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The AIX/HP-UX Interoperability Guide
iii
1. INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................1
1.1 Purpose and Scope........... ............. .............. ............ ............. .............. ............ ............... ............ ....1
1.2 HP-UX vs. AIX ............ ............ .............. ............. ............ ............... ............ .............. ............. ........1
2. SYSTEM STARTUP AND SHUTDOWN..........................................................3
2.1 Introduction ............ ............. .............. ............ ............... ............ ............ ............... ............ .............3
2.2 AIX................................................................................................................................................3Boot Process and Startup ............. ............ .............. ............. .............. ............ ............. .............. ..........3System Shutdown ............. ............ .............. ............. .............. ............ ............. .............. ............ .........4
2.3 HP-UX...........................................................................................................................................5Boot Process and System Startup ............. ............ .............. ............ ............ .............. ............. ............5
System Shutdown ............. ............ .............. ............. .............. ............ ............. .............. ............ .........7
2.4 Startup and Shutdown Summary ............ ............. .............. ............ ............... ............ ............ .......7
3. USER LOGIN AND LOGOUT..........................................................................9
3.1 Introduction ............ ............. .............. ............ ............... ............ ............ ............... ............ .............9
3.2 AIX................................................................................................................................................9Login Process ............ ............. .............. ............ .............. ............. ............ ............... ............ ............. ..9
Logout.............................................................................................................................................10
3.3 HP-UX.........................................................................................................................................10Login Process ............ ............. .............. ............ .............. ............. ............ ............... ............ .............10Logout.............................................................................................................................................11
3.4 Summary.....................................................................................................................................11
4. DISKS AND FILE SYSTEMS.........................................................................13
4.1 Directory Structure ........... ............. .............. ............ ............. .............. ............. .............. ............13
4.2 AIX..............................................................................................................................................14Logical Volume Manager ............ ............ .............. ............ ............ .............. ............. .............. .........14AIX Disk Installation and File System Creation...............................................................................15
AIX Disk and File System Summary ............ ............. .............. ............ ............... ............ ............ .....18
4.3 HP-UX.........................................................................................................................................19Disk Installation and File System Creation ............ ............. .............. ............ .............. ............. ........19
HP-UX Disk and File System Summary...........................................................................................24
4.4 Disks and File Systems: AIX vs. HP-UX........... ............ .............. ............. ............ .............. .......24
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5. DEVICES........................................................................................................25
5.1 Introduction ............ ............. .............. ............ ............... ............ ............ ............... ............ ...........25
5.2 AIX..............................................................................................................................................25Object Data Manager.......................................................................................................................25
Adding Supported Devices...............................................................................................................27Adding Unsupported Devices...........................................................................................................30Removing Devices...........................................................................................................................31
5.3 HP-UX.........................................................................................................................................31Adding a Device without Modifying the Kernel...............................................................................31
Modifying the Kernel in Order to Add a Device...............................................................................36
5.4 Summary.....................................................................................................................................37
6. MANAGING PROCESSES ............................................................................41
6.1 AIX..............................................................................................................................................41The ps Command ............................................................................................................................41
Signals ............................................................................................................................................41System Resource Controller.............................................................................................................42
Cron................................................................................................................................................44
6.2 HP-UX.........................................................................................................................................45ps, nice, and renice..........................................................................................................................45Signals ............................................................................................................................................45
The top Command...........................................................................................................................46Cron................................................................................................................................................46
6.3 Summary.....................................................................................................................................46
Interoperability Notes ........... ............. .............. ............ ............. .............. ............ ............... ............ ..47
7. BACKUPS......................................................................................................49
7.1 AIX..............................................................................................................................................49The backup Command.....................................................................................................................49
The restore Command .....................................................................................................................50The mksysb Command ........... ............. .............. ............ ............. .............. ............ ............... ............51
Tape Drives.....................................................................................................................................52
7.2 HP-UX.........................................................................................................................................53fbackup............................................................................................................................................53
frecover ............ ............. .............. ............ ............... ............ ............ ............... ............ .............. ........54HP-UX and Cartridge Tapes: tcio ............. ............ .............. ............ ............ .............. ............. ..........55HP-UX’s Equivalent to mksysb........................................................................................................55
7.3 Interoperability Issues................................................................................................................56Standard UNIX Utilities ............ ............ .............. ............. ............ .............. ............. .............. ..........56Interplatform Backups ............ ............. .............. ............ ............... ............ ............ ............... ............57
7.4 Summary.....................................................................................................................................58
