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TheThe ReformationReformationThe Swiss Reformation Ulrich Zwingli
Photo Credits•Sacred Destinations Lucas Cranach
•Gertrude Kanu Lee Lai
•Stephen Komp Charlotte Nordahl
•Mike Reed Alex Bepple
•Debra Dinda R. Bean
• Technically: Part of Holy Roman Empire
• Humanism made Switzerland key breeding ground for Reformation fever
• Three expressions of reformation emerged – Zwinglian: Ulrich Zwingli
German-speaking cantons of north (esp. Zurich)
– Calvinistic: John CalvinFrench speaking cantons in south (esp. Geneva)
– Anabaptist: Grebel, Hubmaier, Manz, Stattler, etc. Switzerland, Germany, Netherlands
The Unique Political-Religious Situation of Switzerland
• Born to well-connected parents
– Studied at humanistic Basel and Bern
– Embraced humanistic approach
to ad fontes
• Humanist door to evangelical
conversion
Huldrych (Ulrich) Zwingli (1484-1531)
Background
• Parish priest at Glarus
• Pilgrim shrine at Einsiedeln– Reputation as outspoken preacher
– Time of evangelical conversion
• Elected as people’s priest,Great Minster Church Zurich
Zwingli -- Religious Career
Einseideln Basilica © Sacred Destinations
Einseideln Abbey © Sacred Destinations
Grossmunster Zurich © Sacred Destinations
Grossmunster Zurich © Sacred Destinations
Zwingli’s Churchin Zurich
Grossmunster Zurich © Sacred Destinations
Grossmunster Zurich © Sacred Destinations
Zwingli’s Churchin Zurich
• Lenten fast broken in Zwingli’s parish
• Hermeneutical Crisis– T-2 - Word has equal authority with Fathers /
traditions as set by church councils, pope
– T-1 - Word has final authority, as historically interpreted by Fathers, and church
– T-0 - Word alone without context of historical interpretation (no exegetical history)
• City council defends Zwingli– Reformation practices promoted
From Priesthood to Politics of Reform
• First Zurich Disputation– “Sixty-seven Articles”
• Second Zurich Disputation– Council chose “Gradualism”
• Open breach with Rome– Council orders implementation of
significant reforms
– Zwingli’s influence finds expression in other free cities
• Basel / Bern / Strassburg
The Public Disputations
Reformation Cities of the Swiss Confederation
Schleitheim
• Christian Civic Alliance (Protestants)
• Christian Union (counter-Protestant cantons)
• Peace of Kappel
– Zwingli disrupts it, fatally wounded, then executed
• Zurich church reform by Heinrich Bullinger
– Composed First Helvetic Confession
Swiss Mosaic led to Civil Wars
(1526-1531)
• Upheld absolute authority of Bible– Nothing in religion unless approved by Scripture
(no adiaphora considered)
• Accepted unconditional predestination– Of those rejecting gospel message
• Faith is essential ingredient in sacraments– Symbolic commemoration only
• Original sin is moral disease, but without bearing guilt– Infants saved w/o baptism
Zwingli’s Doctrinal Contributions
TheThe ReformationReformationThe Radical ReformationFrom Blaurock to Menno Simons
Photo Credits•Sacred Destinations Lucas Cranach
•Gertrude Kanu Lee Lai
•Stephen Komp Charlotte Nordahl
•Mike Reed Alex Bepple
•Debra Dinda R. Bean
Gish’s Left Wing of the Reformation
Evangelical Rationalists AnabaptistsRevolutionaries
Spiritualizers / Socialists
ServetusSocinius
HubmaierSattler
Simmons
HoffmanRothmann
HuttHutter
transitioned into…
UnitarianismEvangelical Mainstream
”Free Churches”Mennonites
Apocalyptic SectsCommunist Communities
Diverse Expressionsof
Radical Reformers
• Anabaptists were to Zwingli as Karlstadt was to Luther
• Felt Zwingli was false prophet
• Second Disputation in Zurich brought crisis to forefront
• Underlying issue: Church-State as co-terminus entities
• Separation of church and state was “Radical” and deadly for adherents
Roots:Unrealized Agenda of Zwingli in Zurich
• Crisis Point: Anabaptist reformers gather
with Zwingli for public debate
– Issue: Will the concept of infant baptism be
rejected or not?
