’s shape to return naturally as long as the goals in flood management are accomplished. 02

Hydrological and topographical field measurements were made in 1 0.15 . 1997- 1999 in diverse sections of the brook to enable flow resistance for channel dimensioning to be calculated. Following restoration, the vegetation has been allowed to return to the channel to create natural resistance, in place of the minimal flow resistance seen in a newly dredged channel.

Results In boreal environment, the speed of natural recovery and the progress of vegetation development is slow. How- ever, high amounts of woody debris accumulated in the restored channel following the winter of 1998-1999, causing inundation to increase to a higher, more natural water level. Restoration of water level is expected to accelerate of complete biota recovery.

Potential upgrading by application of Ecohydrological approach There has been great interest in the existence of some vertebrate species, e.g. trout, brook lamprey, white-throated dipper, occurring in the Myllypuro Brook area. The distribution of these species, both in temporal and spatial scale, and also some riparian plant communities could be used as an indicator to assess the success of the restoration scheme.

33

UNESCO Advanced Study Course in Ecohvdmloav - 8-22 September 1999

Ponds managements in ,,la Dombes” (France)

an opportunity for Ecohydrology

Author JI?R~ME GENIN European Continental Hydrosystem Engineering, Part Grandmont, 37200 Tours, FRANCE Institut Supkrieur d’Agriculture RhBne Alpes, 3 1 Place Bellecour, 69002 Lyon, FRANCE phone, fax: (+33) 03 86 37 43 12, e-mail: [email protected]

Problem The ,,la Dombes” region has maintained a traditional approach to the exploitation of ponds developed through the Middle Age. Every 3 years, ponds are cultivated, without using any water from the catchment area, to grow cereals. The farmers then stock the ponds in the second year with course fish such as: Carp (Cyprinus carpio), Tenth (Tinca tinca), Roach (Rutilus rutilus) and Pike (Esox lucius), improving system performance. These ((man made ecosystems)) contribute greatly to biodiversity in the region, and therefore, the uses or stakes of the ponds need to be controled and managed.

Recently applied solutions A database has been developed to enable the collection of information on the organisation of the ecosystem’s trophic structure. This will enable quantification of the impacts on these ponds, and help in the management of these unique freahwater habitats. The aim of the study is to enable managers to increase the pond’s value in terms of their fish production, hunting, tourism, agricultural use and recreation.

ECOHYDROLOGY

Potential upgrading by application of Ecohydrological approach The complexity of the relationships within these systems is such that no individual factor can be looked at in isolation from eachother without causing imbalances within the system. An holistic and integrated vision of management is required to find and to preserve a balance between the impacts on the ponds through human use and the needs of the ecological diversity that comprise the system. Furthermore, in order to maintain global biodiversity, we, as scientists, must ensure the protection of all original systems through an integrated ecohydrological approach to management.

34

-- .~---. .^ .-.-.- l__._l.._.l..__ - _._... ..-.. ..-.. ..-._ .._- ~~I,


The role of the inland delta hydrosystem in the regulation of water,

sediment and dissolved matter budget of the Niger River in Mali

Author CBCILE PICOUET Universitk de Montpellier II, IRD Laboratoire d’Hydrologie BP 5045 34032 Montpellier cedex 01, FRANCE phone: + 33 (0) 4 67 41 64 50, fax: + 33 (0) 4 67 54 54 71 06 e-mail: [email protected]

Problem l The inland delta of the Niger river, situated in central Mali, is a complex flood plain and covers about 50,000 sq.

km. It is inundated by an annual flood coming from the upper Niger river (catchment area of 243,000 sq. km). l This region is a water resource for agriculture, fishing, cattle and goat breeding, and so is very important for the

population of the Sahelian region. l Since 1970, this region has also suffered one period of drought which decreased the extension of inundation. There is a need to understand at a global scale the role of the inland delta in the regulation ofwater, sediment and dissolved matter budget of the Niger riaver in Mali, in regard to the hydrological fluctuation of the last 25 years of drought.

Recently applied solutions l We monitored water discharge, suspended and dissolved matter

fluxes over a seven year period (1991 to 1998). This monitoring period is representative of the hydrological fluctuations over the 25 years of drought.

l We studied temporal and spatial variation of water quality and quantity variables.

l We established water sediment and geochemical budgets (monthly and annual) from data gathered at monitoring stations situated before and after the inland delta.

Results The inland delta zone plays an important role in the water balance (30 to 45% of input is lost) and for the fluvial deposits (they amount from 26 to 54 % of input for suspended matter and to about 30% for dissolved matter). These rates are directly or indirectly linked to the spatial and temporal variability of the inundation. This variability regulates the importance of complex processes occurring in the inland delta involving in particular development of macrophytes, role of the wind, etc.

Potential upgrading by application of Ecohydrological approach To understand the dynamics of water and the processes involved in input or output of matter in the inland delta, we could study water quality at a fine scale (a pond, a floodplain...). This study would allow us to quantify the geochemical processes occurring in the delta and describe precise the role of macrophytes in water, sediment and geochemical budgets.

35


Quantitative simulation of biochemical processes for water quality enhancement, an ecohydrological/landscape approach

Authors MICHAEL TREPEL, ERNST-WALTER REICHE & KLAUS DIERBEN Ecology-Center, Christian-Albrechts-UniversitBt Schauenburgerstrasse 112 - 24118 Kiel - GERMANY phone: + 49 43 1 880 4037, fax: + 49 43 1 880 4083, email: [email protected]

Problem Eutrophication of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems is seen as a main reason for species and habitat loss. The decline of biodiversity is believed to effect the functioning of ecosystems and landscapes. At present in Schleswig- Holstein, Germany, the majority of wetlands have been drained and are now used intensively for agricultural purposes. The objectives of the present water management are primarily to guarantee an immediate flow response after high precipitation events, therefore most rivers are deepened and regulated. In the Eider valley, one of the last extensively used valley mires in Northern Germany, water authorities are developing an environmental management concept which aims to maintain biodiversity by facilitating extensive grazing regime and allowing hydrological unregulated water flow in the valley. These activities should create suitable conditions for transformation processes which enhance water quality.

Recently applied solutions For 32 km covering the valley mire and the surrounding subcatchments, the water and nitrogen dynamic was simulated with the GIS-based dynamic model system WASMOD. The model system describes water fluxes and nitrogen transformations of ecosystems and the interactions between them in a hierar- chically structured way with a high spatiotemporal resolution. On the mesoscale, simulation results of annual water, nitrogen and carbon budgets were calculated for each polygons. The spatial visualisation of transformation rates allows the identification of sensitive landscapes units. With scenario calculations, the effect of land use changes, such as raising the river water table or succession, are quantitatively predicted and compared to the actual situation. An increase of the groundwater table of only 30 cm in the Eider valley reduced mineralisation rates, nitrogen leaching and yield. Denitrification rates and the area of wetlands are increasing. These simulation results are used by Water Authorities and the Environmental Protection Agency for the development of a more sustainable land use management practice in the future with lower environmental impact in wetlands and flood plains.

Potential upgrading by application of Ecohydrological approach This research is in line with the Ecohydrological approach and is strongly related to Hypotheses 4 and 8. In future, the modelling approach can be improved by verification of the simulation results with measurements on all spatiotemporal scales ranging from biochemical processes (f. e. denitritication) to the landscape level (f. e. estimating moisture conditions with remote sensing). Recently, the system boundary of the model is the surface water body. The simulation approach can be upgraded by developing equations for nitrogen transformations processes in rivers, which take water flow, soil, climate and biota into account.

36

_“.


Hydrogeochemistry of Vistula river floodplain sediments between

Wyszogrod and Plock

Author STEFFEN ZOBER Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Department of Geosciences-Hydrology, Georg-Voigt Str. 14, D-60325 Frankfurt am Main, GERMANY

- - Aeriolphomgroph of the weskm port of Nfvszogrod isbld wrrlz rhe

phone: + 49(O) 69 789 25060, fax: + 49(O) 69 789 23336, locotmn sues o/ Ihe somplingpmJi/a

e-mail: [email protected]

Problem l Ground water quality variability due to land use, floodplain morphology and textural heterogenity of deposited

sediments l Storage of polluted sediments in different parts of the floodplain due to flood stages and hydraulic conditions l Complex vulnerability structure of the floodplain area in order of adsorption/solution processes of various

elements within the layered deposits Methods l Study of historical changes of the Vistula river floodplain morphology with the help of historical maps, air

photographs and analysis of old hydrological datasets l Chemical analysis of Vistula river water and sediment samples as well as biological samples in the solid and

soluble phase with different detection methods l Development of a Digital Terrain Model (DTM) due to the hydrogeochemical sediment patterns

Recently applied solutions l Evaluation of baseline concentration levels for various elements

in different floodplain sediments after chemical analyses of more than 400 samples for future risk assessment

l Modelling of the ground water and surface water relationship and the sediment/water interface processes

l Validation of significant element relations as a tracer for the differentiation of modular geochemical floodplain sediment units

Potential upgrading by application of Ecohydrological approach l Combination of hydrological, geochemical and biological data for a hydro-ecological floodplain model for

protection against potential environmental risks and hazards . Implementation of the biotic factor as an additional buffer system for chemical cycling processes within the

hydro-ecological system . Ecohydrology as a final tool for the spatial planning of the Vistula river floodplain area in the context of

sustainable water management in future.

37

__-.. -I _-. -


Effects of humic substances on ecohydrological processes

Author MANASSE BOKROS University of Veszprem 8220 Balatonalmadi Veszpremi u. 133/c, HUNGARY phone: +36 88 432 291, e-mail: [email protected]

Problem The aim of the Kis-Balaton Water Protection System (KBWPS) was to reduce the external phosphorus (P) loading of Lake Balaton in order to inhibit eutrophication. After the flooding of the first reservoir (18 km2) retention of phosphorus flowing into the reservoir via the River Zala was noticeable but temporary. The dissolved phosphorus concentration was found to have reduced due to the binding of P by planktonic algal blooms in the reservoir, which became more eutrophied. The unimpeded run off of the developing algal mass cat

sllrkur 1l-a: 594 kd Mcm drrttb: 3.2 m I

x3 openwoter KaIwbrd KBWP

.rsed the subsequent eutrophication of Lake Balaton. To inhibit this latter process the flooding of the first stage of a second reservoir became necessary. This filter-area is covered by macrophytes which retain the algal blooms, but have caused a reduction in the light climate, and consequently the destruction and biodegradation of planktonic algae and phosphorus remobilization. This process resulted in the view that the KBPWS does not retain P-concentration in relation to the inflow and outflow concentrations. However other factors may influence the trophic status of the Lake. Such factors might include the inflow of dissolved organic matters into the lake via decomposition of the native marshy plants or wash out from the soil. The dynamics of these loads are not currently known, and the ecological and hydrobiological effects of humic substances have not been quantified.

