AFRICA REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION …siteresources.worldbank.org/KFDLP/Resources/461197-1199907090464/... · Africa Regional Workshop on Science, Technology

Africa Regional Workshop on Science, Technology and Innovation 1

THE WORLD BANK Embassy of Finland, Pretoria

AAFFRRIICCAA RREEGGIIOONNAALL WWOORRKKSSHHOOPP OONN

SSCCIIEENNCCEE,, TTEECCHHNNOOLLOOGGYY AANNDD IINNNNOOVVAATTIIOONN

Hotel Avenida, Maputo,

27 to 29 November 2007

TTAABBLLEE OOFF CCOONNTTEENNTTSS

DAY 1 – 27 NOVEMBER 2007 LIST OF DELEGATES 4 SUMMARY REPORT DAY ONE 7 PREAMBLE AND WORKSHOP PROGRAM OVERVIEW: 7 Mr Robert Hawkins World Bank Institute, South Africa WELCOME ADDRESS: 7 Dr António Leão Director, Ministry of Science and Technology, Mozambique WELCOME ADDRESS 8 The Honourable Mr Joseph Mugambe Chairperson, Standing Committee on Science and Technology, Parliament of Uganda PRESENTATION: “TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS (TAP) IN UGANDA AND MOZAMBIQUE” 8 Dr Caroline Wagner Researcher, SRI International


DAY 2 – 28 NOVEMBER 2007 SUMMARY REPORT DAY TWO 15 WELCOME ADDRESS 15 Mr Kari Alanko Ambassador of Finland, Mozambique WELCOME ADDRESS 16 Mr Michael Baxter World Bank Country Director, Mozambique PRESENTATION OF WORKSHOP PROGRAM 17 Mr Robert Hawkins World Bank Institute, South Africa PANEL DISCUSSION 1 - Governance issues 17 Moderator: Dr Caroline Wagner Panelists: Dr Marcelino Lucas (Mozambique) Hon Joseph Mugambe (Uganda) and Dr Buleti Nsemukila (Zambia) PANEL DISCUSSION 2- Systems of Innovation 19 Moderator: Mr Dhesigen Naidoo (Department of Science and Technology, SA) Panelists: Mrs Helena Tapper (Finland), Ms Sara Farley (USA), Prof Otlogetswe Totolo (Botswana) Presentation: Systems of Innovation The NSI in Action – the Finnish Case Mrs Helena Tapper (Embassy of Finland, Pretoria) 21 Presentation: “Finnish Model of Innovation System” PRESENTATION: CHALLENGES FACING S&T IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIESHon Prof. Dr. Venâncio Massingue 23 PRESENTATION: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION – FROM CASE STUDIES TO POLICY IN AFRICADr Caroline Wagner, SRI Internationa 23

DAY 3 – 29 NOVEMBER 2007

SUMMARY REPORT DAY THREE 26 WELCOME ADDRESS 26 Hon Peter Daka, Minister, Ministry of Science, Technology and Vocational Training, Zambia SECTOR BREAKAWAY GROUP REPORTS (FROM DAY 2) PRESENTATION: AGROPROCESSING Facilitator: Dr Caroline Wagner Rapporteur: Prof Evelyne Mbede (Tanzania) 27 PRESENTATION: ENERGY Facilitator: Dr Bob Day Rapporteur: Mr Lefa Thamae (Lesotho) 28


PRESENTATION: HEALTH Facilitator: Mr Bob Hawkins Rapporteur: Dr Musa Dube (Swaziland) 29 ICT (No presentation) Facilitator: Ms Helena Tapper Rapporteur: Ms Jane Chinkusu (Zambia) 30 PRESENTATION: TRANSPORT AND LOGISTICS Facilitator: Dr Neville Comins Rapporteur: Dr Arjoon Suddhoo (Mauritius) 32 PANEL DISCUSSION 3 – Research and Innovation 34 Facilitator: Dr Neville Comins (The Innovation Hub) Panelists: Mr Lauri Kuukasjärvi (COFISA), Prof Muhammadou Kah (Nigeria), Prof Cripsus Kiamba (Kenya) PRESENTATION – MECHANISMS FOR LINKING RESEARCH, INNOVATION AND COMMERCIALISATION PRESENTATION – RESEARCH, INNOVATION AND MARKET Prof Crispus Kiamba 36 PRESENTATION – AFRICAN REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION Mr L Kuukasjärvi 37 Professor Kah, Dean of ICT, American University of Nigeria (no presentation) 39 MECHANISMS FOR REGIONAL INTEGRATION SECTOR BREAKAWAY GROUP REPORTS (DAY 3) THEME 1 – INNOVATION CENTRES, SCIENCE PARKS AND INCUBATORS 40 THEME 2 – GRASSROOTS AND RURAL LINKAGES 41 THEME 3 – FUNDING FOR S&T 42 THEME 4 – REPLICATION OF EFFECTIVE MODELS FOR SYSTEMS 42 OF INNOVATION PRESENTATION – REPLICATION OF EFFECTIVE MODELS OF INNOVATION THEME 5 – LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY ISSUES 42 REGIONAL INTEGRATION OPPORTUNITIES – THE WAY FORWARD 43 Facilitator: Mr Bob Hawkins (World Bank) Panelist: Dr Neville Comins (South Africa), Mrs Helena Tapper (Finland), Dr A Suddhoo (Mauritius), Mr Ismail Barugahara (Uganda) CLOSING SPEECH 47 Hon Prof. Dr. Eng. Venâncio Massingue List of Acronyms 49 Acknowledgements 49 Workshop Agenda 50


LLIISSTT OOFF DDEELLEEGGAATTEESS COUNTRY DELEGATE DESIGNATION AND ORGANISATION Botswana Prof O Totolo Dean of Science, University of Botswana Finland Mr K Alanko Ambassador of Finland, Mozambique Mrs H Tapper Counselor, Embassy of Finland, Pretoria Mr L Kuukasjärvi Advisor, COFISA Programme, Pretoria Mr J Hinkkanen Advisor, Ministry of Science and Technology, Mozambique Mr A Martins Embassy of Finland, Mozambique Kenya Prof C Kiamba Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Science and Technology Mr M Kahiti Ministry of Science and Technology Lesotho Mr T Ntho Senior research Officer, Department of Science And Technology Mr E L Thamae Senior Research Officer, Department of Science And Technology Ms F Manyala Research Officer, Department of Science and Technology Mozambique Hon Dr V Massingue Honorable Minister, Ministry of Science and Technology, Mozambique Dr A J Leão Director, Ministry of Science and Technology Dr A Atanásio Director, Ministry of Science and Technology Dr M Lucas Director, Ministry of Science and Technology Mr M Gondola Research Assistant, Ministry of Science and Technology Mr M Baxter Country Director, World Bank Ms A Menezes Education Specialist, World Bank Ms I Neto Information Specialist, World Bank Mozambique Mr J T Dai Promosoft, Mozambique Mr A Nhacolo Manhica Health Research Centre Mr A Rêgo Ministry of Energy, Mozambique Mr J C Frade Kanes Alfaias Agricolas SARL, Maputo Mr R Sultana Technoserve, Maputo Mauritius Mr R G D Auckbur Director, Post Secondary and Tertiary Section


Ministry of Education and Human Resources Dr A Suddhoo Executive Director, Mauritius Research Council Mr D Balgobin Curator, Rajiv Gandhi Science Centre Namibia Ms L Kambonde Senior Science and Technology Officer Ministry of Education Ms H L Shikongo Science and Technology Officer, Ministry of Education Nigeria Prof M Kah Dean, ICT American University of Nigeria Portugal Dr T Pereira Centre for Social Studies, University of Coimbra, Portugal South Africa Mr D Naidoo Group Executive, S&T International, Ministry of Science and Technology Dr N Comins Chief Executive Officer, The Innovation Hub, Pretoria Dr R Day Consultant, Non Zero Sum Development Mr G Pienaar European Commission, SA Mr P Greenwood Consultant, Non Zero Sum Development Ms T Naidoo- World Bank Institute, Pretoria Swettenham Swaziland Mrs C Dlamini Senior Inspector for Science, Ministry of Education Dr M Dube Senior Lecturer, University of Swaziland Prof M Dlamini Dean, Faculty of Science, University of Swaziland Tanzania Hon Prof E Mbede Director of Science and Technology, Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Technology Mr G Bapala Science and Technology Officer, Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Technology Mrs M Komba Senior Science and Technology Officer, Ministry of Higher Education Science and Technology Uganda Hon J Mugambe Chairperson, Standing Committee on Science And Technology, Parliament of Uganda Hon G K Sematiko Deputy Chairperson, Standing Committee on Science and Technology, Parliament of Uganda Dr P Ndemere Executive Secretary, Uganda National Council For Science and Technology Mr I Barugahara Assistant Executive Secretary, Uganda National Council for Science and Technology


Mr J Ecuru Assistance Executive Secretary, Uganda National Council for Science and Technology Mr J C Wasswa Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development Prof C Kwesiga Executive Director, Uganda Industrial Research Institute Mr R Nsumba-Lyazi Assistant Commissioner, Ministry of Education And Sport Prof P Mugambi President, Uganda National Academy of Science USA Dr C S Wagner Research team leader, SRI International, Arlington, Virginia Ms S Farley Consultant, SRI International, Arlington Virginia Mr G Scotland Consultant Science and Technology, World Bank, Washington DC Mr R Hawkins Senior Operations Officer, World Bank Institute Ms S Ayers World Bank, Washington DC Zambia Hon PMW Daka Honourable Minister, Ministry of Science, Technology and Vocational Training Dr B G Nsemukila Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Science, Technology and Vocational Training Dr D M Wanchinga Executive Secretary, National Science and Technology Council Mrs J Chinkusu Chief Scientific Officer, Ministry of Science, Technology and Vocational Training Zimbabwe Hon P Zhuwao Deputy Minister, Ministry of Science and Technology Development Mr C Mupeyiwa Senior Science and Technology Officer, Ministry of Science and Technology Development Ms G Chingonzo Deputy Director, Ministry of Science and Technology Development



AAFFRRIICCAA RREEGGIIOONNAALL WWOORRKKSSHHOOPP OONN

SSCCIIEENNCCEE,, TTEECCHHNNOOLLOOGGYY AANNDD IINNNNOOVVAATTIIOONN ((SSTTII)) Hotel Avenida, Maputo,

27 to 29 November 2007

SUMMARY REPORT – DAY ONE

Tuesday 27 November 2007 (14h00)

_____________________________________________________________________________

PPRREEAAMMBBLLEE AANNDD WWOORRKKSSHHOOPP PPRROOGGRRAAMM OOVVEERRVVIIEEWW:: MMrr RRoobbeerrtt HHaawwkkiinnss WWoorrlldd BBaannkk IInnssttiittuuttee,, SSoouutthh AAffrriiccaa The first day of The African Regional Workshop on Science and Technology, co-hosted by the World Bank Human Development (Africa Region – AFTH1), the World Bank Institute (WBI) and the Embassy of Finland, was opened by Mr Hawkins of the World Bank Institute. The afternoon’s programme focussed on feedback from a study on Technical Assistance Programs (TAP) conducted in Uganda and Mozambique by SRI International and presented by Dr Caroline Wagner. WWEELLCCOOMMEE AADDDDRREESSSS:: Dr António Leão Ministry of Science and Technology, Mozambique The Honourable Minister welcomed all delegates to the programme. He stated that Mozambique has only recently emerged from a situation of conflict dating back to 1962 and has therefore not been able to attain the same level of development as other developing nations, particularly in the fields of science and technology (S&T). Nonetheless, Mozambique’s government is committed to S&T and has the political will to design and implement a programme which will take the country forward in this regard. Furthermore, Mozambique sees TAP as a powerful instrument for opening and maintaining a dialogue between developing nations and their multi-lateral and bi-lateral partners. As an illustration of the Mozambican community to adopt new technology, Minister Massingue emphasised the quick pace that the Internet was accepted in Mozambique. He stated that in 1989,


