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Advanced Monte Carlo for Radiation Physics, Particle Transport Simulation and Applications
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH Physics and Astronomy
ONLINE LIBRARY
http://www.springer.de/phys/
A. Kling F. Barao M. Nakagawa L.Tavora P.Vaz (Eds.)
Advanced Monte Carlo for Radiation Physics, Particle Transport Simulation and Applications Proceedings of the Monte Carlo 2000 Conference, Lisbon, 23-26 October 2000
With 548 Figures and CD-ROM
i Springer
Dr. Andreas Kling
Instituto Tecnol6gico e Nuclear Estrada Nacional no. 10 2686-953 Sacavem, Portugal e-mail: [email protected]
Prof. Fernando J.C. Barao
Laborat6rio de Instrumenta~ao e Particulas Av. Elias Garcia, 14-1° Rovisco Pais 1000-149 Lisboa, Portugal e-mail: [email protected]
Prof. Masayuki Nakagawa
Department of Nuclear Energy System JAERI Tokai-mura, Naka-gun 319-1195 Ibaraki-ken, Japan e-mail: [email protected]
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Monte Carlo 2000 Conference (2000: Lisbon, Portugal)
Prof. Luis Tavora
Departamento da Fisica Universidade de Coimbra 3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal e-mail: [email protected]
Prof. Pedro Vaz
Departamento de Ffsica IST AV. Rovisco Pais 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal e-mail: [email protected]
Advanced Monte Carlo for radiation physics, particle transport simulation, and applications: proceedings of the Monte Carlo 2000 Conference, Lisbon, 32-26 October 2000 I Andreas Kling ••. [et al.], eds. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-3-642-62113-0
I. Radiation-Statistical methods-Congresses. 2. Monte Carlo method-Congresses. 3. Neutron transport theoryCongresses. I. Kling, Andreas, 1961- II. Title QC474.M66 2000 539.7'22'01519282-dc21 2001042697
Additional material to this book can be downloded from http://extras.springer.com.
ISBN 978-3-642-62113-0 ISBN 978-3-642-18211-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-18211-2
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law.
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2001 Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 2001 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2001
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
Typesetting: Camera-ready by the authors/editor Cover design: design and production GmbH, Heidelberg
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Preface
During recent years, substantial and significant developments have occurred which are related to the advent of powerful processors and computing architectures as well as to the large-scale implementation of modern information technologies and networked systems. The combination of these factors has gradually strengthened the usage of the Monte Carlo methods and techniques in "traditional" domains and applications, with an increasing complexity of the systems being described. At the same time, several multi-disciplinary projects have emerged during the last decade which require the study of high-intensity accelerator and target systems for multiple applications in different domains.
The Monte Carlo method and its applications have been frequently addressed at several major conferences, congresses, meetings and workshops organized in recent years on topics related to radiation shielding, radiation physics, medical physics, high-energy physics etc. These events included at least one session fully dedicated to the Monte Carlo method, with a strong emphasis normally given to its "applications" related to the principal topics and areas of interest.
Considering these factors, a group of people spread over the five continents ascertained during the summer of 1999 that the time had come for organizing a conference purely devoted to Monte Carlo issues and methods in radiation physics problems and applications. The charm, mild climate and geographic location of Lisbon, combined with the nationality of the people who proposed setting up the organizational structure of such a conference determined the place of the conference.
The international conference "Monte Carlo 2000 - Advanced Monte Carlo for Radiation Physics, Particle Transport Simulation and Applications" (MC2000) was held in Lisbon, Portugal, at the Congress Centre of IST (Instituto Superior Tecnico, the Lisbon School of Engineering), during 23-26 October 2000. At MC2000 all sessions were dedicated to Monte Carlo issues. The conference was organized around the three main categories of Monte Carlo simulations, involving, respectively, electron-photon, neutron-gamma and hadronic codes. The following issues were addressed:
• Theory and methods; • Physics and modelling issues; • Algorithm developments; • Computational science; • Basic data;
VI Preface
• Analysis of experiments and measurements; • Benchmarks; • Status of general-purpose codes; • Tools (graphics and analysis); • Applications.
Speakers invited to the plenary sessions addressed topics such as:
• Past, present and future of Monte Carlo for radiation physics and particle transport simulation;
• Open problems, "hot" topics, needs and requirements, overview of developments and "state-of-the-art" on selected topics;
• Prospects for Monte Carlo simulations in the 21st century.
The organization of MC2000 would not have been possible without the support at all levels of:
• Several Portuguese institutions led by ITN (Nuclear and Technological Institute, Lisbon), LIP ("Laborat6rio de Instrumentru;ao e Particulas", Lisbon), "Centro de Instrumentac;ao da Universidade de Coimbra" and other institutions also contributed significantly to the organization.
• International organizations and foreign institutions, namely the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency, the Radiation Safety Information Computational Center (RSICC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the American Nuclear Society, and the Atomic Energy Society of Japan.
Organizing the conference took many thousands of man-hours of work, performed at several levels. I would like to acknowledge:
• the coordination role of the General Chairman, Masayuki Nakagawa ( J AERI); • the three co-chairs of the Scientific Committee, respectively Alex Bielajew
(U. Michigan), Gregg McKinney (LANL) and Richard Prael (LANL), for their outstanding work in shaping and setting up the scientific programme of the conference and coordinating the programme of the sessions;
• the members of the International Advisory and Scientific Programme Committees for their contributions, comments, suggestions, paper-reviewing work, etc.;
• the session co-chairs for their skills in conducting the busy sessions; • the participants to the conference and the authors of the submitted papers
for their interest and their contributions which made MC2000 a high-level scientific event.