Recently applied solutions The planned solution to the eutrophication processes operating within Lake Balaton is to overflood the second stage of the second reservoir, which should have a positive effect on the organic and inorganic nutrient processes operating within the system. This solution is currently being researched with the aim of quantifying the effects of humic matter on: underwater light climate, bioavailability of trace elements, toxicity of heavy metals, formation of photochemically produced toxicants, biogeochemical circle of carbon, nutrition circulation and the primary and secondary production. It is essential to describe the quantitative and qualitative properties of humic substances and their changes in time and space to understand the way they affect the aquatic environment. The research currently being undertaken includes

r

25--

AMJ JASO lmltb

studies on elemental and functional-group analyses, and the investigation of relationship between the fluorescence properties and concentration of humic matters and research of distribution of molecular weight and molecular size.

Potential upgrading by application of Ecohydrological approach The implementation of hypotheses and studies in Ecohydrology could be important in many areas, both hydrological and ecological aspect. In terms of hydrology it is important to describe the expansion dynamics of humic substances and also in observing their hydrochemical properties. Ecohydrology as a tool will enable us to describe and understand the ecological processes, such as: investigation of carbon-cycle, degradation and bioavailability of humic matters, effects on food web, and the effects on inorganic nutrient turnover and eutrophication. Finally, the application of the paradigm of ecohydrology will allow to the synthesis of ecological, hydrological and hydrochemical results to define the practicable solutions ensuring sustainable conditions of aquatic ecosystems and aquatic resources.

38

-- --- .._ -...


The role of the reconstructed wetland Kis-Balaton Water Protection System

(KBWPS) in water quality management Dynamic processes in the vegetation structure

Author BERNADETT BONCZ Lajos Kossuth University, Department of Applied Ecology,

H-40 10 Debrecen, HUNGARY phone: +36 52 5 12932, fax: +36 52 43 1148, e-mail: [email protected]

Problem The water quality of Lake Balaton has deteriorated since the 1950s. Nutrient enrichment from its watershed resulted in rapid eutrophication. The largest source of inorganic nutrients is the River Zala which imports about one- third of the total external load to the Keszthely Bay. The largest component of the nutrients is diffuse by origin and therefore cannot be isolated at source by traditional methods (Jo6 & Lotz, 1980)

Recently applied solutions Following the rapid eutrophication of Lake Balaton, it was de- 120 1

cided that the nutrient load, expecially the limiting P should be q A OH q F

retained by the construction of KBWPS. The implementation of 100

the different parts of the System has resulted in quick changes in 60 the structure of the plant community. These changes have been recorded yearly, by vegetation mapping. The macrovegetation and

$ 60

changes in its community structure play an important role both in 40

the processes of the nutrient retention and removal, and in nature conservation. It was concluded that, based on the changes in the 20

plant community structure, a macrophyte successional process typi- 0

cal to the area could be described. In spite of yearly variations in dominant vegetation types the main mechanism of succession can be observed. The results of vegetation mapping are necessary for estimating the yearly biomass production, the amount of removable biomass and the quantity of nutrients which can be removed from the KBWPS. (Pomogyi, 1998) Nutrient retention of the Hidvtgi-Pond was higher than expected. Phytoplankton plays an important role in the P retention. The reservoir became hypertrophic during a number of years. The retention efficiency gradually increased, due to increasing phytoplankton productivity. Internal nutrient load became as important as the external one. Pres- ently the load entering the Hidvegi-Pond and the Keszthely-Bay are approximately the same. (Pomogyi, 1999) A multidisciplinary research and monitoring programme was implemented at the beginning of the construction of the KBWPS. However the present biomonitoring system is insufficient since the main objective of it is to sustain species diversity while the project is creating a new habitat that inevitably has effects on the ecosystem. (Pomogyi, 1999)

Potential upgrading by application of Ecohydrological approach The second reservoir needs to be implemented, since there is an additional external load from the watershed of the lower valley. The macrovegetation which already covers this area is expected to filter the outflowing water of the Hidvegi-Pond and utilise the released nutrients. (Pomogyi, 1999) An alternative Nature Conservation Biological Monitoring System must be implemented that should be consider both the objectives of water quality protection and the potential for nature conservation in the area. The monitoring system should function as a basis for management of KBWPS. (Balogh, Pomogyi, 1999)

References Balogh T. Pomogyi P. 1999. Egy altemativ termtszetvtdelmi celli biomonitorozasi strattgia sziikstgessege a Kis-Balaton Veddrendszer

Teriile&n Hidroldniai Kiizliin~ 79:303-304. Job O., Lotz Gy. 1980. A Zala folyo szerepe a Balaton eutrofizalodasaban. Vizi&i Kiizlemtinyek 2., pp. 225-256. Pomogyi, P. 1998. Changes of Aquatic- and Wetland’s Macrovegetation by the Effect of the Implementation of the Kis-Balaton Water

Protection System, Hungary. Proc. Of IO”’ EWRS International Symposium on aquatic weeds Lisbon 21-25 September Pomogyi, P. 1999. Nutrient retention by the Kis-Balaton Water Protection System. Manuscript, UNESCO, Advanced study course in

ecohydrology Tatrai, 1. et al. 1999, in press, The role of the Kis-balaton Water Protection System in the control of water quality of Lake Balaton.

Ecol. Engineering

39


Treated or partly treated wastewater discharges of large cities into small

recipients - Debrecen case study

Author BEATA PATAKI Water Resources Research Centre VITUKI Rt., Institute for Water Pollution Control H-l 095 Budapest Kvassay J. u. 1, HUNGARY phone: (361) 2156140, fax: (361) 216-1514, e-mail: [email protected]

Problem The study area was Debrecen City and its environs, which is located about 180 km from Budapest, in the eastern part of Hungary, in Hajdu-Bihar county. Debrecen is the second most highly populated city in the country, with a population of about 220,000. In the investigated years the municipal and industrial water use has continuously decreased in the city. In consequence the amount ofwastewater released and the sewer load became smaller. Nevertheless, the municipal wastewater treatment plant of Debrecen is still considerably overloaded and the wastewater treatment efficiency is unsatisfactory. Around Debrecen there are no significant surface waters for recipient of treated wastewater. The biologically treated wastewater is discharging into the Kijsely creek. When the treatment plant is overloaded the surplus untreated wastewater flows through wetland into the Kosely creek, but the treatment efficiency of the wetland is not sufficient. The effluents form 50-70% of total discharge of the Kosely creek.

Recently applied solutions We have no suitable solution so far. The applied methodology was: 1. Evaluate background data (climate, geology,

geomorphology, soil, vegetation, land use, population density, water demand and utilisation, wastewater treatment, canalisation, monitored water quality and discharge data and development plans for the city and the watershed).

2. In situ, water quality, longitudinal profile measurements were made of velocity and discharge, physical, chemical and hydrobiological features of the river as well as the quantity and quality of the known point source pollution. (In the case of Debrecen Case Study it was not possible to make these measurements, because there was no flowing water in the riverbed.)

3. Mass balance was calculated and modelling of present and potential loads carried out to aid the development of water quality management approaches.

Potential upgrading by application of Ecohydrological approach . . Present integrated water quality management programs do not include detailed ecological assessment and therefore in some cases the proposed solutions do not harmonise with environmental demands. In the case of Debrecen it would be useful if we could use the existing wetland as a natural treatment system. To upgrade our research and solutions we need to develop an integrated approach for managing ecohydrological questions and tasks, which requires integrated hydrological and ecological database development too.

40

_ .I _- .._..^... ----.-..- ._.-- ..__ ^ ..__-.-.. “Ix .- --

UNESCO Advanced Study Course in Ecohydmlom - 8-22 September I999

Ecological revitalisation of the Gemenc floodplain in Hungary

Author ISTVAN ZSUFFA ,,EdtvGs Jbzsef” College, Department of Water Management and Utilisation 6500 Baja, Bajcsy Zs. u. 14., HUNGARY phone/fax: 36 79 322 763, e-mail: [email protected]

Problem River training and flood control have resulted serious eco-hydrological problems in the floodplain. Because of the degraded river bed the area is now suffering from desiccation. Also the rate of rise and fall of water levels have been intensified in the river resulting deterioration in fish spawning conditions. Ecological restoration of the area thus requires improving the hydrological conditions. It is also important to take into consideration the interest of forestry, and also to account for the constraints imposed by navigation and flood control.

Recently applied solutions Improving hydrological conditions on the floodplain can be achieved by small-scale interventions into the system of small channels (‘fok’-s) and oxbow lakes. Accordingly, the subjected system is proposed to be modified by intercon- necting the oxbow lakes with a new channel, and by closing those existing channels that connect this system to the river from downstream (Fig. 1). Because of the remaining upstream connection, low-water levels in the oxbows will increase (Fig. 2), which will significantly counteract the desiccation in the surroundings. Simulated water levels on Fig. 2. also indicates that the large storage capacitiy of the interconnected system will improve fish spawning conditions as it mitigates the fast fluctuation of the river. The applied simulation software is the FOK model designed by the author.

95.04.11 95.0633 95.09.18 ~c12.07 96.0225 96.05.15 9s.oB.a

Potential upgrading by application of Ecohydrological approach The proposed restoration approach do not violate the constraints imposed by flood control and navigation. Enlarg- ing wet areas however would significantly decrease forest areas. Thus, it is a conflicting multi-objective problem where the ultimate goal is to find the best compromise solution. Evaluation tools, such as the FOK model, embeded into a multi-objective decision support context, will be applied at this stage.

41

UNESCO Advanced Study Course in Ecohydmlogv - 8-22 September I999

Ecohydrology of the Indian stretch of the Brahmaputra river system

Author SANCHITA BORUAH Department of Life Sciences, Dibrugarh University Lankashi Tea & Seed Estates (P) Ltd., Chowkidinghee East, Dibrugarh, Assam, INDIA 786 003 phone: + 91 373 324321; fax: + 91 373 324568, e-mail: [email protected];

[email protected]

I --

Brahmappurra Droinoge System

Problem 1. Extremely high rates of erosion of the river bank along with high annual rates of siltation+auses serious aggradation

and degradation in the headwaters; thus leaving the banks of the river perpendicular on one or both sides. 2. Unpredictably high flood levels relative to the low water level in the dry seasons, creating very high water

discharge rate, which flood the entire valley. 3. The river is highly braided and has numerous sandbars that become submerged during flood season. Floods are

also followed by frequent annual changes in river course. 4. The width of the river is variable during the flood season - from 9 to 16 km or more. 5. Water velocity is high (about 0.62 mlsec) during floods leading to high turbidity. The water also remains turbid

throughout the year due to the geology of the area as it falls in a seismic zone.