Mozambique talked about the Internet, in 1992 internet facilities were introduced, and by 1994 information and articles on Mozambique were available on the internet giving the world a window on the opportunities available and progress being made in the country. In 2004, the Mozambican government acknowledged that a cross-cutting government sector was needed to promote knowledge across all spheres of government activities and to assist the country with its macro economic planning, sector planning and, in particular, resource development with an emphasis on adding value to the country’s human and natural resources. To this end the Ministry of Science and Technology was formed and within this Ministry, the technical assistance program (TAP) will assist with policy planning to address these issues. WWEELLCCOOMMEE AADDDDRREESSSS TThhee HHoonnoouurraabbllee MMrr JJoosseepphh MMuuggaammbbee CChhaaiirrppeerrssoonn,, SSttaannddiinngg CCoommmmiitttteeee oonn SScciieennccee aanndd TTeecchhnnoollooggyy,, PPaarrlliiaammeenntt ooff UUggaannddaa Honourable Mr Mugambe informed the delegates that Uganda has in place a Standing Committee on Science and Technology which reviews, monitors and makes recommendations on S&T issues and co-ordinates research currently being done by experts in their respective fields. Currently Uganda has many draft policies under consideration with regard to S&T and the challenge now is to get these draft policies elevated to actual implementation. However, in order to do this there must be closer co-operation between the Ugandan government, the private sector and academia across local, regional and international boundaries. PPRREESSEENNTTAATTIIOONN:: ““TTEECCHHNNIICCAALL AASSSSIISSTTAANNCCEE PPRROOGGRRAAMMSS ((TTAAPP)) IINN UUGGAANNDDAA AANNDD MMOOZZAAMMBBIIQQUUEE”” DDrr CCaarroolliinnee WWaaggnneerr SSRRII IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaall Dr Wagner first thanked both the Finnish Embassy and the World Bank for their support to the research team. She stated that economic growth is a product of science and technology, markets and firms, finance and a skilled workforce. The TAP study essentially identifies the gaps and opportunities existing in the fields of science, technology and innovation in both Uganda and Mozambique, proposes tools which can assist with addressing these gaps and ultimately aims to inform policy decisions regarding the design and implementation of appropriate systems. Presentation: Science and Technology – Understanding the Knowledge System in Context Within the hierarchy of the infrastructure of capacity, knowledge sits at the top of the pyramid supported by physical infrastructure, energy, information and technology. The purpose of the study was essentially to address STI within the African context using Uganda and Mozambique as specific models. The THICK* methodology was the framework used to conduct research in the fields of health, ICTs, energy and agro-processing sectors. Ultimately the aim is to use THICK within policy frameworks to set short and long-term decision points. Economic growth is dependent on four main criteria: markets and firms, a skilled workforce, flexible and stable financial packages and science and technology.


THICK – Technology, Human Resources, Institutions, Communications, Knowledge

The Interlocking Infrastructures of Capacity

Physical

Energy & Transport

Information

Technical

Knowledge Research and development are at the very core of an STI infrastructure supporting the outer shells of science, technology and engineering (STE) and related activities.

Science, Technology

Engineering

R&D

Related STE

Activities

Figure 1. Components of a Science & Technology System

The THICK framework comprises: Technology – use of and transfer opportunities Human Resources – entrepreneurship, Institutional Resources Communication Capacities Knowledge Base


Uganda

The five sub-sectors chosen for study in Uganda were: supermarkets and newspaper distribution, oilseed production, petroleum and natural gas and ICT in transport and ethnobotany. Each sub-sector was then analysed and the findings of each THICK component evaluated.

Ethnobotany: Technology

Production capability is weak; testing capacity very low; standards capacity weak

Human Resources

Trained chemists and biologists available; university researchers conducting quality research Institutional Resources

Good institutional resources, awareness of need for research and building of networked centers Communications Capabilities

Some public-private partnerships are in existence; good communication from government to research sector; good international collaboration on-going Knowledge Resources

Good domestic knowledge resources; good links to international collaborative capacities to scan and gain knowledge

Energy: Technology

Basic technology for exploration in place; international collaborations add capabilities in drilling, identification of potential sources Human Resources

Weak capabilities in geology, hydrology, some training going on at university level Institutional Resources


Ministry has strong planning team, good scientific capacity; private sector very weak Communications Resources

No national – level dialog on scientific needs in place; no public-private partnerships within Uganda Knowledge Resources

Ministry has good access to maps, GIS, global resources; awareness of the intellectual property and licensing issues

Transport Logistics: Two different models were used for the study: newspaper distribution and supermarket distribution channels. Technology

Very weak capabilities, great need for product traceability, infrastructure gaps at regional level Human Resources

Very few people trained in software adaptation, product life-cycle management Institutional Resources

No vocational classes, no business management capability in private sector Communications Capabilities

Private sector demonstration processes not evident; cross-sectoral communications missing Knowledge Resources

Local resources very weak; connections to global resources very weak unless through MNC ________________________________________________________________

Mozambique

The Mozambican study covered the fields of health and botany and agro-processing.


Health and Botany:

Technology

Differential existing equipment; some up to date, some in need of updating; need to organise nationally existing research equipment and access; Human Resources

Strong lack of human resources; medical doctors and other trained professionals; Low capability for attracting and retaining the most qualified;

Institutional Resources

Public research institute; public/international partnership in research institute; New ethnobotany dedicated institute in preparation (intending to develop technology

transfer capabilities – limited at present) Weak industrial presence 2 scientific councils at MCT (Health and Ethnobotany) Quality certification has to be found abroad

Communication Capacities

Local research community exchanges views Need for improved e-infrastructure Interaction between research and clinical practice

Knowledge Base

Knowledge being produced Need for wider identification of local plants with potential medical (or other) use Existing network of traditional healers Limited research funds Non existing research career in public research organisations (and hence reduced

attractiveness); Weak administrative and financial autonomy of public research organisations;

Agro-processing: Technology

Cashew Production - need for replanting of new trees (old trees affected by pests and low productivity); there are existing stocks of plants

Processing - new investments being made in processing; worker health problems (CNSL) Potential to better use by-products

Human Resources


Production – large agricultural extension network Processing – low productivity of workers, high absenteeism and high rotation, low salaries

Institutional Resources

Incaju (support to producers), Aicaju (industrialists), IIAM (research), extension network, strong international links (namely within Africa, through industrialists association)

Limited financial credit conditions Trade unions unsatisfied with working conditions and pay

Communication Capacities

Need for improvement of roads and other infrastructural networks Knowledge Base

Research on plant varieties; broad knowledge on plant development and productivity Existing studies on industry conditions Supporting funds for plant substitution Local processing industry interacts and exchanges knowledge with producers

____________________________________________________________ Findings of the study: The overall findings of the study indicate that:

• There is existing research capacity present in both countries which can be drawn upon.

• Uganda has a broader spectrum of publications in comparison to Mozambique • Most sectors understand that there is technology available to increase

efficiency but did not use such technology • T = Awareness of technological options exists • H = Training opportunities exist alongside strong diaspora links from outside • I = Organisations are in place to perform key functions • C = Where they exist, linkages are fundamental to performance • K = The knowledge base is spread across global, regional and local levels • In some cases markets will provide the incentives needed to share knowledge but in

others governments must create the incentives i.e. rewards to write software programmes which benefit specific sectors.

CCOONNCCLLUUSSIIOONN: Dr Wagner stated that in the opinion of the researchers a greater emphasis needs to be placed on “C”- communication linkages which are fundamental to performance specifically:

• Extension services • ICT access • S&T communication in government • Media, business associations and professional societies


• Public awareness It was also stated that the links between industry requirements and university training are weak. Metrology, testing and standards are all extremely weak across all sectors and feedback is minimal – a product will move from production to the market with no feedback being received/given between the two sectors. Furthermore, there is a marked lack of input from stakeholders particularly when reaching out to governments to secure funding for S&T funding. Lastly, the public must be educated as to the importance of S&T research. The consequences of these weak linkages results in specific products not being created and thus problems are not solved. Institutional functions are not performed effectively because they do not have the requisite knowledge to serve the value chain accordingly. Methods to address the lack of communication linkages: Incentives: In many cases the market itself provides the incentive but governments can boost this by removing barriers to communication and offering incentives i.e. rewards for writing appropriate software packages which are applicable to local conditions. Questions, comments and answers: A short question and comment period then followed with the delegates requesting that more detailed information be given in the following two days of the programme. It was commented that the findings for policy intervention were interesting but would be more helpful if quantitative data could be submitted for the purposes of tracking progress. Some of the studies presented a snapshot only and it would be a useful tool if these could be used as a reference against which to measure, monitor and evaluate performance in the future as well for use in comparing progress between Uganda and Mozambique. However, the study has identified the importance of stakeholders. Another comment was that the study needs to better analyse the data gathered. Furthermore, the map of the study as outlined did not indicate whether or not the projects are related to a macro economic strategy. Linkages need to be identified between what is coming out of the study and what is already happening. It was pointed out by the SRI team that the models chosen for study were done so on the basis of the extent to which they could reveal what is happening with regard to S&T within Uganda and Mozambique. The purpose of the study was not to review or report on the S&T systems in place but rather to determine where S&T worked well and where there were gaps and challenges within the system and the policies to address these. The study attempts to determine if there is demand for technology within the system, what that demand is and why it is not being attended to. For example, the discovery of oil in Uganda means that more trained geologists are needed and so resources must be put into this field, along with hydrology and its related activities. The research team was asked to put together two or three slides mapping out the system currently in place in each country and from which the nature of intervention can be discussed and debated in the breakaway groups. CCLLOOSSUURREE OOFF DDAAYY OONNEE RR HHaawwkkiinnss Mr Hawkins informed the delegates that a written report from the study group would be available towards end December 2007.

Ω


SUMMARY REPORT – DAY TWO

Wednesday 28 November 2007 (09h00)

_____________________________________________________________________________ WWEELLCCOOMMEE AADDDDRREESSSS MMrr KKaarrii AAllaannkkoo AAmmbbaassssaaddoorr ooff FFiinnllaanndd,, MMoozzaammbbiiqquuee

Mr Alanko opened his address by stating that it is common wisdom that the development of knowledge and innovativeness contributes to the development of societies. However, the competitiveness of economies has shown that only systematic and rigorous investment in technology and innovation can make meaningful difference to the societies of countries. Finland is known for its high standards of education, excellent technology and state-of-the-art research and innovation systems. These factors, based on knowledge and expertise, have had a major impact on that country’s economic and social development despite the fact that only 50 years ago Finland was seen as a developing country. What has this to do with Africa? A recent UN conference on Trade and Development reported that knowledge is becoming more and more important in the global sphere of competition and production. Africa is already somewhat marginalised from global economies because of a lack of diversity in its products and innovation and this only increases the risk of it being marginalised even further. Sustained economic productivity will not occur in a market where there is no diversity of product or value-add to resources coupled with a serious lack of capacity to build innovation. In recent years many African countries have accepted that S&T is a key driver to bridging the knowledge and digital divide in order to reach development goals. Mozambique is a good example of this. It has a rigorous strategy in place to develop S&T and promote an informed society. The question is, however, can this strategy be implemented successfully in order to reduce poverty and improve Mozambique’s economic development? The Aims of the Workshop Essentially the workshop has five primary aims, which are to:

• Identify mutual interests in S&T and innovation on a regional co-operation basis • Share ideas • Establish best practices – create large economic zones within which private sector

businesses can operate. • Discuss the funding of projects i.e. science park development in southern Africa (public

and private sector partnerships are non-negotiable in this regard) • Identify areas of mutual regional collaboration

Finland is often mentioned as being a country strong in ICT and thus many people think that the secret of innovation and economic growth is the ICT industry itself and its technological innovations. However, recent Finnish research confirms that although 30% of the GDP growth in the country was ICT related, most of this growth was produced by the multiplying effect of ICT – the integration of ICT into all sectors of society. Actual ICT growth was only 6% which indicates that it is not necessarily the key to growth but rather the key to innovation using ICT in all sectors of society.