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8. PRINTING ......................................................................................................61
8.1 AIX..............................................................................................................................................61The AIX Queuing System................................................................................................................61Adding a Local Printer ........... ............. .............. ............ ............. .............. ............. .............. ............62
Printing Locally...............................................................................................................................63
Printing to a Remote Printer ............ ............. .............. ............ .............. ............. ............ .............. ....65AIX Print Commands......................................................................................................................68Queue Management Commands ............. ............ .............. ............ ............ .............. ............ .............69
8.2 HP-UX.........................................................................................................................................69The Components of the LP Spooler..................................................................................................69
Setting Up the LP Spooler Using SAM ............ ............ .............. ............. ............ .............. ............. ..74Setting Up the LP Spooler Using HP-UX Commands.......................................................................78
8.3 Interplatform Printing................................................................................................................83
9. CONFIGURING TCP/IP .................................................................................85
9.1 AIX..............................................................................................................................................85Basic TCP/IP Configuration ............ ............ .............. ............ ............. .............. ............ .............. .....85Setting the Hostname.......................................................................................................................86
Adding a Route................................................................................................................................86Removing a Route ............ ............ .............. ............. ............ .............. ............. .............. ............. ......87
Flushing the Routing Table..............................................................................................................87Changing Network Card Configuration ............. ............ .............. ............. .............. ............ .............87Removing Network Card Configuration...........................................................................................88
Managing Name Servers..................................................................................................................88Adding Entries to /etc/hosts.............................................................................................................89
Editing /etc/inetd.conf ............ ............. .............. ............ ............... ............ ............ ............... ............89Editing the /etc/services File............................................................................................................90
Editing /etc/hosts.equiv....................................................................................................................90Editing /etc/ftpusers.........................................................................................................................91Managing Other Services ............ ............ .............. ............. ............ ............... ............ .............. ........91
Using BSD Style rc Configuration ............ ............ ............... ............ ............ ............... ............ .........92
9.2 HP-UX.........................................................................................................................................93Using SAM to Edit /etc/hosts...........................................................................................................93
Specifying a New Default Gateway........... ............ ............... ............ ............ ............... ............ .........94Deleting the Default Gateway ............ ............ .............. ............. ............ .............. ............ .............. ...94
Editing /etc/inetd.conf ............ ............. .............. ............ ............... ............ ............ ............... ............94Editing /usr/adm/inetd.sec ........... ............ .............. ............. ............ ............... ............ .............. ........94Creating /etc/ftpusers.......................................................................................................................96
Creating /etc/hosts.equiv..................................................................................................................96Creating a .rhosts File for the Local Superuser Account...................................................................97
Networking Startup Files.................................................................................................................97
9.3 Summary.....................................................................................................................................98
10. DOMAIN NAME SERVICE...........................................................................99
10.1 AIX............................................................................................................................................99
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named Data Files.............................................................................................................................99
Configuring a Primary Name Server................................................................................................99Configuring a Secondary Name Server ............ ............ .............. ............. ............ .............. ............. 100Configuring a Cache-Only Name Server........................................................................................100
Setting Up a Remote Name Server.................................................................................................101Name Resolution Order ............. ............ .............. ............. .............. ............ ............. .............. ........101
10.2 HP-UX.....................................................................................................................................102named Data Files...........................................................................................................................102Configuring a Primary Name Server..............................................................................................102Configuring a Secondary Name Server ............ ............ .............. ............. ............ .............. ............. 103
Configuring a Caching Only Name Server.....................................................................................103Setting Up a Remote Name Server.................................................................................................103
Setting the Local Domain ............ ............ .............. ............. ............ ............... ............ .............. ......104Starting the Primary Server ........... ............ ............... ............ ............ ............... ............ .............. ....104
Maintaining Network and Domain Data Files................................................................................104Updating Domain Data Files ........... ............. .............. ............ ............. .............. ............ .............. ..105Name Resolution Order ............. ............ .............. ............. .............. ............ ............. .............. ........105
10.3 Summary.................................................................................................................................106
11. NIS .............................................................................................................107
11.1 AIX..........................................................................................................................................107NIS Maps and Commands........... ............ .............. ............ ............ .............. ............. .............. .......107
Master Server Configuration..........................................................................................................108Creating an NIS Slave ............ ............. .............. ............ ............... ............ ............ ............... ..........109Creating an NIS Client ........... ............. .............. ............ ............. .............. ............. .............. ..........109
Managing yp Daemons..................................................................................................................110
11.2 HP-UX.....................................................................................................................................111
NIS Maps and Commands........... ............ .............. ............ ............ .............. ............. .............. .......111Master Server Configuration..........................................................................................................112Creating an NIS Slave Server ............ ............. .............. ............ ............... ............ ............ ............. .114Creating an NIS Client. ............. ............ .............. ............. .............. ............ ............. .............. ........115
