African Wild Dogafricanwilddogssp.com/ssp/documents/SSP_report_July2003.pdf · African Wild Dog SSP 2003 - 2004 5 Genetics: The living wild dog population in AZA institutions is descended

Population Analysis and Breeding Plan

African Wild Dog Lycaon pictus

Species Survival Plan®

SPECIES COORDINATOR Mike Quick, Sedgwick County Zoo

STUDBOOK KEEPER

Currently vacant

SPMAG ADVISOR Sarah Long, AZA Population Management Center

31 July 2003

This report prepared with assistance from the

American Zoo and Aquarium Association Population Management Center In Chicago

African Wild Dog SSP 2003 - 2004 1

Executive Summary African Wild Dog (Lycaon pictus) SSP

The AZA Canid Taxon Advisory Group has designated set a target population size of 100 specimens for this species. The current population size is 104 distributed among 26 AZA institutions. When gene diversity falls below 90% of that in the founding population, it is expected that reproduction will be increasingly compromised by, among other factors, lower birth weights, smaller litter sizes, and greater neonatal mortality. Given its current gene diversity of 91.5%, this population is projected to fall below 90% gene diversity in the next generation. However, genetic management strategies such as equalizing founder representation (by breeding animals with low mean kinships) and increasing the effective population size (by increasing the proportion of animals breeding) may help maintain gene diversity above 85% for at least 15 years. Importing animals from captive populations in other regions would also help maintain a higher level of gene diversity for a longer period of time.

DEMOGRAPHY

Current Population Size (N) 104

Specimens Excluded from Analyses 3

Target Population Size 100 Mean Generation Time (T, in years) 4.5 Projected Population Growth Rate (lambda) 1.00

GENETICS

Current Realizable* Potential

Number of Founders 21 0 additional

Founder Genome Equivalents 5.81 9.72 Gene Diversity Retained (%) 91.5 93.2* 94.8 Population Mean Kinship 0.0861

Mean Inbreeding (F) 0.0584 % Known Pedigree 97 Ne/N 0.12 0.20

Years To 90% Gene Diversity 0 5 Gene Diversity at 100 Years From Present (%) 35.2 52.8 *Realizable gene diversity is an estimate of the gene diversity that can realistically be attained by successfully breeding the best pairs (males and females paired according to their mean kinships).

The number of pairs recommended is intended to create and maintain a population size of 100 individuals over the next two years. Assuming an average litter size of six and a 75% probability of a pair breeding, this population needs approximately 15 – 20 births per year to meet its demographic goals. Due to the large variation in litter sizes of this species (1 to 16 pups), this population should be closely monitored demographically in order to avoid potential space problems and maintain a stable growth rate and age structure. As with most managed populations, pairings are prioritized to maintain or increase gene diversity through considerations of mean kinship, avoidance of inbreeding, differences in sire and dam mean kinships, and the degree of uncertainty within a pedigree. In addition to these genetic criteria, the SSP also considered other factors such as social group needs when making pairs and transfers. Due to space constraints it is essential that we manage the breeding and moves recommended with a strategy to maintain packs of wild dogs in our institutions. Therefore, it is the recommendation of the management group to move same sex siblings as packs rather than individuals whenever possible. Members of the African Wild Dog SSP management group and advisors are available to assist institutions on management and husbandry issues. Summary Actions 2003-2004: The SSP has recommended 7 breeding pairs for the next two years.


Acknowledgements

The African Wild Dog SSP master planning meeting was held on 28-29 April 2003 in conjunction with the Canid Taxon Advisory Group meetings, hosted by Saint Louis Zoo.

The African Wild Dog SSP master planning meeting was attended by:

Mike Quick, African Wild Dog SSP Species Coordinator

Katie Cronin, Studbook Analyst, AZA Population Management Center Sarah Long, Population Biologist, AZA Population Management Center

Andi Kornak, Binder Park Zoo Mary Burke, Chicago Zoological Society/Brookfield Zoo

Stephanie Rhodes, Chicago Zoological Society/Brookfield Zoo Lynn Kramer, Denver Zoo

Bill Savage, Oklahoma City Zoo Karen Bauman, Saint Louis Zoo Steve Bircher, Saint Louis Zoo

Bret Sellers, Woodland Park Zoo

SPECIES COORDINATOR Mike Quick

Sedgwick County Zoo 5555 Zoo Blvd, Wichita, KS phone 316-942-2212 x 237

fax 316-942-3781 [email protected]

STUDBOOK KEEPER

Position is currently vacant Acting studbook keeper is Stephanie Rhodes

Chicago Zoological Society/Brookfield Zoo phone 708-485-0263 x 435

[email protected]

Report and Analyses prepared by: Sarah Long

Population Biologist AZA Population Management Center

[email protected]

This plan was prepared and distributed with the assistance of the AZA Population Management Center in Chicago.

[email protected]


Table of Contents

Executive Summary 1

I. Description of Population Status

Demography 4Genetics 5Management Strategy 6

II. Recommendations

Summary Recommendations 7ASHEBORO – North Carolina Zoological Park 11BATTLE CR – Binder Park Zoo 11BROWNSVIL – Gladys Porter Zoo 12CHICAGOBR – Chicago Zoological Park/Brookfield Zoo 12CHICAGOLP – Lincoln Park Zoo 13CINCINNAT – Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden 13DENVER – Denver Zoological Gardens 14FRANKLINP – Zoo New England 15FT WAYNE – Fort Wayne Children’s Zoo 15GULF BREZ – The ZOO 15HONOLULU – Honolulu Zoo 16INDIANAPL – Indianapolis Zoo 16JUNGLARY F – Caribbean Gardens – the Zoo in Naples 16KANSASCTY – Kansas City Zoological Park 17KNOXVILLE – Knoxville Zoological Gardens 17METROZOO – Miami Metrozoo 17OKLAHOMA – Oklahoma City Zoological Park 18PALM DES – The Living Desert 18PHILADELP – Philadelphia Zoological Garden 19RIO GRAND – Albuquerque Biological Park 19ROLLING H – Rolling Hills Refuge Wildlife Conservation Center 20SANDIEGOZ – San Diego Zoological Garden 20SEATTLE – Woodland Park Zoological Gardens 21SEDGWICK – Sedgwick County Zoo 21TOLEDO – Toledo Zoological Gardens 21WILD WRLD – Wildlife World Zoo 22WCSRC – Wild Canid Survival & Research Center 22

III. Appendices

A. Assumptions in the Analytical Studbook 23B. Summary of Data Exports 23C. Individuals Excluded from the Breeding Population 23D. Life Tables E. Ordered Mean Kinship

24E. Ordered mean kinships 25F. Definitions 26G. Directory or Institutional Representatives 28


Description of Population Status African Wild Dog (Lycaon pictus) SSP

Introduction: Comprehensive genetic and demographic analyses of the captive Wild Dog SSP population were performed in April 2003, resulting in the current master plan. The last formal master plan for this species was in 1996. Recommendations contained in this plan supercede those made by any earlier plans. Demographic and genetic analyses of the International Wild Dog Studbook (current to 31 March 2003) were performed using SPARKS 1.52 and PM2000 1.201. Managed Population: The current population size is 104 (TAG recommended size = 100), distributed among 26 AZA institutions. Three sterile animals were excluded from the genetic analyses (studbook numbers 1859, 1860, & 1879), leaving the managed population at 101 individuals. Assumptions were made in the analytical studbook for the ancestors of siblings T1116 and T1117 (Appendix A). Demography: African wild dogs were exhibited in North American Zoos as early as 1902. The captive wild dog population in North America has been characterized by inconsistent growth throughout most of its history, with annual growth rates varying widely (lambda = 0.50 – 2.78). Although the first recorded captive African wild dog birth in North America occurred in 1942, it was not until 1958 that captive births within this region occurred more regularly. The population remained below 30 individuals until the early 1980s, when a combination of imports and captive births helped to double the population size. Since 1984 the population has grown erratically, for reasons that may include high infant mortality and variation in both breeding success and litter size. From the mid-1990s to present, several import events and a more consistent number of births have contributed to rapid growth.