Recently applied solutions 1. Government Departments (Embankment & Drainage Departments

(E&D), Brahmaputra Board, etc.) have done some work on flood alleviation but they are more interested in building dams on the tributaries.

2. Building of embankments or dykes on the river banks to check inundation and erosion.

3. Plantation of soil binding plants after proper sloping of the shore areas (30” angle) for checking bank erosion.

4. Dredging of the river bed in a few sections of the river. 5. Restoration of floodplain lakes; improving their capacity to hold excess

water during floods. 6. Banning of the cutting of trees in the upper catchment region. Results 1. No proper structural work has been done in the main river. 2. The dykes have shrunk the spawning grounds of economically and

ecologically important fishes such as carps. 3. Thick layers of sediment smother the soil binding plants after the onset

of every flood.

I NutrieT cycle 4-----J

~Phyt0plankt.m

Herbivomtw fiia

/mortality

Decompsition -J

4. The deposition of sediments on the riverbed again takes place the following year.

5. Illegal encroachment of the wetlands/floodplain lakes happens continuously. 6. Illegal timber business still continues on a large scale due to insufficient control measures ofthe licensing authorities.

Potential upgrading by application of Ecohydrological approach 1. To restore/upgrade the river to its previously existing ecosystem and also to reinstate the habitat of the depleting

fishes and other aquatic fauna1 species by ecohydrological tools. (The silted up bed of the river has reduced the spawning ground of many endangered fishes).

2. The civil engineers and hydrologists of the Government agencies should co-operate with the ecologists/biologists in restoring the degrading habitats.

3. Ecological modelling with respect to that particular river should be made alongwith a strong database starting from the patch level.

4. Most important - the last but not the leas-mass awareness of the people residing by the river should be undertaken and thereby bringing about an integration of biosphere, sociosphere and technosphere.

42

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Biomonitoring in indian rivers Ganga Experience

Author R. J. RAO School of Studies in Zoology, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, M.P. INDIA 474 011 phone: 09 l-75 l-346782, fax: 091-75 l-34 1450, e-mail: jaganathegwrl .dot.net.in

Problem In India water quality and biodiversity in different aquatic habitats has been significantly reduced. The river systems in India are highly polluted due to large-scale human activities like the discharge of domestic and industrial pollution and water development programmes. There are also socio-economic problems on sharing of waters by different states. Study area Ganges River system in North India in the States of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa and West Bengal. Ecohydrological studies have been conducted in a stretch of about 600km on the Ganga River between Rishikesh and Kanpur in Uttar Pradesh, North India.

Recently applied solutions Measures have been taken to restore the Ganga River and its tributaries. Different state governments and central government under the charge of Pollution Control Boards have taken up pollution abatement programmes. Moni- toring of physico-chemical and biological parameters in the rivers is in progress. Results l Pollution in the Ganga River is minimized. l Biological restoration - Rich biodiversity is recorded. More than 250 species of aquatic animals are recorded in

a stretch of 600km from Rishikesh to Kanpur in Uttar Pradesh. l Proposal for declaration of a protected area is accepted for conservation of aquatic animals and their habitat.

Potential upgrading by application of Ecohydrological approach The Ecohydrological approach is necessary for future water management programmes in India. Although both biological and hydrological studies have been taken up, there is no systematic use of the results for water management. There is a need to combine these studies to have a meaningful application of the information. By analyzing ecohydrological aspects, the waters in rivers and wetlands can be managed properly. More ecohydrological studies should be supported financially to provide solutions for water management in India.

43


Changes in the ecohydrology of Lake Poso catchment and its efects to the life cycle of eel Anguilla Marmorata

Authors GADIS S. HARYANI & PETER HEHANUSSA Indonesian Institute of Sciences, R&D Centre for Lirrmology LIPI, Cibinong, 169 11, INDONESIA phone: +(62-21) 875 7073 ext. 104, fax: +(62-21) 875 7076, e-mail: [email protected]

Problem Since the early 1990’s developments for a sustainable lake and its wetland coastal plain in Indonesia, based on a dynamic balance between exploitation and conservation, has become an important issue. Recent activities in the exploitation of its natural resources are: l The construction of civil structures such as new roads, dams, water diversion l The conversion of wetland into rural areas and rice fields l Changes in catchment land use towards agriculture and plantations areas To regulate these developments an integrated multidisciplinary management policy based upon conservation practices is required. This integrated management concept must be disseminated widely to the people.

Recently applied solution Preliminary solutions that have been applied are: 1. Collection of basic abiotic and biotic information of the area such as: geology; climate; soil structure; water

quality; macro and micro fauna. This information of the nature and conditions of the area has allowed the estimation of the carrying capacity of the water resources.

2. To control the problems at their sources by: identifying potential pollution sources; developing pollution reduction strategies; promoting pollution reduction legislation.

3. To encourage the participation of society in policy and decision making. Results Characteristics of Lake Poso: l Oligotrophic lake l Rocks of the catchment area: metamorphic phylite, gneiss, quartzite, marble overlaid by conglomerate and

alluvial deposits l East coast fast flowing rivers dominated by gravel and pebbles l West coast more wide plain and wetlands, with fine to coarse sand, gravel and rich in organic material l Good water quality l Several native fish species present at the site

Potential upgrading by application of ecohydrological approach 9 To monitor and balance the dynamic abiotic and biotic interactions in the lake ecosystem, in relation to water

inflow fluctuations and fish migration. l To gain a thorough understanding of ecohydrological processes in natural resources ecosystems, for future

sustainable management planning.

44


Ecohydrology and the River Moy catchment in western Ireland

Author DOHERTY, DENNIS National University of Ireland, Galway, Zoology Dept, IRELAND phone: 353 91 750526, fax: 353 91 750379, e-mail: [email protected]

A mop of lrelond showrng the corchmenr locorions of/A/ fhe R. Mo.v, lB) the R. Shannon and(C) the R. Erne

Problem Ireland, on the edge of western Europe, possesses a relatively large amount of freshwater resources ( 145,000km2 or 2% of the land surface area being covered by water) (Reynolds 1998). Due to various anthropogenic factors such as intensive agriculture, increased tourism and industrialisation, which, in conjunction with increased recreational usage, more demands have been placed upon these once pristine environments. An example of a problem occurring in Ireland is the L. Conn (50km2 surface area)/L. Cullin (1 lkmZ surface area) in the River Moy catchment area. A gradual steady decline in water quality due to phosphorous (P) loading over the period 1980 to 199 1 in conjunction with other factors such as arterial drainage has led to general habitat degradation resulting in eutrophication of the water body and changes in water level (McGarrigle et al., 1997). Agriculture is estimated to account for 60.2% of the total phosphorous entering Lough Conn, followed by forestry (5.4%), town sewage (3.6%), rural sewage (4.3%), background (2 1.6%) and worked peat bogs (0.4%) (McGarrigle et al., 1997). Local extinctions of populations of endangered fish species, such as the Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus L. is of great concern in Ireland. Char have a limited Irish distribution and are under increasing threat in a number of other Irish lakes (Whilde 1993). Problems also exist with aspects of tourism because visiting anglers have experienced trouble fishing due to the presence of excessive algal matting.

Recently applied solutions Through the construction of tertiary treatment sewage plants, transpor- The overage marmzum chlorophvll concenrrations for the perrod

tation of agricultural effluent outside the catchment area and monitor- 1976 to 1997. The vduer are the overage uf the annual maxima

ing the spread and usage of such effluent inside the catchment has been for eachpermd (Lucy au/. 1999). The values we rhe average of

rhe onmtol marinto for each perrod

possible to reduce the effects of such practices upon the ecology of L. Period of examination Conn (Table 1). Hydrological problems, deriving from arterial drainage (channelisation, flood control), have also been partially solved by

1976-81 ‘62-‘86 ‘87-‘90 '91-'94 ‘95-‘97

the reconstruction of salmonid (Salmo salar L. and Salmo trutta L.) L. ‘On” I7 lo ” I3 lo spawning beds in the tributaries of the R. Moy. A catchment management plan which was agreed by representatives of Mayo County Council, the North Western Fisheries Board, Dept. of Agriculture Coillte (State forests), Bord na Mona (Peat harvesting company), Central Fisheries Board and the Environmental Protection Agency has led to an improvement in water quality (McGarrigle et al. 1997). This management plan, iniated in 1993 has also helped to foster good relations between the state agencies and lake users, such as anglers.

Potential upgrading by application of Ecohydrological approach Through the integration of information on ecological and hydrological aspects (ie. ‘Ecohydrology’) of the environment, it may be possible to address such problems elsewhere e.g. within the catchments of the Rivers Eme and Shannon in a more comprehensive manner.

References: McGarrigle, M.L., Norton, R., Champ,W.S.T., Shiel, S., Moore, M. and Cox, M. (1997) Lough Conn Progress Report. July 1997. Cl ’

o Aras an Contae, The Mall, Castlebar, Co. Mayo, Ireland. Reynolds, J. (1998) Irelandfreshwaters. The Marine Institute, Brunswick Press, Ireland. Whilde, A. (1993) Threatened Mammals. Birds, Amphibians, and Fish in Ireland. Irish Red Data Book: Vertebrates. H.M.S.O.,

Belfast, UK. Lucey, J., Bowman, K.J., Clabby, P., Cunningham, P., Lehane, M., MacCarthaigh, M. McGarrigle, M.L., and Toner, P.F. (I 999) Water

quality in Ireland 1995-1997 EPA, An Ghniomhaireacht urn Comhshaoil, PO box 3000, Johnstown Castle Estate, C. Wexford, Ireland.

45

UNESCO Advanced Study Course in Ecohydrvlqy ~ 8-22 September 1999

Reconstructed wetlands: research experiences in the PO plain (Italy)

Author DAL GIN LUIGI University of Padova, Department of Chemical Processes Engineering, Via Marzolo 9, 35 13 1 Padova, ITALIA phone:+39498275527,fax:+39498275528, e-mail: ldalcin@uxl .unipd.it

Problem The north Adriatic coastal zone is an ecosystem of great naturalistic and economical value. It receives the waters coming from intensive agricultural lands affected by non-point pollution and by industrial and civil residual pollution. Besides this, in the river PO catchment, the majority of wetlands have been drained and presently these areas are used for agricultural purposes. In this context, reconstruction of wetlands may: l enhance water quality (e.g. removal of nitrogen, sediments, phosphorous, heavy metals and BOD); . restore a transition ecosystem - between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem - of naturalistic and recreational value; l improve biodiversity, especially if a sustainable wetland is designed and reconstructed.