WWEELLCCOOMMEE AADDDDRREESSSS MMrr MMiicchhaaeell BBaaxxtteerr WWoorrlldd BBaannkk CCoouunnttrryy DDiirreeccttoorr,, MMoozzaammbbiiqquuee Mr Baxter thanked the Mozambican and Finnish governments and the World Bank Institute for co-sponsoring the workshop as well as all the delegates for finding the time to attend. One of the concerns of implementing ICT into Africa was how to get it to work in practice. Many case studies showed how ICT will change the world and, although in some parts of the global community ICT has made a huge impact, in others its effects are minimal. They key question is: how can the positive changes be felt in Africa? Unfortunately within the African context there are authorities and regulations which counter the use of ICT as a development tool. A year ago, in Mozambique, funding was organised for an initiative called the “Development Marketplace” specifically, offering prizes of US$20 000 for the best theme on using ICT in rural development. The projects had to look to future development, and not at that which was already in place. What is of concern is that out of a population of 21 million people only 120 project submissions were received of which 40 were found to be of a reasonable standard with only 20 finally considered for the actual prizes. ICT is essential to human development. Those countries and societies which are already behind the rest of the world in this sector will fall further behind unless there are massive changes in policies and the implementation thereof. The purpose of this workshop is to determine who the role-players in the field are and how do governments get the private sector more effectively involved. PPRREESSEENNTTAATTIIOONN OOFF WWOORRKKSSHHOOPP PPRROOGGRRAAMM MMrr RR HHaawwkkiinnss WWoorrlldd BBaannkk IInnssttiittuuttee,, SSoouutthh AAffrriiccaa Mr Hawkins stated that every time he visited Mozambique there were improvements in many areas of the country - the infrastructure and the economy were both vibrant and improving. He then asked: how does one go about change without changing that which is already good? This is one of the challenges facing countries globally. Knowledge and innovation are the lifeblood of development when competing globally in a technologically driven world and it is therefore imperative that countries explore ways and means of tapping into knowledge resources. He stressed the importance of countries implementing integrated policies, not thinking in silos but rather using a holistic approach. Leadership too is important and although many reforms have been identified, discussed and debated very few have been put into effect. Within the African context it is important not to lose perspective and to always fully engage with rural communities, particularly with regard to initiatives centred on indigenous knowledge. The approach must always be “innovation by the community for the community”. Innovation must be aligned to domestic strengths and national needs with education curricula and training initiatives being geared to deal specifically with local issues. Many skills being developed are not applicable to the African context and are more suited to the western world’s situation. African education systems should focus more on practical issues and developing those skills in short supply to local issues. Such training could be accommodated primarily by allowing access to knowledge which will result in the growth of creative and analytical skills. ICTs are the glue holding the infrastructure of knowledge access, sharing and creation together. Development processes must be open to new ideas and innovations. A recent study done looked at the role of openness in societies and how this has impacted on development and it found that


building on the knowledge of others and networking with likeminded sectors around the world has a huge impact on domestic development. Within the African context the diaspora has a huge role to play as it is essentially an extended community able to contribute new ideas, new systems and new practicalities, learnt in other countries, to local situations. Monitoring and evaluation also play a huge role in determining, adapting and evolving programmes which can be used as a learning tool in implementation. Mr Hawkins went on to say that the next two days of the workshop would be conducted within an accommodating agenda which would allow an opportunity for all participants to share experiences, discuss challenges and debate visions among each other. Three panel discussions would take place addressing such issues as:

• Should there be separate S&T ministries within governments? • How would these ministries and the dialogue around S&T relate and interact with other

sectors within government? • Institutions – their systems of innovation and incentives • Practical applications for knowledge development

The day’s programme would also include several breakaway sessions addressing agroprocessing, energy, health, ICT and transport and logistics. Delegates will be allowed an opportunity to share their own country’s policies for the sectors, where they stand as of now and where they envisage being in 15 year’s time. PPAANNEELL DDIISSCCUUSSSSIIOONN 11 -- GGoovveerrnnaannccee iissssuueess Moderator: Dr Caroline Wagner Panelists: Dr Marcelino Lucas (Mozambique) Hon Joseph Mugambe (Uganda) and Dr Buleti Nsemukila (Zambia) Dr Wagner opened the panel discussion by introducing the panelists and inviting each of them to give a brief opening statement to the delegates. The Honourable Mr Joseph Mugambe (Uganda) Mr Mugambe stated that there are many challenges facing policy making and implementation around S&T issues and as much as S&T is acknowledged as a pre-requisite for growth there are not many people willing to initiate policies. Coupled with this is the fact that policy makers are not necessarily scientists which results in a lack of political will to implement changes. The lack of political will is further exacerbated by parliamentarians not realising the value of S&T policy because essentially they cannot point to material results. The private sector in Uganda is underdeveloped with limited resources which curtails its impact into decision-making around S&T issues and even when S&T policies are formulated and implemented they do not reach down to the grassroots level as rural people do not understand the necessity for S&T programmes. This then leads to the question of the development of educational facilities, which must be improved and expanded to include S&T but in many instances the teachers themselves are not well enough qualified to teach the subject. Technology itself is changing at such a rapid pace that there is confusion as to exactly which technology should be promoted. Technology which today is considered state-of-the-art is, within a short space of time, outdated and, finally, in the field of monitoring and evaluation there is a marked lack of indicators and trained staff to measure the effects of the implementation of an S&T policy.


Dr Nsumekila (Zambia) Dr Nsumekila informed the delegates that before 1991 there was no multi-party system of government in Zambia and within the existing centralised system S&T was controlled primarily from the office of the Vice President. Cabinet ministers were forced to consult with the Prime Minister when discussing issues of S&T. In 1991 a multi-party system of government was adopted and in 1992 a Ministry of Science and Technology and Vocational Training was created. In 1996 the National Science and Technology Policy was formulated and in 1997 the National Science and Technology Council was appointed. Currently the Zambian government has in place a 5th National Development Plan which is part of the 2030 Vision for Government and within this plan there is a chapter dedicated to S&T Dr Nsumekila’s main concern was: how does one co-ordinate the Ministry of S&T with other ministries as S&T cannot stand alone within the operations of other organs of government. Although there is much S&T activity taking place within ministries and the National Science and Technology Council is the appointed co-ordinator of this, there is a serious lack of interaction between each of the ministries. Furthermore, S&T is a dynamic field, constantly changing and evolving which makes monitoring and evaluation and the management of S&T difficult. Dr Nsumekila closed with an apt observation:

“Knowledge without action is a wasted resource, just as action without knowledge is wasted effort.”

Dr M Lucas (Mozambique) Dr Lucas informed the delegates that about eight years ago the government of Mozambique took the decision that both S&T and education become priority sectors within government. Subsequently, the Ministry of Higher Education and Science and Technology was established. In 2002 an evaluation of the education sector was conducted which showed that within the field of higher education much progress had been made. There are now more than 60 private higher education institutions within Mozambique as well as three to four state universities spread throughout the provinces. However, despite this achievement it was generally accepted that there must be more emphasis on S&T and so a decision was taken to remove S&T out of the education portfolio into its own ministry. This happened in 2005 with the Ministry initially being staffed by university graduates. A National Strategy for S&T was then developed to guide policy decisions. Within this National Strategy three pillars of focus were identified: ICTs, scientific research and technology incorporating technical development, knowledge transfer and innovation. Following the identification of the three pillars of focus a vision was then formulated: use S&T as a tool for wealth creation and use research and human resources which are applicable to Mozambique’s unique economic and social situation. A National Research Fund was created to co-ordinate the national agenda and facilitate the pooling of discussions around the application of S&T within the Mozambican context. Comments and questions: Dr Dube of the University of Swaziland asked what type of research should be undertaken by various research bodies. He commented that there has been much debate on whether research efforts should be focussed on that which is local or that which is internationally recognised. Universities concentrate on research which is published in international journals yet the emphasis should be on addressing local issues. The difficulty lies in finding a balance between the two.


Dr Lucas replied that in the Mozambican perspective funding for S&T comes from the state’s budget and since the people of Mozambique are contributing these funds such research should focus on local problems. Currently the government has allocated US$1 million to research. However, in order to move forward, the government recognises that it is necessary for some research to have an international appeal. Essentially, though, priority is given to those projects having a direct impact on local development. Dr Leão of Mozambique added that 70% of the population of Mozambique is rural and therefore S&T policy is primarily aimed at how research can benefit rural development. Dr Nsumekila was explicit in his response, stating that Zambian universities use their research to solve local problems. If the knowledge of the professors and PhDs cannot be used to change the local environment then that knowledge is considered of little importance. A comment was made by a Ugandan delegate who pointed out that basic research is undertaken within the rural setting with applied research designed to answer practical questions. To effectively engage in applied research, one must have trained researchers at university level. However, because of lack of funds this concept has not adequately permeated into the public mindset at large. The Honourable Patrick Zhuwao, Deputy Minister of the Zimbabwean Ministry of Science and Technology Development commented that whilst S&T addresses solutions, the serious lack of co-ordination between departments hinders the implementation of projects. The question remains: how does one get sector ministers to appreciate the role of S&T in order to get their buy-in? PPAANNEELL DDIISSCCUUSSSSIIOONN 22-- SSyysstteemmss ooff IInnnnoovvaattiioonn Moderator: Mr Dhesigen Naidoo Panelists: Ms Helena Tapper (Finland), Ms Sara Farley (USA), Prof Otlogetswe Totolo (Botswana) Presentation: “Systems of Innovation” Mr D Naidoo (Group Executive, S&T International Ministry of Science and Technology, South Africa) Mr Naidoo began by stating that it is extremely important to demonstrate to all role-players the relevance of scientific investment. The challenge for Africa is to move from a resource-based economy to a knowledge-based economy and to do this Africa has to change the profile of its GDP generation away from primary resources towards value-add products and services. A knowledge economy is supported by four main pillars: the economical and institutional regime, information infrastructure, education and innovation. There exist in Africa four main stumbling blocks which actually define the problem of instigating knowledge-based economic growth.