Last, but not least, I will explicitly mention the members of the Local Organizing Committee, namely Fernando Barao, Andreas Kling, Maria Fernanda da Silva and Luis Tavora for the organizational work, whose quality was noted by the participants. A special thanks is due to Ms. Filomena Baptista and Ms. Luisa Oliveira from the Local Secretariat for their remarkable work.
Preface VII
During the closing session of the conference, a discussion took place during which participants tried to assess the needs and pertinence of future Monte Carlo conferences. Although the majority of the participants felt that a further conference should definitely be organized, no consensus could be established on its date and place. In this respect, and reporting on developments which occurred after the conference, we are glad to inform you that Bernadette Kirk (RIAS, ORNL) has stated her intention to organize such a conference during 2005.
About this proceedings: it includes over 200 papers, processed by the five editors. A special acknowledgement is due to Andreas Kling, Editor-in-Chief, for his gigantic and skilful work compiling, handling and solving the difficult ft.'!EX-related problems.
Lisbon, February 2001
General Chairman: M. Nakagawa (JAERl, Japan)
Co-chairs: A. Bielajew (U. Michigan, USA) G. McKinney (LANL, USA) R. Prael (LANL, USA) P. Vaz (IST, Portugal and
OECD/NEA) - Technical Program Coordinator
Conference Secretariat: L. Oliveira (ITN, Portugal) F. Baptista (ITN)
Pedro Vaz, MC2000 Technical Program Coordinator
Organizing Committee: C. Abreu (U. Algarve, Portugal) F. Barao (IST and LIP, Portugal) A. Kling (ITN and CFNUL, Portugal) M. F. da Silva (ITN and CFNUL,
Portugal) L. Tavora (U. Coimbra, Portugal) P. Vaz (IST, Portugal and OECD/NEA)
N. Antunes (LIP, Portugal)
International Advisory Committee:
U. Amaldi (CERN and TERA, Italy) L. Pape (CERN) P. Andreo (IAEA) D. Rogers (NRCC, Canada) A. Bielajew (U. Michigan, USA) E. Sartori (OECD/NEA) T. Gabriel (ORNL, USA) S. Seltzer (NIST, USA) J. Hubbell (NIST, USA) N. Smith (AEAT, UK) B. Kirk (RSICC, USA) J. Soares (ITN and CFNUL, Portugal) I. Lux (HAEA, Hungary) K. Ueki (NTD, Japan) G. McKinney (LANL, USA) P. Vaz (IST, Portugal and OECD/NEA) A. Nahum (ICR, UK) L. Waters (LANL, USA) M. Nakagawa (JAERl, Japan) S. Zaritsky (Kurchatov Inst., Russia) T. Nakamura (Tohoku Univ., Japan)
VIII Preface
Scientific Program Committee: C. Abreu (U. Algarve, Portugal) V. Korobeinikov (IPPE, Russia) F. Barao (IST and LIP, Portugal) M.C. Lopes (CROC, Portugal) J. Barthe (CEA, France) C. Ma (Stanford Univ., USA) F. Brown (LANL, USA) A. Maio (FCUL, Portugal) T. Booth (LANL, USA) L. Maiorov (Kurchatov Inst., Russia) K. Burn (ENEA, Italy) N. Mokhov (FNAL, USA) B. Cabral (FCUL, Portugal) T. Mori (JAERI, Japan) J. L. Chartier (CEA, France) A. Nahum (ICR, UK) C. Conde (U. Coimbra, Portugal) Y. Namito (KEK, Japan) N. Cramer (ORNL, USA) L. Petrie (ORNL, USA) D. Cullen (LLNL, USA) B. Petrovic (Westinghouse, USA) M.B. Emmett (ORNL, USA) M. Pimenta (IST, Portugal) A. Fasso (SLAC, USA) M. Ricard (IGR, France) A. Ferrari (CERN) F. Salvat (U. Barcelona, Spain) D. Filges (FZJ, Germany) F. Sanchez-Doblado (U. Sevilla, Spain) B. Grosswendt (PTB, Germany) B. Siebert (PTB, Germany) G. Guldrini (ENEA, Italy) M. Silari (CERN) A. Haghighat (PSU, USA) M. F. da Silva (ITN and CFNUL, C. Hartmann-Siantar (LLNL, USA) Portugal) H. Hirayama (KEK, Japan) L. Tavora (U. Coimbra, Portugal) G. Hughes (LANL, USA) J.N. Urbano (U. Coimbra, Portugal) A. Kling (ITN and CFNUL, Portugal) G. Valdez (SNL, USA) R. Konsek (SNL, USA)
Supporting Organizations:
ITN - Instituto Tecnol6gico e Nuclear LIP - Laborat6rio de lnstrumentac;ao e Fisica de Particulas IST - Instituto Superior Tecnico (Physics Department) Cinst-UC - Centro de Instrumentac;ao, Universidade de Coimbra CFNUL - Centro de Fisica Nuclear da Universidade de Lisboa FCUL-Faculdade de Cienicas da Universidade de Lisboa (Physics Department) UALG - Universidade do Algarve (Physics Department) SPF - Sociedade Portugesa de Fisica CROC - Centro Regional de Oncologia de Coimbra do IPOFG FCT - Fundac;ao para a Ciencia e Tecnol6gia FCG - Fundac;ao Calouste Gulbenkian FLAD - Fundac;ao Lusa-Americana para Desenvolvimento CGD - Caixa Geral de Dep6sitos CML - Camara Municipal de Lisboa EDP - Museu da EDP/ Central Tejo OECD/NEA - OECD Nuclear Energy Agency IAEA - International Atomic Energy Agency RSICC - Radiation Safety Information Computational Center (USA) AESJ - Atomic Energy Society of Japan ANS - American Nuclear Society
Contents
Plenary Talks
Some Random Thoughts on Monte Carlo Electron and Photon Transport A.F. Bielajew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Remarkable Moments in the History of Neutron Transport Monte Carlo Methods I. Lux.......................................................... 7
Hadronic Monte Carlo Transport: A Very Personal View R.E. Prael . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Highlights of Hadronic Sessions, Speculations and Perspective Views D. Filges, W. Gudowski........................................... 21
Session Electron-Gamma I: Electron Interaction Physics / Electron Transport Mechanics
Analog Electron Physics. Interaction Cross-Sections F. Salvat, J.M. Fernandez-Varea, S. Segui........................... 27
Modelling the Generalized Oscillator Strength for Low-Energy Electron or Positron Inelastic Scattering D. Liljequist, J.M. Fernandez-Varea, F. Salvat....................... 33