11.3 Summary.................................................................................................................................116
12. NFS............................................................................................................117
12.1 AIX..........................................................................................................................................117Controlling NFS Daemons.............................................................................................................117
Configuring an NFS Server ........... ............ ............... ............ ............ ............... ............ .............. ....118
Configuring an NFS Client............................................................................................................119Additional SMIT Fastpath Commands...........................................................................................120
Configuring Automount.................................................................................................................120
12.2 HP-UX.....................................................................................................................................123Using SAM to Configure an NFS Client........................................................................................123
Using SAM to Configure an NFS Server........................................................................................124Creating an NFS Server Manually ............ ............ ............... ............ ............ ............... ............ .......125Automount ....................................................................................................................................129
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12.3 Summary.................................................................................................................................133
13. MAIL...........................................................................................................135
13.1 AIX..........................................................................................................................................135Customizing the /etc/sendmail.cf file ............ ............. .............. ............ ............... ............ ............ ...135Stopping and Starting the sendmail Daemon ........... ............ .............. ............. ............ .............. .....135
Mail Aliases ..................................................................................................................................135The Mail Queue.............................................................................................................................136
Mail Logging and Statistics ........... ............ ............... ............ ............ ............... ............ .............. ....137
13.2 HP-UX.....................................................................................................................................137Using SAM to Install sendmail......................................................................................................137Manually Installing sendmail ........................................................................................................137
Stopping and Starting the sendmail Daemon ........... ............ .............. ............. ............ .............. .....139The Mail Queue.............................................................................................................................140
The System Log.............................................................................................................................140
13.3 An Interoperability Exercise: Creating Mail Hubs........... ............ ............... ............ ............ .140Sending AIX Mail to an HP-UX Hub.............................................................................................140Sending HP-UX Mail to an AIX Hub.............................................................................................141
13.4 Summary.................................................................................................................................142
14. X11.............................................................................................................143
14.1 AIX..........................................................................................................................................143Files and Directory Structure ........... ............ .............. ............. ............ .............. ............ .............. ...143
Starting X......................................................................................................................................144Stopping X ............ ............ .............. ............. ............ ............... ............ .............. ............. ............. ..145
aixterms ........................................................................................................................................145Fonts .............................................................................................................................................146xdm...............................................................................................................................................147
The Desktop ............ ............ ............... ............ ............ ............... ............ .............. ............. ............ .147
14.2 HP-UX.....................................................................................................................................147Files and Directory Structure ........... ............ .............. ............. ............ .............. ............ .............. ...148Starting X......................................................................................................................................150
Stopping X ............ ............ .............. ............. ............ ............... ............ .............. ............. ............. ..152Fonts .............................................................................................................................................152
hpterms .........................................................................................................................................153HP-VUE........................................................................................................................................153
14.3 X11 Interoperability ............. ............ .............. ............ ............ .............. ............ ............... .......155Displaying to a Remote Host..........................................................................................................155
Turning Your Workstation into an X Terminal..............................................................................157
APPENDIX A.....................................................................................................159
Common Command Pathnames ............ ............. .............. ............ ............ .............. ............ .............159
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APPENDIX B.....................................................................................................171
Creating AIX Boot Diskettes...........................................................................................................171
APPENDIX C.....................................................................................................173
A Quick Comparison of SMIT and SAM .......................................................................................173
APPENDIX D.....................................................................................................175
Alternate HP Boot Console User Interface.....................................................................................175Accessing the Boot Console User Interface ............ ............. .............. ............ .............. ............. ......175Searching for Bootable Media........................................................................................................175Booting from BOOT_ADMIN ........... ............ ............... ............ ............ .............. ............ .............. .175
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Introduction
1
1. Introduction
1.1 Purpose and Scope
The purpose of this document is to help users and system administrators of either HP-UX or AIXmachines to understand the “other side,” if you will, for the purposes of interoperability. This will
help, for example, AIX system administrators integrate HP-UX machines into their networks, or
HP-UX administrators do the same with RS/6000s. It can also assist HP field representatives
understand the nature of AIX in order to aid customers moving to HP machines.
Each of this document’s chapters addresses a single topic but usually contains several sections: a
description of the AIX way of doing things, one devoted to the HP-UX way, a comparison of the
two systems regarding the topic at hand, and some tips on interoperability. The issue of
interoperability, however, will be more extensive in some areas, most notably networking, than in
others.
The following are important to keep in mind:
• This document confines its discussion to HP-UX 9.0x as found on the HP 9000/700 series
workstations and AIX 3.2.5.
• The example commands assume the use of the KornShell. The back slash ( \ ) at the end of
a command indicates line continuation because of insufficient space on the page. In real
life the command can be typed on a single line.