1. Slow growth in the knowledge base 2. A declining interest in S&T among the youth 3. Brain circulation is skewered in favour of developed nations – Africa loses huge numbers

of knowledgeable workers to developed nations 4. An innovation chasm


5

Research Development Manufacturing

LocalKnowledge

Local Industry &Industrial Products

OVERSEAS TECHNOLOGY SOURCESResearch Development Production

Technology

Transfer$

Innovation “Chasm”

In South Africa an innovation survey was undertaken in 2005 and the results showed where money was being invested by the government – universities and other tertiary facilities – is precisely where people were not looking for information. Essentially, innovation is constrained primarily due to a lack of funds and personnel. Mr Naidoo, in conjunction with the panelists, then proposed that there is a need to develop a National System of Innovation (NSI) which will support innovation in the African context based on a series of building blocks. What are the building blocks of an NSI? Sara Farley (SRI International) Firstly, it is necessary to define what a system of innovation is, what it does and how is it applicable in the African context. Innovation itself is producing new knowledge or combining existing knowledge in new ways. It is also the capacity to cope with change in order to thrive and survive. There are four types of innovation which should be considered:

• Product innovation • Process innovation • Marketing innovation • Organisational change

The innovation system addresses the diffusion, development and use of the above four types of innovation in the functional and institutional field. A system of innovation is a set of interconnected institutions, agendas and organs with linkages between them that together and individually contribute to the development and diffusion of new


knowledge in the form of processes or products. Variations on the system will occur across national, regional, sectoral and local systems of innovations and technology. The activities of the system of innovation are to:

• Provide for research and development • Create new knowledge • Build competence in the provision of education and training • Create human capital through the production of skills

The NSI in Action – the Finnish Case Mrs Helena Tapper (Counsellor, Embassy of Finland, Pretoria, South Africa) Presentation: “Finnish Model of Innovation System” Ms Tapper gave a brief history of the development of Finland’s S&T policy. In the 1980s Finland decided that it needed an S&T system which took into account collaboration between all stakeholders, investment in R&D and education. From this grew a national vision for an innovation system within the global environment. The S&T Policy Council is the leading agency for scientific policy in Finland and below it are two ministries: Trade and Industry and Education. Finland spends huge amounts of money on R&D which has resulted in excellent growth of its economy despite the fact that Finland is such a small country, both geographically and demographically.

Total 5 000 million euros, 3.5 percent ofthe Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Finland

Total 5 000 million euros, 3.5 percent ofthe Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Finland

In 2007 Tekes allocates about 500 million euros for R&D projects

Sources: Statistics Finland and Tekes

R&D INPUT IN FINLAND

Public sectorPublic sector1.5 billion

euros

3.5 billioneuros

EnterprisesEnterprises

Finland believes that even if a country has S&T policies in place, along with the required organisations and an appropriate division of labour, co-ordination between all sectors, at national and local levels, is imperative for any policies to function. Towards an African NSI Model Prof. O Totolo (Dean of Science, University of Botswana) Professor Totolo remarked that within the African setting knowledge workers are not held in high regard. He posed the following questions:


1. Is there a framework for R&D in African countries? 2. Are there specific S&T policies or blueprints for S&T systems? 3. Are there adequate research councils and research funds? 4. When research is complete, is there an innovation “house” where industry and

government can converge in one location to jointly devise pertinent programmes and services.

5. Within the African context is there any referral to an indigenous knowledge system (IKS)? 6. Do mainstream modern achievements ever interact with traditional systems i.e. medicine,

to establish and tap into that knowledge that indigenous people have? 7. Is there the political will to take S&T further? Traditionally, in the African context,

governments are forced to “go it alone” as the private sector does not contribute. 8. How can interaction between the private and government sectors be facilitated? 9. Has Africa ever examined its science systems particularly with regard to addressing the

gender imbalance: very few females participate S&T 10. Where are the papers which are published by researchers at our indigenous universities? 11. Is there any inter-connectiveness between our R&D institutions, governments and

universities? Knowledge workers, particularly those transferring knowledge skills, must be appropriately rewarded. Questions, comments and answers: Dr Dube of Swaziland commented that the issue of connectivity is paramount. In his view there are six key questions which should be addressed with regard to S&T or STI within the African context.

1. Where are we coming from with this concept of S&T as well as knowledge issues? 2. Where are we right now? Do we know our current status? 3. Where do we want to go? 4. How will we know when we are being evaluated? We need systems of monitoring and

evaluation. 5. How will we get where we want to go without S&T? 6. How will we know that we have arrived?

Unless we know who our partners are in terms of implementing S&T and innovations we will not go anywhere. Another speaker asked Ms Tapper why Finland decided not to have a Ministry of Science and Technology but rather a Council. MR Thamae of Lesotho asked Ms Tapper how the funds which are allocated to S&T in Finland are disbursed. Ms Tapper replied that public money is allocated from budgetary resources to universities. There are Centres for Expertise in the country where public and private collaboration takes place in R&D. Currently Finland has prioritised ten areas where R&D funding should go:

• ICT specifically • ICT applications in education • ICT in health services • ICT in forestry • Biotechnology • Bio fuels

Dr Arjoon Suddhoo commented that there are many who discuss and write about innovation and then there are the innovators. Finland has developed an innovation system suited to its needs but


this model would not necessarily work in Africa. The Finnish system is well structured and founded but he felt that often the imposition of too many regulations stifles the very creativeness one is trying to stimulate. Dr Suddhoo then suggested that the success stories of African innovation should be documented and told to inspire others. One has to look to China and India to see how innovation has built these economies. Mr Hawkins stated that the World Bank is looking to collect success stories from around the continent which, it is envisaged, will be documented in a book to encourage and guide others in their efforts to be innovative and creative. PRESENTATION: CHALLENGES FACING S&T IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIESThe Honourable Prof Dr Venâncio Massingue Hon Massingue first apologised for not being able to give his presentation at the allotted time due to pressures of work. He asked that all the delegates engage in vigorous debate and find the way forward for S&T to flourish within developing countries on the African continent. Hon Massingue was tasked by his government with finding out how science and technology could help with Mozambique’s economic and social problems. Several challenges were identified with regards the development and implementation of S&T Policy:

1. Building of National and Regional Science, Technology and Innovation Systems 2. Human Resources Development 3. Financing of Science, Technology and Innovation Mechanisms 4. Science, Technology and Innovation Infrastructures 5. Entrepreneurship and Local Innovation Support Services

Three primary areas were identified as being of paramount importance in the studies:

1. Organise opportunities for people to study 2. Bring expertise in to facilitate studies 3. Establish adequate funding

Furthermore, regional co-operation is vital in the development of an S&T policy “You will not have an innovative society in one country if the neighbouring countries do not benefit from it.” Another area of challenge which the study highlighted was the ability of developing nations to retain staff. Mozambique is attempting to address this by establishing clearly defined career paths for trained human resources as well as creating an environment conducive to research. PRESENTATION: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION – FROM CASE STUDIES TO POLICY IN AFRICADr Caroline Wagner, SRI International Ms Wagner reported on a series of studies which had been initiated by the World Bank and which covered how science and technology are used, or not used, in the African context. The methodology and framework used focussed on how S&T is used to encourage innovation in the private sector. Economic growth emerges from the combined interaction of four activities within an economy: S&T, markets and firms, finance and education. In order to understanding what is actually happening within the private sector in Africa the THICK methodology was devised. T = Technology – what kinds of technology are being used


H = Human Resources – how many trained staff were employed in the private sector and where were the gaps. I = Institutions – those needed to support S&T and the transfer of knowledge C = Communications – ICTs and collaboration, co-ordination and co-operation within systems. How does communication take place? K = Knowledge Resources – where does business access the knowledge it needs to carry out and improve its activities. The study looked at five specific sectors/sub sectors within the business environment:

• Transport and logistics – supermarket and newspaper distribution • Agro-processing – Oil seeds and cashews • Energy – petroleum and natural gas, bio fuels • ICT – in transport • Health – ethnobotany and malaria prevention

Seven steps were used to gather information about each of the sub-sectors which were to be studied:

• Gather information about basic S&T system – what systems, if any, are already in place? • Identify goals at policy level for each sector. • What sciences, technologies are relevant? • Are sciences, technologies in use? • Where are sciences & technologies available? • Is data available? • Where are links made or not made that are required for innovation?

Ms Wagner then used the results of the case study done on transportation and logistics within the Uganda context as an example of one sector finding of the study. The study showed that:

• Technology Very weak capabilities: there is a great need for product traceability and the filling

of infrastructure gaps at a regional level • Human Resources

Very few people are trained in software adaptation and product life-cycle management

• Institutional Resources No vocational classes, no business management capability in private sector

• Communications Capabilities Private sector demonstration processes not evident; cross-sectoral

communications missing • Knowledge Resources

Local resources very weak and connections to global resources very weak unless through MNC

The studied showed that when looking at both Uganda and Mozambique there are some components of what is needed within innovation systems. There are firms and there is a understanding of the need for S&T. For example Uganda makes use of some world-class scientific research and Mozambique is actively publishing excellent papers in the computer science sphere. In terms of “T” (Technology) there is an awareness of technology options with firms being fully aware of the availability of technology but the implementation of this technology is problematic.


In terms of “H” there is training which is being undertaken and business is talking to universities and telling these institutions what skills are required and in which disciplines training should take place. For “I” (Institutions) there are basic institutional bodies in place although standards and metrology are severely lacking along with laboratory facilities. “C” (Linkages/communications) in those cases where linkages were operating they were effective but by far the weakest component of the applied THICK methodology was communications which were seriously lacking. In terms of “K” (Knowledge) this was assessed on how particularly small and medium businesses tap into the global knowledge base. The study found that fostering “C” (co-ordination, collaboration and co-operation) needs to be nurtured in order to create the dynamo which results from all the THICK components interacting and working in tandem. The function of “C” connects all the horizontal functions of the methodology. However, the study did show that in certain economic sectors where the component “C” had been fostered there were demonstrable gains within the industry. For example in Uganda within the fish industry an awareness of European markets and their attendant requirements had raised the standards of production of the product. Additionally, the possibility of producing petroleum and natural gas for the world market had led to an increased call for qualified specialists in the field and these were communicated to the various tertiary institutions which were now training human resources specifically in the field. The public health sector in Mozambique is now identifying how to address the communicated specific needs of its rural community and the Maputo Corridor had had improved the logistical support to those people living within its environs. Recommendations for consideration for policy decisions: Ms Wagner’s study group made several recommendations which could facilitate the expansion of THICK within the economies studied and these recommendations should be considered by policy-making bodies when devising and implementing a policy to address innovation. The following recommendations are not exhaustive. Technology

• Demonstrating life-cycle management • Prizes – offering grants, rewards and financial assistance • Presidential initiatives

Human Resources

• National prizes for entrepreneurship • Industry internships and mentorship

Institutions • Standards, quality (P-P).

Communications

• National dialogue on genetically modified food • Centers for collaborative research

Knowledge

• National database on global centers of excellence


Conclusion: The study concluded that:

• Both countries have positive capabilities that need to be nurtured • Investment strategies should build on existing activities • Communications strategies should look globally, across the continent, and regionally • Extension services should include local stakeholders • Coordination should occur in research capacity building with other countries

Sectoral Breakaway Sessions:

The delegates were asked to form groups to discuss the implications and implementation of THICK into each group. Rapporteurs were chosen from among the participants. The five sectors chosen were:

1. Agro-processing 2. Energy 3. Health 4. ICT 5. Transport and Logistics

Each group was then asked to report back on their discussions, findings and conclusions. CLOSURE Facilitator: Mr R Hawkins Mr Hawkins stated that due to the fact that the workshop was running late against the agenda, the report back from the sector breakaway sessions would be presented the following day.

SUMMARY REPORT – DAY THREE

Thursday 29 November 2007 (08h00)

Due to the previous day’s time constraints it was decided that the proceedings on the final day of the workshop would include report back from each of the breakaway sessions. The session commenced with a welcome address by Hon Peter Daka, Honourable Minister, Ministry of Science, Technology and Vocational Training, Zambia. WWEELLCCOOMMEE AADDDDRREESSSS HHoonn PPeetteerr DDaakkaa MMiinniissttrryy ooff SScciieennccee,, TTeecchhnnoollooggyy aanndd VVooccaattiioonnaall TTrraaiinniinngg,, ZZaammbbiiaa Hon Daka thanked the organizers for the opportunity to present an address to delegates. He emphasized the need for African scientists to look within opportunities in their own departments and to focus on looking for locally based solutions. He also made mention of the fact that Africa had to a lot to offer in terms of natural resources and their utilization in terms of wealth creation is critical for the improvement of African countries.