Low-Energy Electron Scattering in Solids - a Monte Carlo Approach H.-J. Fitting, J.-Ch. Kuhr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Monte Carlo Simulation of Few-ke V Positrons Penetrating in Solids M. Dapor, A. Miotello . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
A "Transport" Condensed History Method E.W. Larsen, D.R. Tolar, Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
X Contents
Session Electron-Gamma II: Photon Interaction Physics/ Applications I
A Half Century of Monte Carlo, from Slide Rule and Mechanical Desk Calculator to the Laptop Supercomputer J.H. Hubbell, S.M. Seltzer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Comparison of EGS4 and Measurements Regarding K-X ray and Bremsstrahlung Photons Y. Namito, H. Hirayama.......................................... 63
EGS4 Modelling of Coherent Scattering in the Biological Context A. Taibi, A. Tartari, M. Gambaccini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Implementation of the Anomalous Dispersion of Rayleigh Scattered Photons in EGS4 Code C. Baraldi, E. Casnati, G. Di Domenico, A. Tartari.................. 75
Backscattering from Gold Irradiated with 15-40 ke V Photons N. Nariyama.................................................... 81
Monte Carlo Polarimetric Efficiency Simulations for a Single Monolithic CdTe Thick Matrix R.M. Curado da Silva, M. Hage-Ali, E. Caroli, P. Siffert, J.B. Stephen. 87
Simulations for X-Ray Synchrotron Beams Using the EGS4 Code System in Medical Applications I. Orion, P.A. Dilmanian, Z. Zhong, A.B. Rosenfeld, A. Henn, I. Sagi, L. Pena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Session Electron-Gamma III: Applications II
Applications of Monte Carlo Code to a Study of Gamma-Ray Buildup Factors, Skyshine and Duct Streaming H. Hirayama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Simulation of X-ray Spectra Generated by Kilovolt-Electron Bombardment J.M. Fernandez- Varea, X. Llovet, E. Acosta, E. Benedito, F. Salvat . . . . 105
Particle Transport in Inhomogeneous Media J. Tickner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Fast Simulation of X-ray Transition Radiation in the GEANT4 Toolkit V.M. Grichine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Contents XI
Optimization of a Tunable Quasi-Monochromatic X-ray Source for Cell Irradiations W. Neubert, W. Enghardt, U. Lehnert, E. Muller, B. Naumann, A. Panteleeva, J. Pawelke......................................... 123
Session Electron-Gamma IV: Status of General Purpose Codes
Electron Photon Shower Simulation in TRIPOLI-4 Monte Carlo Code Y. Peneliau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
The EGSnrc System, a Status Report /. Kawmkow, D. W.O. Rogers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Status of MARS Electromagnetic Physics 0.E. Krivosheev, N. V. Mokhov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Status of PENELOPE J. Sempau, J.M. Fernandez- Varea, F. Salvat, E. Benedito, M. Dingfelder, H. Oulad ben Tahar, X. Llovet, E. Acosta, A. Sanchez-Reyes, J. Asenjo 147
Geant4 Electromagnetic Physics S. Ghauvie, V. Grichine, P. Gumplinger, V. Ivanchenko, R. Kokoulin, S. Magni, M. Maire, P. Nieminen, M.G. Pia, A. Rybin, L. Urban (on behalf of the Geant4 Collaboration) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Electron-Photon Transport in FL UKA: Status A. Fasso, A. Ferrari, P.R. Sala . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Session Electron-Gamma V: Generation of Random Numbers, Variance Reduction
Random, Quasirandom and Hybrid Methods for Transport Problems J. Spanier....................................................... 165
On the Use of Antithetic Variates M.S. Milgmm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Adjoint Monte Carlo Simulation of Fixed-Energy Secondary Radiation N.M. Borisov, M.P. Panin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Symmetry-Based Variance Reduction Applied to 6°Co Teletherapy Unit Monte Carlo Simulations D. Sheikh-Bagheri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
XII Contents
Importance Biasing Quality Criterion Based on Contribution Response Theory N.M. Borisov, M.P. Panin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Calculations of Electron Deep Penetration Using the Method of Trajectory Rotation V. Moskvin, L. Papiei, T. Tabata, I.J. Das . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Session Electron-Gamma VI: Application in Medical Physics, Dose Calculation
The Impact of Monte Carlo Dose Calculations on Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy J. V. Siebers, P.J. Keall, R. Mohan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
PC-Based Process Distribution to Solve Iterative Monte Carlo Simulations in Physical Dosimetry A. Leal, F. Sanchez-Doblado, M. Peru.cha, M. Rincon, R. Arrans, C. Bernal, E. Carrasco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Inverse Treatment Planning for Radiation Therapy Based on Fast Monte Car lo Dose Calculation M. Fippel, M. Alber, M. Birkner, W. Laub, F. Nusslin, I. Kawrakow 217
Macro Monte Carlo: Clinical Implementation in a Distributed Computing Environment H. Neuenschwander, W. Volken, D. Frei, C. Cris, E. Born, R. Mini 223
VMc++, Electron and Photon Monte Carlo Calculations Optimized for Radiation Treatment Planning I. K awrakow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Session Electron-Gamma VII: Microdosimetry, Track Structure, Radiobiological Modeling