The age structure of the population approximates a stable distribution, with individuals occupying almost all age classes (Figure 2). According to life tables drawn from studbook records, males and females reach sexual maturity as one year olds and become reproductively senescent at 8 (females) or 9 (males). Wild dogs in captivity have lived as long as 12 years (females) to 16 years (males). Infant mortality is 55% for males and 63% for females, with most mortality occurring in the first 30 days (Appendix B).

Figure 1. Census of wild dogs in North American institutions (1963-2002), by birth origin. From North American Regional Studbook, current 1 April 2003. Figure 2. Age structure of African Wild Dog SSP population in

AZA institutions (showing individuals in age classes 0 through 11). From International Studbook, current 1 April 2003.


Genetics: The living wild dog population in AZA institutions is descended from 21 founders with no potential founders remaining.

GENETICS

Current Realizable* Potential

Number of Founders 21 0 additional Founder Genome Equivalents 5.81 9.72 Gene Diversity Retained (%) 91.5 93.2* 94.8

Population Mean Kinship 0.0861 Mean Inbreeding (F) 0.0584 % Known Pedigree 97

Ne/N 0.12 0.20 Years To 90% Gene Diversity 0 5 Gene Diversity at 100 Years From Present (%) 35.2 52.8 *Realizable gene diversity is an estimate of the gene diversity that can realistically be attained by successfully breeding the best pairs (males and females paired according to their mean kinships).

Genetic diversity in this population is slightly lower than the average mammal SSP (93%). The population will be below 90% in less than one generation according to projections based on current conditions and assuming random breeding. However, by using mean kinship to make breeding pairs and thus equalizing founder representation, it may be possible to maintain gene diversity for a longer period of time. Increasing the proportion of animals reproducing and contributing genes to the next generation (Ne/N) may also help to retain gene diversity for longer. When gene diversity falls below 90% of that in the founding population, it is expected that reproduction will be increasingly compromised by, among other factors, lower birth weights, smaller litter sizes, and greater neonatal mortality.

Figure 3. Founder representation of wild dogs illustrating inequality of representation. Descendants of founders with low representation typically have low mean kinship values and should be prioritized for breeding in order to maintain gene diversity.

Management Strategy: The current SSP population is 104 specimens, with a target size of 100. Demographic analyses indicate that 0% growth (lambda = 1.00) can be maintained with 15 - 20 births per year. The number of pairs recommended is intended to create and maintain a population size of 100 individuals over the next two years. Assuming an average litter size of six and a 75% probability of a pair breeding, this population needs approximately 15 – 20 births per year to meet its demographic goals. Due to the large variation in litter sizes of this species (1 to 16 pups), this population should be closely monitored demographically in order to avoid potential space problems and maintain a stable growth rate and age structure.


As with most managed populations, pairings are prioritized to maintain or increase gene diversity through considerations of mean kinship, avoidance of inbreeding, differences in sire and dam mean kinships, and the degree of uncertainty within a pedigree. In addition to these genetic criteria, the SSP also considered other factors such as social group needs when making pairs and transfers. Management Strategy Summary:

1. The SSP has planned 7 breeding pairs for the next two years. 2. The SSP has planned 15 transfers, 4 of which are for breeding purposes.

3. Due to space constraints it is essential that we manage the breeding and moves

recommended with a strategy to maintain packs of wild dogs in our institutions. Therefore, same sex siblings should be moved as packs rather than individuals whenever possible. Members of the African Wild Dog SSP management group and advisors are available to assist institutions on management and husbandry issues.


Summary Breeding and Transfer Plan

ID Location Local ID Sex Age Additional Info

Disposition Location Breeding With Notes

2040 ASHEBORO 1566 M 8 Ibo 0001C4B738

HOLD ASHEBORO DO NOT BREED

2131 ASHEBORO 1497 F 5 Queen 000126F386


2132 ASHEBORO 1498 F 5 Africa 0001DB6485


2088 BATTLE CR 98M36 M 5 00012E91D8 HOLD BATTLE CR DO NOT BREED

2089 BATTLE CR 98M34 M 5 00012E873A HOLD BATTLE CR DO NOT BREED

2090 BATTLE CR 98M35 M 5 00012E999D HOLD BATTLE CR DO NOT BREED

1860 BATTLE CR s 11 HOLD BATTLE CR DO NOT BREED

2115 BROWNSVIL 7463 M 5 Shaka 0001D2D04C

HOLD BROWNSVIL DO NOT BREED

2116 BROWNSVIL 7464 M 5 Kruger 00012AA1E3


2117 BROWNSVIL 7465 M 5 Durban 00012A95E8


2118 BROWNSVIL 7466 M 5 Koba 00012A995B


2041 CHICAGOBR 950206 F 8 Beja HOLD CHICAGOBR DO NOT BREED

2042 CHICAGOBR 950207 F 8 Dinka HOLD CHICAGOBR DO NOT BREED

2086 CHICAGOBR 1009 M 6 Hina 00 001E FC1E

HOLD CHICAGOBR DO NOT BREED

2165 CHICAGOBR 335 F 2 Dede HOLD CHICAGOBR DO NOT BREED

2189 CHICAGOLP 20654 F 1 Moja 00 0215 0F2B

HOLD CHICAGOLP SEE NOTES

2190 CHICAGOLP 20655 F 1 Tano 00 0210 9727


2191 CHICAGOLP 2164 F 1 Nne 00 0215 249F


2192 CHICAGOLP 20657 F 1 Mbili 00 0210 98D6

SEND TO JNGLARY F SEE NOTES

2193 CHICAGOLP 2167 F 1 Tatu 00 0210 A1BC

SEND TO JNGLARY F SEE NOTES

Fall 2003/spring 2004: send (any) two females to breed with JNGLARY F male 2119 or 2120. Spring 2004: Receive male 2182 from San Diego to breed with one LPZoo female (2189, 2190, 2191, 2192, or 2193).

2135 CINCINNAT 199157 M 3 Ghost 00-0126-F501

HOLD CINCINNAT DO NOT BREED

2137 CINCINNAT 199158 M 3 Tail 00-01D8-29FB


2139 CINCINNAT 199159 M 3 Kruger 00-01227-076A


2141 CINCINNAT 199160 M 3 Sash 00-01BE-1A2A


2177 DENVER A02044 F 1 43274116DGD HOLD DENVER DO NOT BREED

2178 DENVER A02045 F 1 43276D4269 SEND TO OKLAHOMA DO NOT BREED

2003; Contracept.

2179 DENVER A02046 F 1 432006474D HOLD DENVER DO NOT BREED

2180 DENVER A02049 F 1 431E4A6F46 SEND TO OKLAHOMA DO NOT BREED

2003; Contracept.

2181 DENVER A02080 F 1 431D6C713F SEND TO OKLAHOMA DO NOT BREED

2003; Contracept.

