AFRICA REVIEWAFRICA REVIEW

GeographyGeography

FEATURES:FEATURES: SAHARA DESERTSAHARA DESERT GREAT RIFT GREAT RIFT

VALLEYVALLEY NILE RIVERNILE RIVER KALAHARI DESERTKALAHARI DESERT ATLAS MOUNTAINSATLAS MOUNTAINS LAKE VICTORIALAKE VICTORIA CONGO RIVERCONGO RIVER

Effects of GeographyEffects of Geography

FEATURE EFFECTFEATURE EFFECTSAHARA SAHARA DESERTIFICATIONDESERTIFICATION

DESERTDESERT ACTS AS A BARRIER TO ACTS AS A BARRIER TO TRADE AND TRAVELTRADE AND TRAVEL LACK OF FERTILE FARM LANDLACK OF FERTILE FARM LAND

NILE RIVER NILE RIVER FERTILE VALLEY, SILT FERTILE VALLEY, SILT

OTHER RIVERS OTHER RIVERS WATER FALLS, RAPIDS, CATARACTSWATER FALLS, RAPIDS, CATARACTS MAKE TRANSPORTATION DIFFICULT BUT MAKE TRANSPORTATION DIFFICULT BUT SOMETIMES GOOD FOR HYDROELECTRIC POWERSOMETIMES GOOD FOR HYDROELECTRIC POWER

GEOGRAPHY CONTINUEDGEOGRAPHY CONTINUED

RESOURCESRESOURCES Gold and diamonds in South AfricaGold and diamonds in South Africa Rubber and Ivory in the CongoRubber and Ivory in the Congo

GREAT RIFT VALLEY GREAT RIFT VALLEY Made travel and trade difficult.Made travel and trade difficult.

Influenced migration forcing people to move in a Influenced migration forcing people to move in a

north-south direction.north-south direction. 100 mile wide canyon100 mile wide canyon

GeographyGeography

Ancient World 4000 BC to AD 400Ancient World 4000 BC to AD 400

Egypt along Nile RiverEgypt along Nile River ““Gift of the Nile”: Gift of the Nile”:

flooding, irrigation, flooding, irrigation, drinking waterdrinking water

Polytheistic – Amon-Polytheistic – Amon-Re, Osiris, after lifeRe, Osiris, after life

Pyramids and Pyramids and mummificationmummification

Government: Government: Pharaoh, Pharaoh,

BANTU MIGRATIONSBANTU MIGRATIONS

Bantu people from West Africa Bantu people from West Africa migrated South and East in search of migrated South and East in search of fertile landfertile land

Between 500 BC and 1500 AD Bantu Between 500 BC and 1500 AD Bantu settlers spread knowledge of settlers spread knowledge of farming, ironworking and language.farming, ironworking and language.

Today 1/3 of Africans speak a Today 1/3 of Africans speak a language in the Bantu familylanguage in the Bantu family

Islamic InfluencesIslamic Influences

In the late 600s the In the late 600s the Muslim traders Muslim traders carried Islam into carried Islam into North AfricaNorth Africa

Muslim and North Muslim and North African forces African forces worked together to worked together to conquer Spainconquer Spain

Africa 1200-1650Africa 1200-1650

Traditional Society and Traditional Society and CultureCulture

Village GovernmentVillage Government

Family PatternsFamily Patterns

Religious Beliefs: Religious Beliefs: AnimismAnimism

African Kingdoms:African Kingdoms:

GhanaGhana– 800-1000800-1000– Controls Gold Salt Controls Gold Salt

tradetrade– King has Muslim King has Muslim

advisorsadvisors

MaliMali– 1200-14501200-1450– Mali conquers Mali conquers

GhanaGhana– Mansa MusaMansa Musa– Controls gold trade Controls gold trade

routesroutes– TimbuktuTimbuktu

African KingdomsAfrican Kingdoms

SonghaiSonghai– 1450-16001450-1600– Grows into largest Grows into largest

West African StateWest African State– Controls trade Controls trade

routesroutes– Emperor sets up a Emperor sets up a

Muslim dynastyMuslim dynasty

AxumAxum– Located on the Red Located on the Red

SeaSea– Trade network Trade network

linking Africa, India linking Africa, India & Medit. & Medit.