The Track Structure of Photons, Electrons and a-Particles from the Point of View of the Formation of Ionization Clusters B. Grosswendt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Track Structure in Molecular Radiation Biology H. Nikjoo, S. Uehara, I.K. Khvostunov, F.A. Cucinotta............... 251
Analogue Monte Carlo to Model Radiation-Induced DNA Damage M. Terrissol, J. M. Vrigneaud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Contents XIII
Basic Data for Track Structure Simulations: Electron Interaction Cross-Sections in Liquid Water M. Dingfelder, W. Friedland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Inelastic Cross-Sections for Use in Monte Carlo Track Structure Codes D. Emfietzoglou. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Modelling Ultrasoft X-ray Effects on DNA M. Terrissol, J.M. Vrigneaud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Radiobiological Modeling in Voxel Constructs R.D. Stewart, R.J. Traub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Session Electron-Gamma VIII: Monte Carlo in Radiotherapy Dosimetry, Monte Carlo Simulation of Medical Accelerators
Monte Carlo Techniques for Primary Standards of Ionizing Radiation and for Dosimetry Protocols D. W.0. Rogers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Absorbed Dose Conversion Factors for Megavoltage Photon Beams R. Nutbrown, S. Duane, D. Shipley, R. Thomas
Is the Spencer-Attix Cavity Equation Applicable for Solid-State Detectors Irradiated in Megavoltage Electron Beams?
299
P.N. Mobit, G.A. Sandison. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Monte Carlo Simulation of Electron Beams for Radiotherapy -EGS4, MCNP4b and GEANT3 Intercomparison A. Trindade, P. Rodrigues, C. Alves, A. Chaves, M. C. Lopes, C. Oliveira, L. Peralta.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Evaluation of a 50-MV Photon Therapy Beam from a Racetrack Microtron Using MCNP4B Monte Carlo Code I. Gudowska, B. Sorcini, R. Svensson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Energy Spectra and Dose Distributions of a Medical Linear Electron Accelerator Simulated with BEAM/EGS4 and MCNP D. Albers, F. Cremers, I. Eggers, M. Todorovic, R. Schmidt. . . . . . . . . . . 323
Monte Carlo Simulation of an Arc Therapy Treatment by Means of a PC Distribution Model A. Leal, F. Sanchez-Doblado, M. Perucha, M. Rincon, R. Arrans, C. Bernal, E. Carrasco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
XIV Contents
Session Electron-Gamma IX: Applications III
Analysis of the Influence of the Radial Displacement of the Source in the Simulation of Ge-Detector Calibration Using MCNP Code J. R6denas, A. Martinavarro, V. Rius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Monte Carlo Simulations of Photon Field Characteristics for In Situ Gamma Spectrometry Applications J. Kluson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Visual Monte Carlo and Its Application to Internal and External Dosimetry J.G. Hunt, F.C. da Silva, D. de Souza-Santos, I. Malatova, S. Foltanova, B.M. Dantas, A. Azeredo, M. Isakson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Monte Carlo Simulation of Mammography X-ray Units: a Comparison Between Different Electron Extensions of the EGS4 Code System M. Marziani, M. Gambaccini, L.M.N. Tavorn, A. Taibi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Session Electron-Gamma X: Applications IV
The Use of MCNP in Flash Radiographic Applications at AWE S. Quillin, I. Crotch, S. McAlpin, J. O'Malley....................... 357
Comparison of Monte Carlo Simulation and Measurement of Electron Reflection from Solids V. Stary} . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Low-Energy Electron Response of Csl(Tl) and BGO A. Martinez-Davalos, J.M. Lopez-Robles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
Monte Carlo Estimate to Improve Photon Energy Spectrum Reconstruction S. Sawchuk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Monte Carlo Simulations on Rough and Porous Alumina L. Sorbier, E. Rosenberg, C. Merlet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
Simulation of the Response Function of an Amorphous Silicon Flat-Panel Array F. Cremers, C. Kausch, D. Albers, M. Todorovic, R. Schmidt.......... 395
Space Applications of the Geant4 Simulation Toolkit E. Daly, H. Evans, F. Lei, F. Longo, S. Magni, R. Nartallo, P. Nieminen, M.G. Pia, P.R. Truscott.......................................... 401
Session Electron-Gamma P: Miscellaneous Topics
Introduction of the Muonic and Cerenkov Effects in the EGS4 Code
Contents XV
E. Duverger, A. Mishev, R.I. Gschwind, L. Makovicka, J. Stamenov. . . . 407
Spectrum Shape Analysis Applied to Radioactive Waste Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy B. Perot, J.-L. Artaud, B. Chabalier, J. Misraki, P. Chany. . . . . . . . . . . . 413
Assessment of a Compton Suppression Spectrometer for the Measurement of Medium- and High-Level Radioactive Waste Packages J.-L. Artaud, B. Perot, B. Chabalier, H. Toubon..................... 419
The Degradation of the Energy of Primary Photons Described through the Entropy A.D. Oliveira, J.J. Pedroso de Lima................................ 425
Monte Carlo Simulation of the Conversion Electron Scattering in Targets for the Synthesis of Superheavy Elements A. Spalek, 0. Dragoun. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
Monte Carlo Simulations on a 9-node PC Cluster J. Gouriou . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