Recently applied solutions 1. The ‘Le Meleghine’ wetland in Finale Emilia (MO)

is a wetland of 36 ha reconstructed to treat non-point and residual pollution of a drainage canal in the PO di Volano catchment. The results of the first two years of management of this wetland show a good removal efficiency and the enhancement of naturalistic value: The removal efficiency 1995-1997 was for total nitrogen 64%, for ammonia 73% and for total phosphorous 66%. The average flow in these two years was about 10.000 m3/d, with an annual average temperature of 15,2”C. The vegetation is represented mainly by Phragmites and Typha.

2. The experimental wetland of Castelnovo Bariano (RO) has been reconstructed in order to test the possibility of reconstruction of wetlands in agricultural areas and enhance the water quality of the PO river. The average flow is about 2400 m31d; the vegetation is represented mainly by Phragmites. The experimental studies concern water-balance, hydraulic retention times, pollutants removal efficiency, suspended solids sedimentation, vegetation monitoring.

Potential upgrading by application of Ecohydrological approach The study of reconstructed wetlands and their connection with water quality, hydraulics, ecology and designing aspects is strongly related to the ecohydrological approach (cf. Hypothesis 4 and 10 in IHP-V 2.312.4 on Ecohydrology). In the future ecohydrological wetlands research can be upgraded by analysing design aspects in order to draw up objectives of sustainable ecohydrological wetlands. Relationships behveen ecology state and pollutants removal can be examined. The effects of vegetation on wetland hydraulic efficiency can be tested. In a long term study, analysis of pollutants removal and suspended solids sedimentation in a matured wetland can be compared to those of a wetland at its start up.

46

ll_,l__- _...^ ^.---__--.._-_-__- . .-_-.--_--

UNESCO Advanced Study Course in Ecohydrologv - X-22 September 1999

Sustainable water management in Lake Naivasha (Kenya)

Author SAMUELGITAHI Lake Naivasha Riparian Association (L.N.R.A.), P.O. BOX 74662, Nairobi, KENYA phone: + 254-2-890171, fax: + 254-2-217613, e-mail: [email protected],

[email protected]

Problem The main problem facing Lake Naivasha is the threat of deterioration in water quality arising from: 1. Toxicity and eutrophication caused by pesticides and fertilisers from intensive horticulture/floriculture. 2. Sewage contamination from Naivasha Town (inadequate sewage treatment). 3. Influx of nutrients (P, N) and siltation due to inappropriate agricultural activities and deforestation in the upper

catchment. Other areas of concern l Habitat disturbances from alien species (Salvinia, E. crassipes, crayfish); illegal commercial fishing (e.g. in

fish breeding sites); and riparian habitat fragmentation through agriculture. l Heavy freshwater demands: irrigation, urban water supply (Naivasha, Nakuru).

Recently applied solutions Partly through the L.N.R.A. the following have been applied : 1. Phasing out of banned chemical pesticides and use of more environmentally acceptable pesticides (shorter life

times in the soils). 2. A 1OOm buffer (papyrus) strip between farms and water has been implemented. 3. Studies on ecosystem structure and function (unfortunately not systematic); 4. Introduction of Cyrtohagus and Neochetina for the biological control of Salvinia and E. crassipes. Results l Insignificant levels of persistent pesticides (DDT, dieldrin, aldrin etc) in the system. l Salvinia, E. crassipes successfully controlled. l Papyrus fringe greatly reduces the influx of nutrients and silt into the lake.

Potential upgrading by application of Ecohydrological approach 1. Coordinated monitoring of water quality; species composition (e.g. bird counts) and land use structure, to

improve the lake management plan. This will require a multi-disciplinary approach through cooperation between various institutions (including the Kenya Wildlife Service, L.N.R.A, universities, National Museums of Kenya, Earthwatch). This will also require a thorough understanding of catchment activities and the effects aquatic biota on water quality (including ground water quality) and ecosystem health, and vice versa. The use of GIS will be important for the continued improvement of the management plan.

2. Introduction of EIA as a prerequisite for all projects within the Ramsar site and for other significant activities in the wider catchment (guidelines already in place). This will enable managers to curtail any detrimental activities

3. Design and implementation of appropriate conservation strategies in the upper catchment: reforestation, soil conservation (river floodplain conservation and buffer strips), and awareness creation to reduce siltation/ sedimentation and eutrophication arising from upper catchment.

47


Sustainable management of the lake Naivasha ecosystem, Kenya

Authors KAMAU MBOGO* AND DAVID HARPER** *Kenya Marine & Fisheries Research Institute, Naivasha Box 837, Naivasha, KENYA e-mail: [email protected] **Department of Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE 1 7RH, UK phone: +44 116 252 33 46, fax: +44 116 252 33 30, e-mail: [email protected]

Problem Lake Naivasha is a natural freshwater lake in the central part of the Eastern Rift running through Kenya. Despite having a closed basin it remains fresh through a combination of permanent drainage streams emanating from high altitude (3,00O+m), seepage-outflows and precipitation of salts. It has suffered considerably from the impact of alien species over the past few decades. In the present decade and beyond it is having to cope with high anthropo- morphic demands for water, - for horticultural irrigation, for power station cooling and for domestic consumption. Unpredictable water level fluctuations are primarily caused by variations in the intensity of rainy seasons over the mountains, as direct precipitation on the lake is less than annual evapotranspiration. The natural flora and fauna are adapted to this drawdown regimeand biodiversity was once high. However the impact of the introduced crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, has since the 1970s been to eliminate all native submerged and floating-leaved plants before experiencing its own population crash which allows the plants to recover, in a cycle with a return time of approximately fifteen years. Partial control of the crayfish may be achieved by predators such as large-mouthed bass Micropterus salmoides, fish eagle Halieetus vocifel; and species of herons, ibis, mongoose and otter. However, the more recent arrival of the alien floating water hyacinth Eichhornia crasssipes, (itself not an enormous problem at the lake due to disper- sal of rafts by daily strong winds) provides a shelter from predation for adult crayfish which may facilitate the persistence of the population. Compounding the problem may be human modification of the shoreline. Removal of fringing papyurs swamp causes an opening of the shoreline leading to greater development of Eichhornia beds, as well as facilitating shoreline erosion and transport of pollutants from land to water.

Recently applied solutions Human exploitation of crayfish was initially high, when live exports to Europe were made. Since the restriction by the European Community of live fish exports from Africa, this trade has ceased and the commercial crayfish fishery is in decline. Results We are working to understand the role of different habitats and food sources in the littoral zone upon crayfish success, to quantify their population dynamics and to produce management recommendations which will maintain an ecosystem balance (it is probably impossible to eradicate them).

Potential upgrading by application of Ecohydrological approach We need an holistic understanding of the interaction between water level fluctuations and the main dynamic components of the littoral zone ecosystem functioning, as well as an accurate appreciation of the role of the crayfish in the overall system. Other workers in the research community have begun to quantify the extraction of water from the lake by human activities and this information will enable us to construct different littoral zone scenarios and predict the role of crayfish within them.

48

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UNESCO Advanced Study Course in Ecohyd?vlogy - R-22 September 1999

Estimation of the changes of Lithuanian river fish communities depending on natural and anthropogenic factors

Author VIRBICKAS TOMAS Institute of Ecology, HEFL Akademijos 2, Vilnius 2600, LITHUANIA phone: +370 2 796813; fax: +370 2 729257; e-mail: virbickas@ :aiva.lt

Problem Our problem of sustainable water management is describing the dependance of fish community quantitive an qualitative parameters (community structure, species composition, productional parameters) on hydrochemical parameters of the natural rivers, as well as eutrophication, riverbed channelization, dam construction and fishery.

Recently applied solutions River fish communities were classified into types according to a dendrogram describing their similarities. The main regulators of the changes in species composition, trophic composition, and production amonga fish communities of various types (Fig. 1) were established. The main trends in fish community, production, parameters response to hydrochemical parameters of the rivers were also established. For estimating river fish community state, the reference conditions were ascertained and biotests of fish community state in the rivers was developed. As the results of the biotests in the majority of rivers investigated were only satisfactory, an alternative estimation and comparison of river fish community state, production and coeffkient of use of biotope by fish (according to Bohlin (1994) hypothesis) was carried out (Fig. 2). Calculations revealed that in the majority of cases poor fish community state in the rivers was a function of extremely intensive fishing and eutrophication. Fish community state in the rivers cor- relates negatively with relative biomass of euryphagous fish species (Fig. 3)

6 6 9 4 3 c 7 6a

-P, kh’hdyr -A-Raimgofrtatte +Ratingofure

1 2 3 4

Potential upgrading by application of Ecohydrological approach The best way forward for sustainable river fish community management is the development of a GIS based management system. It would provide the an integrated overview on the general state and changes of riverine fish communities in relation to hydro-chemical and geographic data, i.e. soil structure, surrounding landscapes and urban areas. Such a system would provide the opportunity for more exact prognoses of possible changes.

49


Restoration of stream catchments in the Netherlands

Author R.C. NIJBOER Institute of Forestry and Nature Research, Wageningen, THE NETHERLANDS phone: +3 l(O)3 17478728, fax: +3 l(O)3 17424988, e-mail: [email protected]

Problem Intensive agricultural practice and straightening of most streams and rivers in the Netherlands causes fast drainage of water towards the North Sea. Therefore, retention of most catchments is very low. Ground water levels are lowered, some areas are already dry in early summer and after rainfall fast peak flows occur in streams. These problems cause streambed erosion and a lower biodiversity. A second major problem is the high amount of nutrients in surface waters originating from surrounding agricultural area. High agricultural production does not fit with a high aquatic biodiversity.

Recently applied solutions In the Netherlands a high number of solutions have already been profile position (cm)

put into practice: I 0 50 100 150

1. Re-meandering of streams -20 , /

2. Increase of ground water level together with a financial compensation for farmers enduring loss of production

3. Creation of buffer zones and helophyte filters 4. Afforestation of the infiltration area 5. Inlet of riverine water to dry areas In the project ‘Restoration of a Stream Catchment’, part of the agricultural area upstream of the Springendal stream was bought by the Forestry Commission. In this area the artificial drainage Efects of construction of a smd gravel dam in the Springendal slreom. Sand

system was removed, the upper layer rich on nutrients was re- h caught by the dam andfills the emdedsweambed

moved and the original relief was rehabilitated. Already within a few months some new springs appeared. Further- more, in the stream itself, small organic and gravel dams were constructed to avoid further streambed erosion.

Potential upgrading by application of Ecohydrological approach The main questions, concerning the problem of water retention are: 1. Do stream communities respond positively to stabilised discharge patterns and/or a lowered nutrient level?