2203 DENVER A03021 M 0 HOLD DENVER DO NOT BREED




2204 DENVER A03022 M 0 HOLD DENVER DO NOT BREED

2205 DENVER A03023 M 0 SEND TO WCSRC DO NOT BREED





2210 DENVER A03028 F 0 HOLD DENVER DO NOT BREED



2213 DENVER A03031 F 0 SEND TO BATTLE CR DO NOT BREED

2004; Contracept


2004; Contracept


2004; Contracept

2240 DENVER ______ F 0 HOLD DENVER DO NOT BREED

T1117 DENVER A01190 M 3 Judd HOLD DENVER BREED WITH

T1123 Late 2004

T1123 DENVER A01192 F 3 Fa237 0001445A5CT

HOLD DENVER BREED WITH

T1117 Late 2004

2091 FRANKLINP A00033 F 5 Beja 00012E87EF

HOLD FRANKLINP DO NOT BREED

2092 FRANKLINP A00031 F 5 00012E7E2C HOLD FRANKLINP DO NOT BREED

2093 FRANKLINP A00032 F 5 00012E97DF HOLD FRANKLINP DO NOT BREED

2039 FT WAYNE 96072 M 8 Chagga HOLD FT WAYNE DO NOT BREED

2153 FT WAYNE 96433 f 3 Sage 00-012E-9045

HOLD FT WAYNE DO NOT BREED

2126 GULF BREZ A2571 M 5 Phoenix 00 0126 ED32

HOLD GULF BREZ DO NOT BREED

2129 GULF BREZ A2574 M 5 Q-ball 00001D587FF


2130 GULF BREZ A2575 M 5 Nike 00 0127 122F


2157 HONOLULU 200233 F 3 Safi 00 01D8 63B5

HOLD HONOLULU DO NOT BREED

2158 HONOLULU 200234 F 3 Zuri 00 01BE 28F6


2159 HONOLULU ______ F 3 Azizi 00 01BE22D0


2160 HONOLULU 200236 F 3 Kipusa 00 01BE2A42


3012 HONOLULU 960323 F 8 Mara 00000DA9BB


2038 INDIANAPL 950056 M 8 Zulu 00062EFC6B

HOLD INDIANAPL DO NOT BREED

1859 INDIANAPL s 11 HOLD INDIANAPL DO NOT BREED

2119 JNGLARY F 98C051 M 5 Tutankahmen 000121AB9C

HOLD JNGLARY F SEE NOTES

Fall 2003/spring 2004: Receive 2 females from Chicago LP.




2120 JNGLARY F 2120 M 5 Ptolemy 00013C8AB8


Breed one male (2119 or 2120) with one female (2189, 2190, 2191, 2192, or 2193).

2127 KANSASCTY M03001 M 5 Quatro 00012714C0

HOLD KANSASCTY DO NOT BREED

2128 KANSASCTY M03002 M 5 Diamond 00 01D8 36DF


2087 KNOXVILLE 2230 F 6 Addie DOC9F TROVAN

HOLD KNOXVILLE DO NOT BREED

2149 KNOXVILLE 2268 M 3 Bakari 00-012E-95F2


2150 KNOXVILLE 2267 M 3 HOLD KNOXVILLE DO NOT BREED

3013 METROZOO 96M043 F 8 Moremi HOLD METROZOO BREED WITH

3040 2003 breeding.

3040 METROZOO Y2M030 M 8 Kenya 00012A2891

HOLD METROZOO BREED WITH

3013

2147 OKLAHOMA 769180 M 3 Sage 00012E9045

HOLD OKLAHOMA DO NOT BREED

2148 OKLAHOMA 769183 M 3 HOLD OKLAHOMA DO NOT BREED

1929 PALM DES 401030 M 9 Bantu 0001DB9B12

HOLD PALM DES DO NOT BREED

1930 PALM DES 401031 M 9 Masai 0001DB2810


2154 PALM DES 401032 M 3 Moshi 00-01BE-1D95


2156 PALM DES 401034 M 3 Ghanzi 00-01BE-2251


2143 PHILADELP 104070 F 3 Madame Mim 00-0127-1557

HOLD PHILADELP DO NOT BREED

2144 PHILADELP 104071 F 3 Black Back 0001BE1FB7


2145 PHILADELP 104072 F 3 White Tail 00-01D8-3637


2175 RIO GRAND M03002 M 1 4321551F16 HOLD RIO GRAND DO NOT BREED

2176 RIO GRAND M03003 M 1 432123744C HOLD RIO GRAND DO NOT BREED

T1116 RIO GRAND M03001 M 3 Jasper SEND TO SANDIEGOZ SEE NOTES

2184 Spring 2004: Breed with one of San Diego females (2183, 2184, or 2185).

2186 ROLLING H 220830 M 1 00 0215 18FF HOLD ROLLING H DO NOT BREED

2187 ROLLING H 220829 M 1 D'artegnan 0001EEA8A3

HOLD ROLLING H DO NOT BREED

2188 ROLLING H 220831 M 1 Aramie 000211268A


1879 ROLLING H s 11 HOLD ROLLING H DO NOT BREED

2182 SANDIEGOZ 502166 M 2 Willie 000600D881

SEND TO CHICAGOLP SEE NOTES

2189 2004: Breed with one of Chicago LP females (2189, 2190, 2191, 2192, or 2193).

2183 SANDIEGOZ 502167 F 2 Wanda 000600FE7F

HOLD SANDIEGOZ SEE NOTES

2184 SANDIEGOZ 502168 F 2 Whoopi 0006009C0E


2185 SANDIEGOZ 502169 F 2 Winna 000601007F


2004: Breed one of these females (2183, 2184, or 2185) with RIO GRAND male T1116. 2004: If needed, send one female (2183, 2184, or 2185) to METROZOO to breed with male 3040.

2161 SEATTLE 200778 M 2 Sadiki HOLD SEATTLE DO NOT BREED




2162 SEATTLE 200779 M 2 Jalen HOLD SEATTLE DO NOT BREED

2163 SEATTLE 200780 M 2 Bakari HOLD SEATTLE DO NOT BREED

2164 SEATTLE 200781 M 2 Mtima HOLD SEATTLE DO NOT BREED

2136 SEDGWICK 9303 M 3 HOLD SEDGWICK DO NOT BREED




2196 TOLEDO 2734 M 0 HOLD TOLEDO DO NOT BREED

Attempt to hold with family group.

2197 TOLEDO 2735 F 0 HOLD TOLEDO DO NOT BREED

Attempt to hold with family group

3730 TOLEDO 1417 M 7 Jonathan HOLD TOLEDO BREED WITH

3741

3741 TOLEDO 1418 F 7 Lady HOLD TOLEDO BREED WITH

3730 2003 breeding

1877 WILD WRLD 4345 M 11 Mr. X 00001C1AC3

HOLD WILD WRLD SEE NOTES

2133

1878 WILD WRLD 5128 M 11 Bullseye 000011EE99


2133 WILD WRLD 6260 F 5 Sola 000126F66F


1877 or 1878

2003 breeding: OK to breed with either male.