Application of Numerical Phantoms and MCNP Calculation for In Vivo Calibration D. Franck, N.M. Borisov, L. Laval................................. 443
Use of Monte Carlo Method in Support of Medical Applications of Radiation N. Cerullo, G. Curzio, G. Daquino, A. Mariani...................... 449
Intra-Operative Radiation Therapy Optimization Using the Monte Carlo Method M. Rosetti, M. Benassi, V. Bruzzaniti, A. Bufacchi, M. D'Andrea...... 455
Coupling Photon Monte Carlo Simulation and CAD Software. Application to X-ray Nondestructive Evaluation J. Tabary, A. Gliere. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
Dose Rate Calculations from Radioactive Vascular Stents: DPK Versus Exact MC Approach S. Gorodkov, A. Moslang, P. Vladimirov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
Dosimetric Study of a Low-Dose-Rate Brachytherapy Source M. Rodriguez-Villafuerte, S. Arzamendi, R. Diaz-Perches . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
XVI Contents
Electron 'fransport Simulation in the Range 1 ke V-4 Me V for the Purpose of High-Resolution Dosimetric Application V. Cobut, L. Cirioni, J.P. Patau................................... 479
Shield Optimization for X-rays Using the Monte Carlo Method Combined with Analytical Calculation Zhang Dian-hui, Huang Liu-xing, Niu Sheng-li. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
MCNP Analytical Models of a Calibration Head Phantom for Bone-Seeker Nuclides In Vivo Measurements G. Gualdrini, P. Ferrari, P. Battisti, P. De Felice, L. Pierotti . . . . . . . . . 489
Monte Carlo Studies of the Portuguese Gamma Irradiation Facility. The Irradiator Geometry and Its Influence on Process Parameters C. Oliveira, L. Ferreira, J. Salgado. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
Multiple Scattering in GEANT4. A Comparison with Moliere Theory and L3 Detector Data P. Arce, M. Maire, L. Urban, M. Wadhwa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
On the Use of CAD Geometry for Monte Carlo Particle 'fr ans port H. Tsige-Tamirat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
Analysis of the Simulation of Ge-Detector Calibration for Environmental Radioactive Samples in a Marinelli Beaker Source Using the Monte Carlo Method J. R6denas, J. Ortiz, L. Ballesteros, V. Serradell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
Simulation of a 32P Sourcewire and a 90Sr / 90Y Sourcetrain Using MCNP4b and EGS4 M. Todorovic, F. Cremers, D. Albers, R. Schmidt.................... 523
Monte Carlo Simulations for the Estimation of Dose Rates During Handling of Spent Fuel at the Portuguese Research Reactor A. Kling, J.G. Marques, A.J.G. Ramalho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529
Photoelectron Collection Efficiency in Rare Gases: A Monte Carlo Study P.J.B.M. Rachinhas, J.A.M. Lopes, T.H. V. T. Dias, F.P. Santos, C.A.N. Conde, A.D. Stauffer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535
Medical Applications of the Geant4 Toolkit S. Agostinelli, S. Chauvie, F. Foppiano, S. Garelli, F. Marchetto, M. G. Pia, P. Nieminen, V. Rolando, A. Solano. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543
Contents XVII
Effect of Voxel Size on Monte Carlo Dose Calculations for Radiotherapy Treatment Planning G. Mora, T. Pawlicki, A. Maio, C.-M. Ma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549
Monte Carlo Physical Dosimetry for Small Photon Beams M. Perucha, F. Sanchez-Doblado, M. Rincon, A. Leal, L. Nunez, R. Arrans, E. Carrasco, J.A. Sanchez-Calzado, L. Errazquin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
Monte Carlo Dose Distributions for Radiosurgery M. Perucha, F. Sanchez-Doblado, A. Leal, M. Rincon, L. Nunez, R. Arrans, E. Carrasco, B. Sanchez-Nieto, J.A. Sanchez-Calzado, L. Errazquin.... 561
Monte Carlo Conformal Treatment Planning as an Independent Assessment M. Rincon, F. Sanchez-Doblado, A. Leal, M. Perucha, R. Arrans, J.C. Medrano, E. Carrasco, J.A. Sanchez-Calzado, L. Errazquin . . . . . . . 565
Modelling of Multiple Scattering Distributions by Mixture Models R. Priihwirth, M. Regler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571
Radiative Transport in Multiple Scattering Media E.J.N. Pereira, J.M.G. Martinho, M.N. Berberan-Santos
Markov Chain Monte Carlo Methods in Radiotherapy Treatment Planning
577
R.P. Hugtenburg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583
Session Neutron-Gamma I: Theory and Methods
Research Themes of Broad Transport Applicability J. Spanier. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589
Response Decomposition with Monte Carlo Correlated Coupling T. Ueki, J.E. Hoogenboom, J.L. Kloosterman........................ 597
The Geometrical Sensitivity Option in MCBEND T. Shuttleworth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603
An Alternative Monte Carlo Method for the k-Eigenfunction? T.E. Booth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609
Continuous Energy Adjoint Monte Carlo for Coupled Neutron-Photon Transport J.E. Hoogenboom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613
Application of A 3MCNP™ to Radiation Shielding Problems A. Haghighat, J.C. Wagner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619
XVIII Contents
Session Neutron-Gamma II: Code Status
Status of JAERl's Monte Carlo Code MVP for Neutron and Photon Transport Problems T. Mori, K. Okumura, Y. Nagaya.................................. 625
Current Status of the Oak Ridge Monte Carlo Codes: MORSE/SAS4 and KENO M.B. Emmett, D.F. Hollenbach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 631
