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The Royal Marsden
1
Advances in the treatment of melanoma and kidney cancer
Dr Samra TurajlicConsultant Medical Oncologist,
The Royal Marsden
Group Leader, the Francis Crick
Institute
Melanoma: Molecularly distinct diseases arising from the same cell of origin (melanocyte) in different anatomical sites
Cutaneous: chronically and intermittently sun-exposed skin
(BRAF 40%, NRAS 20%)
Acral (KIT 15%, BRAF 15%)
Ocular (GNAQ, GNA11, BAP1, SF3B1)
Mucosal (KIT 20%, NRAS 15%)
Gastrointestinal
Genitourinary
Sinonasal
Melanoma: Survival is linked to stage
Balch JCO 2009
Melanoma: Stage IV (metastatic) disease historical survival: median 6-9 monthsLargely resistant to chemotherapy
Chapman NEJM 2011
Melanoma: genetic discovery informs the first successful targeted therapy
Chapman NEJM 2011
Melanoma: responses to BRAF targeting excellent but often short-lived
Median progress-free survival ~6 months
Arozarena and Wellbrock 2017
Melanoma: Mechanism of resistance to BRAF inhibitors- dominated by reactivation of the signaling pathways downstream of BRAF gene
Trial
Progression Free Survival
medians
Dabrafenib + trametinibvs vemurafenib
11.4 vs 7.3 mos
HR 0.56, p<0.001
Dabrafenib + trametinibvs dabrafenib
9.3 vs 8.8 mos
HR 0.75, p=0.03
Vemurafenib + cobimetinibvs vemurafenib
9.9 vs 6.2 mos
HR 0.51, p<0.0001
Encorafenib + binimetinibvs vemurafenib
14.9 vs 7.3 mos
HR 0.54, p<0.0001
Long NEJM 2014, Larkin NEJM 2014, Robert NEJM 2015, Dummer TLO 2018
Melanoma: Combined BRAF & MEK inhibitors improve on BRAF inhibitors aloneNew standard of care
BRAFi
BRAFi and MEKi
Flaherty et al NEJM 2013
Mathematical Model: Most radiographically detectable lesions harbour at least 10 resistant subclones….
Melanoma: Resistance to targeted treatment almost inevitable in the metastatic setting-mechanisms pre-exist and are selected under the selective pressure of therapy
Resistant mutation
Treatment
Turajlic and Swanton, Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2017
Long NEJM 2017
Melanoma: Benefit of targeted therapy in the adjuvant setting- resistance not inevitable in this setting
BRAFi and MEKi
Interferon
+++
Immune stimulation
Interleukin 2
Harnessing the immune system to treat melanoma:The advent of immune checkpoint blockade
Interferon
+++
CTLA-4
- - -
Immune regulation
Immune stimulation
PD-1
Interleukin 2
e.g.
e.g.
APC T cell
MHC TCR
How does immune regulation function- Step 1: T cell activation
APC T cell
PD-1
B7-1 (CD80)
PD-L1
PD-L2
CD40 CD40L
CD137
OX40
CD137L
OX40L
LAG-3
MHC
CD28 ActivationB7-2 (CD86)
B7-1 (CD80) CTLA-4 Inhibition
TCR
Inhibition
Inhibition
Activation
Activation
Activation
Inhibition
• Immune checkpoints limit or ‘check’ an ongoing immune response
• Prevent damage to the healthy tissues
• Magnitude and quality of a T-cell response is regulated by a balance of activating and inhibitory signals
How does immune regulation function-Step 2: balance of activating and inhibitory signals
APC T cell
PD-1
B7-1 (CD80)
PD-L1
PD-L2
CD40 CD40L
CD137
OX40
CD137L
OX40L
LAG-3
MHC
CD28 ActivationB7-2 (CD86)
B7-1 (CD80) CTLA-4 Inhibition
TCR
Inhibition
Inhibition
Activation
Activation
Activation
Inhibition
CTLA4 blocking antibody:
Ipilimumab
PD1 blocking antibodies:
Nivolumab
Pembrolizumab
PDL1 blocking antibodies:
Atezolizumab
Exploitation of immune checkpoints for anti-tumour immune response
Escalating number of new indications for the use of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
16
Melanoma: The tail on the curve- immune checkpoint blockade may be a curative therapy?
17
Schadendorf et al. JCO 2015
Patients with metastatic melanoma treated with ant-CTLA4- 10 year follow up
Melanoma: Nivolumab + ipilimumab combination (PD1 and CTLA4 blockade)
2019: Overall survival >50% at 5 years cf2009: Overall survival 10-20% at 5 years
Melanoma: challenging areas - Brain Metastases, immunotherapy is effective
Tawbi NEJM 2018
Immunotherapy is associated immune-related toxicity
Wolchok NEJM 2017
▪ Uveitis▪ Conjunctivitis▪ Scleritis, episcleritis▪ Blepharitis▪ Retinitis
Eye
1. Michot JM, et al. Eur J Cancer. 2016;54:139-148.2. Champiat S, et al. Ann Oncol. 2016;27(4):559-574.
DRESS, drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms; GI, gastrointestinal; imAEs, immune-mediated adverse events.