BBRREEAAKKAAWWAAYY GGRROOUUPP AAGGRROO PPRROOCCEESSSSIINNGG

PRESENTATION: “AGROPROCESSING” Facilitator: Dr Caroline Wagner Rapporteur: Prof Evelyne Mbede (Tanzania) Members of the group: Ms F Manyala Lesotho Ms L Kambonde Namibia Mr G Pienaar South Africa Dr A Atanásio Mozambique Mr C Mupeyiwa Zimbabwe Mrs C Dlamini Swaziland Hon J Mugambe Uganda Prof C Kwesiga Uganda Area of Focus: Juice Processing Plant Professor Mbede gave a presentation which encapsulated two main points which were discussed by the group: R&D in the juice processing industry and how improved communications and linkages can add value to the industry. The Advantages of R&D within the sector: It was determined that R&D would:

• Bring innovation into the manner in which juice is packaged in order to add value to the produce and maximise profits.

• Further value can be realised if technology is applied in specific areas of the production process i.e. vegetable drying.

• Market research can feed into the processing chain in areas such as the packaging of the final product for continued improved market oriented products.

How can communication between different sectors of the system add value to the products?

• Research institutions can improve the quality of the product. • Communicating with sector-related workers will improve efficiency • Linkages back to the farmers, the primary producers, will ensure that their requirements

are taken into consideration within the chain. Furthermore, farmers will be able to link forwards with the processing plant to determine what the requirements of that sector are.

• Communicating with the relevant government ministries will ensure that agro boards can interact and interface with government on issues of policy.

• Inter-department and inter-sector communications will raise and maintain product safety standards.


BBRREEAAKKAAWWAAYY GGRROOUUPP

EENNEERRGGYY

PRESENTATION: ENERGY Facilitator: Dr Bob Day Rapporteur: Mr Lefa Thamae (Lesotho) Countries represented: Mauritius Tanzania Zimbabwe Lesotho Mr Tamae reported on the discussions held within the Energy group. He stated that the Mozambican government is implementing reforms in the energy supply sector to promote alternative renewal forms of energy as currently the bulk of the country’s energy is derived from coal and hydropower. Alternative sources of energy, such as wind power, solar and bio-fuels, must be investigated in order to supplement the country’s energy needs. Approximately 85% of Mozambique’s population is rural and reliant on wood and dung as their primary source of energy. These sources are high in pollutants, increasing health risks and adding to the burden of health costs within the health system. The Advantages of R&D within the sector would:

• Lead to a more efficient use of energy through the promotion of new and innovative energy-saving hardware (i.e. energy-saving light bulbs)

• Allow for a more efficient distribution of energy (solar power for rural areas, wind power for small communities)

• Assist with environmental rehabilitation wrought by coal mining, deforestation and pollution produced by coal-based power stations.

It was noted that in Mauritius the private sector is involved in the generation and supply of energy (approx. 20%) from sugar cane. Government-driven energy supplies are not only inefficient they are also purely price-driven and there is therefore no incentive to find better, more economical ways in which to generate and supply energy. To assist in addressing the efficiency of energy supply it should be linked to business incubators. How can science, government and the general public be integrated?

• The public must communicate its needs to government. • Governments must employ/consult with a broader scientific community, inviting it to give

input into addressing energy problems • Scientists and scientific organisations must become more accessible and understandable

to the general public – less of “us” and “them” • Journalists must be trained to communicate the aims of the scientific community without

sensationalising and alarming the public. The current debate on global warming is mired in misinformation and disinformation

• Scientists/technologists must have a leadership role in driving policy based on their expertise and knowledge

• Research institutions must be funded with no political strings attached.


• Feasibility studies must be done to inform both governments and the public prior to decisions being taken

• Individual champions must be appointed to drive separate initiatives. • S&T must be involved in R&D and cut across all ministerial clusters.

The country members of each group then gave ideas on alternative energy sources which they would like to see active within the next ten to 15 years. Mauritius:

• Using seaweed as an alternative energy source Tanzania:

• Nuclear energy generation Zimbabwe:

• Bio-fuels and bio-diesels Lesotho:

• Hydropower, bio-gas, wind and solar societies Conclusions and Recommendations: The group concluded that R&D would assist with:

• Finding ways of storing excess energy (Solar) • Using diversified energy sources and a mix of these all allowing one source to “fill” the

grid when other sources are inadequate • Using diversified sources for different applications (Solar for domestic, hydro for industry) • Diversified sources could facilitate the exportation of power

And these initiatives could be accommodated through the use of:

• Business Incubators • Interactions among STI stakeholders • Energy use efficiency principle • Energy storage • Political will/Gov for policy • STI to be communicated to societies • Capacity building and sharing of experiences. • Feasibility study to inform decision making • Regional collaboration emphasized • Decentralise the generation and supply of energy • Put in place appropriate legal frameworks within which private and public sector role-

players can combine their efforts


HHEEAALLTTHH

PRESENTATION: HEALTH Facilitator: Mr Bob Hawkins Rapporteur: Dr Musa Dube (Swaziland) Countries represented:


Botswana Kenya Lesotho Swaziland Tanzania Uganda The group approached its sector topic by first allowing each country group representative to give an overview of the health system situation in their respective countries. It was noted that amongst the six countries represented in the group there were six common concerns regarding health, namely:

• National health policies exist but need to be reviewed • HIV and AIDS is the most critical area • Weak to no formal links at regional level • International links exist • Low capacity: particularly with regard to medical doctors • Concern with poor infrastructure within countries

It was agreed that health, as a sector, needs other sectors, such as the environmental institutions as the environment has a huge role to play on the health of people. It was also suggested, and agreed to, that there is a need in Africa to formalise the integration of IKS into broader health policies as well as to develop national Schools of Health. Conclusions: The group concluded that although all the countries within the group shared similar and related concerns, all is not lost. However, the THICK model was not fully exploited in discussion but it was agreed that STI could play a significant role in addressing the shortcomings within health systems in Africa, particularly with regard to IKS in the treatment of HIV and Aids. One recommendation made was that the World Bank could team up with various countries and put forward seed funds to facilitate a regional workshop to identify how IKS can assist with HIV and AIDS. Furthermore, individual countries could contribute money towards a common regional budget which could facilitate a steering committee to oversee networking between member countries as well as to set aside funds for research.


IICCTT

Facilitator: Mrs Helena Tapper Rapporteur: Ms Jane Chinkusu (Zambia) Countries represented: Prof M Kah Nigeria Mr D Balgobin Mauritius Mr I Barugahara Uganda Prof P Mugambi Uganda Mr R Nsumba-Lyazi Uganda Mr J Hinkkanen Finland Mr P Greenwood South Africa


Representatives of the group first gave feedback on what policies are in place in their respective countries with regards to ICT and S&T. Uganda: The University of Makere, Uganda, has a very active ICT department which does training and research at Masters and PhD level. The department is essentially driven by donor funding from the Netherlands and Norway. However, the difficulty currently being experienced is that the application of ICT is still in its infancy and is thus limited. The government has adopted an ICT policy and a Ministry has been established to facilitate the mainstreaming of ICT. An S&T policy is in the making but no formal policy is yet in place. There is very little private sector research being done but it is hampered by a serious lack of technological hardware and software. Additionally, there is no dedicated funding for ICT or S&T with most funding coming from the limited private sector. Nevertheless, the government of Uganda realises the importance of ICT and is actively engaging with all sectors to implement a meaningful policy. Swaziland No S&T policy exists yet in Swaziland but one is being formulated. The University of Swaziland is well geared to technology and there is some research being undertaken at this institution but the downfall is that this research is not well co-ordinated. There is a drive to implement computer usage at junior school level. All computer funding comes from the private sector. Both ICT and S&T fall under the Ministry of Education. Mozambique A draft policy was started in 1998 and approved in 2000. Essentially the policy is driven by poverty alleviation and the need to improve governance structures. The new S&T policy, which was drafted in 2004, focuses on human resources and S&T. Also in 2004 a new e-government strategy was drafted and subsequently approved in 2006. ICT is seen as a tool for collaboration and knowledge transfer, particularly to the rural community. At the level of education there are no ICT programmes in place yet, but this is being looked at. The key problem is that there is very little co-operation between universities, the government and the private sector. Additionally, funding is problematic but a World Bank grant has been secured to get the first phase of ICT in place. Another problem is that ICT cannot demonstrate material results and hence there is reluctance on the part of government departments to actually implementing the policy. Mauritius Mauritius has no separate ministry dedicated to S&T which falls under the Ministry of Education and Human Resources. There is a policy paper on S&T which mentions ICT. The Mauritian government has a vision to make the entire island a “cyber” island but there is a lot of resistance to this at grassroots level – people just don’t believe in it. Innovation is not happening in Mauritius and it is worth noting that only R&D contributes only 0, 3% of the GDP with most research being focussed on agricultural issues. Zambia Zambia has an S&T policy, governed by the National S&T Council, which incorporates application and research components. There are two universities in the country both offering research up to the level of Masters. However, there is no research being undertaken in the field of engineering.


Most funds are garnered from the public sector and attempts are being made to get more funding from the private sector. Nigeria This country has several research institutes which are independent of the government. There is an innovation hub in Abuja and an ICT cluster. Lecturers in ICT are trained by the National University Commission but despite this, huge gaps still exist. There is a strong history of S&T policy in Nigeria but a noted lack of co-ordination between all involved sectors. One of the hardware problems which hamper development in Nigeria is the lack of bandwidth and the cost thereof. Recommendations:

• More investment in infrastructure is crucial (i.e. bandwidth, HR, capacity building) • Private sector funding must be sourced across all the countries discussed • Upgrade the knowledge of teaching staff and give them access to the internet and

modern text books • The training of personnel is fundamental to improvements in efficiency and R&D • Put in place reward and incentive schemes to encourage S&T and R&D


TTRRAANNSSPPOORRTT AANNDD LLOOGGIISSTTIICCSS

PRESENTATION: TRANSPORT AND LOGISTICS Facilitator: Dr N Comins Rapporteur: Dr A Suddhoo (Mauritius) Countries represented Mauritius Uganda This sector is becoming increasingly important in the efficiency of economies. Four key questions were addressed during the group discussion. 1. What is the current status of the sector in and between the represented countries? (Identify key challenges, areas of failure, etc) 2. If countries are to become more nationally and internationally competitive, what should the status be in 10 -15 years time? What are the benchmarks? 3. What can STI contribute to this trajectory? What should the priorities be? 4. What should the action plan be and who should be engaged to achieve this? The group focused on road, sea and e-logistics although rail and air were acknowledged as being equally important. Road Transportation


Technology: This can assist with:

• Monitoring the effects of the overloading of trucks on roads • Monitoring and evaluating the conditions of roads. • Maintenance of vehicles • The design of roads. • Road planning and the protection (security) of goods.

Human resource considerations:

• Training of vehicle drivers in driving on all road conditions/vehicle maintenance • Security certificates to drivers • Accreditation system for drivers through training or RPL • Training through apprenticeships schemes • TNA required concerning HR requirements of the sector

Institutional requirements: From an institutional point of view there is a need for the rationalization of training and the introduction of standard regulatory parameters. Communications:

• Joint planning transport/logistic as a PPP • Communication to truck drivers from other countries to stick to local rules. This is a

serious problem in Uganda as drivers have to switch to driving on the right hand side of the road and they often do not take cognisance of local road regulations.

• Communication on road safety to all road users • Need to improve road signing

Knowledge:

• There is a need for case studies • Publication of best practices both locally and internationally • Knowledge is not being shared.