– Mixing of Jewish Mixing of Jewish and Christian and Christian religionsreligions

Africa’s Role in Global TradeAfrica’s Role in Global Trade

Hausa (present day Nigeria) – control Hausa (present day Nigeria) – control trade routes across Saharatrade routes across Sahara

Benin -rainforest of Guinea Coast- Benin -rainforest of Guinea Coast- traded Ivory, pepper and eventually traded Ivory, pepper and eventually slaves, slaves, – Cast bronze and brassCast bronze and brassEast African City-States: East African City-States:

Booming trade with India, birth of a new Booming trade with India, birth of a new language: Swahillilanguage: Swahilli

Early EncountersEarly Encounters

1400s Portuguese and 1600s Dutch 1400s Portuguese and 1600s Dutch try and push into interior of Africa. try and push into interior of Africa.

Dutch settle at Cape Town and Dutch settle at Cape Town and enslave some Africans. enslave some Africans.

Boers: Dutch farmersBoers: Dutch farmers

Triangular Trade and the Middle Triangular Trade and the Middle PassagePassage

CausesCauses– Labor shortageLabor shortage– Workers for Workers for

plantationsplantations

EffectsEffects– Middle Passage with Middle Passage with

terrible conditionsterrible conditions– Millions die due to Millions die due to

diseasedisease– Decimate tribes in Decimate tribes in

AfricaAfrica– Legacy of racismLegacy of racism– Cultural DiffusionCultural Diffusion

IMPERIALISMIMPERIALISM

Domination by one country of the Domination by one country of the Political Social and Economic life of Political Social and Economic life of another country or regionanother country or region

Political, Economic & Social Industrial Political, Economic & Social Industrial RevolutionRevolution

Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism Military & Economic MotivesMilitary & Economic Motives White Man’s BurdenWhite Man’s Burden

Remember Africa…Remember Africa…

THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICATHE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA1850-19141850-1914

By the late 1800s, European powers By the late 1800s, European powers began colonizing Africabegan colonizing Africa

From the 1500s – 1800s, European From the 1500s – 1800s, European traders sold African slaves and traded traders sold African slaves and traded along the coastalong the coast

Christian missionaries tried to convert Christian missionaries tried to convert African people, but often tried to African people, but often tried to replace native culture with their own replace native culture with their own

““White Man’s Burden”White Man’s Burden”

THE PARTITION OF AFRICATHE PARTITION OF AFRICA

By 1870s, King Leopold of Belgium By 1870s, King Leopold of Belgium forms a trading company in the forms a trading company in the Congo, other European nations join Congo, other European nations join quest for landquest for land

1884 Berlin Conference – meeting to 1884 Berlin Conference – meeting to set up rules for colonizing Africa, NO set up rules for colonizing Africa, NO AFRICANS INVITEDAFRICANS INVITED

CONFLICTS FOR COLONIESCONFLICTS FOR COLONIES

In southern Africa, Shaka organized Zulu warriors to fight Europeans, others resisted imperialism tooEthiopia successfully fights off Italy 1896British and Dutch farmers fight Boer War 1899-1902 over South Africa

WITHIN 20 YEARS OF THE WITHIN 20 YEARS OF THE BERLIN CONFERENCE…BERLIN CONFERENCE…

The entire continent of Africa is The entire continent of Africa is partitioned among the European partitioned among the European powerspowers

(with the exception of Liberia and (with the exception of Liberia and Ethiopia)Ethiopia)

AFRICA POLITICAL DIVISIONS IN 1913 AFRICA POLITICAL DIVISIONS IN 1913 Percentage of Africa Controlled by European Percentage of Africa Controlled by European

Countries in 1913Countries in 1913

EFFECTS OF IMPERIALISMEFFECTS OF IMPERIALISMON AFRICAON AFRICA

POSITIVESPOSITIVES European medicines and improved European medicines and improved

nutrition increase life span and help nutrition increase life span and help expand the African populationexpand the African population

Modern transportation and Modern transportation and communications introduced communications introduced (telegraphs, RR, steamships, telephone)(telegraphs, RR, steamships, telephone)

Small minority received improved Small minority received improved education, econ. opportunitieseducation, econ. opportunities

EFFECTS CONT.EFFECTS CONT.