▪ Encephalitis▪ Guillain–Barré▪ Myelopathy▪ Meningitis▪ Myasthenia gravis▪ Neuropathy
Neu
rolo
gica
l
▪ Pneumonitis▪ Interstitial lung disease▪ Pleuritis▪ Sarcoid-like granulomatosisR
esp
irat
ory
▪ Colitis▪ Ileitis▪ Pancreatitis▪ Gastritis
Gas
tro
-in
test
inal
▪ Haemolytic anaemia▪ Thrombocytopenia▪ Neutropaenia▪ Haemophilia
Blo
od
▪ Hyperthyroidism▪ Hypothyroidism▪ Hypophysitis▪ Adrenal insufficiency▪ Diabetes
End
ocr
ine
▪ Arthritis▪ Dermatomyositis
Mu
sculo
-ske
letal
▪ Hepatitis
Hep
atic
▪ Nephritis▪ Renal failure
Ren
al
▪ Rash▪ Pruritus▪ Psoriasis▪ Vitiligo▪ DRESS▪ Stevens–Johnson syndrome▪ Toxic epidermal necrolysis
Skin
▪ Myocarditis▪ Pericarditis▪ Vasculitis
Card
io-
vascul
ar
Immune-related toxicity can affect any organ tissue and requires careful multi-disciplinary management and follow-up
RMH leading on informing the practical management guidelines nationally and internationally
Translational protocol in development at Royal Marsden:
EXACT – understanding immunE related toXicities by multifACeT profiling
Chief Investigator: Samra Turajlic, EXACT collaborators, clinical fellow Laura Boos
C1 C2 C3 C4baselineTOXICITY
Faecal calprotectinStool microbiome analysisBlood markers
Faecal calprotectinStool microbiome analysisBlood markers
All baseline assessments repeatedBlood Markers
Faecal calprotectin
Understanding the mechanisms that underpin different Immune-related toxicities will help their management
Melanoma: Adjuvant immunotherapy decreases the risk of relapse for stage 3 disease
Ipillimumab
Nivolumab
Weber NEJM 2017
Melanoma- Challenges for Immunotherapy
• Duration of therapy: how much is needed?
• Side effects for combination therapy (Effect on fertility may be particularly relevant for
many of our patients in the adjuvant setting)
• Neoadjuvant therapy showing great early promise- will it be durable?
• No benefit from immunotherapy in 40% of patients….new targets and combinations
needed→ extensive programme at RMH Skin Unit to understand the mechanisms of
resistance (Melanoma TRACERx and PEACE studies)
Excise tumor
clinical site to CMO
Thaw andinfuse LN-144,
followed by IL-2 administration
Fragmentation
Expansionex vivo
ex vivo culture
IL-2 +
OKT3
Co-culture TILand feeder cells
Rapid Expansion (REP) 11 days
Tumor Fragment Culture (Pre-REP) 11 days
+ IL-2
Cryopreserved TIL infusion
product
Harvest
NMA-LD preconditio
ning therapy
Melanoma- latest advances, Adoptive Cell Therapy
Melanoma- latest advances, Adoptive Cell Therapy
41% objective response rate in heavily pre-treated patients
Ongoing studies at RMH
Clear Cell 75% (ccRCC)Papillary 15%
Collecting duct<1%Medullary <1%
Chromophobe 5%Oncocytoma <1%
Proximal tubule
Distal tubule
Cortex
Medulla
Renal Cell Carcinoma: distinct histological subtypes diseases arising from the nephron
ccRCC: Survival is linked to stage
• ~30% distant relapse after localized management
• ~30% present with de-novo metastatic disease
• Metastatic latency highly variable (e.g. pancreatic very late)
• Clinical progression trajectory also highly variable (e.g. low volume lung mets)
Site Incidence (%)
Lung 50-60%
Lymph node 30-40%
Liver 30-40%
Bone 30-40%
Adrenal 20%
Contralateral kidney
10%
Brain 5%
ccRCC: Two contexts of metastatic disease
ccRCC: Variable outcomes from systemic treatment of metastatic disease
MSKCC Criteria1
Treated with first line interferon-alfa
Prognostic factors
Prognostic group Median OS
Time to systemic therapy (<1 yr)
29.6 months
95%CI 20.9-37.8mPerformance status (KPS <80%)
LDH(>1.5x ULN)
13.8 months95%CI 12.4-15.9m
Anaemia(<LLN) 4.9 months
95%CI 4.3-6.3mHypercalcaemia(>ULN)
IMDC (Heng’s) Criteria2,3
Treated with first-line TKI
Prognostic factors Prognostic group Median OS
Time to systemic therapy (<1 yr) 43.2 months
95%CI 31.4-50.1mPerformance status (KPS <80%)
Anaemia(<LLN) 22.5 months
95%CI 18.7-25.1mHypercalcaemia(>ULN)
Neutrophilia(>ULN) 7.8 months
95%CI 6.5-9.7mThrombocytosis(>ULN)
ccRCC: Variable outcomes associate with distinct patterns of tumour evolution
ccRCC: Function inactivation of VHL gene is a hallmark →pseudohypoxia→increase in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
Lindgren, D., J. Sjolund, and H. Axelson, Tracing Renal Cell Carcinomas back to the Nephron. Trends Cancer, 2018. 4(7): p. 472-484.