Sea Transportation The most serious problem identified in this field was that of lack of capacity at African ports exacerbated by inefficiencies in customs and clearing. In this field technology would be invaluable in expediting container handling issues (i.e. Singapore, where the entire container handling function is computerized and highly efficient). However, funds to facilitate this are severely restricted. It was acknowledged that if the efficiency of ports could be upgraded then trade opportunities for African businesses to trade internationally would multiply. Africa exports tonnes of fresh produce and this capacity would increase if technology were allowed to play a greater role in the sector. E-Logistics By its very name, e-logistics is technologically based and its benefits are huge. It allows for the monitoring of transport modes and logistics in real time. It facilitates greater security protection to both the human resources content of logistics as well as products. However, at the human


resource level there would have to be a major training programme undertaken to train users from all levels of the sector. Recommendations: The group proposed the following recommendations to address the challenges faced by transports and logistics within the African context:

Joint planning of key routes for logistics and planning as a joint effort between public and private sectors (10 years)

Incentives for drivers to get accredited especially in technical areas Institutionalise quality training…and hands-on training, practical training Technology Maintenance hubs versus ad-hoc maintenance Communication upgrading essential in the transport and logistics sector Emphasis required in TVET training in technology areas: strengthen skill-upgrading

opportunities for those active in informal sector for vehicle maintenance Regional activity to determine main regional transport routes and assurances for road

conditions, safety, maintenance, extension Road Formation Agencies have big potentials for collaboration (regionally and between

sectors) through technical knowledge sharing Using Knowledge Management in S&T to improve efficiency Sharing of best practices and case studies, success stories on regional basis needed

Ω

PPaanneell DDiissccuussssiioonn 33 –– MMeecchhaanniissmmss lliinnkkiinngg RReesseeaarrcchh,, IInnnnoovvaattiioonn aanndd CCoommmmeerrcciiaalliissaattiioonn Facilitator: Dr Neville Comins Panelists: Mr Lauri Kuukasjärvi (Finland), Prof Muhammadou Kah (Nigeria), Prof Crispus Kiamba (Kenya) PRESENTATION – MECHANISMS FOR LINKING RESEARCH, INNOVATION AND COMMERCIALISATION Dr Comins opened his presentation by stating that innovation is about passion, a desire to succeed. Most innovators are champions, leaders and drivers of change. Innovation is ultimately an output driven concept. A crude definition of innovation is: “Taking an idea and turning a buck in the market place.” If it doesn’t create business in money terms, then it isn’t an innovation. In emerging economies it is necessary to look at innovation in a socio-economic context, taking cognisance of social requirements as well as economic benefits. African innovation is thus more complex. For the knowledge economy to become a reality in Africa then all individual silos and agendas will have to be buried. There are three main stages of economic development. The first is an economy which is resource-driven based on an abundance of cheap raw materials. In Africa these raw materials are mined and then exported out of the local market for beneficiation elsewhere. The second stage of economic development is that of investment. In this stage-two economy there is a willingness to invest and the propensity to produce diversified products. The third and final stage of economic development is that of an innovation-driven economy. This stage sees innovation working to develop new, original products and the growth of domestic knowledge generation.


Eco

nom

ic V

alue

Time

Industrial Economy

19701700s 2020

Information Economy

Bio-economy

Nano-economy

“We are now challenged by all four economic futures”

Hydrogen-economy

The Knowledge Era

Courtesy of Dr A P Botha and Mr J Manchu (FrontierLab)

The Future holds New Technology Challenges

The graphic above demonstrates how quickly and rigorously the knowledge economy has grown since 1970 when compared to the industrial economy which has been growing since the 1700s. The prediction is that knowledge economies will double every six years and unless Africa is focussed and starts to implement knowledge systems soon, it will fall further and further behind global trends. The innovation chasm is a big challenge because research communities and business communities are not communicating successfully. If this trend is to be changed then mechanisms must be adapted to fill the innovation chasm.

Status Quo : Africa is not even on the map!


The graphic on the previous page shows investment trends in R&D. China has by far the greatest share of global investment into its R&D facilities. The huge continent of Africa does not even appear on the investment map! For Africa to partake of the knowledge economy then it must create conditions which allow for investment into its knowledge economy. What is Africa going to do to ensure that it can make changes quickly which will allow it become part of global innovation trends? PRESENTATION – LINKING RESEARCH, INNOVATION AND COMMERCIALISATION Prof Crispus Kiamba Prof Kiamba of Kenya thanked the governments of Mozambique and Finland for inviting the Kenyan team to the workshop. He gave the delegates a brief background of the activities that he has been involved with in Kenya. In the 1980s the Kenyan President put out a challenge to the University of Nairobi to design a car. After a lot of research the university did design a car and was then faced with the challenge of actually producing the vehicle. To this end the university established the Numerical Machining Company. Although the car production line never got off the mark, the importance of the project was the research that went into the vehicle and the learning curve undertaken. Kenya has since undertaken a major global project in the development of an AIDS vaccine. The project is looking at commercial sex workers in Nairobi who, despite their occupation, do not contract the HI virus. Oxford University, the UK Medical Research Council and other medical institutions have joined forces with Kenyan institutions to undertake the study. Unfortunately during the course of the research some foreign companies “hijacked” the data of Kenyan researchers and attempted to patent these clandestinely in the UK patent office. The Kenyan authorities were made aware of what was happening and managed to intervene and it was agreed, after extensive discussion, that the intellectual property rights of the research would rest with three institutions, one in the UK, one in the USA and one in Kenya. The lessons learnt have been invaluable to Kenyan institutions. Kenya has designed a strategy to meet its 2030 vision, which aims to make Kenya a newly industrialised, middle income nation providing a high quality of life for all its citizens and to guide its economy into a globally competitive nation within the next 25 years. This vision is based on three fundamental pillars:

1. The Economic Pillar which is aimed at achieving an average GDP growth rate of +10% per annum over the next 25 years.

2. The Social Pillar which seeks to create a just and cohesive society with equitable social development in a clean and secure environment, and

3. The Political Pillar which aims to establish a democratic political system founded on issue-based politics, respect for the rule of law and protection of individual rights.

Six economic growth drivers have been identified.

1. Tourism 2. Increasing value in agriculture 3. Wholesale and retail trade 4. Manufacturing for the regional markets 5. Business process outsourcing, and 6. Financial services.

With regard to social growth, seven main drivers were identified:


1. Education and training 2. Health services 3. Water and sanitation 4. Environmental issues 5. Housing and urbanisation 6. Gender issues, youth issues and vulnerable groups 7. Equity, poverty alleviation and wealth creation

Cutting across all of the above is the infrastructure, land reform programmes and ICT. Within the growth sectors there is a special role for STI. Essentially it will be central to the development of all the above sectors, especially as Kenyan society is becoming increasingly knowledge-based and globalised. Several priority areas were identified as requiring specific STI interventions and these include:

• Agriculture and rural development • Health and life sciences • Trade and industry • Human resources • The country’s physical infrastructure • Energy • The environment and natural resources • ICT

Kenya’s STI policy and strategy is built around four main thrusts:

1. Innovation systems 2. Strategic resource mobilisation 3. Strategic knowledge and technology governance 4. Cross-cutting issues to address partnerships and inter-sectoral linkages

PRESENTATION – AFRICAN REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION Mr L Kuukasjärvi Mr Kuukasjärvi informed the delegates that a feasibility study had recently been conducted in South Africa on how to utilise knowledge and expertise as a resource for business operations, regional development and job creation. Over the course of three weeks 53 meetings were held covering role-players in industry and government, universities and other interested parties in order to map the challenges and problems with regard to expertise. The study was based in Gauteng province where 65% of the country’s GDP is generated and the findings of the study were:

• The current South African innovation system is fragmented with only narrow sectors of the economy being interconnected with innovation.

• Many interviewees did not recognise any existing innovation chain. • There is a significant lack of qualified researchers at the universities, particularly in the

ICT and bio fields. • There is a gap between thinking and doing and the current system where universities

produce research which industry can capitalise on is not competitive nor sustainable • The ownership of intellectual property rights, especially those created in the public funded

environment must incentivise industry • There is a huge demand for national and sustainable transfer and intermittent and well

resourced financial instruments and the TEKES (Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation) model could be used as an example in the creation of this instrument.


There is a Centre for Expertise programme which should be implemented in Gauteng in 2008. Professor Kah, Dean of ICT, American University of Nigeria (no presentation) Prof Kah stated that he did not think that innovation is clearly understood within the value chain, within universities, economies or businesses. The majority of economies within the African context have just begun looking into innovation systems and are thus yet again playing catch-up to the rest of the developed world and are now confronted with the nano and bio fuel economies. Is there research actually going on in African universities? Yes, there is, but is this research relevant to innovation? Prof Kah said that a large amount of research that goes on in African universities is geared to bolstering one’s stature within the university or to gain promotion within the university chain. Furthermore, a lot of research is not publishable for peer review. It is therefore necessary to investigate the research that has been done and determine whether or not it is able to be taken to the next level. If research is generated from the private sector there is always a link between that sector and the university which carries out the research. Furthermore, the standard of research being conducted by university graduates who have moved into the private sector does not reflect the expected qualities of the universities in that a lot of companies have to retrain graduates produced from universities. This must be addressed. How much conversation is happening between researchers in universities and business? The contribution of universities to company growth is, in the main, based on patents and licences. Google is the result of a professor collaborating with his students and today it is a multi-billion dollar company. Prof Kah then illustrated the function of time when moving research from the domain of a university into an economy. He used the example of quantum mechanics research that was done in the USA. The research was done over four decades before it was realised just what the value of the research was to any economy. This demonstrates that there is often a lag between research and its application into an economy. Furthermore, often universities carry out research with no clue of how to actually bring that research into an economy. How does one enhance university research so that it finds expression in an economy? Firstly, it is necessary to attract and retain world-class research skills. Additionally, unverisities must be able to support healthy research environments and recognise the benefits of academic freedom within their structures. In order to commercialise research it is necessary to ensure that there is some disclosure of funding given to innovation in order to make universities accountable. There must be a right for first refusal to university commercialisation services. There must be more accountability to the funders of research as well as the documentation of the benefits of commercialisation to universities. Is there a mechanism within the African context to assist a researcher to move and protect knowledge in the form of intellectual property (IP). In Kenya there is the “one third rule” as utilised in the USA but this may not be the case in other universities. Research in universities is mostly viewed on funding levels and publications but lacking on moving onto patents, licences with royalties or spin-offs to companies. Prof Kah suggested that African countries are missing corporate research laboratories with connections to universities. Too few exist across the continent. There is also a lack of research which connects universities to the market. In other countries there are non-profit organisations which act as intermediaries, taking research ideas into the market place. The dynamics in Africa must change and must expand so that more can be done. How many governments use Africa’s human talent to help and advise in domestic areas?


In conclusion Prof Kah stated that in order for the delegates to look at methods to link research to commercialisation, of paramount importance is to empower and fund researchers within universities as well as focus on graduates and under-graduates by introducing research early into the system, particularly that research linked to the private sector. Furthermore, there must be a change in the mindset of researchers so that they are able to expand their ideas into products which can enhance and strengthen the knowledge chain.