ASHEBORO North Carolina Zoological Park Asheboro, NC Note: These animals currently have below average mean kinships and are not recommended to breed at this time. ID Local ID Sex Age Additional Info Disposition Location Breeding With Notes 2040 1566 M 8 Ibo 0001C4B738 HOLD ASHEBORO DO NOT BREED 2131 1497 F 5 Queen 000126F386 HOLD ASHEBORO DO NOT BREED 2132 1498 F 5 Africa 0001DB6485 HOLD ASHEBORO DO NOT BREED Summary: Before transfers: 1 male, 2 females After transfers: 1 male, 2 females BATTLE CR Binder Park Zoo Battle Creek, MI Note: These animals currently have below average mean kinships and are not recommended to breed at this time. ID Local

ID Sex Age Additional

Info Disposition Location Breeding With Notes

1860 s 11 HOLD BATTLE CR DO NOT BREED

2088 98M36 M 5 00012E91D8 HOLD BATTLE CR DO NOT BREED

2089 98M34 M 5 00012E873A HOLD BATTLE CR DO NOT BREED

2090 98M35 M 5 00012E999D HOLD BATTLE CR DO NOT BREED

2213 A03031 F 0 RECEIVE FROM

DENVER DO NOT BREED

2004; Contracept


DENVER DO NOT BREED

2004; Contracept


DENVER DO NOT BREED

2004; Contracept

Summary: Before transfers: 3 males, 0 females, 1 sterile After transfers: 3 males, 3 females, 1 sterile


BROWNSVIL Gladys Porter Zoo Brownsville, TX Note: These animals currently have below average mean kinships and are not recommended to breed at this time. ID Local

ID Sex Age Additional Info Disposition Location Breeding With Notes

2115 7463 M 5 Shaka 0001D2D04C HOLD BROWNSVIL DO NOT BREED

2116 7464 M 5 Kruger 00012AA1E3


2117 7465 M 5 Durban 00012A95E8


2118 7466 M 5 Koba 00012A995B HOLD BROWNSVIL DO NOT BREED

Summary: Before transfers: 4 males, 0 females After transfers: 4 males, 0 females CHICAGOBR Chicago Zoological Park Brookfield, IL Note: These animals currently have below average mean kinships and are not recommended to breed at this time. ID Local


2041 950206 F 8 Beja HOLD CHICAGOBR DO NOT BREED

2042 950207 F 8 Dinka HOLD CHICAGOBR DO NOT BREED

2086 1009 M 6 Hina 00 001E FC1E

HOLD CHICAGOBR DO NOT BREED

2165 335 F 2 Dede HOLD CHICAGOBR DO NOT BREED

Summary: Before transfers: 1 male, 3 females After transfers: 1 male, 3 females


CHICAGOLP Lincoln Park Zoo Chicago, IL Notes:

1. Fall 2003 or spring 2004, send (any) two (to three) female siblings to Caribbean Gardens (JNGLARY F) to breed with male 2119 or 2120. Discuss with Caribbean Gardens and husbandry advisor to determine composition of groups to send or hold.

2. In 2004, receive male 2189 from San Diego to breed with one of remaining LP Zoo females.

ID Local ID

Sex Age Additional Info


2189 20654 F 1 Moja 00 0215 0F2B

SEE NOTE 1

2190 20655 F 1 Tano 00 0210 9727

SEE NOTE 1

2191 2164 F 1 Nne 00 0215 249F

SEE NOTE 1

2192 20657 F 1 Mbili 00 0210 98D6

SEE NOTE 1

2193 2167 F 1 Tatu 00 0210 A1BC

HOLD CHICAGOLP or SEND TO JNGLARY F

SEE NOTE 1

2182 502166 M 2 Willie 000600D881

RECEIVE FROM

SANDIEGOZ SEE NOTE 2 2004: Breed with one of ChicagoLP females (2189, 2190, 2191, 2192, or 2193).

Summary: Before transfers: 0 males, 5 females After transfers: 1 male, 2-3 females CINCINNAT Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden Cincinnati, OH Note: These animals currently have below average mean kinships and are not recommended to breed at this time. ID Local


2135 199157 M 3 Ghost 00-0126-F501 HOLD CINCINNAT DO NOT BREED

2137 199158 M 3 Tail 00-01D8-29FB HOLD CINCINNAT DO NOT BREED

2139 199159 M 3 Kruger 00-01227-076A


2141 199160 M 3 Sash 00-01BE-1A2A HOLD CINCINNAT DO NOT BREED

Summary: Before transfers: 4 males, 0 females After transfers: 4 males, 0 females


DENVER Denver Zoological Gardens Denver, CO Notes: Send 0.3 from 2002 litter to Oklahoma City (2003 or early 2004). Send 0.3 from 2003 litter to Binder Park Zoo (spring 2004). Send 5.0 from 2003 litter to Wild Canid Survival & Research Center (spring 2004). Hold 1.1 alpha pair and 2.6 offspring. Breed alpha pair (T1117 & T1123) in late 2004. ID Local


T1117 A01190 M 3 Judd HOLD DENVER BREED WITH T1123 Late 2004 T1123 A01192 F 3 Fa237

0001445A5CT HOLD DENVER BREED WITH T1117 Late 2004

2177 A02044 F 1 43274116DGD HOLD DENVER DO NOT BREED

2178 A02045 F 1 43276D4269 SEND TO OKLAHOMA DO NOT BREED

2003; Contracept

2179 A02046 F 1 432006474D HOLD DENVER DO NOT BREED

2180 A02049 F 1 431E4A6F46 SEND TO OKLAHOMA DO NOT BREED

2003; Contracept

2181 A02080 F 1 431D6C713F SEND TO OKLAHOMA DO NOT BREED

2003; Contracept

2203 A03021 M 0 HOLD DENVER DO NOT BREED

2204 A03022 M 0 HOLD DENVER DO NOT BREED

2205 A03023 M 0 SEND TO WCSRC DO NOT BREED





2210 A03028 F 0 HOLD DENVER DO NOT BREED



2213 A03031 F 0 SEND TO BATTLE CR DO NOT BREED

2004; Contracept


2004; Contracept


2004; Contracept

2240 ______ F 0 HOLD DENVER DO NOT BREED



FRANKLINP Zoo New England (Franklin Pk) Boston, MA Note: These animals currently have below average mean kinships and are not recommended to breed at this time. ID Local ID Sex Age Additional Info Disposition Location Breeding With Notes 2091 A00033 F 5 Beja 00012E87EF HOLD FRANKLINP DO NOT BREED 2092 A00031 F 5 00012E7E2C HOLD FRANKLINP DO NOT BREED 2093 A00032 F 5 00012E97DF HOLD FRANKLINP DO NOT BREED Summary: Before transfers: 0 males, 3 females After transfers: 0 males, 3 females FT WAYNE Fort Wayne Children's Zool Garden Fort Wayne, IN Note: These animals currently have below average mean kinships and are not recommended to breed at this time. ID Local ID Sex Age Additional Info Disposition Location Breeding With Notes 2039 96072 M 8 Chagga HOLD FT WAYNE DO NOT BREED 2153 96433 f 3 Sage 00-012E-9045 HOLD FT WAYNE DO NOT BREED Summary: Before transfers: 1 male, 1 female After transfers: 1 male, 1 female GULF BREZ The ZOO Gulf Breeze, FL Note: These animals currently have below average mean kinships and are not recommended to breed at this time. ID Local


2126 A2571 M 5 Phoenix 00 0126 ED32


2129 A2574 M 5 Q-ball 00001D587FF HOLD GULF BREZ DO NOT BREED

2130 A2575 M 5 Nike 00 0127 122F HOLD GULF BREZ DO NOT BREED



HONOLULU Honolulu Zoo Honolulu, HI Note: These animals currently have below average mean kinships and are not recommended to breed at this time. ID Local


