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Frye AWC2Rev Fall ‘14
Papal politics
Fees for the faithful
Misbehaving monks
Simony
Poor pastoring
The relic racket
Indulgences
Leo X and Johann Tetzel
Martin Luther 1483-1546
Erasmus’ Greek NT: The just
shall live by faith…repent”
1517 - 95 Theses
Debates, 4 books by 1520,
excommunication
Diet of Wurms 1521 –
“Scripture and plain reason…”
Michelangelo
doesn’t come
cheap
My conscience is
captive to God…Here
I stand
Luther [Protestantism]
Every man his own priest
Read Bible for self in common tongue
2 sacraments
Salvation by faith, through grace alone, individual [free will]
Church focus on teaching Vocation and equality of clergy &
laypeople
Priest [church] mediates between lesser laity [note: somewhat more egalitarian today]
Bible in Latin; too complex for laymen [note: this has changed today]
7 sacraments
Salvation by faith, through grace, accessed via church alone and sacrament, communal [free will]
Church focus on communion
Catholicism
Sola Fides – faith alone… [no works]
Solus Christus - …in Christ alone [no church gatekeeper]
Church is an association of believers
Sola Gratia – by grace alone [can’t earn it]
Sola Scriptura – understood by Scripture alone [not any
added church decrees]
Soli Deo Gloria - and all things are to glorify God [so lay
people are equal to church people]
Luther in hiding
Translates Bible into German
1525 - German Peasant
Revolt: …but Luther rejects
violence – revolt suppressed
German princes “Protest” of 1530
1546-1555 War in Germany –
Princes v. Emperor Charles V …
Lutherans: northern Germans,
Scandinavians
Wittenburg
Worms
I’m really
tired of That
German
monk
I cannot recant…
that is a silly hat,
your majesty
Anabaptists [1525]
Adult baptism
No politics, Pacifism
Radical equality… even letting
women speak
Brethren, Amish, Mennonites
Persecuted by all – communal
retreat
Communities in Holland, East
Europe, Germany and England
Zurich
Begin in Zurich as
followers of Ulrich
Zwingli…who rejects
them
I’m not a fan
of Anabaptists
John Calvin 1509-1564
French, lawyer, Protestant (flees Paris 1533)…eventually in Geneva
1536 – Institutes of the Christian Religion… Rational study of Scripture (systematic theology)
otal Depravity
nconditional Election
imited Atonement
rresistible Grace
erseverance of the saints
It’s all about the
sovereignty
of God
Churches later called
Reformed, Presbyterian
[Scotland, John Knox],
Puritan [England],
Huguenot [France]
Covenant democracy Elected leaders Covenants Right of revolt Popular with middle
class 1541-1564 – Calvin in
Geneva The Academy –
exiles and secret agents
1630 –Great
Puritan Migration
Advised by religious intellectual
Thomas More,
the king at first opposes
reformers like…
William Tyndale
Translation into English
“Lord open the king’s eyes…”
Marries brother’s widow, Catherine of Aragon [daughter Mary]
Wants divorce [mistress Anne Boleyn]
Act of Supremacy 1536…and divorce
Thomas More executed
“Anglican” Church…at first few changes in religious practice
Confiscates church property,
Later, English bible and Influence of Protestant sympathizers
It’s complicated
Catherine of Aragon Anne Boleyn
Jane
Seymour
Anne Boleyn gives birth to Elizabeth
Accused of treason - execution
Jane Seymour dies giving birth to Edward
DIVORCED
DIVORCED SURVIVED
DIED
BEHEADED
BEHEADED
Anne of Cleves Catherine Howard
Catherine Parr
Whew! I beat
the odds
Elizabeth
Edward VI [r.1547-1553] –
Protestant but dies young
“Bloody” Mary [r.1553-
1558] Catholic comeback
320 killed
Marries Phillip II of Spain
…but no kids so throne goes
to….
We Tudors put
the “fun” in
dysfunctional
Hey, I’m a
Tudor… what did
you expect?
Reforms: Creation of seminaries, end of fees
relic abuse, and indulgence sales, crackdown
on naughtiness
Doctrine – reaffirmed
Grace and works mediated through the church
Free will
Papal authority, sacraments, purgatory
Efficacy of prayer to saints, Mariology
education, linguists,
missionaries, intellectuals, ambassadors
If the church
says white
is black,
Catholic
Catholic
Anglican
Lutheran
Calvinist [Reformed]
Anabaptist
1533 Calvin’s Institutes
1517 - 95
Theses
1570 Jesuits and
Catholic Reform
Zwingli
English dissenters [incl. Baptists]
1536 Act of Supremacy
Council of
Trent
CATHOLIC – church is
bigger than nation, can
instruct the state from a
superior position
LUTHERAN – National
church is supported by
and inferior to but
partially separate from
state
ANABAPTIST – no
connection [other than
church speaking truth
into society]; adopted
by Baptists and other
evangelicals
CALVINIST – church and state separate
but in cooperation; democracy
ANGLICAN – King head of church;
similar to Lutheran
Geneva
Zurich
Trent
Rome
Wittenberg
Anabaptist
1545-1648 in EuropeFrye AWC2
Gracias,
Papa
Tired of war: Retires, splits
empire
Austrian Hapsburgs
[Brother Ferdinand] gets
HRE and Austrian land
Son Phillip II gets Spain,
Netherlands, Italy and
Overseas
Paris is
worth a
mass
It is putting a very
high price on
one's conjectures
to have someone
roasted alive on
their account.”