Ω The delegates were then asked to join one of five thematic groups for a breakaway session of discussion and debate on the designated topics. These themes were proposed by delegates at the workshop during the previous day. Theme 1 - The idea of innovation centres, science parks and incubators Theme 2 – Grassroots and rural linkages Theme 3 – Funding for S&T Theme 4 – Replication of effective models for systems of innovation Theme 5 – Legislative capacity around S&T policy, regulation, IP and sector STI

BBRREEAAKKAAWWAAYY RREEPPOORRTT BBAACCKK

TTHHEEMMEE 11 –– TTHHEE IIDDEEAA OOFF IINNNNOOVVAATTIIOONN CCEENNTTRREESS,, SSCCIIEENNCCEE PPAARRKKSS AANNDD IINNCCUUBBAATTOORRSS

Facilitator: Dr Neville Comins (South Africa) Group members: Ms L Kambonde Namibia Mr J Hinkkanen Finland Prof O Totolo Botswana Mr J Wasswa Uganda Mr G Pienaar South Africa Dr P Ndemere Uganda Ms C Dlamini Swaziland Prof P Mugambi Uganda Mr R Auckbur Mauritius Mr L Kuukasjärvi Finland The team defined a science park as: A place for researchers and academics, industry and government to meet and discuss IT issues. The South African experience: South Africa has a science park in place where companies are accommodated in an incubation centre for three years. The park gives advice on marketing, mentoring and business plans.


The Finnish experience: The Finnish government supports innovation and builds confidence in students in the education system, telling them that they “can do it themselves”. There are local centres of excellence where recipients get financial and technical advice and are given assistance with accessing international markets. The Botswana experience: Botswana has started with the idea of a science park and a feasibility study in this regard has been completed. The concept is to facilitate space where industry, research and government can collaborate. Conclusion: The team pointed out that there are few international standards against which science parks can be measured and they are also difficult to quantify. However, such parks would facilitate exhibits, strengthen relationships for formal collaboration across sectors and allow for the promotion of S&T issues.

RREEPPOORRTT BBAACCKK TTHHEEMMEE 22 –– GGRRAASSSSRROOOOTTSS AANNDD RRUURRAALL LLIINNKKAAGGEESS

Facilitator: Mr Bob Hawkins Countries represented: Uganda Swaziland Lesotho Nigeria Finland South Africa Zimbabwe The group started their discussions by first considering individual country perspectives. The Swaziland experience: There is a fully fledged outreach unit at the University of Swaziland which co-ordinates activities which link up with communities regarding ICT and budgeting. There are also field programmes where students are posted to rural communities to facilitate interactions with universities. There are field projects in place to assist communities with basics such as water supply. The Ugandan experience: There is a millet project which is in place to produce flour and the Department of Science and Technology is involved with research in the project. The Finnish experience: Small and medium enterprises have a “tool box” which promotes innovation within these companies. The Nigerian experience:


Nigeria has in place an African Centre for Innovation and Training located in a rural area. The project has facilitated putting research in the community in order to demystify the myth that university is only for academics. The Lesotho experience: In Lesotho most projects are not community driven and therefore there is no community ownership which has resulted in unique challenges. The Zimbabwean experience: There are programmes being promoted among the youth of this country which use competitions as an incentive to promote innovation. The South African experience: Communities are actively involved in determining curricula content so that students can interact with their communities. There are modes of connectivity between different universities. Proposals for regional co-operation: One of the positive results of the group discussion was that the group itself indicated that it wanted to continue to pursue the theme of rural development and linkages after the conclusion of the workshop. Furthermore, the group felt that another broader workshop be convened to deal with the theme. It was also suggested that the Nigerian Centre for Innovation and Training be adapted for other countries in Africa.

RREEPPOORRTT BBAACCKK TTHHEEMMEE 33 –– FFUUNNDDIINNGG FFOORR SS&&TT

Facilitator: Mrs Helena Tapper (Finland) Countries represented: Zambia Lesotho Tanzania Mauritius Zimbabwe Uganda The group first gave its recommendations and then the justification for these. It noted that although SADC and NEPAD have recommended that each member country contribute at least 1% of GDP to S&T, in practice this never happens. Recommendations:

• It must be determined whether funding is to go to S&T or R%D • Scientists must convince decision-makers that S&T pays. • There must be reliable mechanisms which can measure R&D and assess the impact

thereof. • Encouragement must be given to the private sector to invest in R&D and incentives in

this area could include one such reward – tax relief.


• Encouragement must be given to the research sector to generate revenue through royalties

• Donor agencies must align their strategies with local research priorities • A regional fund must be set up to commonalities between regional institutions and

research departments. • Regional funding must aim at long-term human resource and research infrastructural

capacity.

RREEPPOORRTT BBAACCKK TTHHEEMMEE 44 –– RREEPPLLIICCAATTIIOONN OOFF EEFFFFEECCTTIIVVEE MMOODDEELLSS FFOORR SSYYSSTTEEMMSS OOFF

IINNNNOOVVAATTIIOONN Facilitator: Dr Bob Day (South Africa) Rapporteur: Mr M Kahiti Countries represented: Kenya Uganda Mauritius South Africa PRESENTATION – REPLICATION OF EFFECTIVE MODELS OF INNOVATION The group considered a variety of models for replication and took into account the fact that the vast majority of Africa’s population is rurally based. Most of those who are urbanised have the “job mentality” their priority being to secure formal employment. The group felt that there is huge potential in the rural areas but due to cultural constraints innovation is severely hampered. Most rural dwellers attempt to relocate to urban areas and only 10% of these actually succeed in any commercial endeavour. The group proposed that in order to address innovation in the rural areas incentives must be offered. Furthermore, the education curricula must be reviewed so that those rural dwellers that move to an urbanised environment are better equipped to deal with the challenges.

RREEPPOORRTT BBAACCKK TTHHEEMMEE 55 –– LLEEGGIISSLLAATTIIVVEE AANNDD RREEGGUULLAATTOORRYY IISSSSUUEESS

Facilitator: Dr Caroline Wagner and Ms Sara Farley (USA) Rapporteur: Hon J Mugambe (Uganda) Countries represented: Zambia Tanzania Uganda The Hon Magumbe stated that in order for any legislative and regulatory conditions mooted for implementation these are ultimately dependent on political will as politicians make policy. He further reported that the discussion group which debated Theme 5 were unanimously in agreement that S&T and ICT must be separate sectors with separate policies governing each. He gave a brief overview of S&T and ICT implementation in each of the countries which participated in the discussion.


The Zambian experience: In Zambia ICT policy is within S&T policy which is governed by an S&T Advisory Group. The policy essentially encourages students to study S&T at university level. The Ugandan experience: Uganda has a stand alone Ministry of which ICT is one component. There is also a National Council of S&T and a Parliamentary Committee on S&T. The Ugandan government sponsors 60% of all science students at tertiary level. Uganda has student exchange system in place with other East African countries, notably Kenya. The Tanzanian experience: Tanzania has separate policies which govern ICT and S&T. There is a Commission for S&T in place which oversees appropriate policy formulation and implementation. The priority area of training for Tanzania is in the medical field. Tanzania has an exchange student programme in place with China and Russia. Conclusion: The group felt that policies governing S&T must prioritise training at all levels of education. Coupled with this is the need for appropriate working environments. The use of incentives should also be part of policy i.e. African Scientist Award, Young Scientist Award and the African Champion award. Finally, the group suggested establishing an East African Centre of Excellence encompassing the entire east Africa region. RREEGGIIOONNAALL IINNTTEEGGRRAATTIIOONN OOPPPPOORRTTUUNNIITTIIEESS –– TTHHEE WWAAYY FFOORRWWAARRDD FFaacciilliittaattoorr:: MMrr BBoobb HHaawwkkiinnss PPaanneelllliisstt:: DDrr NNeevviillllee CCoommiinnss,, MMss HHeelleennaa TTaappppeerr,, DDrr AArrjjoooonn SSuuddddhhoooo,, MMrr IIssmmaaiill BBaarruuggaahhaarraa Mr Hawkins stated that the final task which lay ahead was to summarise the deliberations, debates and discussions of the last two days. Mr Hawkins stated that overall the workshop had raised many questions regarding S&T.

1. Who are we serving? 2. Who are the beneficiaries of S&T? 3. What structures are in place or needed to serve S&T? 4. What is the role of S&T? 5. What is the role of ministries of government with regards S&T 6. How do government ministries interact with S&T? 7. How do innovation systems work? 8. What are the institutions within innovation systems? 9. How are these institutions linked? 10. What policies are in place and how are these reconciled across ministries? 11. How are linkages implemented? 12. What are the roles of science parks and incubators? 13. How do communities collaborate with each other? 14. How are communication and collaboration systems co-ordinated? 15. How is knowledge created? 16. How can knowledge be moved from the shelf to implementation and commercialisation? 17. How can the issue of the innovation chasm be addressed?


18. How can the chasm be understood in individual countries? 19. How can a knowledge economy be made sustainable and practical? 20. What is the role of universities? 21. How can the mindsets of academics be changed so that they concentrate on “real world”

issues? 22. How are entrepreneurs and innovators created? 23. How can the “big” and “small” be married? 24. How can countries be married to the global community? 25. How can the rural be married to the urban? 26. How do we change without losing our value systems? 27. What is the role of existing knowledge?

“The world will not stop changing. In fact, change is accelerating at a furious pace and

new knowledge is being generated every day.” With regulatory issues and regional integration there are synergies and commonalities between countries but the challenge lies in practically implementing a larger system which will benefit all countries without individuals operating in silos. Mr Hawkins asked each panellist to consider three questions:

1. What is the nagging question that has stayed in your mind over the last three days? 2. Have you heard any solutions or ideas that may address that question? 3. Practically, how will these ideas be put into action?

Response: Mrs H Tapper Mrs Tapper responded that she had constantly heard from delegates about the lack of skilled personnel and lack of S&T education. If any country wishes to deal with capacity with regards human resources, then the entire education system of that country must be assessed, gaps identified and remedial action taken. Changes must be implemented at the very beginning stages of any education system. One way of addressing gaps is to look at priority areas, find the political will to make changes and allocate resources. Another issue which stood out for Mrs Tapper was the lack of participation within S&T from the private sector. She stated that in many countries the SME sector is big and must be encouraged to contribute to the global economy. This can be achieved through finding mechanisms to fund the SME base and even suggested that public funding can be allocated to private funding.

“Time is of the essence.” Response: Dr A Suddhoo Dr Suddhoo took the panelists back to 1994 when he left England and returned to Mauritius to take up a position in the Research Council. Coming back to Mauritius gave him a huge culture shock as in England he worked for a national company where it was expected that one would be innovative. S&T played huge role within the company with huge funding available for R&D. In Mauritius it became apparent that the people of the island had little knowledge of S&T and the government had a weak S&T policy. Dr Suddhoo stated that in his opinion the fault lies with the scientists who have locked themselves away, done research and then presented papers at a conference where they are not accessible to the public. Innovation must be encouraged, provided that it is beneficial to the people. To do science for the sake of science does not assist either socially or economically. Scientists must demonstrate the benefits of their research to business. Scientists must have a focussed approach which targets those things unique and specific to their countries. Mauritius


has a huge maritime space – four times the size of France – yet it has not utilised nor exploited this space other than attracting tourists. The only exploiters of the maritime space are foreign fishing fleets, which harvest the fish and sell them back to the island. He further stated that recognition towards scientists who do demonstrate the value of their research is vital.

“Why is it that people in developing countries have to be convinced of the importance of S&T?”

Response: Dr Comins Dr Comins stated that there were numerous discussions about the fragmentation of the STI system. This is linked to “C” of the THICK methodology. The scientific community has trouble communicating with the private sector. Dr Comins pointed out that the small breakaway groups which had collaborated at the workshop demonstrated the value of focus groups as out of these groups some excellent ideas had evolved. This same approach could be applied to STI systems, developing one project at a time.

“There is nothing to stop communities talking to each and if this does not happen, don’t blame others.”