2157 200233 F 3 Safi 00 01D8 63B5 HOLD HONOLULU DO NOT BREED

2158 200234 F 3 Zuri 00 01BE 28F6 HOLD HONOLULU DO NOT BREED

2159 ______ F 3 Azizi 00 01BE22D0 HOLD HONOLULU DO NOT BREED

2160 200236 F 3 Kipusa 00 01BE2A42


3012 960323 F 8 Mara 00000DA9BB HOLD HONOLULU DO NOT BREED

Summary: Before transfers: 0 males, 5 females After transfers: 0 males, 5 females INDIANAPL Indianapolis Zoo Indianapolis, IN ID Local ID Sex Age Additional Info Disposition Location Breeding With Notes 1859 s 11 HOLD INDIANAPL DO NOT BREED 2038 950056 M 8 Zulu 00062EFC6B HOLD INDIANAPL DO NOT BREED Summary: Before transfers: 1 male, 0 females, 1 sterile After transfers: 1 male, 0 females, 1 sterile JNGLARY F Caribbean Gardens - The Zoo in Naples Naples, FL Notes: Receive 2 (to 3) females from Lincoln Park Zoo in fall 2003/spring2004. (Discuss with Lincoln Park Zoo and husbandry advisor to determine composition of groups to receive). Allow only one male and one female to breed. ID Local


TBD F 1 RECEIVE FROM

CHICAGOLP SEE NOTES

Fall 2003/spring 2004: Receive 2-3 females from ChicagoLP (2189, 2190, 2191, 2192, or 2193).

2119 98C051 M 5 Tutankahmen 000121AB9C


2120 2120 M 5 Ptolemy 00013C8AB8


Breed ONE male (2119 or 2120) with ONE female.

Summary: Before transfers: 2 males, 0 females After transfers: 2 males, 2(-3) females


KANSASCTY Kansas City Zoological Park Kansas City, MO Note: These animals currently have below average mean kinships and are not recommended to breed at this time. ID Local


2127 M03001 M 5 Quatro 00012714C0 HOLD KANSASCTY DO NOT BREED

2128 M03002 M 5 Diamond 00 01D8 36DF


Summary: Before transfers: 2 males, 0 females After transfers: 2 males, 0 females KNOXVILLE Knoxville Zoological Gardens Knoxville, TN Note: These animals currently have below average mean kinships and are not recommended to breed at this time. ID Local


2087 2230 F 6 Addie DOC9F TROVAN


2149 2268 M 3 Bakari 00-012E-95F2 HOLD KNOXVILLE DO NOT BREED

2150 2267 M 3 HOLD KNOXVILLE DO NOT BREED

Summary: Before transfers: 2 males, 1 female After transfers: 2 males, 1 female METROZOO Miami Metrozoo Miami, FL Note: Ok to breed current pair this year. A replacement female has been recommended (if necessary, depending on breeding success or health of female 3013) in order to provide valuable male 3040 with an ongoing opportunity to breed. ID Local ID Sex Age Additional Info Disposition Location Breeding With Notes 3013 96M043 F 8 Moremi HOLD METROZOO BREED

WITH 3040

3040 Y2M030 M 8 Kenya 00012A2891

HOLD METROZOO BREED WITH

3013

2185 502169 F 2 Winna 000601007F

RECEIVE FROM

SANDIEGOZ SEE NOTES 2004: If needed to breed with male 3040.

Summary: Before transfers: 1 male, 1 female After transfers: 1 male, 2 females


OKLAHOMA Oklahoma City Zoological Park Oklahoma City, OK Note: These animals currently have below average mean kinships and are not recommended to breed at this time. ID Local


2178 A02045 F 1 43276D4269 RECEIVE FROM

DENVER DO NOT BREED

2003; Contracept

2180 A02049 F 1 431E4A6F46 RECEIVE FROM

DENVER DO NOT BREED

2003; Contracept

2181 A02080 F 1 431D6C713F RECEIVE FROM

DENVER DO NOT BREED

2003; Contracept

2147 769180 M 3 Sage 00012E9045

HOLD OKLAHOMA DO NOT BREED

2148 769183 M 3 HOLD OKLAHOMA DO NOT BREED

Summary: Before transfers: 2 males, 0 females After transfers: 2 males, 3 females PALM DES The Living Desert Palm Desert, CA Institutional contact/representative: Notes: These animals currently have below average mean kinships and are not recommended to breed at this time. ID Local ID Sex Age Additional Info Disposition Location Breeding With Notes 1929 401030 M 9 Bantu 0001DB9B12 HOLD PALM DES DO NOT BREED 1930 401031 M 9 Masai 0001DB2810 HOLD PALM DES DO NOT BREED 2154 401032 M 3 Moshi 00-01BE-1D95 HOLD PALM DES DO NOT BREED 2156 401034 M 3 Ghanzi 00-01BE-2251 HOLD PALM DES DO NOT BREED Summary: Before transfers: 4 males, 0 females After transfers: 4 males, 0 females


PHILADELP Philadelphia Zoological Garden Philadelphia, PA Note: These animals currently have below average mean kinships and are not recommended to breed at this time. ID Local


2143 104070 F 3 Madame Mim 00-0127-1557


2144 104071 F 3 Black Back 0001BE1FB7


2145 104072 F 3 White Tail 00-01D8-3637


Summary: Before transfers: 0 males, 3 females After transfers: 0 males, 3 females RIO GRAND Albuquerque Biological Park Albuquerque, NM ID Local ID Sex Age Additional Info Disposition Location Breeding With Notes T1116 M03001 M 3 Jasper SEND TO SANDIEGOZ SEE NOTES Spring 2004:

Breed with one of San Diego females (2183, 2184, or 2185).

2175 M03002 M 1 4321551F16 HOLD RIO GRAND DO NOT BREED 2176 M03003 M 1 432123744C HOLD RIO GRAND DO NOT BREED Summary: Before transfers: 3 males, 0 females After transfers: 2 males, 0 females


ROLLING H Rolling Hills Refuge Wildl ife Conservation Center Salina, KS ID Local


1879 9812DD s 11 SHYLA HOLD ROLLING H DO NOT BREED

2186 220830 M 1 00 0215 18FF HOLD ROLLING H DO NOT BREED

2187 220829 M 1 D'artegnan 0001EEA8A3


2188 220831 M 1 Aramie 000211268A HOLD ROLLING H DO NOT BREED

Summary: Before transfers: 3 males, 0 females, 1 sterile After transfers: 3 males, 0 females, 1 sterile SANDIEGOZ San Diego Zoological Garden San Diego, CA Notes:

1. Send male 2182 to CHICAGOLP for breeding. 2. Receive male T1116 from RIO GRAND for breeding with any one of San Diego females 2183, 2184, or 2185. 3. One SANDIEGOZ female may be recommended to send to METROZOO to breed with valuable male 3040

(depending on successful breeding or health of METROZOO female 3013). ID Local

ID Sex Age Additional

Info Disposition Location Breeding With Notes

2182 502166 M 2 Willie 000600D881

SEND TO CHICAGOLP SEE NOTES

TBD 2004: Breed with one of ChicagoLP females (2189, 2190, 2191, 2192, or 2193).

T1116 M03001 M 3 Jasper RECEIVE FROM

RIO GRAND SEE NOTES

2184 2004: Breed with one of San Diego females (2183, 2184, or 2185).

2183 502167 F 2 Wanda 000600FE7F


2184 502168 F 2 Whoopi 0006009C0E

HOLD SANDIEGOZ BREED WITH

2185 502169 F 2 Winna 000601007F


Breed one female with RIO GRAND male T1116. If needed, send one female to breed with male 3040.