The Current Status and Future Plans for the Monte Carlo Codes MONK and MCBEND N. Smith, T. Shuttleworth, M. Grimstone, L. Hutton, M. Armishaw, A. Bird, N. Prance, S. Connolly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637
MCNP Capabilities at the Dawn of the 21st Century: Neutron-Gamma Applications E.G. Selcow, G. W. McKinney, T.E. Booth, J.F. Briesmeister, L.J. Cox, R.A. Forster, J.S. Hendricks, R.D. Mosteller, R.E. Prael, A. Sood, S. W. White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643
TRIPOLl-3: A Neutron/Photon Monte Carlo Transport Code J.C. Nimal, T. Vergnaud.......................................... 651
Session Neutron-Gamma III: Physics and Data
Modern Nuclear Data for Monte Carlo Codes R.C. Little, S.C. Prankle, M.C. White, R.E. MacFarlane, Ch.J. Werner, J.M. Campbell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657
The MCNP Code in Planning and Interpretation of Thermal Neutron Pulsed Experiments J. Dq,browska, K. Drozdowicz, U. Woinicka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663
Modelling Detector Responses to Neutrons Using MCNP J. Tickner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669
Simulation of Thermal Neutron Transport Processes Directly from the Evaluated Nuclear Data Files P.A. Androsenko, M.R. Malkov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675
Influence of the Photoneutrons on the Kinetics of the Beryllium Reflected Core of the Budapest Research Reactor G. Hord6sy, A. Kereszturi, P. vertes, Cs. Hegedus................... 681
Contents XIX
Session Neutron-Gamma IV: Algorithms and Computational Science
Variance Reduction with Multiple Responses K. W. Burn, G. Gualdrini, E. Nava................................. 687
Use of a Hybrid Monte Carlo Technique for Power Shape Calculations L. Hutton, N.R. Smith............................................ 697
Eigenvalue Uncertainty Evaluation in MC Calculations, Using Time Series Methodologies 0. Jacquet, R. Chajari, X. Bay, A. Nouri, L. Carrara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703
Development and Comparison of Monte Carlo Techniques Implemented in the MORET4 Code for the Calculation of Loosely Coupled Systems J. Miss, 0. Jacquet, A. Nouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711
Session Neutron-Gamma V: Experiments and Measurements
Sensitivity Analysis and Uncertainty Assessment in Applied Monte Carlo Particle Transport B.R.L. Siebert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719
Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis for Nuclear Criticality Safety Using KENO in the SCALE Code System B. T. Rearden. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 725
Monte Carlo Characterisation of the Radiation Field in the Thermal Column of the Portuguese Research Reactor A. Fernandes, A. Vieira, I. C. Gon9alves, A. Ramalho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731
Fission Rate Analysis of a Fast Reactor Fuel Performance Test Using MCNP T. Sekine, T. Aoyama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737
Benchmarking Monte Carlo Codes for Criticality Safety Using Subcritical Measurements T. Valentine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 43
Session Neutron-Gamma VI: Applications
Review of Industrial and Medical Applications that Utilize Coupled Neutron-Photon Monte Carlo Transport T. Goorley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 49
XX Contents
MCNP Calculations for the Shielding Design of a Beam Tube to Be Installed at the Portuguese Research Reactor I.F. Gon<;alves, A.G. Ramalho, I. C. Gon<;alves, J. Salgado . . . . . . . . . . . . 755
Monte Carlo Applications in Fusion Neutronics U. Fischer .................. ·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761
MCNP Simulation of Void Reactivity in a Simplified CANDU Core Sub-region F. Rahnema, S. Mosher, M. Pitts, P. Akhtar, D. Serghiuta. . . . . . . . . . . . 767
Monte Carlo Simulation of Natural Gamma Ray Spectrometry for Underwater Surfaces M. Maucec, P.H.G.M. Hendriks, R.J. de Meijer..................... 773
Monte Carlo Modelling of the Belgian Materials Testing Reactor BR2: Present Status B. Verboomen, A. Beeckmans de West-Meerbeeck, Th. Aoust, Ch. De Raedt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779
Session Neutron-Gamma VII: Benchmarks
Benchmark for a 3D Monte Carlo Boiling Water Reactor Fluence Computational Package - MF3D S. Sitaraman, R.-T. Chiang, K. Asano, K. Koyabu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785
Intercomparison of Monte Carlo and SN Sensitivity Calculations for a 14 MeV Neutron Benchmark U. Fischer, I. Kodeli, C. Konno, R.L. Perel......................... 791
Comparison of Snyder Head Phantom Models Used for Neutron Capture Therapy Benchmark Monte Carlo Dosimetry Calculations T. Goorley, W.S. Kiger III, R. Zamenhof........................... 797
Monte Carlo Modeling of Fast Sub-critical Assembly with MOX Fuel for Research of Accelerator-Driven Systems A. Polanski, V. Barashenkov, I. Puzynin, I. Rakhno, A. Sissakian 803
Evaluation of CRISTO II Storage Arrays Benchmark with TRIPOLI-4.2 Criticality Calculations Y.K. Lee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809
Session Neutron-Gamma VIII: Graphics and Analysis
Current State of Monte Carlo Visualization Tools R. Schwarz, L. Carter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815
Contents XXI