This question has to be solved by aquatic ecological monitoring and experimental research in field and lab. This should result in ecological requirements. These requirements consist of values of environmental variables that are necessary for the aquatic community to become sustainable. An example is a stabilised current velocity of 0.2-0.3 m/s. Other potentially important variables are nutrient content and maximum discharge fluctuation.

2. How do removal of drainage in upstream agricultural areas, re-meandering of a stream, or creation of small dams affect discharge patterns in streams? Hydrologists should predict the effects of possible solutions and decide which solution method would best meet the ecological requirements.

3. Are nutrient concentrations in the stream lowered by extension of the retention time? This question can be answered by sampling of the stream water regularly. Biogeochemists can investigate in which way the bottom influences the groundwater and thus the constitution of the water that enters the stream. Which solution is most efficient in lowering nutrient contents in stream water? Do nutrient contents meet with the ecological requirements?

These three questions require co-ordinated ecological, hydrological and biogeochemical research. Collaboration will be necessary throughout the process; from defining the problems through to the final site specific solution. Together the researchers have to decide which measures are most efficient in each case and at which location in the catchment the measure can be carried out to reach a positive result. A positive effect can be expected if the solution results in those ranges in environmental variables that are required by the stream community.

50

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Restoration of the Noor brook in South Limburg, The Netherlands

Author RYAN TEULING, MSc STUDENT Wageningen University, Bornsesteeg 1 - 20A, 6708 GA Wageningen, THE NETHERLANDS phone: 03 l-3 17-4 1069 1, fax: 03 l-3 17-484180 e-mail: [email protected]

Problem The Noor is a brook in the southern most part of the Netherlands and is part of the drainage basin of the Meuse. In the natural situation, discharge normally takes place by groundwater flow through the moderate permeable Chalk of the Gulpen Formation and Greensands of the Vaals Formation. During extreme rainfall in the late 90’s, the brook has cut its way into its own sediments. At some places the incision amounts up to several metres. Main contributors to the peak discharges are changes in landuse in the Noor catchment over the past decades and sewer (wastewater) overflow. The Noor runs through a small and vulnerable nature reserve the ‘Noorbeemden’. The Noorbeemden is characterised by wet conditions and vegetation types dependent on upward seepage. This vegetation is thought to suffer from dessication due to lowering of the groundwatertable in the ‘Noorbeemden’.

Recently applied solutions In order to determine and predict future effects of further incision of the Noor, it is necessary to achieve better understanding of the complex hydrogeological situation in the Noorbeemden. In the frame of the ARIDE-project a small research on this topic was carried out. The ARIDE (Assessment of the Regional Impact of Droughts in Europe) project has the following objectives: l To improve the understanding of processes which will lead to widespread European droughts, with special

emphasis on rainfall and runoff regimes, weather patterns and groundwater regimes. l To develop methods for estimating the spatial distribution of drought statistics on a European scale. l To develop techniques which can be used to predict the relative impact of future environmental change including

climate variability, land use change and increased agricultural, industrial and domestic demands on European droughts.

Using MODFLOW and GIS-techniques, a transient fully three-dimensional groundwatermodel of the Noor catchment was developed. With this model it is possible to quantify the effect of incision of the Noor on the height of the groundwater table and seepage intensity in the Noorbeemden. It can be used to calculate effects of higher waterlevels in the Noor. Higher water levels are part of river restoration plans, which are likely to be carried out in the near future.

Potential upgrading by application of Ecohydrological approach For a better understanding of the effect of changing groundwater tabels and seepage intensity on the spatial distribution of different vegetation types, more research has to be carried out. Implementation of ecohydrological knowledge is a key factor in this process. Only with this knowledge the above mentioned relationships can be determined. This implies the necessity for ecologists and hydrologists to work on the same (model) scale, which makes its possible to combine hydrological groundwater models with ecological vegetation models. Combination of such models can be used to predict the effect of incision of the Noor on the vegetation directly, which makes it a powerful management tool. Using such models can lead to very effective brook restoration with optimal results.

51

UNESCO Advanced Stidy Course in Ecohydrologv - 8-22 September 1999

Experimental assessment of resilience and resistance of stream ecosystem to various form

of human impact (The Tatra Mountains UNESCO MAB Reserve)

Author AGNIESZKA BEDNAREK

Department of Applied Ecology, University of Lodz, ul. Banacha 12116, 90-237 Lodz, POLAND phone: +4842 635 44 38, fax: +4842 6790621, e-mail: [email protected]

Problem

Stations on the background of morphologic type of landscape (Ziemotiska 1996, changed): I High mountains wea: A-of crystal substance. 84 karst C-limeslone-dolomite: II- Podhole

Area: A-of Undertatra Graben vallq, B-of Gubaidwka Plareau Mounrain

The acidification of freshwater ecosystems by organic wastes (e.g. effluents) and diffuse pollution from agricultural catchments are responsible for the decline in biodiversity and drinking water quality in many protected areas in Poland, such as the Tatra Mountain National Park a designated UNESCO MAB Reserve. Research has been conducted in the western part of the Tatra Mountains, specifically on the Chochoiowski and Czamy Dunajec Streams. The aim of the research was to assess to what extent stream order and geological structure of the catchment, affect resilience and resistance of mountain stream ecosystems. Estimation of the buffering role of the biotic structure of ecosystem was conducted primarily focussing on lowered pH and biogenic load.

Recently applied solutions Some measures have been introduced to protect and restore the mountain streams in the Tatra Mountain: 1. Primary treatment plant to reduce point pollution from

tourist hostel in Chocholowska Valley; 2. Reduction of air pollutants as result of decline of industry. Results l Experimental increase of Ca(CO,),, P-PO, and N-NO,

concentration in stream water stimulates primary productivity of diatom communities, These are less competitive compared to cyanophyta communities in the uptake of available nutrients under natural conditions.

l Decrease of stream water pH below 5 inhibits photosynthesis cYtrc&dim P-fw (I@)

and breaks the structure of cyanophyta thallus, which is the The compmrron of P-PO, assimilation by cyanophym and diatoms (II station

primary cause of increases in periphiton algae flushing during the spring snow melting period. l The algal communities show the highest effective assimilation of P-PO, in concentrations below 500 ug/l. l Pool sediments at station III (calcareous substratum) from lentic habitats show the most autotrophic characteristics

and the highest effective assimilation of P-PO4 (r=O,99).

Potential upgrading by application of Ecohydrological approach Quantification of water ecosystem resilience is one of the assumption of the Ecohydrology Concept (Zalewski at al. 1997). On the basis of the research done the following steps should be considered: 1. Maintaining of P-PO, in concentrations below 500 ug/l, in which the periphyton algae community in mountains

streams show the effective assimilation. 2. Reduction of the acidification effect may be achieved by calcerialization of the upper part of the catchment

situated on the crystalline substratum.

References Ziemo6ska Z. (1966): Obieg wody w obszarze g6rskim na przykladzie gdrnej cz@ci dorzecza Czamego Dunajca. Prace Geogr.,

IG PAN 55. Wydawnictwa Geologiczne. Warszawa Zalewski, M., G.A. Janauer, G. Jolankai. 1997. Ecohydrology, a new paradigm for the sustainable use of aquatic resources. Technical

Documents in Hydrology No.21, UNESCO, Paris. 58pp. This research was carried out in year 1995-1997 in co-operation with Direction of Tatra National Park

52

UNESCO Advanced Study Course in Ecohydrolqy - 8-22 Sepfember 1999

The abiotic/biotic interaction in constructed wetlands for polluted water treatment

- small scale experiment

Author JAN BOCIAN University of t6di, Department of Applied Ecology, Centre of Ecohydrological Studies 90-237 L6di, ul. Banacha 12/16, POLAND phone: +48-42 635 44 38, fax: +48-42 679 06 21, e-mail: [email protected]

Problem of the sustainable water management in your research 1. The constructed wetland is a cost-effective solution for the treatment of polluted waters from fish farms,

agricultural farms, storm water drainage, irrigation outflows and the high nutrient and suspended solids concentrations found in floodwaters (Mitsch and Gosselink, 1993; Kadlec and Knight, 1996)

2. The development of such technology for polluted water treatment gives a new perspective for the decrease of eutrophication of freshwater ecosystems.

3. Small-scale experiments provide opportunities to examine the efficiency of different types of constructed wetlands under known conditions.

4. There is a need to understand the abiotic/biotic processes affecting the transformation and retention of pollutants in different types of constructed wetlands for best management practice.

Recently applied solutions Research was carried out in 1999 with artificial streams, surface flow constructed wetlands (semi-natural), and subsurface flow - gravel wetlands (with reference site) with a view to quantify the trapping efficiency of wetlands. The general aims of the research are: 1. To distinguish the hierarchy of abiotic (hydrological pattern, water level etc.) and biotic (composition of

macrophyte, biological structure of ecosystem etc.) factors controlling the biogeochemical processes in the constructed wetlands.

2. Water discharge, suspended solids, nutrient contaminants, BZT,, primary production, sedimentation and enzymatic activity of biofilm is monitored.

3. Temporal and spatial variation of water quality and biotic processes especially during the simulated extrimal condition (dry/flood) is studied.

4. The daily, weekly budget of mineral and organic mater can be used to establish a biogeochemical model of process activity in different types of wetlands.

Potential upgrading by application of Ecohydrological approach The regulation of biotic processes of constructed wetlands systems by the hydrological management model especially during the all range of hydrological stages, will allow cost/effective management practices to be developed (Zalewski et al., 1997). Future upgrading of ecosystem biotechnology in constructed wetlands by the quantification of biogeochemical processes can reduce nutrients loads in to freshwater.

References Kadlec, R.H. and R.L. Knight. 1996. Treatment Wetlands. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 893 pp.

Mitsch, W.J. and J.G. Gosselink. 1993. Wetlands, second edition. Van Nostrad Reinhold, New York. 722 pp. Zalewski, M., G.A. Janauer, G. Jolankai. 1997. Ecohydrology, a new paradigm for the sustainable use of aquatic resources. Technical

Documents in Hydrology No.21, UNESCO, Paris. 58pp.