Summary: Before transfers: 1 male, 3 females After transfers: 1 male, 2 females


SEATTLE Woodland Park Zoological Gardens Seattle, WA Note: These animals currently have below average mean kinships and are not recommended to breed at this time. ID Local ID Sex Age Additional Info Disposition Location Breeding With Notes 2161 200778 M 2 Sadiki HOLD SEATTLE DO NOT BREED 2162 200779 M 2 Jalen HOLD SEATTLE DO NOT BREED 2163 200780 M 2 Bakari HOLD SEATTLE DO NOT BREED 2164 200781 M 2 Mtima HOLD SEATTLE DO NOT BREED Summary: Before transfers: 4 males, 0 females After transfers: 4 males, 0 females SEDGWICK Sedgwick County Zoo Wichita, KS Note: These animals currently have below average mean kinships and are not recommended to breed at this time. ID Local ID Sex Age Additional Info Disposition Location Breeding With Notes 2136 9303 M 3 HOLD SEDGWICK DO NOT BREED 2138 9304 M 3 HOLD SEDGWICK DO NOT BREED 2140 9305 M 3 HOLD SEDGWICK DO NOT BREED 2142 9306 M 3 HOLD SEDGWICK DO NOT BREED Summary: Before transfers: 4 males, 0 females After transfers: 4 males, 0 females TOLEDO Toledo Zoological Gardens Toledo, OH Note: Rebreed adults in 2003 and attempt to hold previous offspring in multi-age group. ID Local ID Sex Age Additional Info Disposition Location Breeding With Notes 2196 2734 M 0 HOLD TOLEDO DO NOT BREED 2197 2735 F 0 HOLD TOLEDO DO NOT BREED 3730 1417 M 7 Jonathan HOLD TOLEDO BREED WITH 3741 3741 1418 F 7 Lady HOLD TOLEDO BREED WITH 3730 Summary: Before transfers: 2 males, 2 females After transfers: 2 males, 2 females


WILD WRLD Wildlife World Zoo Litchfield Park, AZ Note: Female 2133 ok to breed with either male (1877 or 1878) in order to increase the genetic contribution of these older animals before they pass out of the population. Do not contracept. ID Local ID Sex Age Additional Info Disposition Location Breeding With Notes 1877 4345 M 11 Mr. X 00001C1AC3 HOLD WILD WRLD SEE NOTES 1878 5128 M 11 Bullseye 000011EE99 HOLD WILD WRLD SEE NOTES 2133 6260 F 5 Sola 000126F66F HOLD WILD WRLD SEE NOTES Summary: Before transfers: 2 males, 1 female After transfers: 2 males, 1 female WCSRC

Wild Canid Survival & Research Center Eureka, MO Note: New institution ID Local ID Sex Age Additional Info Disposition Location Breeding With Notes 2205 A03023 M 0 RECEIVE FROM DENVER DO NOT BREED 2206 A03024 M 0 RECEIVE FROM DENVER DO NOT BREED 2207 A03025 M 0 RECEIVE FROM DENVER DO NOT BREED 2208 A03026 M 0 RECEIVE FROM DENVER DO NOT BREED 2209 A03027 M 0 RECEIVE FROM DENVER DO NOT BREED Summary: Before transfers: 0 males, 0 females After transfers: 5 males, 0 females

African Wild Dog SSP 2003 23

Appendix A Assumptions

ID Change in studbook for analysis Notes

3002 Sire changed from UNK to SA1. Dam changed from UNK to SA2.

3225 Sire changed from UNK to SA1. Dam changed from UNK to SA2.

These two animals, coming into a South African institution at the same time, are by convention assumed to be siblings.

SA1 Created as hypothetical wild-caught sire for 3002 & 3225.

SA2 Created as hypothetical wild-caught dam for 3002 & 3225.

These hypothetical wild-caught parents were created based on an assumption that 3002 & 3225 are not closely related to the North American population.

Appendix B Summary of Data Exports

Report compiled under Population Management 2000, version 1.201 Date to be used for calculations: 4/29/2003 Studbook information: Data exported on: 28 Apr 2003 from Sparks v1.52 Data compiled by: Stephanie Rhodes Data current thru: 1 Apr 2003 Demographic data from: C:\SPARKS\wilddog2\mwilddog.prn and C:\SPARKS\wilddog2\fwilddog.prn Filter Conditions In Effect: Locations: N.AMERICA/ Dates: Between 01/01/1983 and 27/04/2003 Genetic data from: C:\SPARKS\wilddog2\wilddog_genes.ped Genetic filter conditions: Dates: As of 27/04/2003 Association: \Sparks\AZA.fed Status: Living on 27 Apr 2003

Appendix C

Individuals Not Included in the Analytical Population

SB ID Sex Location Local ID House name Reason for Exclusion 1859 F INDIANAPL 200068 C (Red) sterile

1860 F BATTLE CR 99M45 Almost Collar

sterile

1879 F ROLLING H 9812DD Shyla sterile


Appendix D Life Tables

Males AgeX Q x Px lx Mx Vx Ex RiskQx RiskMx 0 0.550 0.450 1.000 0.000 1.379 6.048 233.400 110.900 1 0.060 0.940 0.450 0.160 2.421 8.385 102.600 98.700 2 0.030 0.970 0.423 0.490 2.504 7.737 91.500 90.100 3 0.030 0.970 0.410 0.420 2.194 6.945 77.200 76.200 4 0.010 0.990 0.398 0.240 1.914 6.068 67.400 66.900 5 0.090 0.910 0.394 0.480 1.862 5.333 58.600 56.300 6 0.020 0.980 0.359 0.310 1.548 4.593 52.000 51.300 7 0.080 0.920 0.351 0.460 1.377 3.781 50.100 47.800 8 0.200 0.800 0.323 0.540 1.123 3.225 44.300 39.800 9 0.150 0.850 0.259 0.750 0.750 2.706 32.900 28.600 10 0.300 0.700 0.220 0.000 0.000 2.184 27.000 24.300 11 0.500 0.500 0.154 0.000 0.000 1.917 17.800 13.800 12 0.500 0.500 0.077 0.000 0.000 1.833 8.000 5.900 13 0.750 0.250 0.038 0.000 0.000 2.000 4.000 1.900 14 0.000 1.000 0.010 0.000 0.000 2.500 1.000 1.000 15 0.000 1.000 0.010 0.000 0.000 1.500 1.000 1.000 16 1.000 0.000 0.010 0.000 0.000 1.000 2.000 1.400 17 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 18 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Females AgeX Q x Px lx Mx Vx Ex RiskQx RiskMx 0 0.630 0.370 1.000 0.000 1.460 5.050 199.000 81.200 1 0.100 0.900 0.370 0.220 3.145 7.893 68.100 63.800 2 0.020 0.980 0.333 1.030 3.447 7.349 59.300 58.600 3 0.000 1.000 0.326 1.110 2.698 6.414 49.600 49.600 4 0.060 0.940 0.326 0.490 1.810 5.581 46.400 44.800 5 0.000 1.000 0.307 0.730 1.506 4.727 40.900 40.900 6 0.070 0.930 0.307 0.310 0.889 3.863 41.500 40.100 7 0.160 0.840 0.285 0.460 0.721 3.229 38.000 34.800 8 0.200 0.800 0.240 0.330 0.351 2.712 29.600 27.200 9 0.230 0.770 0.192 0.030 0.030 2.176 22.000 19.200 10 0.290 0.710 0.148 0.000 0.000 1.581 17.000 14.100 11 0.800 0.200 0.105 0.000 0.000 1.167 10.000 6.300 12 1.000 0.000 0.021 0.000 0.000 1.000 1.000 0.100 13 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 14 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 15 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 16 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 17 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 18 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