The War of the 3 Henris: 3 Rival families
King Henri III and mum, Catherine d’Medici
[Catholic, moderate]
Henri Guise [Catholic, pro-Spanish]
Backed by Phillip’s secret agents
Henri Bourbon, King of Navarre [Huguenot]
A war of shifting alliances and assassins
1572 – St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
Rise of politiques like Michel d’Montaigne
1589 – Two assassinations, Henri Bourbon
becomes… Henry IV …but converts to
Catholicism
1598 – Edict of Nantes tolerates 2 sects
1610 – Henry IV assassinated
Henri III Duke Henri Guise
Henri Bourbon
Devout – hates Protestantism -controlling, vast empire, agents, inquisitors and spies Siglo de Oro
1553 – married to Queen Mary of England [d.1558]
1571 – defeats Turks at Lepanto
1580 – Invasion of Portugal
Crackdown on the Netherlands [1568]
Raises taxes without a vote of Dutch Estates-General
Dutch Calvinists are tolerant of most groups [including Anabaptists, Jews, and the English Pilgrims]
OttomansMing
Mughals
PortugalSpain
Spain
Dutch
I prefer Starbucks
Phillip sends army, Inquisition
and the Duke of Alva …
William the Silent of
Orange
The Sea Beggars [1/3 of Spanish
shipping was Dutch]
The Remonstrance
William is assassinated
Northern provinces fight
on successfully
“80 Years War” 1568-
1648
CGPGrey on Neth
Hmmm…
Bacon or
hamlet?
Anglican via media – Catholic style,
Protestant belief
Dissenters
Puritans [Calvinist]
“the virgin queen” “loved and feared”
progresses, plays, and P.R.
Sir Francis Walsingham – master spy
1570 – excommunication…
1571 – crushes Catholic noble revolt; 1572
crushes Calvinist Puritan rebels
Scotland Mary, Queen of Scots, {French}
Catholic [r. 1542-1567]
…but John Knox convinces Scotland to
become Calvinist [Presbyterian]
Nobles stage coup, Mary abdicates in
favor of infant son James VI
Mary takes refuge with her cousin
Elizabeth…
Francis Drake and Sea Dogs
Imprisons cousin Mary Queen of Scots
for plotting with Phillip
Elizabeth sends soldiers and money to
help Dutch
Execution of Mary of Scots [1587]
Elizabeth vs. Phillip
I should have been a
wee bit nicer to
Cousin Liz
Silly boy…
THE PLAN: Phillip prepares a ‘grand armada’
Link up with army in Flanders
Crush England, Crush Dutch
Drake’s raid
Miscommunication and poor leadership
The fire-ships in the Channel
Storms and wrecks
And more failed fleets….
So what?
Beginning of Spanish decline Phillip defaults 4 times
English to New World
Protestantism survives
1609 – Dutch-Spanish truce
Mary Guise of
France [later
Queen of Scots]
Margaret
Henry VIII
James IV
James V
Earl of Angus
Margaret Matthew Stuart
Lord Darnley aka
Henry Stuart
[murdered]
JAMES VI of SCOTLAND aka JAMES I
of ENGLAND [1603-1625
MaryEdward VI
ELIZABETH I
1558-1603
1
2
Henry VII
21
ENGLAND
TUDORS
Scotland
STUARTS
x6
"Sirrah, ye are God's silly vassal; there are two
kings and two kingdoms in Scotland: there is
king James, the head of the commonwealth; and
there is Christ Jesus, the king of the Church,
whose subject James the Sixth is, and of whose
kingdom he is not a king, not a lord, not a head,
but a member.“ Professor Andrew Melville, …one of the founders of Scottish
Presbyterian Church addressing King James VI of Scotland,
later James I of England and successor to Elizabeth I.
I’m just
a wee
bit
miffed
James I [r.1603-1625]
“The wisest fool…”
ignores Parliament, ergo, no money [but avoids war]
Caught between Calvinists and Catholics : Guy Fawkes and the Gunpowder plot
Jamestown 1607
Charles I [r.1625-1648]
Wars - Illegal fees and taxes
Star Chamber
S. Rutherford Lex Rex
God has put me here over
you daft English… peace
out, you Puritan dogs
1628 – The
Petition of
Right
War with
Scots
[1637]
Charles needs
money; calls
parliament
finally in 1640
Parliament
demands
reform
Charles disbands
parliament – but
the new parliament
demands the heads
of his advisors
Puritans - Oliver Cromwell’s New Model Army
Cavaliers
[Royalists]
Parliament
[Roundheads]
& ScotsCharles
refuses to
call
Parliament
1642 – Charles
attempts to
arrest
Parliamentary
leaders
English Civil
War 1642-48
1648 – Charles
captured and
tried –
beheaded,
1649
Commonwealth 1648-1660
The English Civil War
Could we just trim a
little off my beard?
1549 – The Rump
1553 – The rule of the major
Generals
Puritan rules
Levelers suppressed
Persecution of Baptists, Dissenters,
and Quakers
Wars against Irish [massacres], Scots
[defeated], Dutch, and Spanish
[seizure of Jamaica]
Bah, humbug
1618 – Defenestration of Prague
Imperial forces gather; Protestant alliance
prepares for war Mercenaries; Germany
devastated [25% die]
Portuguese rebel
More political than actually religious
LUTHERANCALVINISTCATHOLIC
“Protestants”
Dutch
Lutheran German princes
Swedes
Danes
Portuguese [Catholic]
French [Catholic]
Cardinal Richelieu, [Louis
XIII] is more concerned about politics than religion
Spain [Hapsburgs]
Austrian and Imperial
[Hapsburgs]
Catholic German princes
“Catholics”
Give me six lines
written by the most
honorable of men,
and I will find an
excuse in them to
hang him.
Results…
Secularization of politics
Pope not invited
Concept of international
law and nation states
Portugal, Swiss, Dutch , Prussia
independent
Spain’s decline, French
dominance
Christendom divided
End of the Reformation era