This research is supported by the National Scientific Research Committee (KBN 6 P04F 010 14; KBN 6 P04F 003 15)

53


Biodiversity conservation based on the mode of mechanisms regulating

ecosystem functions

Author KINGA KFWJZE

Department of Applied Ecology, University of t6di Banacha St. 12/l 6,90-237 tbdi, POLAND phone: (+48) 42 635 44 38, fax: (+48) 42 679 06 21, e-mail: [email protected]

Problem The drainage of river valleys, alternation of river morphology and degradation of land-water ecotone zones together with increasing water contamination seriously affected the self-purification properties of fluvial ecosystems. That has manifested itself in decrease of biomass and biodiversity of vertebrates and invertebrates. The result of human impact on the big Polish rivers is severe, because, in some cases, they have been contaminated with unpurified sewage. Organisms that lost their habitats were enabled to migrate along the rivers due to artificial barriers and water pollution so it should be expected that the small rivers would be crucial for preserving the biodiversity. The problem is how to manage the available resources to increase their natural ability to absorb disturbances. Zalewski and Naiman (1985) and Zalewski et al. (1990) suggested that resilience of freshwater ecosystem is connected with the prevailing type of regulating mechanisms: abiotic or biotic (see figure below). According to ‘templet’ theory fish and their larvae may be used as good indicators of ecosystem condition. The project was conducted on two types of rivers: the lowland Grabia River and the upland Lubrzanka River situated in central and southern Poland. Both rivers have catchment of agricultural character and have become partially channalised in the past, but still retain some quite natural, meandering sections. They differ with the chemical, hydrological and physical characteristics so the contrary patterns of energy spiralling and mechanisms of resistance to antropopression can be observed.

Recently applied solutions 1. Long term monitoring of hydrochemistry, hydrology, and structure of biota communities. 2. Stream channalisation and construction of sewage treatment plants.

Potential upgrading by application of Ecohydrological approach 1. Analysis of chemical and physical variables in order to conduct compara-

tive analysis of changes observed during last 30 years and estimation of abiotic instability of both ecosystems being the result of human impact.

2. Building of database for distribution of spawning and foraging places for adult fish, shelters for fish fry, with precise characteristics ofrefuges and the potential threatens.

3. Long-term comparison of changes in fish communities structure in order to assess the response of a biota to atropopression.

Successful restoration of habitats for wildlife demands implementation of Ecohydrological tools that enable better understanding of processes that occur in ecosystems. That makes possible the multidimensional analysis of factors, which decide about resilience and resistance of ecosystems. This knowledge may be successfully used in long-term planning of freshwater management toward conservation of biodiversity and sustainable use of resources.

highly resilience highly resistant

References Zalewski, M., 1990. The ecotone concept in conservation and fisheries management ofriverine ecosystems. In: Aruga, Y. (ed.), Proceedings

of UNESCO / MAB International Seminar: Future research Trends in MAB, pp. 80-94. Tokyo University of Fisheries. Tokyo. Zalewski, M., Frankiewicz, P., Przybylski, M., Baribura, J., Nowak, M., 1990. Structure and dynamics of fish communities in temper-

ate rivers in relation to the abiotic-biotic regulatory continuum concept, Pal. Arch. Hydrobiol., 37: I51 -176. Zalewski, M., Naiman, R., 1985. The regulation of riverine fish communities by a continuum of abiotic-biotic factors, In: Alabaster,

J.S. (ed.), Habitat modification and freshwater fisheries, pp. 3-9. FA0 UN Butterworths Scientific. London.

This project was supported by National Scientific Research Committee (KBN 6 P04F 050 15; 6P04F 01014)

54

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Applications of EH approach to reduce non-point pollutants

Author MARCZEWSKA MONIKA University of Lodz, Department of Applied Ecology, Center for Ecohydrological Studies phone: (+48 42) 635 44 39, fax: (+48 42) 679 06 21, e-mail: [email protected]

Problem The restoration of the Sulejow Reservoir (Central Poland) is one of the most important priorities of sustainable water management in the Lodz Region. The reservoir is the source of drinking water for about 1 million people in Lodz City and surrounding area. An increase in eutrophication processes in the reservoir during late summer, has led to the presence of toxic algal blooms, with the presence of the hepatotoxin - microcistin-LR detected by Tarczyska in 1998. Falconer (1988) showed that permanent consumption of this toxin in small doses by a mouse leads hepatocancer (cancer of the liver). The limitation of toxic alga blooms can be achieved by a reduction of nutrient inputs into the reservoir via point and non-point sources. My research focussed on the estimation of the influence of forest buffer zone on nutrient quantity in the ground water. The investigation was carried out in 1998- 99 in the Sulejow Reservoir basin.

Recently applied solutions The non-point pollution comprises 60% of the pollution inputs to the reservoir. Reduction of the non-point load can be achieved by proper catchment management (Kajak, 1995) and by creation of the buffer zones along the boundary of land and surface water (Pieczyska, 1990; Zalewski, 1994). Figure 2 shows the effectiveness of the forest buffer zone in reducing nutrient inputs into the reservoir. The forest buffer zone provide an effective trap for N- NO,, P-PO, and DP (dissolved phosphorus) during the dormant and growing seasons.

I

m 1

- .---.

_ .._... -...- - . . . ...!

The effectiveness of the forest buffer zone:

Potential upgrading by application of Ecohydrological approach Under certain conditions ground water inputs of nutrients into the reservoir can lead to increase locally toxic algal blooms especially in bays where water exchange. An increase of water levels in the reservoir can reduce the ground water inputs to the system, and outflow of the surface waters towards ground waters can occur. During low level periods at summer, when high temperature stimulate toxic algal blooms appearance in the reservoir a high inflow of ground water rich in phosphorus and nitrogen can occur. The quantification of the relationships between water level in the reservoir and supply of the reservoir by ground water is required for restoration and management ecotone buffering zones of the reservoir to reduce toxic blooms.

References Falconer I.R., Smith J.V., Jackson A.R.B., Jones A., Runnegar M.T.C., 1988, Oral toxicity of a bloom ofthe cyanobacteriumMz’croc@s

aemginosa administered to mice over periods up to one year, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health., 24, 291 - 305 Kajak Z., 1995, Eutrophication of lowland reservojrs, in: Zalewski M. (red.), Biological processes in the conservation and restoration

of lowland reservoirs, Biblioteka Monitoringu Srodowiska, Lbdi, 33 - 43 Pieczyska E., 1990, Lentic Aquatic ~ Terrestrial Ecotones: Their Structure, Functions and Importance, in: Naiman R.J., Decamps H.,

The Ecology and Management of Terrestrial Ecotones, MAB Series, Vol. 4, The Parthenon Publishing Group, Paris Tarczyliska M., 1998, Reasons of toxic algal blooms formation in the Sulejow Reservoir and its effect on selected representatives of

freshwater ecosystem. (in Polish) PhD Thesis, University of tbdi. Zalewski M., 1994, The role of ecotone buffering zones in reduction of non-point pollutants and acceleration of rivers’ self-purifica-

$on rate, in: Zalewski M.(red.), Integrated strategy of conservation and management of freshwater ecosystems, Biblioteka Monitoringu Srodowiska, L6di, 25-35

This project was supported by National Scientific Research Committee (KBN 6P04F 050 15; 6P04F 01014)

55

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Effect of hydraulic water retention time on the appearance

of cyanobacterial blooms in a lowland reservoir

Authors MALGORZATA TARCZYNSKA, ZDZISLAWA ROMANOWSKA-DUDA

University of Lodz, Department of Applied Ecology Banacha 12/l 6,90-237 Lodz, POLAND phone: +48+42 635 45 30, fax: +48+42 679 06 21, e-mail: [email protected]

Reservoir

Problem The occurrence of toxic cyanobacterial blooms in Sulejow Reservoir which are used as drinking water sources pose health hazards. Especially harmful are Mcrocystis species of cyanobacteria because of their capacity for hepatotoxin production. The determination of factors hierarchy in cyanobacterial blooms formation has been fundamental for effective restauration of Sulejow Reservoir.

Recently applied solutions The hydraulic retention time can be a limiting factor of an increase in phytoplankton in reservoir. In the Sulejow Reservoir although the concentrations of nutrients was high enough in some studied years, concentrations of phytoplankton was not the same in these years. It was assumed that the increase of phytoplankton was restricted by shorter hydraulic retention time (below 60 days). Water retention time in the reservoir can inflow not only on phytoplankton concentration, but also on phytoplankton composition. Long hydraulic retention time favour cyanobacteria domination in the Reservoir. The formation of cyanobacterial blooms in the reservoir depend on nutrient loading, N:P ratio and water temperature and stability. These parameters are closely connected with water retention time. Soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) concentrations in the reservoir water decrease during longer water retention times as a consequence of its incorporation into biota and precitipation to the sediments.

Potential upgrading by application of Ecohydrological approach The water retention time is the one of important factors which can change the physico-chemical characteristics of the water in the reservoir (nutrient loading, water temperature, phytoplankton biomass and composition). We investigated how hydraulic stability (increasing hydraulic retention time) may influence on cyanobacterial bloom formation and intensity in a lowland reservoir. These water retention time regulation procedure can be used in elaboration of the reservoir restoration strategy and reduction of cyanobacterial blooms appearance. Above data indicated that improvement of water quality by control of hydrological process is possible.

This project was supported by National Scientific Research Committee (KBN 6P04F01208; 6P04F08214 and 6P04F01014)

56

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The role of enzymatic processes for phosphorus internal load dynamics

Author ADRIANA TROJANOWSKA

University of Gdi, Department of Applied Ecology 90-237 t6di, Banacha 12/16, POLAND phone: +48 42 635 44 38, fax: +48 42 679 06 21, e-mail: [email protected]

Problem The Sulejow Reservoir is situated in the central Poland on The Pilica River. The reservoir was created in 1973, for todi city water supplying. Concerning this fact, water quality seems to be the most important aspect in this basin water management. However, the Sulejow Reservoir gets and accumulates a lot of the pollutants, inflowing with tributaries, surface flow and underground flow. One of the most dangerous are biogenic compounds cause reservoir eutrophication. Strong eutrophication symptoms are observed every summer. In the reservoir blue-green algal blooms appears with majority ofA4icrocysti.s and Aphanizomenon - species able to produce dangerous hepato- and neuro-toxins. These effects are amplified by nutrient regeneration and internal load processes such as enzymatic reactions. One of them is hydrolyse of phosphorus organic compounds into ortophosphate, which is leaded by acid and alkaline phosphatases. During PO, limitation period these enzymatic process can be one of the nutrient source for phytoplankton (Chrost & Overbeck 1987, Siuda & Gude, 1991).

Recently applied solutions Long term Sulejow Reservoir‘s monitoring (e.g. from 1980) enabled to investigate changes of community structure of the trophic pyra- mid different levels (Zalewski & Dobrowolski 1994, Zalewski 1999). .The interactions between them were studied against the background of the hydrological and chemical conditions. Simultaneously necessity of estimation importance of the nutrient recirculation and internal load processes caused by biotic components of the ecosystem appeared. Analysis of phosphatases activity changes are crucial to explain these interactions and to reduce algal blooms in nutrients limiting conditions. Results Research work results show an increase of the acid phosphatase activity during period of P-PO, concentration decrees below 20 pgll. Consequently following the higher ortophosphate concentration in water, the lower phosphatase activity were observed.