r = 0.0553 lambda = 1.0569 T = 5.21 N = 58.00 N(at 20 yrs) = 175.42

r = 0.1001 lambda = 1.1053 T = 3.82 N = 45.00 N(at 20 yrs) = 333.44


Appendix E

Ordered Mean Kinships

Males Females SB# MK %Known Age Location SB# MK %Known Age Location 3040 0.012 100.0 8 METROZOO 2183 0.036 100.0 2 SANDIEGOZ 2182 0.036 100.0 2 SANDIEGOZ 2184 0.036 100.0 2 SANDIEGOZ 3730 0.037 100.0 7 TOLEDO 2185 0.036 100.0 2 SANDIEGOZ 2119 0.039 100.0 5 JNGLARY F 2189 0.052 100.0 1 CHICAGOLP 2120 0.039 100.0 5 JNGLARY F 2190 0.052 100.0 1 CHICAGOLP T1116 0.046 75.0 3 RIO GRAND 2191 0.052 100.0 1 CHICAGOLP 2186 0.052 100.0 1 ROLLING H 2192 0.052 100.0 1 CHICAGOLP 2187 0.052 100.0 1 ROLLING H 2193 0.052 100.0 1 CHICAGOLP 2188 0.052 100.0 1 ROLLING H 2197 0.052 100.0 0 TOLEDO 2196 0.052 100.0 0 TOLEDO T1123 0.061 100.0 3 DENVER 2203 0.068 87.5 0 DENVER 3741 0.063 100.0 7 TOLEDO 2204 0.068 87.5 0 DENVER 2177 0.068 87.5 1 DENVER 2205 0.068 87.5 0 DENVER 2178 0.068 87.5 1 DENVER 2206 0.068 87.5 0 DENVER 2179 0.068 87.5 1 DENVER 2207 0.068 87.5 0 DENVER 2180 0.068 87.5 1 DENVER 2208 0.068 87.5 0 DENVER 2181 0.068 87.5 1 DENVER 2209 0.068 87.5 0 DENVER 2210 0.068 87.5 0 DENVER 2175 0.068 87.5 1 RIO GRAND 2211 0.068 87.5 0 DENVER 2176 0.068 87.5 1 RIO GRAND 2212 0.068 87.5 0 DENVER T1117 0.071 75.0 3 DENVER 2213 0.068 87.5 0 DENVER 1877 0.088 100.0 11 WILD WRLD 2214 0.068 87.5 0 DENVER 1878 0.088 100.0 11 WILD WRLD 2215 0.068 87.5 0 DENVER 2086 0.095 100.0 6 CHICAGOBR 2240 0.068 87.5 0 DENVER 2154 0.095 100.0 3 PALM DES 3012 0.070 100.0 8 HONOLULU 2156 0.095 100.0 3 PALM DES 3013 0.082 100.0 8 METROZOO 2115 0.103 100.0 5 BROWNSVIL 2157 0.095 100.0 3 HONOLULU 2116 0.103 100.0 5 BROWNSVIL 2158 0.095 100.0 3 HONOLULU 2117 0.103 100.0 5 BROWNSVIL 2159 0.095 100.0 3 HONOLULU 2118 0.103 100.0 5 BROWNSVIL 2160 0.095 100.0 3 HONOLULU 2135 0.103 100.0 4 CINCINNAT 2087 0.095 100.0 6 KNOXVILLE 2137 0.103 100.0 4 CINCINNAT 2131 0.103 100.0 5 ASHEBORO 2139 0.103 100.0 4 CINCINNAT 2132 0.103 100.0 5 ASHEBORO 2141 0.103 100.0 4 CINCINNAT 2143 0.103 100.0 4 PHILADELP 2126 0.103 100.0 5 GULF BREZ 2144 0.103 100.0 4 PHILADELP 2129 0.103 100.0 5 GULF BREZ 2145 0.103 100.0 4 PHILADELP 2130 0.103 100.0 5 GULF BREZ 2133 0.103 100.0 5 WILD WRLD 2127 0.103 100.0 5 KANSASCTY 2041 0.107 100.0 8 CHICAGOBR 2128 0.103 100.0 5 KANSASCTY 2165 0.113 100.0 2 CHICAGOBR 2136 0.103 100.0 4 SEDGWICK 2042 0.116 100.0 8 CHICAGOBR 2138 0.103 100.0 4 SEDGWICK 2091 0.116 100.0 5 FRANKLINP 2140 0.103 100.0 4 SEDGWICK 2092 0.116 100.0 5 FRANKLINP 2142 0.103 100.0 4 SEDGWICK 2093 0.116 100.0 5 FRANKLINP 2040 0.107 100.0 8 ASHEBORO 2153 0.116 100.0 3 FT WAYNE 2039 0.107 100.0 8 FT WAYNE 2038 0.107 100.0 8 INDIANAPL 1929 0.107 100.0 9 PALM DES 2161 0.113 100.0 2 SEATTLE 2162 0.113 100.0 2 SEATTLE 2163 0.113 100.0 2 SEATTLE 2164 0.113 100.0 2 SEATTLE 1930 0.115 100.0 9 PALM DES 2088 0.116 100.0 5 BATTLE CR 2089 0.116 100.0 5 BATTLE CR 2090 0.116 100.0 5 BATTLE CR 2149 0.116 100.0 3 KNOXVILLE 2150 0.116 100.0 3 KNOXVILLE 2147 0.116 100.0 3 OKLAHOMA 2148 0.116 100.0 3 OKLAHOMA

population mean kinship = 0.0861


Appendix F Definitions

Management Terms

SSP Complete Analysis and Breeding and Transfer Plan - The document resulting from a Master planning Session and a 30 day comment period of a draft plan providing breeding and transfer recommendations for a Species Survival Plan. Full Participation is required of all AZA member institutions. MOPs are required of all AZA non-member institutions. Full Participation - AZA policy stating that AZA member institutions proclaim a level of participation (Breeding, Holding, Support) to each SSP in which the institution participates, and that AZA member institutions implement the SSP Complete Analysis and Breeding Plan once the institution has been given the opportunity to respond to a draft plan. Further explanation can be found in the AZA Resource Center at www.aza.org. MOP, Memorandum of Participation - A document to be secured by each SSP Coordinator from every AZA non-member institution participating in the SSP. This document ensures that the SSP Complete Analysis and Breeding Plan will be implemented by the non-member institution. Further explanation can be found in the AZA Resource Center at www.aza.org. PMP Complete Analysis and Breeding and Transfer Recommendations – The document resulting from a Master planning Session and a 30 day comment period of a draft plan providing breeding and transfer recommendations for a Population Management Plan. Full Participation is NOT required of all AZA member institutions; participation is voluntary. MOPs are NOT required of all AZA non-member institutions. Recommendations involving non-AZA institutions do not imply endorsement of the non-member by the AZA or the SPMAG Advisor.