Conceptual Designing of a Reduced Moderation Pressurized Water Reactor by Use of MVP and MVP-BURN T. Kugo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821
The Role of Graphical Supporting Tools for Monte Carlo Analysis M. Armishaw, A. Bird, H. Crofts, N. Smith......................... 827
Simulating Variable Source Problems via Post Processing of Individual Particle Tallies D.L. Bleuel, R.J. Donahue, B.A. Ludewigt, J. Vujic.................. 833
MCNP Modelling of HTGR Pebble-Type Fuel Z. Karriem, C. Stoker, F. Reitsma................................. 841
Session Neutron-Gamma P: Miscellaneous Topics
Universal Approach for ADS Blanket Calculations Using the Monte Carlo Method V. V. Korobeinikov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 847
Monte Carlo Depletion Analysis of a PWR Integral Fuel Burnable Absorber by MCNAP H.J. Shim, C.S. Jang, C.H. Kim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851
Application of Biasing Optimization Techniques to Monte Carlo Shielding Analysis of a Transport Cask S. Mitake, 0. Sato, H. Tsunoda. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859
Improvement and Benchmarking of the New Shutdown Dose Estimation Method by Monte Carlo Code L. Petrizzi, H. Iida, D. Valenza, P. Batistoni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865
Monte Carlo Simulation of Neutron and Photon Transport with Direct Utilization of Information from Evaluated Nuclear Data Files P.A. Androsenko, D.L. Joloudov, A. V. Kompaniyets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871
Application of MCNP-Based Software Package MF3D for BWR Radiation Damage Computations R-T. Chiang, S. Sitaraman, K. Asano, K. Koyabu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 877
Why Do We Need TARGET? D. Schlegel, S. Guldbakke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 881
Noise Method for Monitoring the Subcriticality in Accelerator-Driven Systems Y. Rugama, J.L. Munoz-Cobo, T.E. Valentine....................... 887
XXII Contents
Sediment-Density Dependency of Natural Gamma Ray Spectra in a Borehole Geometry P.H.G.M. Hendriks, M. Maucec, R.J. de Meijer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 893
Some Experimental and Monte Carlo Investigations of the Plastic Scintillators for the Current Mode Measurements at Pulsed Neutron Sources A. Rogov, Yu. Pepyolyshev, M. Carta, A. d'Angelo................... 899
Feasibility Study of Non-Radioactive Tracers for Monitoring Injected Water in Oil Reservoirs H. Sawamura, K. Nishimura, H. Mituishi, T. Muta, J.S. Schweitzer.... 905
Neutronics and Shielding Analysis of an Ignitor S. Rollet, M. Rapisarda........................................... 911
Monte Carlo Calculations for Neutron and Gamma Radiation Fields on a Fast Neutron Irradiation Device A. Vieira, A. Ramalho, I. C. Gonf;alves, A. Fernandes, N. Barradas, J.G. Marques, J. Prata, Ch. Chaussy............................... 919
Shielding Assessment of the MYRRHA Accelerator-Driven System Using the MCNP Code M. Coeck, Th. Aoust, F. Vermeersch, A. Abderrahim................. 925
Numerical Tests for the Problem of U-Pu Fuel Burnup in Fuel Rod and Polycell Models Using the MCNP Code V.G. Muratov, A. V. Lopatkin...................................... 931
Session Hadronic I: Hadron Code Review
The HERMES Monte Carlo Program System: a Versatile Tool for Spallation Physics and Detector Applications D. Filges, R.-D. Neef, H. Schaal, G. Sterzenbach..................... 937
MARS Code Status N. V. Mokhov, 0.E. Krivosheev . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 943
Present Status of Nucleon-Meson Transport Code NMTC/JAERI H. Takada, S. Meigo, K. Niita . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 949
FL UKA: Status and Prospects for Hadronic Applications A. Fasso, A. Ferrari, P.R. Sala, J. Ranft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 955
Contents XX.III
Status of the MCNPX Transport Code H.G. Hughes, M.B. Chadwick, R.K. Corzine, H. W. Egdorf, F.X. Gallmeier, R.C. Little, R.E. MacFarlane, S.G. Mashnik, E.J. Pitcher, R.E. Prael, A.J. Sierk, E.G. Snow, L.S. Waters, M.C. White, P.G. Young......... 961
Session Hadronic II: Physics Model Calculations and Data Compilation
Physics Models and Nuclear Data Evaluations for Enhanced Monte Carlo Transport M.B. Chadwick, H.G. Hughes, R.C. Little, E.J. Pitcher, P.G. Young... 967
Development of Heavy Ion Transport Monte Carlo Code H. Iwase, T. Kurosawa, T. Nakamura, N. Yoshizawa, J. Funabiki...... 973
Baryon Stopping in High-Energy Collisions in the DPMJET-111 Model J. Ranft, R. Engel, S. Roesler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 979
Session Hadronic Ill: Applications I
Muons and Neutrinos at High-Energy Accelerators N. Mokhov, S. Striganov, A. Van Ginneken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 985
Utilization of Monte Carlo Calculations in Radiation Transport Analyses to Support the Design of the U.S. Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) J.0. Johnson.................................................... 991
Deep Penetration Monte Carlo Calculations for the European Spallation Source ESS I. Koprivnikar, E. Schachinger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 997
Validation of MC Models of Spallation Reactions in Thin and Thick Targets in the Ge V Range F. Goldenbaum, M. Enke, D. Filges, J. Galin, C.-M. Herbach, D. Hilscher, U. Jahnke, A. Letourneau, B. Lott, R.-D. Neef, K. Nilnighoff, N. Paul, A. Peghaire, L. Pienkowski, H. Schaal, U. Schroder, G. Sterzenbach, A. Tietze, V. Tishchenko, J. Toke, M. Wohlmuther .................. 1003