Potential upgrading by application of Ecohydrological approach Elaboration of the ecohydrological methods using phosphatases activity integrated with hydrological, chemical and biological factors need quantitative estimation of the: l phosphatases activity importance in rate of P-PO, recycling l dependence between phosphatases activity and biomass of different phytoplankton groups l dependence between the phosphatases activity and hydrological factors.

References Chrost J. R.,Overbeck J., 1987. Kinetics of alkaline phosphatase activity and phosphorus availability for phytoplankton and bacterioplankton

in Lake PluI3e (North German eutrophic lake). Microb. Ecol. 13:229-248 Siuda W., Hans G., 1991. The role of phosphorus and organic carbon compounds in regulation of alkaline phosphatase activity and P

regeneration processes in eutrophic lakes. Pol. Arch. Hydrobiol. 2: 17 1- 187. Trojanowska A., 1998. Importance of abiotic and biotic factors for phytoplankton dynamics control in Sulejow and Wloclawek Reservoirs.

Master Thesis - Department of Applied Ecology Ut. Wrohska J., 1998. Sesonal changes of the phytoplankton community structure in Sulejow and Wloclawek Reservoirs taking into considera-

tion phosphatases activity. Master Thesis - Department of Applied Ecology UL. Zalewski M., Dobrowolski A., 1994. Manipulation and monitoring of water level in a reservoir as a tool for improvement of water quality by control

of biotic mechanisms. Commission Intemationale des Grands Barrangcs. Dix-huuteme Congres des Barranges, Durban, 1994:13S-142. Zalewski M., 1999. Minimising the risk and amplifying the opporunities for restoration of shallow reservoirs. Hydrobiologia 395/396: 107-l 14.

This project was supported by National Scientific Research Committee (KBN 6P04F01014)

57

UNESCO Advanced Study Course in Ecohydrolo~ - 8-22 September 1999

Potential reduction of eutrophication and toxic algal blooms in the shallow Sulej6w

Reservoir (Central Poland) by control of tributaries and reservoir hydrology

Author IWONA WAGNER Department of Applied Ecology, University of Lodz, ul. Banacha 12/16,90-237 Lodz, POLAND phone: (+48-42) 635 44 38, fax: (+48-42) 679 06 21, e-mail: [email protected]

Problem The Sulejdw Reservoir is supplied by two main tributaries: the Pilica (Q=24,2 m3/s) and the Luci@a (Q=3,0 m3/s) Rivers with agricultural (64,1%) and forested (29,6%) catchments. Both non-point and point pollution contributes to the eutrophication of the rivers and reservoir. Consequently, cyanophyta blooms appearing in the reservoir may restrict its use as a water supply and recreational facility. Hepatotoxins produced by Microcystis sp. pose a threat of digestive tract cancer and liver diseases (Tarczyfiska, 1998). Regarding the recent state of the reservoir and its role as a water supply source and recreational facility, the most important problem is to diminish the processes and symptoms of eutrophication. Considering the economic situation, the restoration programme should be based on ‘low costs-high technology’ solutions (Zalewski, 1999).

Recently applied solutions Until now, the following measures were introduced to protect and restore the Sulejbw Reservoir: 1. sewage treatment plants to reduce the point sources pollution

in the upper part of the reservoir; 2. first stage of restoration of riparian ecotone zones in the

catchment of the reservoir to reduce surface flow supply. Results Research conducted within years 1996-1999 indicated the following: 1. tributaries transport the biggest nutrients load during the flood

spate, at the stage of water rise (Wagner & Zalewski, in press); 2. about 60% of external nutrient load enters tbe reservoir from the

Pilica River and about 30% from the Luci$a River and less than 10% from the reservoir catcbment.

Potential upgrading by application of Ecohydrological approach To apply the ecohydrological approach to reduce eutrophication and cyanobacterial blooms in the Sulej6w Reser- voir, the following steps should be planned: 1. shifting more effort to management and restoration of the Luci@a River, because of the lower costs of small

river systems restoration (Zalewski et al., in press); 2. construction of ecotone zones, and pre-reservoir/constructed wetlands should be considered (Zalewski, 1999); 3. development of constructed wetlands in the upper part of the reservoir to reduce nutrient inflow with flood

events of the Pilica River (Wagner & Zalewski, in press); differences in nutrients trapping/sedimentation in various floodplain habitats and the optimal water retention time should be estimated;

4. regulation of nutrient outflow from the reservoir by sequential use of upper and lower outlets; 5. preparation of a database to develop a mathematical model of EH processes in the reservoir, its tributaries and catchment. References Tarczyriska M., 1998, Reasons of toxic algal blooms formation in the Sulejow Reservoir and its effect on selected representatives of

freshwater ecosystem. (in Polish) PhD Thesis, University of Lb&. Wagner I. & Zalewski M., (in press): The Effect of Hydrological Pattern of Tributaries on Biotic Processes in Lowland Reservoir.

Ecological Engineering: 00-00. Zalewski M. (1999) Minimising the risk and amplifying the opportunities for restoration of shallow reservoirs. Hydrobiologia 3951

396: 107-I 14. Zalewski M., Wagner I., (1998) The effect of hydrological pattern of effluents on biotic processes in lowland reservoir, in: Zalewski

M., McClain M., 1998: A List of Scientific Activities of IHP-V Projects 2.3/2.4 “Ecohydrology”, Technical Documents in Hydrol- ogy No.2 1, UNESCO, Paris

Zalewski M., I. Wagner, M. Tarczfiska (in press). Ecohydrological approach for elimination of toxic algal blooms in lowland reservoir. SIL Proceedings.

This project was supported by National Scientific Research Committee (KBN 6P04F 010 14; KBN 6P04F 003 IS)

58

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Effect of the trophic cascade and hydrological condition on filtering zooplankton activity

Author ADRIANNA WOJTAL Department of Applied Ecology University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Banacha 12/l 6, POLAND phone: (+48-42) 635 44 38, fax: (+48-42) 679 06 21, e-mail: [email protected]

Problem In the shallow, eutrophic Sulejow Reservoir situated in central Poland, a midsummer decline of the dominant zooplankton species, Daphnia cucullata, was observed. This coincided with increased algal density and deterioration of water quality. The goals of our research were to give the answer to the following questions: to what extent does the decline in D. cucullata density result from the cascading effect - pressure of juvenile Percids and the invertebrate predator (Leptodora kindti), and how do hydrological conditions indirectly influence zooplankton abundance?

Recenily applied solutions Up till now methods of point sources pollution (sewage treatment plants) and surface flow (first step ofriparian ecoton zones restoration) reduction were applied. Also research on possibilities of application of biomanipulation methods was done. It has been found that: l in littoral zone the impact of juvenile fish (perch, pikeperch,

roach) on zooplankton depends on hydrological conditions in the river catchment thus determining the reproductive success of fish (Zalewski et al., 1990). When the density ofjuvenile fish is high (1 O-20 ind.mm3) they are able to eliminate > 30 % of the filtering zooplankton standing stock.

l the invertebrate predator Leptodora kindti mostly controls the pelagic zone. As a consequence of its high densities of 2000- 4000 ind.m-3 it was estimated that Leptodora consumes 11,5- >60 % of D. cucullata standing stock during mid July (Wojtal et al., 1999). The juvenile pikeperch (the main zooplanktivorous fish in the pelagic zone during summer) occurred in low density (max. 1 ind.m”) and its impact on the zooplankton community is low in the offshore zone of the reservoir (Frankiewicz et al., 1996).

Potential upgrading by application of Ecohydrological approach The mid-summer abundance of the big filtrators depends on predatory pressure and this is why during this time Daphnia species can not effectively control biomass of phytoplankton. Small species of zooplankton, like Bosmina sp. feed on the smallest cells of phytoplankton (in this way it avoids mechanical destruction of its filtering appara- tus) and also on bacteria decomposing organic matter. In consequence, during algal blooms and high rates of organic matter sedimentation an increase in density of small filter feeders frequently appears. This effect may be unfavourable because small filter feeders excrete relatively more phosphorus than larger zooplanktivors and can contribute to increased phosphorus re-circulation. In conclusion, the application of the Ecohydrological approach may reveal to what extent trophic interactions may be modified by hydrological conditions? It could be also explain the role of small zooplanktivors in microbial loops in lowland reservoirs. References Frankiewicz P., K. Dabrowski & M. Zalewski, 1996. Mechanism of establishing bimodality in a size distribution of pikeperch,

Stizostedion lucioperca (L.) in the Sulejow Reservoir, Central Poland. Annlool. Fenn.33:321-327. Zalewski M., 1999. Minimising the risk and amplifying the opportunities for restoration of shallow reservoirs. Hvdrohiolotia 3951

396: 107-114. Zalewski M., B. Brewinska-ZaraS, P. Frankiewicz & S. Kalinowski, 1990. The potential for biomanipulation using fry communities

in a lowland reservoir: concordance between water quality and optimal recruitment. Hydrobiologia 200/201: 549-556. Wojtal A., Frankiewicz P. & Zalewski P., 1999. The role of invertebrate predator Leptodora kindti in the trophic cascade of lowland

reservoir. Hydrobiologia 416: 215-223.

This project was supported by National Scientific Research Committee (KBN 6P04F01014)

59

UNESCO Advanced Shrdy Course in Ecohydrwlogv - 8-22 September 1999

How will the Alqueva dam affect the aquatic biota in the Guadiana estuary (South Portugal)?

Preliminary results based on an ecohydrological approach

Authors MARIA ALEXANDRA CHicHARo AND Lurs MANUEL ZAMBUJAL CHICHARO Universidade do Algarve, U.C.T.R.A. (Aquatic Resources Department) - Campus de Gambelas, 8000 Faro, PORTUGAL phone: + 35 1 289800900, fax: + 35 1 289818353, e-mail: [email protected]

Problem The Guadiana Estuary The estuary of the Guadiana River is located in the Mediterranean area of the border between Portugal and Spain. Its catchment basin is the fourth largest in the Iberian Peninsula (ca. Total 67500 km2, Portugal area- 11475 km2). Mean monthly river flow varies markedly on a seasonal and yearly basis, but it will be artificially regulated by the construction of the Alqueva dam. River flow near MCrtola (ca 50 Km upstream from mouth) can reach 200 to 600 m3/s in winter and decrease to 0.1-20 m3/s. In addition to the dam construction, in the near future the anthropogenic pressure on the Guadiana estuary is expected to increase due to the development of several touristic enterprises and also of the intensification of local agricultural practices. Consequently an increase in domestic sewage, pesticides and fertilisers reaching the estuary is expected. This may cause problems to the use of the estuary for fishing, mollusc harvesting and aquaculture activities, therefore affecting the economy of the region.

