ALTERNATIVE.EVERY

Advanced Natural Gas Engine Advanced Natural Gas Engine Technology for Heavy Duty VehiclesTechnology for Heavy Duty Vehicles

Dr. Mostafa M KamelDr. Mostafa M Kamel

HD Vehicle Environment Changes•

The economics of HD diesel vehicle operation are changing–

Higher vehicle pricing to meet 2007 emissions requirements

–

Further cost increases related to 2010 emissions technology

–

Higher cost of Ultra Low Sulfur diesel fuel

–

Uncertain crude oil pricing

•

Concern about Green House Gases

•

Advancements in NG engines in HD vehicles

What about Natural Gas?

•

Clean burning, safe vehicle fuel•

Abundant supply in North America

•

Renewable fuel –

Landfill Gas, Bio Gas•

Lower GHG emissions

•

Lower cost, less volatility•

Engine technology advancements

Simpler Cleaner Fuel

Complex Hydrocarbon

Simplest Hydro Carbon

High hydrogen-to-carbon ratio results in GHG advantage

EmissionsEmissionsEmissions

Large & Domestic FuelNatural GasNatural GasNatural Gas

•

Less than .01% used for transportation in U.S.–

10 million NGVs

would use about 3%•

World NG reserves estimated at 3x that of oil•

Huge advances being made in bio-Methane –

landfill gas (LFG), dairy farms, wastewater treatment plants

•

NGVs

offer solution to dependence on foreign oil–

U.S. imports up to 70% of its oil at a cost of $700 billion a year

98%98%

Supplied From

US and Canada

Imported

Energy SecurityEnergy SecurityEnergy Security

Source –

Clean Energy 2009

Lower Fuel CostsEconomicsEconomicsEconomics

Price History for Crude Oil, Diesel Fuel, and Vehicular Compressed Natural Gas

-$20

$-

$20

$40

$60

$80

$100

$120

$140

Jan-00 Jan-01 Jan-02 Jan-03 Jan-04 Jan-05 Jan-06 Jan-07 Jan-08 Jan-09Dai

ly C

rude

Oil

Spo

t Pric

e, C

ushi

ng, O

K W

TI S

pot P

rice

FOB

[Dol

lars

per

B

arre

l]

-$1.00

$-

$1.00

$2.00

$3.00

$4.00

$5.00

$6.00

$7.00

Ret

ail D

iese

l and

Nat

ural

Gas

Pric

es [D

olla

rs p

er D

iese

l-equ

ival

ent G

allo

n]Cushing, OK WTI Spot Price FOB (EIA) [Dollars per Barrel]

U.S. No 2 Diesel Retail Sales by All Sellers (EIA) [Dollars per Gallon]

Diesel fuel for vehicles (CCAFPR) [$/DEG]

CNG fuel for vehicles (CCAFPR) [$/DEG]

Diesel-CNG price gap (CCAFPR) [$/DEG]

data source: US DOE

Why Natural Gas Engines?Emissions Leadership

Heavy Duty engines at or lower than legislated limits

Greenhouse gas advantages

Energy Security

Reduced reliance on imported oil

Renewable (Bio-methane)

Economic Benefits

Lower cost fuel

Improved Efficiency

Life Cycle Cost advantage

Natural Gas Engine for HD Applications

• 8.9 litre Stoichiometric Cooled EGR• Ratings from 250 to 320 hp• 1000 ft.lb peak torque

• Low emissions• 0.20 g/bhp-hr NOx• 0.01 g/bhp-hr PM

• Three Way Catalyst Aftertreatment• Maintenance Free

• CNG, LNG, or BioMethane

Stoichiometric• Low NOx with TWC•

Limited power density, efficiency, durability

Natural Gas Engine Technology Evolution

Lean Burn•

Lean combustion improves power density, efficiency, durability• NOx control is in-cylinder•

