Age of the Reformation IIIAge of the Reformation III

Erasmus, Zwingli, and Erasmus, Zwingli, and CalvinCalvin

Desiderius Erasmus1466-1536Desiderius Erasmus1466-1536• Born out of wedlock to a Dutch priest Gerard Born out of wedlock to a Dutch priest Gerard

and a physicians daughter Margaretand a physicians daughter Margaret

• After his mother died his guardians stole his After his mother died his guardians stole his inheritance and forced him into a monasteryinheritance and forced him into a monastery

• 1486-1491 was a monk and became thoroughly 1486-1491 was a monk and became thoroughly disgusted with the institutiondisgusted with the institution

• Obtained a bishops patronage, gained license to Obtained a bishops patronage, gained license to become a priest, and fled the monasterybecome a priest, and fled the monastery

• Studied at the universities of Paris and OrleansStudied at the universities of Paris and Orleans

• He had a pointy headHe had a pointy head

pointy head

hiding under hat

Desiderius Erasmus1466-1536Desiderius Erasmus1466-1536• He survived mainly by patronage living off the He survived mainly by patronage living off the

many “gifts” given to him for his clever writingmany “gifts” given to him for his clever writing

• Studied classics incessantly and was a deep Studied classics incessantly and was a deep thinker, called the father of Christian Humanismthinker, called the father of Christian Humanism

• Wrote prolifically, including many works which Wrote prolifically, including many works which criticized monks, priests, and the papacycriticized monks, priests, and the papacy

• His most notable work was a Greek New His most notable work was a Greek New Testament with Latin translationTestament with Latin translation

• He was continually in and out of favor with the He was continually in and out of favor with the papacypapacy

Desiderius Erasmus1466-1536Desiderius Erasmus1466-1536• He loved peace, but also morality and wanted He loved peace, but also morality and wanted

true reform within the churchtrue reform within the church

• Lived Latin, he spoke very little of any other Lived Latin, he spoke very little of any other language including his native Dutchlanguage including his native Dutch

• Courted the favor of Pope Leo X, but never Courted the favor of Pope Leo X, but never stopped criticizing the immoral things he didstopped criticizing the immoral things he did

• He was too Protestant to be Catholic and too He was too Protestant to be Catholic and too Catholic to be Protestant, he never stopped Catholic to be Protestant, he never stopped trying to reform the church, but was never trying to reform the church, but was never willing to be a “reformer”.willing to be a “reformer”.

Desiderius Erasmus1466-1536Desiderius Erasmus1466-1536• Luther, Zwingli and most other reformers looked Luther, Zwingli and most other reformers looked

to Erasmus for teaching though he conflicted to Erasmus for teaching though he conflicted with Luther oftenwith Luther often

• Luther was said to have “hatched the egg Luther was said to have “hatched the egg Erasmus laid”Erasmus laid”

• Erasmus and Luther debated heatedly over the Erasmus and Luther debated heatedly over the issue of Free Will, neither ever admitting the issue of Free Will, neither ever admitting the other was rightother was right

• He died Feb. 12 1536 without a priest repeating He died Feb. 12 1536 without a priest repeating “O Jesus, have mercy; Lord, deliver me; Lord “O Jesus, have mercy; Lord, deliver me; Lord make an end’ Lord, have mercy upon me!”make an end’ Lord, have mercy upon me!”

Ulrich ZwingliUlrich Zwingli

Huldreich Huldrych UlrichHuldreich Huldrych Ulrich

Zwingel ZwingleZwingel Zwingle

ZwingliZwingli

Ulrich Zwingli 1484-1531Ulrich Zwingli 1484-1531• Was born 7 weeks after Luther, Jan 1, 1484Was born 7 weeks after Luther, Jan 1, 1484• His father was a town magistrate his mother His father was a town magistrate his mother

the sister of a priest making him middle classthe sister of a priest making him middle class• Grew up in a small town raised with Catholic Grew up in a small town raised with Catholic

doctrine by his familydoctrine by his family• Started college at 14 and finished with a master Started college at 14 and finished with a master

of arts in 1506of arts in 1506• Bought the pastorship of Glarus where he Bought the pastorship of Glarus where he

taught until 1516taught until 1516• Was a humanist and a patriot, but not Was a humanist and a patriot, but not

particularly religiousparticularly religious

Ulrich Zwingli 1484-1531Ulrich Zwingli 1484-1531• Protested strongly against Swiss mercenariesProtested strongly against Swiss mercenaries