Recently applied solutions 1. Integration of available information of the catchment area in

GIS (urban areas, agriculture areas, forestry areas, riparian vegetation areas and pollution sources (domestic and industrial))

2. Initiation of a monitoring program (since 1996) of basic hydrological and ecological characteristics of the Guadiana estuary, including river inflow, nutrients, benthos and plankton, etc. This will provide a description of the situation before dam construction.

3. Implementation of an ecophysiological or biochemical index for fish larvae as an indicator of water quality (RNA/DNA ratio) in the estuary. Results were usually higher than the critical level- starvation.

Inkmcnons between hyatvlogy. chemical and biologicalpammeters in de upper freshwater) Gwdiano &wy

Potential upgrading by application of Ecohydrological approach 1. Integration of the scales of Ecohydrology from GIS to cellular levels to provide a better understanding of the

processes that will influence the aquatic biota of the estuary when the freshwater input decreases. 2. Prediction of the aquatic biota responses to changes in flow by ecohydrological modelling. 3. Establishment of management regimes to mitigate unacceptable effects of the dam construction to the Guadiana

Estuary.

60

..- .,-_-.... - ._-.~__

UNESCO Advanced Study Course in Ecohydrwlogy - 5-22 September I999

The influence of sediment YU j RO I

deposits on river bed i Chizatau

, Bega river 1 @

+ Balint Faget

/

Author I Tlmisonrn /

; A'........................... SANDAJEBELEAN , Timis river

Facultatea de Hidrotechnica, Str. George Enescu l/A LtgEXld:

Cod 1900 Timisoara, ROMANIA Romanian-Yugoslavian border - .-

phone: (+40) 56 19 85 87, (+40) 56 19 38 72, Hydrometrical station 4

fax: (+40) 56 13 35 01, (+40) 56 20 78 67, Derivation channel d


Problem The research project focuses on the Bega River which crosses Timisoara and flows into the Tisa-Danube system in Serbia, what emphasize the international nature of the project. The study area important for us is located on the Romanian territory. There have been many problems in sustainability of water resources in this area due to the alluvial deposits on the river bed. This deposits had a negative influence on the water quality, navigation and tourism.

Recently applied solutions The mud deposits have only partially been removed from the channel bed and the situation has been exacerbated by the decrease in navigation since 1960s. A rapid decrease of dissolved oxygen and poor water quality has been observed, and the solution employed was release of more water from the upstream reservoirs (Surduc and Poiana Marului). This solution has proved, in hindsight, to be undesirable.

Potential upgrading by application of Ecohydrological approach Further investigations are required to quantify the mud quality and its influence on water quality in Bega River. The easy decomposable materials, deposited in the sediment layer, are not oxygen consumers in their own right, they represent an important problem for aquatic fauna and ultimately reduce biodiversity. The sediments also deposit large quantities of non-decomposaable biologic material. Further problems may occur after the removal of these deposits from the river, this mud is usually placed on the river banks. Washing of this material through precipitation can cause leaching into the surface waters and underly- ing aquifers affecting agricultural lands through irrigation, and humans through domestic water supply. It is clear that only an integrated, multi-disciplinary approach will be successful in determining the management strategy required to satisfy the demands of navigation, tourism, river ecology, water quality, water supply, to a level that is not only satisfactory for the Romanian authorities, but also to the international community.

61

UNESCO Advanced Study Course in EcohydmlogV - 8-22 September 1999

Macrophytes as invertebrate habitat rehabilitation tools

Author MATTHEW O’HARE IBLS, Division of Environmental & Evolutionary Biology Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow G12 SQQ, UK phone: + 44 (0)141 330 6569, fax: +44 (0) 141 330 5971, e-mail: [email protected]

Map o/Scotland rh he B/me Water lB W): rbe

Problem Structural alterations and human mediated discharge in river systems can reduce physical habitat heterogeneity. This in turn can reduce, both directly and indirectly, invertebrate and fish diversity. Hard engineering approaches to drainage problems, particularly in urban areas have had especially severe effects on small lotic systems.

Recently applied solutions Instream flow modification devices such as deflectors and channel reengineering have been practical, useful, solutions to recreating instream habitat. Given the limited amount of space present in many urban areas and the importance of efficient drainage systems it can be impossible to reengineer channels. An alternative soft engineering option is to encourage plant growth in these urban channels where other solutions are not possible. We investigated the ability of a submerged macrophyte species, Callitriche stagnalis, to support a diverse macroinvertebrate community in a natural Scottish river, the Blane Water.

Results

1

E 01

5

z % g 0.01

5

B

0 001

8 ‘

0 OUTEI

0 MID

1 d 4 12 16 20 24 28 ' 0 ROOT

Rank Benthic vwerrebrote rank abundance plou for 3 C. stagnabs sections; out=,: mid and mot The outer sections of the plants were dominated b.v Simuliidoe and were the least

equitable. Relanve abundance ojrnverrebrates m no/cmJ/gfresh weight. After O’Hare & A4uvhv fin ~ressl

Initial results suggest that submerged C. stagnalis stands support higher numbers of invertebrates in different relative abundance to patches of bare gravel substrate. Simuliidae species, which prefer higher velocities occur on the exposed outside of the plant stands while other species dominate inside the stands, e.g. Ephemerella ignita.

Potential upgrading by application of Ecohydrological approach To use macrophytes successfully as rehabilitation devices for channelised rivers will require co-operative research with hydraulic engineers to determine whether the plants will deform or wash out under flood conditions, thereby negating any potential flood risk. Aquatic botanists will also need to become involved to suggest suitable macrophytes for different environments and nutrient loadings. Macrophytes also have the potential to trap heavy metals and thus could have a dual role. Further investigation is necessary. Such a multidisciplinary approach aimed at an integrated solution is the essence of ecohydrology.

References O’Hare M.T. & Murphy K.J. (1999 in press). Invertebrate hydraulic microhabitat and community structure in Cullitriche stagrzalis

Stop. patches. Hydrobiologia

62

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The water management of Fei-Tsui reservoir in Taiwan

Author YUNG-TA, CHANG Bio. Dept. National Taiwan Normal University No. 88 Sec. 4 Ting-Chou Rd. Taipei. TAIWAN. R.O.C. phone: +886-29333149, fax: +886-2-29312904, e-mail: biofv03 [email protected]

The Fe,-Tsur rese,w,,r u locored obour 30 km fmm Taiorr

Problem The Fei-Tsui reservoir is located about 30 km from Taipei. It supplies the water for the large region of Taipei, constituting about 3 million people. The water quality is currently good, but recently the percentage of oligotrophic tends to be decreasing. The present fisheries policy for the reservoir prohibits all fishing. Biomanipulation of the fish population may have the potential to reduce eutrophication of the reservoir.

Recently applied solutions 1. Investigation of the seasonal temuerature nroflles

of the reservoir, to determine any stratification 12

regime. 10

2. Investigation of the seasonal and spatial variations 8 in nutrient profiles within the reservoir.

6

3. Develop an understanding of the hydrological cycles within the reservoir.

4

4. Develop an understanding of the current level of * eutrotication. 0

8 8

Potential upgrading by application of Ecohydrological approach The implementation of an ecohydrological approach to the management of the reservoir must consider: 1. What are the trophic dynamics within the reservoir and does biomanipulation of the fish community have the

potential to reduce eutrophication? 2. If eutrophication resulted from an accumulation of nutrients in bottom of the water body, is possible that in the

typhoon season, water could be released from the bottom of the reservoir. 3. If there a potential water quality problem from algal blooms and associated biotoxins?

63


Hydrodynamics of the Dnieper reservoirs as a factor of their

ecosystem functioning

Author SERGIY DUBNYAK

Institute of Hydrobiology, Ukrainian Academy

of Scienses, Prosp. Geroyev Stalingrada, 12,

2542 10 - Kiev 2 10, UKRAINE

phone: +38(044)418-74-48,

fax: +38(044)41 S-22-32,


ROMANIA

BLACK SEA

Problem Dnieper reservoirs are intensively used for different purposes: water supply, industry, agriculture etc. The sustain-

able water management in these reservoirs needs the new approach, which will take into account the demand of

well-being state of ecosystem. This state and water quality depends on the hydrological regime (primarily - hydro-

dynamics) in reservoirs.

Recently applied solutions 1. Researches of different hydrodynamic processes (currents regime, turbulent mixing process, transformation of

releases waves) as ecological factors.

2. The methodology of ecohydrological classification and regionalisation of reservoirs.

3. The methodology of ecosystem state regulation by means of regulation of hydrological regime.

Potential upgrading by application of Ecohydrological approach The ecohydrological approach and common work of hydrologists and hydrobiologists allowed us to develop the

new solutions in improvement of ecological state of reservoirs. We will use this approach in our future research for

the elaboration of an ecologically grounded, exploitation regime of the Dnieper reservoirs.

64

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Ecohydrology: an inspiration in the development

of civil engineering guidelines

Author LISA SARMA

Stanford University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Environmental Fluid Mechanics and Hydrology Program; Rains Houses Apt. lC, 704 Campus Dr., Stanford, CA 94305 USA phone: (650) 498-0660, e-mail: [email protected]

Problem Ecological aspects are not sufficiently considered in civil engineering projects concerning the waters of the United States. An integration of ecology and engineering is essential for the healthy interaction between man and the environment. Today, manuals exist for structural engineers to construct buildings and for geotechnical engineers to erect dams. These guidelines provide them with properties about different engineering materials as well as the range of applicability of these materials. This standardisation allows the advancement of these fields of study, as greater consistency is maintained among different projects. Ecologists have shown that vegetation helps in stabil- ising slopes and in controlling erosion, and while these are problems which hydrological engineers combat, manuals are not available which address the use of vegetation as an engineering material. This type of standardised guideline would be greatly helpful and should contain information such as shear strength, cohesion, and hydraulic roughness of banks with and without vegetation, as well as a discussion of regional and climatic variability.

Recently applied solutions .Presently, several guidelines do exist which address the use of vegetation in hydrological engineering projects, but these are obscure and hard to find. They contain general suggestions based on case studies and past uses of vegetation, but none is viewed as an authority and is followed in mass. Additionally, they are often produced by individuals working in a single field, which prevents cross-disciplinary usage.

Potential upgrading by application of Ecohydrological approach In conclusion, the interaction of fields is essential in the creation of this manual, which is not only useful,‘but fundamental in the advancement of civil engineering to the use of more earth-friendly engineering materials. An ecohydrological approach is the key, as it encourages greater communication among the involved fields as well as the development of a common language, which they can all share.

6.5