Capable of EPA07 emissions, but not EPA10

Stoichiometric with Cooled EGR• Combines the attributes of Stoichiometric & Lean Burn combustion

• Oxygen-free exhaust enables TWC for NOx control• Cooled EGR delivers power density & efficiency• Sub-EPA10 emissions with passive aftertreatment

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

Air / Fuel Ratio

Per

cent

Max

imum

NO

x

Sto

ichi

omet

ric

LeanRich

Lean BurnEGR

ISLG Schematic

3-WayCatalyst

EGR-Cooler

Cha

rge

Air C

oole

r

Catalyst Inlet

NOX

CO

HC

Catalyst Outlet

N2

CO2

H2

O

ISL G TWC ‐

similar package size to current mufflers

Three Way Catalyst

Reduces three harmful emissions: NOX

, CO, HC

End products are: N2

, CO2

, H2

O

Simple, passive, maintenance-free

Technology Advantages

•

Separation of Combustion and Emissions control functions allows:–

Optimization of the catalyst design to produce the highest conversion efficiencies

Typical 3 Way Catalyst Conversion Efficiency

Technology Advantages

–

Optimization of combustion to produce best performance and efficiency

•

Transient response improved and low end torque increased

•

Fuel economy improvement of 5% achieved and demonstrated in the field compared to Lean Burn product

550

600

650

700

750

800

850

900

950

1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400

Engine Speed (rpm)

Torq

ue (l

b-ft

)

ISL G 280 C Gas Plus 280 ISL05 280

Higher torque Like Diesel

2010 ISL GCooled EGRCold-Side EGR

Valve

Fully Integrated Electronic Controls Fuel, Ignition, Catalyst, EGR

& Air Handling Controls

Integrated Fuel HousingCompact one piece

designThrottled air mixed

with fuel and EGR

GHG Well to Wheel for Urban Bus -

GH Genius

Post 2010 Results (Vancouver, Canada)

22.6% GHG reductionIncluding vehicle material and assembly -

21.9% GHG

Extraction Processing Transportation and storage

End user Total

Natural Gas

115 g/km 49.5 g/km 53.9 g/km 1,183.9 g/km

1,402.4 g/km

Diesel

268.8g/km 179.5 g/km 9.7 g/km 1,353.7g/km

1,811.7 g/km

Source:http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/es/etb/ctfca/PDFs/GHGenius/gh_genius_pamphlet0405_e.html

In-Use Emissions

•

In-use emissions measured (by Sensors Inc.) in a Sacramento Transit Bus in service

•

Used EPA in-use test procedure•

Emissions were significantly lower than the 2010 EPA Heavy Duty emissions regulations

Reduced Noise

Noise Comparison

70

80

90

100

110

Peak Torque / Full Load Idle / No Load

Engine Test Mode

Dec

ibel

es d

B(A

)

ISL G is 5.5 decibels quieter at peak torque and load

Communities notice the natural gas noise advantage.

ONE

Diesel engine idling is louder than TEN

natural gas engines idling together

ISL G is 9.9 decibels quieter at

Idle/no load

Natural Gas ApplicationsREFUSESPECIALTY BUSTRUCK

Biomethane Profile

•

Hilarides Dairy uses manure produced by 10,000 cows to generate 226,000 cubic feet of biomethane daily —

enough to reduce the Central Valley farm’s diesel fuel consumption by 650 gallons a day

•

Two 18 wheel tractor trailers powered by ISL G 320 operating on compressed Biomethane

•

Project financed with a grant from the California ARB Alternative Fuel Incentive Program

Hilarides

Dairy -

Lindsay, California

Summary•

Natural gas engine technology has evolved to meet the requirements of HD vehicle applications

•

CWI technology can meet the toughest emissions requirements while delivering–

Economics advantage

–

Simple aftertreatment–

Lower GHG emissions

•

Natural Gas engines use an abundant North American fuel and are compatible with Biomethane

as a renewable fuel

ALTERNATIVE.EVERY

Thank YouThank You