NEGATIVESNEGATIVES European domination eroded traditional European domination eroded traditional

African values, socially and politicallyAfrican values, socially and politically African people treated as inferiorsAfrican people treated as inferiors Workers subjected to long hours, low pay, Workers subjected to long hours, low pay,

mistreatment (human rights violations, but mistreatment (human rights violations, but do not confuse with slave trade)do not confuse with slave trade)

Africa divided artificially, Euros. Ignore Africa divided artificially, Euros. Ignore tribal, ethnic, and cultural boundariestribal, ethnic, and cultural boundaries

Divisions have led to ongoing (as in still Divisions have led to ongoing (as in still today!) tribal clashes in many countriestoday!) tribal clashes in many countries

Africa Since WW IIAfrica Since WW II

NationalismNationalism Dealing with Colonial LegacyDealing with Colonial Legacy

– Divisions without concern for tribal Divisions without concern for tribal boundariesboundaries

– Lack of educated leadersLack of educated leaders– Economic dependence Economic dependence

Algeria 1954-1962Algeria 1954-1962

French wanted to keep Arab-Berber people French wanted to keep Arab-Berber people from winning independencefrom winning independence

Muslim Nationalists set up the FLN – Muslim Nationalists set up the FLN – National Liberation FrontNational Liberation Front

Public opinion in France turned against the Public opinion in France turned against the warwar

Charles de Gaulle became President in Charles de Gaulle became President in 1958 – 4 years later Algeria achieved 1958 – 4 years later Algeria achieved independenceindependence

INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTSINDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS

KENYA: JOMO KENYATAKENYA: JOMO KENYATA

KENYA AND JOMO KENYATTAKENYA AND JOMO KENYATTA

The British held Kenya as part of the East Africa The British held Kenya as part of the East Africa Protectorate.Protectorate.

A secret terrorist organization called the Mau Mau existed A secret terrorist organization called the Mau Mau existed in Kenya to fight the British! The British called a state of in Kenya to fight the British! The British called a state of emergency against the Mau Mau’s guerrilla activities. emergency against the Mau Mau’s guerrilla activities.

The native tribe of Kenya are the Kikuyu.The native tribe of Kenya are the Kikuyu. Jomo Kenyatta led the independence movement and ended Jomo Kenyatta led the independence movement and ended

up in jail.up in jail. Kenyatta and the Mau Mau were successful against the Kenyatta and the Mau Mau were successful against the

British in 1963.British in 1963. Kenyatta became the first president of the free Kenya.Kenyatta became the first president of the free Kenya.

GHANA AND KWAME GHANA AND KWAME NKRUMAHNKRUMAH

GHANA: INDEPENDENCE GHANA: INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTMOVEMENT

The British held the territory called The British held the territory called the Gold Coast.the Gold Coast.

Kwame Nkrumah led the Kwame Nkrumah led the independence movementindependence movement

Nkrumah believed in non-violence. Nkrumah believed in non-violence. In 1957 The Gold Coast got its In 1957 The Gold Coast got its

independence andindependence and

was then called Ghana.was then called Ghana. Kwame Nkrumah became Ghana’s Kwame Nkrumah became Ghana’s

first Presidentfirst President

          

      

                                         

      

          

          

      

                                         

      

          

A CASE STUDY: SOUTH AFRICAA CASE STUDY: SOUTH AFRICAAPARTHEID: RISE AND FALLAPARTHEID: RISE AND FALL

APARTHEID – THE LEGAL APARTHEID – THE LEGAL SEPARATION OF THE RACES RULED SEPARATION OF THE RACES RULED IN SOUTH AFRICA FROM 1948--1991IN SOUTH AFRICA FROM 1948--1991

THE AFRIKAANER (DUTCH THE AFRIKAANER (DUTCH GOVERNMENT)GOVERNMENT)

The Afrikaaner govt. gained control The Afrikaaner govt. gained control of the South Africa in 1948of the South Africa in 1948

They instituted Apartheid!They instituted Apartheid! Each group had separate living areasEach group had separate living areas People of color were subjected to People of color were subjected to

certain rules/laws!certain rules/laws!