cRCC: VEGF pathway is a critical therapy target
CA Cancer J Clin. 2017 Nov;67(6):507-524. doi: 10.3322/caac.21411. Epub 2017 Sep 29. Treatment of renal cell carcinoma: Current status and future directions. Barata PC1, Rini BI2.
ccRCC: VEGF inhibition- Sunitinib
1st line anti-VEGF vs cytokineProgression free survival- 11 vs 5 months (HR0.42)
Overall survival update (2009, JCO)- 26.4 vs 21.8 months (HR0.82, p=0.51)
“Overall survival differed according to MSKCC risk groups (favorable > intermediate > poor risk) for patients treated on each arm of the trial”
J Clin Oncol. 2009 Aug 1;27(22):3584-90. Overall survival and updated results for sunitinib compared with interferon alfa in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Motzer RJ1,
ccRCC: Pazopanib versus Sunitinib
Pazopanib demonstrated PFS benefit in phase III study (Sternberg et al, JCO 2010)
Efficacy and safety 1st line studyCOMPARZ study
Progression free survival & overall survival- non-inferior compared to sunitinib (HR1.05)- similar compared to sunitinib (HR0.91)
Quality of life scores favoured Pazopanib
Potent selective 2nd generation VEGF inhibitor
- Prior sunitinib / bev + INFa / temirolimus/ cytokine based
- PFS 6.7m vs 4.7m (HR 0.67)- ORR: 19 vs 9% in favour of axitinib
(p=0.0001)- Median duration of response:11 vs
10.6m- Less toxic, discontinuation rate 4 vs 8%- Benefit across pre-specified subgroups
(previous therapy)
ccRCC: new generation VEGF inhibitors- Axitinib
Multi-kinase inhibitor; post 1 or more VEGF-inhibitor
Overall survival- Median 21.4 vs 16.5 months (HR 0.66)
Progression free survival- Median 7.4 vs 3.9 months (HR 0.51)
Objective response rate- 17% vs 3%
Grade 3/4 toxicity rates- 39% vs 40%
ccRCC: multi-kinase inhibitors- Cabozantinib
1st line combination vs sunitinibMSKCC risk groups (n=1096)
• Poor risk 38.5% (n=422)
• Intermediate risk 39% (n=425)
• Favourable risk 22.7% (n=249)
Overall survival- median CPI not reached vs 26m sunitinib (HR0.63)Objective response rate 42% vs 27%
Exploratory analysis – favourable risk group did better on sunitinib
ccRCC: Nivolumab + ipilimumab combination (PD1 and CTLA4 blockade)
Keynote 426 – pembrolizumab plus axitinib vs sunitinib
• OS benefit – HR0.53 (median not reached)
• Response rate 59.3% vs 35.7%
• Benefit in PD-L1 +/- subgroups
Rini et al, NEJM 2019
ccRCC: what about combining VEGF inhibition and immunotherapy?
Immotion 151 - atezolizumab alone or in combination with bevacizumab versus sunitinib
N= 305
Co-primary endpoints: PFS in PD-L1+ population / OS in ITT population
Rini et al, The Lancet 2019
ccRCC: what about combining VEGF inhibition and immunotherapy?
ccRCC: Evolving treatment landscape
1. Hsieh, J.J., et al., Renal cell carcinoma. Nat Rev Dis Primers, 2017. 3: p. 17009.
Ipilimumab + Nivolumab
AntiPD1/PDL1 + anti-VEGF
ccRCC: Evolving treatment landscape- but how to choose the right therapy for each patient?
• APREDICT
A Phase II Study of Axitinib in Patients with Metastatic Renal Cell Cancer Unsuitable for Nephrectomy
• ADAPTeR
A Study of Anti-PD1 (Nivolumab) Therapy as Pre- and Post-operative Therapy in Metastatic Renal Cell Cancer
ccRCC: Evolving treatment landscape- biomarker research at the RMH
Analyses led by Lewis Au
• Scientific progress has laid the foundations for the recent systemic
therapeutic revolution in melanoma and renal cancer
• The role of surgery is changing too
• Several major challenges still remain, notably in refractory populations,
bad biology disease, side effect management and individualisation of
treatment
• Many exciting approaches under evaluation
• Continued engagement in research and clinical trials vital for further
progress
Summary
Acknowledgements
Our patients and their families
Melanoma and Renal Clinical Trials Team, Royal Marsden, led by Kim Edmonds
James Larkin and Lisa Pickering
Friends and colleagues in the UK and internationally in the clinic, academia, industry and advocacy groups
My lab at the Crick institute