• Was unchaste in the fashion of the dayWas unchaste in the fashion of the day

• 1516 due to political pressure he transferred to 1516 due to political pressure he transferred to Einsiedeln where he studied scripture and the early Einsiedeln where he studied scripture and the early church fatherschurch fathers

• 1517 Started preaching against the abuses in the 1517 Started preaching against the abuses in the church, including a rejection of indulgenceschurch, including a rejection of indulgences

• He received a papal pension until 1520He received a papal pension until 1520

• In Zurich he preached expositorially through the In Zurich he preached expositorially through the New Testament and gained great fameNew Testament and gained great fame

• 1519 became chief pastor in the Zurich 1519 became chief pastor in the Zurich GrossmGrossmüünster, the primary Swiss churchnster, the primary Swiss church

Ulrich Zwingli 1484-1531Ulrich Zwingli 1484-1531• He began preaching even more strongly against He began preaching even more strongly against

the sins that stemmed from the Catholic churchthe sins that stemmed from the Catholic church

• Zurich was struck by plague and Zwingli Zurich was struck by plague and Zwingli helped until he became infected as wellhelped until he became infected as well

• Lent 1522 Zwingli preached and wrote a tract Lent 1522 Zwingli preached and wrote a tract rejecting the Lenten dietary lawsrejecting the Lenten dietary laws

• Gathered a petition from 10 priests endorsing Gathered a petition from 10 priests endorsing clerical marriage, but was rejectedclerical marriage, but was rejected

Ulrich Zwingli 1484-1531Ulrich Zwingli 1484-1531• The petition was rejected, but Zwingli entered The petition was rejected, but Zwingli entered

into a secret marriage anywayinto a secret marriage anyway

• 1523 Published the 67 articles which inspired 1523 Published the 67 articles which inspired debate throughout Switzerlanddebate throughout Switzerland

• 1524 Zurich and a few other cantons accept the 1524 Zurich and a few other cantons accept the evangelical position and become protestantevangelical position and become protestant

• Two years after their secret marriage Anna Two years after their secret marriage Anna Reinhart and Zwingli get marriedReinhart and Zwingli get married

• The Protestants start mass icon destructionThe Protestants start mass icon destruction

• Zwingli instituted the symbolic communionZwingli instituted the symbolic communion

Ulrich Zwingli 1484-1531Ulrich Zwingli 1484-1531• 1529 The protestants and Catholics started 1529 The protestants and Catholics started

meeting in open war in Cappelmeeting in open war in Cappel

• Against the advice of Zwingli several of the Against the advice of Zwingli several of the protestant cantons sought peaceful negotiationsprotestant cantons sought peaceful negotiations

• They negotiated peace but didn’t gain all of the They negotiated peace but didn’t gain all of the hoped for concessionshoped for concessions

• 1531 The second battle of Cappel occurred as 1531 The second battle of Cappel occurred as was inevitablewas inevitable

• Zwingli led his troops and was injured while Zwingli led his troops and was injured while tending the wounded, later he was slain, his body tending the wounded, later he was slain, his body burned, ashes mixed with a swine’s and scatteredburned, ashes mixed with a swine’s and scattered

John Calvin 1509-1564John Calvin 1509-1564• Born July 10, 1509 in Noyon la SainteBorn July 10, 1509 in Noyon la Sainte

• Calvin grew up well educated in a noble familyCalvin grew up well educated in a noble family

• At 12 he received the tonsure and the revenue At 12 he received the tonsure and the revenue of a chaplaincy in the cathedral of Noyonof a chaplaincy in the cathedral of Noyon

• At 14 he entered college studying first in Paris At 14 he entered college studying first in Paris then in Orleans and Bourges then in Orleans and Bourges

• At 18 he received the charge of S. MartinAt 18 he received the charge of S. Martin

• A good student, religious and not prone to A good student, religious and not prone to excesses, was nicknamed “The Accusative”excesses, was nicknamed “The Accusative”

John Calvin 1509-1564John Calvin 1509-1564• Calvin studied the humanities: law, philosophy, Calvin studied the humanities: law, philosophy,

and theologyand theology

• He was an exceptional student who was He was an exceptional student who was teaching as often as taking classesteaching as often as taking classes

• 1532-33 Calvin converted to Protestantism1532-33 Calvin converted to Protestantism

• Shortly after his conversion he became a Shortly after his conversion he became a leading figure in the French evangelical partyleading figure in the French evangelical party