Design and Effects of the Proton Window of the Spallation Neutron Source F. C. Difilippo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1009
XXIV Contents
Application of the EA-MC Code Package to the Design of Accelerator-Driven Systems Y. Kadi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1015
Session Hadronic IV: Physics Models for Monte Carlo Codes
Hadronic Collisions: Physics, Models and Event Generators J. Ranft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1021
Modelling Hadronic Interactions J.P. Wellisch.................................................... 1027
The Monte Carlo Event Generator DPMJET-III S. Roesler, R. Engel, J. Ranft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1033
Object-Oriented Approach to Preequilibrium and Equilibrium Decays in Geant4 V. Lara. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1039
The GEM Code - the Generalized Evaporation Model and the Fission Model S. Furihata. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1045
Session Hadronic V: Applications II
Application of Monte Carlo to Proton Beam Radiation Therapy J. V. Siebers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1051
Monte Carlo Analysis of Correlation of Displacement Damage Due to Neutrons, Protons, Electrons and Gamma Ray in Microelectronic Devices Huang Liu Xing, Chen Shi Bin, Chen Yu Sheng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1057
Monte Carlo Simulations of Neutral Gas and Fast Ion Dynamics in GDT Experiments K. Noack ....................................................... 1063
Treatment Planning for Carbon Ion Radiotherapy M. Kramer, 0. Jiikel, T. Haberer, G. Kraft, D. Schardt, D. Scholz, U. Weber ....................................................... 1069
Neutron Shielding Calculations for a 230-MeV Proton Therapy Facility U. Titt, W.D. Newhauser, X. Yan, D. T. Dexheimer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1075
Contents XXV
Coupling MCNP-DSP and LAHET Monte Carlo Codes for Designing Subcriticality Monitors for Accelerator-Driven Systems T. Valentine, Y. Rugama, J.L. Munoz-Cobo, R. Perez . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1081
Session Hadronic VI: Experiments and Benchmarks
Shielding Benchmark Experiments Through Concrete and Iron with High-Energy Proton and Heavy Ion Accelerators T. Nakamura, M. Sasaki, T. Nunomiya, N. Nakao, E. Kim, T. Kurosawa, S. Taniguchi, H. lwase, Y. Uwamino, T. Shibata, S. Ito, A. Fukumura, D.R. Perry, P. Wright. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1085
New Method and Data on Residue Production in Spallation by 208Pb on Protons for the Design of Spallation Sources T. Enqvist, W. Wlazlo, J. Benlliure, F. Rejmund, P. Armbruster, M. Bernas, A. Boudard, S. Czajkowski, R. Legrain, S. Leray, B. Mustapha, M. Pravikoff, K.-H. Schmidt, C. Stephan, J. Taieb, L. Tassan-Got, C. Volant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1097
Determination of Stopping Power of Ions in Matter N.P. Barradas, C. Jeynes, R.P. Webb, E. Wendler................... 1105
Comparison of Spallation Neutron and Residual Nuclide Production Data with Different Intra-Nuclear Cascade Models S. Leray, A. Boudard, J. Cugnon, R. Legrain, C. Volant . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1111
Session Hadronic VII: Monte Carlo Methods and Theory
Design of Tracking and Generic Processes in Geant4 M. Asai, K. Amako, J. Apostolakis, H. Kurasige, T. Sasaki, J.-P. Wellisch................................................... 1117
Multigroup Boltzmann-Fokker-Planck Approach for Ion Transport in Amorphous Media N.D. Keen, A.K. Prinja, G.D. Dunham ............................. 1123
A Stochastic Model of Multiple Scattering of Charged Particles: Process, Transport Equation and Solutions L. Papiei, V. Tulovsky, V. Moskvin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1129
XXVI Contents
Session Hadronic P: Miscellaneous Topics
PICA3, an Updated Code of Photo-nuclear Cascade Evaporation Code PICA95, and Its Benchmark Experiments T. Sato, K. Shin, S. Ban, T.A. Gabriel, C. Y. Pu, H.S. Lee ............ 1139
Monte Carlo Simulation as an Aid to Alpha-Particle Spectrometry A. Martin Sanchez, A. Fernandez Timon, C.J. Bland
Measurements and Calculations of Secondary Particle Yields from 100-800 Me V /Nucleon Heavy Ions T. Kurosawa, T. Nakamura, H. Iwase, H. Sato, N. Nakao, Y. Uwamino,
1145
A. Pukumum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1151
Development of an Extended Range Bonner Sphere Spectrometer C. Bimttari, P. Cappellaro, A. MitarofJ, M. Silari.................... 1157
Influence of the FLUKA Geometrical Model on the ADS Demonstration Facility Criticality Calculations P. Neuhold...................................................... 1163
Simulation of Nucleus-Nucleus Interactions in the Framework of the FRITIOF Model A. Polanski, A.S. Galoyan, V. V. Uzhinskii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1169
Monte Carlo Simulation of the Neutron Time-of-Flight Facility at CERN V. Vlachoudis, C. Borcea, S. Buono, P. Cennini, A. Ferrari, Y. Kadi, V. Lacoste, E. Radermacher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1175
Systematic Uncertainties on the Determination of the top Mass at the LHC from Soft Fragmentation Effects M. David, A. Maio, A. de Angelis, A. Gomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1181
Author Index .................................................. 1187