APARTHEID LAWS/RULESAPARTHEID LAWS/RULES People of color must carry Pass Books around as identification.People of color must carry Pass Books around as identification. Intermarriage between white people and people of color is Intermarriage between white people and people of color is

forbidden.forbidden. Strikes by black workers were outlawed.Strikes by black workers were outlawed. Jobs were restricted.Jobs were restricted. Separate public facilities and transportation were in existence.Separate public facilities and transportation were in existence. Black people had no representation in government.Black people had no representation in government. BANTU AUTHORITIES ACT established Bantustans or BANTU AUTHORITIES ACT established Bantustans or

homelandshomelands

where black people would livewhere black people would live Separate educational facilities for white and blackSeparate educational facilities for white and black

       

"Bantustans"

RESISTANCE TO RESISTANCE TO APARTHEIDAPARTHEID

NELSON MANDELA ----AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS

STEVE BIKO---------------BLACK CONSCIOUSNESS MOVEMENT

ARCHBISHOP DESMOND TUTU-----PEACEFUL RESISTANCE TO THE AFRIKAANER GOVERNMENT

RESISTANCE TO APARTHEIDRESISTANCE TO APARTHEIDTHE ANC AND MANDELATHE ANC AND MANDELA

NELSON MANDELA: SYMBOL OF NELSON MANDELA: SYMBOL OF RESISTANCERESISTANCE

Nelson Mandela was arrested in Nelson Mandela was arrested in the 1960’s for conspiracy against the 1960’s for conspiracy against the government. He remained in the government. He remained in

jail for over 20 years. He was jail for over 20 years. He was released by President F.W. deKlerk released by President F.W. deKlerk

in 1989. By 1994 Mandela in 1989. By 1994 Mandela became the first black president became the first black president of South Africa. People waited in of South Africa. People waited in line for days to vote in the first line for days to vote in the first

free elections!free elections!

STEVE BIKO: BLACK STEVE BIKO: BLACK CONSCIOUSNESSCONSCIOUSNESS

STEVE BIKO

Steve Biko was arrested by the South African police. He was murdered while in custody in 1977. Thousands showed up for his funeral and he became a symbol of resistance to the white oppression. His movement lived on after his death. The white police officers who beat him did not answer for their crimes until the 1990’s.

Biko’s grave

THE END OF THE END OF APARTHEIDAPARTHEID

Many world nations put pressure Many world nations put pressure (economic sanctions on South Africa (economic sanctions on South Africa

which crippled the economy.which crippled the economy. 1989 F.W. deKlerk became President.1989 F.W. deKlerk became President.

1990 deKlerk lifted the ban on the ANC 1990 deKlerk lifted the ban on the ANC and released Mandela from prison.and released Mandela from prison.

deKlerk began to repeal the apartheid deKlerk began to repeal the apartheid laws, dismantling the system of racial laws, dismantling the system of racial

separation.separation.April 1994 was set as the first free April 1994 was set as the first free elections and for a new constitution.elections and for a new constitution.

In 1994 Nelson Mandela won the In 1994 Nelson Mandela won the presidential election hands down!presidential election hands down!

FW. deKlerk

CIVIL WAR AND ETHNIC TENSIONCIVIL WAR AND ETHNIC TENSIONIN RECENT TIMESIN RECENT TIMES

ETHNIC TENSION IN RWANDA ETHNIC TENSION IN RWANDA BETWEEN HUTUS AND TUTSIS LED TO BETWEEN HUTUS AND TUTSIS LED TO

GENOCIDE 1990’SGENOCIDE 1990’S CIVIL WAR, DROUGHT, FAMINE IN CIVIL WAR, DROUGHT, FAMINE IN

SOMALIA IN 1992 LED TO U.S. SOMALIA IN 1992 LED TO U.S. INTERVENTION (Black Hawk Down)INTERVENTION (Black Hawk Down)

http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/news/video/1994rwanda/1994rwanda_wmv.htm

THE AIDS CRISIS: THE CONTINENT THE AIDS CRISIS: THE CONTINENT WITH THE MOST CASES!WITH THE MOST CASES!

South Africa has one of the South Africa has one of the highest death rates due to AIDShighest death rates due to AIDS