Response: Mr Barugahara The challenge which had the most impact of Mr Barugahara was the issue of innovation. The challenge here is to fill the innovation chasm. Firstly, it is necessary to really understand exactly what innovation is and how an innovation system can be devised so that countries can move forward to the global economy. Furthermore, the mindsets of people must be changed. S&T and innovation must be seen as one system as over the years S&T and innovation were debated separately. Universities must first identify exactly what products and services are needed by an economy and how these can be put into the market before launching into an R&D programme.

“The focus now must be on marrying S&T and R&D together, taking cognisance of the required funding and structures needed to support innovation.”

Question, comments and answers: Comment: Make things practical at universities Comment: Dr Wagner stated that standards are very important. The extent to which technologies can integrate and have a common standard is extremely important. We’re passed the industrial age, we’re into a different age where commonness is critical. There is therefore a need for collaboration and openness around standards which can be shared. If a product is not standardised to the global level then it will not be able to compete. How do we collaborate and establish the standards and share the technical evaluation? Comment: What incentive systems can be put in place to reward innovation? Comment: Each system in each country must identify its strengths and weaknesses and from this national priorities can be focussed on. Comment: Improve service delivery Comment: What is important is the development of human resources. Innovation is at research level, R&D, but education systems must be assessed to ensure that what is being fed into R&D is productive. Comment: The main challenge that lies ahead is that politicians must grab scientists and expertise before they leave. Put in place the environment that will retain skills. Comment: The questions where we are coming from, where we are going, where we are and how do we know when we get there? So what? Where do we go from here?


Comment: Leadership capacity is paramount Comment: Intellectual property rights promote and stiffen the development of S&T. This issue must be debated at a later date in another forum. Mr Hawkins closed the workshop by stating that:

1. “We must network and practice what we preach with regards to communication.” The groups which were put together to consider specific topics at the workshop must keep in contact to take their ideas and suggestions forward.

2. Mr Hawkins and Ms Tapper will collaborate with other donors who will be interested in the discussions which have taken place over the two days.

3. Mr Hawkins proposed a follow-up workshop in 2008 to take the dialogue further and explore the ideas which were generated at the workshop over the two days.

4. The World Bank Institute will inform all attendees of other conferences which are planned in 2008 dealing with similar issues.

5. The team from SRI will distribute copies of their reports to all delegates. Ms Tapper thanked all the delegates for their efforts over the two days. She stated that the workshop is part of a process which will involve communities and the delegates in the future and communications between all the role-players will be maintained.

“We shouldn’t be overwhelmed. There are small, concrete steps that we can take on the journey.” (R Hawkins)


Republic of Mozambique Ministry of Science and

Technology

CClloossiinngg SSppeeeecchh ffoorr tthhee AAffrriiccaa RReeggiioonnaall WWoorrkksshhoopp oonn SScciieennccee,, TTeecchhnnoollooggyy aanndd IInnnnoovvaattiioonn

2277thth--2299thth ooff NNoovveemmbbeerr 22000077

HHiiss EExxcceelllleennccyy MMiinniisstteerr ooff SScciieennccee aanndd TTeecchhnnoollooggyy PPrrooff.. DDrr.. EEnngg.. VVeennâânncciioo SSiimmããoo MMaassssiinngguuee

Maputo, 29th of November 2007

“Distinguished Delegates, Ladies and Gentlemen

I must begin by thanking you all for the fruitful discussions and open exchange of ideas during the last two days in this very important forum. The level of involvement, ambition and commitment by all the participants shows me the high level will to move forward in implementing science, technology and innovation related policies in the participating countries and in other countries in the region and for turning these important tools from being just academic exercises to tools supporting acceleration of development interventions in all levels of society, having particular focus on the grassroots. During the past two days we have been analyzing what kind of innovation systems could function best in the regional environment and what are the common building blocks we all can engage in developing. The nature of innovation systems, whether at local, national, regional and international level makes this issue not country specific, but an issue which needs regional attention. We have further analyzed the role of information and communication technologies in development of Innovation Systems and opened up how to develop further collaboration between universities, private sector enterprises and the government to secure sustainable development of countries in the region. This collaboration is fundamental in turning innovativeness to concrete ideas, products and tangible benefits for the socio-economic development of our countries.


Distinguished Delegates, Ladies and Gentlemen The waking up of Africa for Science, Technology and Innovation has not happened by accident, but is a result of tenuous and hard work during the past decade. The vision of having Science, Technology and Innovation as a concrete tool for development has been raised high in the priorities of the SADC region and NEPAD and it is a great privilege for me, as one of the Ministers of Science and Technology in the region to witness this rapid development and consolidation of ideas. But what we need now is concrete implementation of presented ideas and experimentation of our national and regional models in practice. Time is not on our side and we need to move to action without further delay. The global competition is not waiting further and we need to turn our natural resources and human resources into tangible prosperity. In the ANSCOTT, which is a forum of African Ministers of Science and Technology exists widespread consensus and commitment to moving forward, but we need similar mechanisms also on the level of experts. What I see here today, is this mechanism and I recommend that we turn this forum to a working body, which meets and discusses the challenges, innovations and development of Science, Technology and Innovation in the region on annual basis. I further recommend that we set up a mechanism for sharing experiences of incubators and science parks on African continent. A similar annual mechanism should be established for following up this development. Incubators and science parks are the concrete melting points of the innovation systems, which joins together the universities, private sector and provides an opportunity for government to support development of local innovations to concrete products. And for supporting our vision and these concrete initiatives we need company of visionary international partners. Therefore I reiterate the role of World Bank, Government of Finland and other partners in joining us on this very important journey.

Distinguished Delegates, Ladies and Gentlemen Let me once again express my warm gratitude of the discussions and openness of all the participants and invite you to experience the warmth of Mozambique still few days further and to come back as soon as you find the opportunity. Thank you.”


LIST OF ACRONYMS

WBI World Bank Institute TAP Technical Assistance Programmes S&T Science and Technology STI Science, Technology and Innovation NSI National System of Innovation IKS Indigenous Knowledge Systems SME Small and Medium Enterprises

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The organisers of the workshop would like to acknowledge the support of the following people and organisations:

• World Bank Human Development Africa Region and the Embassy of Finland, Ministry of Foreign Affairs for financial support

• Hon Minister Massingue, Mr Alanko, Hon Mr Mugambe, Mr Baxter and Hon Daka for delivering the welcome addresses

• World Bank Africa Region Human Development for contributing workshop literature • World Bank Mozambique office and South Africa office for administration support • NEPAD Science and Technology Office for contributing workshop literature • Global Research Alliance Office for contributing workshop literature • Invited facilitators, panellists and presenters for quality presentations • Facilitators, scribes and rapporteurs who worked hard in delivering successful breakaway

sessions in the workshop • Ministry of Science and Technology (MCT) for kind assistance • Staff of Oceanair and Hotel Avenida for • Mrs Carpenter for providing rapporteuring services



AFRICA REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION

Hotel Avenida, Maputo Tuesday 27 November 2007, 14h00-17h00

AGENDA

13h30-14h00 REGISTRATION Delegate registration, Tea and Coffee 14h00-14h10 WORKSHOP PROGRAM OVERVIEW Mr Bob Hawkins, World Bank Institute, South Africa 14h10-14h20 WELCOME ADDRESS Honorable Minister Venancio Massingue, Ministry of Science and Technology, Mozambique 14h20-14h30 WELCOME ADDRESS Honourable Joseph Mugambe, Chairperson, Standing Committee on Science and Technology, Parliament of Uganda 14h30-15h30 PRESENTATION Presentation of Technical Assistance Programs (TAP) in Uganda and Mozambique Dr Caroline Wagner, SRI International 15h30-16h15 DISCUSSION –IN RESPONSE TO PRESENTATION Interactive session and response to the TAP presentation, identification of challenges and barriers to achieving STI goals in both countries Chair: Dr Caroline Wagner 16h15-17h00 DISCUSSION – WAY FORWARD AND CLOSING REMARKS Discussion on next steps/issues for operationalization and

implementation Chair: Mr Bob Hawkins 17h00-18h00 REFRESHMENTS



AFRICA REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION

Hotel Avenida, Maputo, Wednesday 28 November 2007, 09h00-21h00

AGENDA

08h30-09h00 REGISTRATION 09h00-09h10 WELCOME ADDRESS Mr Kari Alanko, Ambassador of Finland, Mozambique 9h10-9h20 WELCOME ADDRESS Mr Michael Baxter, Country Director World Bank, Mozambique 9h20-9h30 REVIEW OF WORKSHOP PROGRAM Mr Bob Hawkins, World Bank Institute 9h30-10h00 PLENARY SESSION Challenges facing S&T in developing countries – Hon Minister Dr V Massingúe 10h00-10h15 TEA 10h15-11h15 PANEL DISCUSSION 1 - Governance issues Moderator: Dr Caroline Wagner Panelists: Dr M Lucas, Hon J Mugambe and Dr B Nsemukila 11h15-12h15 PANEL DISCUSSION 2- Systems of Innovation Moderator: Mr Dhesigen Naidoo Panelists: Ms H Tapper, Ms S Farley, Prof O Totolo 12h15-13h00 LUNCH 13h00-13h30 PRESENTATION: Technical assistance programs in Uganda and Mozambique Presenter & Moderator: Dr Caroline Wagner 13H30-15H30 BREAKAWAY SESSION 1- Sector focus areas Area Facilitator Rapporteur Agroprocessing Dr Caroline Wagner Tanzania Energy Dr Bob Day Lesotho Health Mr Bob Hawkins Swaziland ICT Ms Helena Tapper Zambia Transport & Logistics Dr Neville Comins Mauritius


15h30-15h45 TEA 15H45-17H00 REPORT BACK -SECTORAL BREAKAWAY SESSIONS Presenters: Group rapporteurs (10 min each) followed by discussion (20 min) 17h00-17h15 SUMMARY OF DAY’S PROCEEDINGS Presenter: Mr Bob Hawkins 19h00-21H00 WORKSHOP DINNER Presentation by Hon Minister Dr O N Muchena



AFRICA REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON SCIENCE,

TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION Hotel Avenida, Maputo,

Thursday 29 November 2007, 09h00-15h00

AGENDA

09h00-09h15 WELCOME ADDRESS Hon P M W Daka, Minister, Ministry of Science, Technology and Vocational Training, Zambia 09h15-10h15 PANEL DISCUSSION 3- Mechanisms linking Research, Innovation and Commercialisation Moderator: Dr Neville Comins Panelist: Mr L Kuukasjärvi, Prof M Kah, Prof C Kiamba 10h15-10h30 TEA 10H30-12H00 BREAKAWAY SESSION 2: Opportunities for Regional Collaboration Moderator: Dr Bob Day Area Facilitator Rapporteur Theme 1 Dr Bob Day Kenya Theme 2 Mrs Helena Tapper Mozambique Theme 3 Dr Neville Comins Namibia Theme 4 Mr Lauri Kuukasjärvi Zimbabwe Theme 5 Dr Caroline Wagner Uganda 12H00-13H00 REPORT BACK – OPPORTUNITIES FOR REGIONAL COLLABORATION Presenters: Rapporteur from each group (10 min) and discussion (10 min) 13h00-14h00 LUNCH 14H00-15H00 ISSUES, WAY FORWARD AND NEXT STEPS Moderator: Mr Bob Hawkins Panelists: Dr Neville Comins, Mrs Helena Tapper, TBC, TBC 15h00 WORKSHOP CLOSE

Documents

AFRICA REGIONAL WORKSHOP ON SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION …siteresources.worldbank.org/KFDLP/Resources/461197-1199907090464/... · Africa Regional Workshop on Science, Technology