Demographic Terms Age Distribution -- A two-way classification showing the numbers or percentages of individuals in various age and sex classes. Population Growth Rate (Lambda, ?) -- The proportional change in population size from one year to the next. Lambda can be based on life-table calculations (the expected lambda) or from observed changes in population size from year to year. A lambda of 1.11 means a 11% per year increase; lambda of .97 means a 3% decline in size per year. Px, Age-Specific Survival – The probability that an individual of age x survives one time period; is conditional on an individual being alive at the beginning of the time period. Alternatively, the proportion of individuals which survive from the beginning of one age class to the next. Qx, Mortality – Probability that an individual of age x dies during time period. Qx = 1-Px The proportion of individuals that die during an age class. It is calculated from the number of animals that die during an age class divided by the number of animals that were alive at the beginning of the age class (i.e.-"at risk"). lx, Age-Specific Survivorship – The probability that a new individual (eg., age 0) is alive at the beginning of age x. Alternatively, the proportion of individuals which survive from birth to the beginning of a specific age class. Mx, Fecundity – The average number of same-sexed young born to animals in that age class. Because SPARKS is typically using relatively small sample sizes, SPARKS calculates Mx as 1/2 the average number of young born to animals in that age class. This provides a somewhat less "noisy" estimate of Mx, though it does not allow for unusual sex ratios. The fecundity rates provide information on the age of first, last, and maximum reproduction. Vx, Reproductive Value – The expected number of offspring produced this year and in future years by an animal of age x. Ex, Life Expectancy – Average years of further life for an animal in age class x. Risk (Qx or Mx) – The number of individuals that have lived during an age class. The number at risk is used to calculate Mx and Qx by dividing the number of births and deaths that occurred during an age class by the number of animals at risk of dying and reproducing during that age class.


Genetic Terms Current Gene Diversity (GD) -- The proportional gene diversity (as a proportion of the source population) is the probability that two alleles from the same locus sampled at random from the population will be different, or not identical by descent. Gene diversity is calculated from allele frequencies, and is the heterozygosity expected in progeny produced by random mating, and if the population were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Effective Population Size (Inbreeding Ne) -- The size of a randomly mating population of constant size with equal sex ratio and a Poisson distribution of family sizes that would (a) result in the same mean rate of inbreeding as that observed in the population, or (b) would result in the same rate of random change in gene frequencies (genetic drift) as observed in the population. These two definitions are identical only if the population is demographically stable (because the rate of inbreeding depends on the distribution of alleles in the parental generation, whereas the rate of gene frequency drift is measured in the current generation). Founder – An individual obtained from a source population (often the wild) that has no known relationship to any individuals in the derived population (except for its own descendants). Founder Genome Equivalents (FGE) – The number wild-caught individuals (founders) that would produce the same amount of gene diversity as does the population under study. The gene diversity of a population is 1 - 1 / (2 * FGE). Founder Genome Surviving – The sum of allelic retentions of the individual founders (i.e, the product of the mean allelic retention and the number of founders). Founder Representation -- Proportion of the genes in the living, descendant population that are derived from that founder. I.e., proportional Founder Contribution. Founder Contribution -- Number of copies of a founder's genome that are present in the living descendants. Each offspring contributes 0.5, each grand-offspring contributes 0.25, etc. Inbreeding Coefficient (F) -- Probability that the two alleles at a genetic locus are identical by descent from an ancestor common to both parents. The mean inbreeding coefficient of a population will be the proportional decrease in observed heterozygosity relative to the expected heterozygosity of the founder population. Mean Generation Time (T) -- The average time elapsing from reproduction in one generation to the time the next generation reproduces. Also, the average age at which a female (or male) produces offspring. It is not the age of first reproduction. Males and females often have different generation times. Mean Kinship (MK) -- The mean kinship coefficient between an animal and all animals (including itself) in the living, captive-born population. The mean kinship of a population is equal to the proportional loss of gene diversity of the descendant (captive-born) population relative to the founders and is also the mean inbreeding coefficient of progeny produced by random mating. Mean kinship is also the reciprocal of two times the founder genome equivalents: MK = 1 / (2 * FGE). MK = 1 - GD. Percent Known -- Percent of an animal's genome that is traceable to known Founders. Thus, if an animal has an UNK sire, the % Known = 50. If it has an UNK grandparent, % Known = 75. KV, Kinship Value – The weighted mean kinship of an animal, with the weights being the reproductive values of each of the kin. The mean kinship value of a population predicts the loss of gene diversity expected in the subsequent generation if all animals were to mate randomly and all were to produce the numbers of offspring expected for animals of their age. GU, Genome Uniqueness – Probability that an allele sampled at random from an individual is not present, identical by descent, in any other living individual in the population. GU-all is the genome uniqueness relative to the entire population. GU-Desc is the genome uniqueness relative to the living non-founder, descendants.

Prob Lost – Probability that a random allele from the individual will be lost from the population in the next generation, because neither this individual nor any of its relatives pass on the allele to an offspring. Assumes that each individual wil produce a number of future offspring equal to its reproductive value, Vx. FOKE, First Order Kin Equivalents – The number of first-order kin (siblings or offspring) that would contain the number of copies of an individuals alleles (identical by descent) as are present in the captive-born population. Thus an offspring or sib contributes 1 to FOKE; each grand-offspring contributes 1/2 to FOKE; each cousin contributes 1/4 to FOKE. FOKE = 4*N*MK, in which N is the number of living animals in the captive population.

Allele Retention – The probability that a gene present in a founder individual exists in the living, descendant population.


Appendix G Directory of Institutional Representatives

Institution IR Name CITY STATE phone email Albuquerque Biological Park Curator of Mammals Albuquerque NM Binder Park Andi Kornak Battle Creek MI 269-979-1351 [email protected] Brookfield Zoo Mary Burke Brookfield IL 708-485-0263 [email protected] Caribbean Gardens Curator of Mammals Naples FL Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden Mike Dulaney Cincinnati OH 513-475-6156 [email protected] Denver Zoological Gardens Lynn Kramer Denver CO 303-376-4919 [email protected] Fort Wayne’s Children’s Zoo Mark Weldon Fort Wayne IN 260-427-6806 [email protected] Gladys Porter Zoo Greely Stones Brownsville TX 956-546-7187 [email protected] Honolulu Zoo Richard Ball Honolulu HI 808-971-7193 [email protected] Indianapolis Zoological Society, Inc. Curator of Mammals Indianapolis IN Kansas City Zoological Park Curator of Mammals Kansas City MO Knoxville Zoological Garden Lisa New Knoxville TN 865-637-5331 [email protected] Lincoln Park Zoo Mark Rosenthal Chicago IL 312-742-7682 [email protected] Living Desert Amy Roberts Palm Desert CA 760-346-5694 [email protected]

Miami Metrozoo Steve Conners Miami FL 305-251-0400 ext. 226 [email protected]

North Carolina Zoological Park Lorraine Smith Asheboro NC 336-579-7603 [email protected] Oklahoma City Zoological Park Bill Savage Oklahoma City OK 405-425-0232 [email protected] Rolling Hills Refuge Wildlife Conservation Center Kirk Nemechek Salina KS 785-827-9488 [email protected] San Diego Zoo Curby Simerson San Diego CA 619-231-1515 [email protected] Sedgwick County Zoo Mike Quick Wichita KS 316-942-2212 [email protected] The Toledo Zoological Gardens Randi Myerson Toledo OH 419-385-5721 [email protected] The Zoo Diane Norris Gulf Breeze FL 850-932-2229 [email protected] Wild Canid Survival & Research Center Sue Lindsey Eureka MO 636-938-5900 Wildlife World Zoo Jack Ewert Litchfield Park AZ 623-935-9453 [email protected] Woodland Park Zoological Gardens Bret Sellers Seattle WA 206-615-0294 [email protected] Zoo New England John Linehan Boston MA 617-989-2054 [email protected] Zoological Society of Philadelphia Chris Waldron Philadelphia PA 215-243-5316 [email protected]

Documents

African Wild Dogafricanwilddogssp.com/ssp/documents/SSP_report_July2003.pdf · African Wild Dog SSP 2003 - 2004 5 Genetics: The living wild dog population in AZA institutions is descended