• Paris started a mass persecution of Protestants Paris started a mass persecution of Protestants leading Calvin to flee to Basel where he wrote leading Calvin to flee to Basel where he wrote the first edition of the first edition of The InstitutesThe Institutes

John Calvin 1509-1564John Calvin 1509-1564• 1536 Calvin continued his travels through 1536 Calvin continued his travels through

Switzerland and went to Geneva where he Switzerland and went to Geneva where he planned to spend the nightplanned to spend the night

• William Farel convinced him to stay and William Farel convinced him to stay and become pastor in Genevabecome pastor in Geneva

• Calvin was well received and started preaching Calvin was well received and started preaching and reforming Geneva into a moral cityand reforming Geneva into a moral city

• He endorsed the enforcement of moral laws by He endorsed the enforcement of moral laws by magistrates throughout Geneva which caused magistrates throughout Geneva which caused great discontentgreat discontent

John Calvin 1509-1564John Calvin 1509-1564• All citizens were forced to take an oath of All citizens were forced to take an oath of

confession or be banishedconfession or be banished

• The moral laws and forced confession caused The moral laws and forced confession caused the reformers to be expelled from Genevathe reformers to be expelled from Geneva

• Calvin moved to Strassburg where he lived Calvin moved to Strassburg where he lived poorly but happilypoorly but happily

• He taught both in churches and universities He taught both in churches and universities learning much of/from the Lutheranslearning much of/from the Lutherans

• Started the “little French church” for the many Started the “little French church” for the many French refugees French refugees

John Calvin 1509-1564John Calvin 1509-1564• 1540 in Strassburg Calvin married Idelette de 1540 in Strassburg Calvin married Idelette de

Bure a member of his congregation. Bure a member of his congregation.

• In the meantime Geneva suffered from a lack In the meantime Geneva suffered from a lack of preaching and leadership and ultimately of preaching and leadership and ultimately decided to call back the reformersdecided to call back the reformers

• Strassburg and Geneva fought over Calvin, and Strassburg and Geneva fought over Calvin, and Calvin ultimately and somewhat unwillingly Calvin ultimately and somewhat unwillingly returned to Genevareturned to Geneva

• Geneva as a result was dramatically reformed, Geneva as a result was dramatically reformed, especially in the enforcement of moral lawespecially in the enforcement of moral law

John Calvin 1509-1564John Calvin 1509-1564• Geneva epitomized the union of church and Geneva epitomized the union of church and

state, being led by Calvin’s moral dictatesstate, being led by Calvin’s moral dictates

• Immoral behavior included dancing, gambling, Immoral behavior included dancing, gambling, drunkenness, frequenting taverns, profanity, drunkenness, frequenting taverns, profanity, luxury, excesses of entertainment, extravagant luxury, excesses of entertainment, extravagant or immodest dress, singing licentious or or immodest dress, singing licentious or irreligious songs and were all punishable by irreligious songs and were all punishable by censure, fine, or imprisonmentcensure, fine, or imprisonment

• The death penalty was allowed only for heresy, The death penalty was allowed only for heresy, idolatry, blasphemy, and repeated adulteryidolatry, blasphemy, and repeated adultery

John Calvin 1509-1564John Calvin 1509-1564• Miguel Servetus fleeing execution for heresy in Miguel Servetus fleeing execution for heresy in

France stopped temporarily in GenevaFrance stopped temporarily in Geneva

• Calvin had him arrested, he was then tried, Calvin had him arrested, he was then tried, found a heretic, and burned at the stakefound a heretic, and burned at the stake

• The Servetus incident was a particularly black The Servetus incident was a particularly black mark on Geneva and Calvin, belying much of mark on Geneva and Calvin, belying much of the Protestant preached freedomthe Protestant preached freedom

• 1563 Calvin became sick, then bed ridden 1563 Calvin became sick, then bed ridden eventually dying peacefully at home in May of eventually dying peacefully at home in May of 15641564

Calvin’s TheologyCalvin’s Theology• PredestinationPredestination

– Double predestination, God appoints the elect to Double predestination, God appoints the elect to heaven and the damned to hell heaven and the damned to hell

– ““O man who art thou that repliest against God?”O man who art thou that repliest against God?”

• Infant BaptismInfant Baptism– An evidence of membership in the church and an An evidence of membership in the church and an

inspiration to a later on moral lifeinspiration to a later on moral life

• Infant SalvationInfant Salvation– Only if the parents were believersOnly if the parents were believers