• Separation: Founding of the Swiss
Brethren
– Public baptisms begin on Jan 21, 1525
– Strong resistance to this movement from both
Catholics and Protestants
Emergence:Early Anabaptism (Swiss Brethren)
• Many forced to flee from S. Germany,
Switzerland, Moravia
• Territorial rulers first tried to suppress it
with mandates against it
• Charles V ordered death penalty on basis of
old Roman Laws against Donatists
– Second Diet of Speyer, 1529 (where Protestio
lodged) approved this imperial decree
Dispersion:Under Intense Pressure
• Augsburg: Martyrs Synod (1527)
• Strassburg: Swiss refugee community led
by Michael Sattler
• Schleitheim: The Schleitheim Confession
– Martyrdom of Sattler
Expansion:German Anabaptist Centers
• Hoffman came to Strassburg being hailed as
“Apostle of the end”
• Jan Matthys assumed lead of chilliastic group
• Destructive implications of Tradition Zero
– John Leyden takes over as new “King of Jerusalem”
• Bishop joins Lutheran forces and captures
city
• Debacle damaged Anabaptist cause
Confusion:Revolutionary Anabaptists at Münster
• Recovery from tragedy of Münster
associations
• Hutterites in Moravia
– Jacob Hutter
• Mennonites in Netherlands / North
Germany
– Menno Simons: Father of Centrist Anabaptism
Corrections:Gathering centric theological forces
Menno SimonsChristoffel van Sichem. Engraving c. 1608.
This is considered to be the oldest portrait of Menno Simons, who died in 1561. Van Sichem was Roman
Catholic; some people see in the brim of the hat the ears of a donkey, meant to ridicule Menno and his followers.
Menno SimonsTom (Oliver Wendel) Shenk. Oil painting, 1975.
Commissioned by Myron S. Augsburger for Eastern Mennonite Seminary in Harrisonburg, VA,
where the picture is now hanging
• Final authority of Bible as infallible rule of faith / practice
• Pure church comprised of confessing regenerate only
• Inclination to pacifism and a theology of martyrdom
• Emphasis on caring community / commonality of goods
• Lineal ancestor to significant groups today
– Directly: Mennonites, Amish, Hutterites
– Indirect: Quakers, Puritan Separatists, Baptists
• Believer’s only or “pure” church had ironic secularizing effect
Contributions:Ideas influencing evangelicals
TheThe LaterLater ReformationReformationThe Reformed TraditionJohn Calvin
Photo Credits•Sacred Destinations Lucas Cranach
•Gertrude Kanu Lee Lai
•Stephen Komp Charlotte Nordahl
•Mike Reed Alex Bepple
•Debra Dinda R. Bean
• French speaking territory in contested neighborhood of Lake Geneva
• Guillaume Farelcarried outreform plans
Geneva was contested territory
• Early Years– Born near Paris – M.A. at University of Paris, then Law Degree
• Launching his career: 1532-1536– Influence of humanist reformers in France – “Sudden Conversion” – Inaugural address of Nicholas Cop – France becoming unsafe for reformers – Composed Institutes of the Christian Religion
• The road to Geneva – Long conversation with Farel to persuade Calvin
Biographical Sketch – John Calvin (Jean Cauvin) (1509-1564)
Auditoire de Calvin© Sacred Destinations
Auditoire de Calvin© Sacred Destinations
• Calvin/Farel proposed a three-fold plan before
Little Council for implementing reform
– Adoption of Calvin’s catechism
– Everyone to follow Creed written by Farel
– Monthly administration of Lord’s Supper
(fencing table)
• Strong opposition to Calvin’s plans
– Standoff with officials on Easter Sunday, 1538
– Calvin expelled from Geneva
Work of reform in Geneva: 1532-36
Happy Strasburg years: 1538-41
• Calvin pastors French refugees at
Strassburg
• Writing career developed
– French liturgy / translations of psalms / hymns
– Second edition of the Institutes
– Commentary on Romans
– Reply to Sadoleto vindicating Protestant
principles
– The Short Treatise on the Lord’s Supper
Return to Geneva: 1541-61
• Political reversal enabled reforming forces to
recall Calvin
– Returns with hesitation practically on his own
terms
• Convinced city council to pass Ecclesiastical
Ordinances
• “The Venerable Company” a consistory as
key element in the system
– For church administration, encouragement, and
discipline of community
Life under the new “theocratic model” of Calvin’s Geneva • Leaders embark on moral reclamation of city
• Growing opposition of “Libertines”
– Trial of Servetus
• Calvin’s crowning work: Genevan Academy
– Influential epicenter of Reformed theology
– Headed up by Calvin’s successor in Geneva,
Theodore Beza
Legacy of Calvin: Forefather of the Reformed Faith
1. Voluminous writings
2. Advancement in education
3. Geneva as model and refuge for reformers
4. Growth of democracy: representative
principle in church and state
5. Growth of capitalism
6. Retardation of mission