• The SMIT examples often show “fastpath” commands. These are shortcuts to SMIT
menu items and are optional. You can start at SMIT's top-level menu and eventually get
to the appropriate item.
• The machines used in researching the material for this guide were an HP 9000/712 running
HP-UX 9.05 and IBM RS/6000 Model 340 running AIX 3.2.5..
1.2 HP-UX vs. AIX
Put simply, HP-UX is Hewlett-Packard’s version of UNIX® while AIX is IBM’s UNIX. But of
course there is much more to it than that. Since 1969 there have been many strains and variations
of UNIX, but by the end of the 1970s two major forms of UNIX existed: System V, owned by
AT&T and usually regarded as the descendant of the original UNIX, and BSD (Berkeley Software
Distribution), a product of the Computer Systems Research Group at the University of California,
Berkeley. Each had its special features as well as advocates, and for this reason workstation
vendors, including HP and IBM, began creating their own versions of UNIX in the 1980s which
more often than not contained elements of both AT&T and BSD types.
The HP-UX operating system is based on UNIX System V Release 2, with important features from
Berkeley Software Distribution 4.2. It also incorporates features of subsequent System V and
BSD releases, as well as HP extensions and enhancements. Other contributors to HP-UX include
Open Software Foundation, Inc. (OSF!), Carnegie-Mellon University, Cornell University,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and numerous other commercial and educational firms and
institutions. In short, HP-UX is essentially an AT&T-type of UNIX with numerous extensions.
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AIX is based on UNIX System V and Berkeley Software Distribution 4.3 but is more of a hybrid
of these two types of UNIX than HP-UX. AIX conforms to the Portable Operating System
Interface for Computer Environments (POSIX!) and to OSF. It also contains several IBM-
proprietary features, such as the Object Data Manager (ODM) and System Resource Controller
(SRC). Its windowing system, AIXwindows Environment/6000 is based on the X Window System
with OSF/Motif and is an optional product.
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System Startup and Shutdown
3
2. System Startup and Shutdown
2.1 Introduction
The HP and RS/6000 machines, like all UNIX machines, can be booted in one of two ways:normal (or automatic) boot and standalone boot. Normal boot is a boot from a local hard disk, be
it internal or external. The process for a normal boot usually requires no user intervention and is
therefore frequently referred to as an automatic boot. Standalone boot brings the system up to a
minimal level for purposes of troubleshooting, diagnostics, and sometimes software installation.
This kind of booting usually requires user intervention and is thus also known as manual, attended,
or interactive booting. There is actually a third way to boot these machines—a network boot—
which is usually reserved for diskless workstations and is beyond the scope of this document.
2.2 AIX
Boot Process and Startup
Normal Boot
If everything is configured properly, normal boot simply involves two things: 1) making sure the
front panel key switch is in NORMAL position (all the way to the left), and 2) powering on the
system. Everything else is automatic: the system comes up in multi-user mode, ready for someone
to log in. The following sequence of events takes place when an RS/6000 is powered on or reset:
• ROS IPL (Read Only Storage Initial Program Load). This phase includes a power-on self-
test (POST), the location of a boot device, and loading of the boot kernel into memory.
• Phase 1 (Base Device Configuration Phase). This phase runs /etc/rc.boot with an
argument of 1. rc.boot builds the Object Data Manager (ODM) database, makes sure that
base devices are configured, initializes the Logical Volume Manager (LVM), activates the
root volume group (rootvg), and checks and mounts the root file system.
• Phase 2. Here /etc/rc.boot is run with an argument of 2. This merges the ODM data and
device files into the root file system and configures any devices not configured by Phase 1.
• Phase 3. This phase starts /etc/init with the process id (pid) of 1.
• Phase 4 (Runtime phase). Here init runs the entries in /etc/inittab and invokes
/etc/rc.boot 3. The /tmp file system is mounted, the ODM database is saved for future
boots, and run state is set to multi-user, at which time various subsystems such as TCP/IP
and NFS, if found in /etc/inittab, are started.
Up until the runtime phase all you have as an indicator of how the boot sequence is going is theLED display on the front panel of the machine. Three-digit codes flash as the sequence progresses,
and if you want to know the meaning of the codes, you have to look them up in the Diagnostics
Guide. At a certain point, however, you will see either the code c32 or c33, which indicates that
the runtime phase is assigning the console. c32 is for high-function terminal devices (hfts) and c33is for serial-line terminals (ttys). After that, boot output goes to the display until finally the
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Console Login: message appears, at which time the machine is completely up and in multi-user
mode.
Standalone Boot
This kind of boot can be done from a local disk or tape, but most commonly it is done with
diskettes. See Appendix B for information on creating bootable diskettes. There are four diskettesused in this process: a boot diskette, two display diskettes, and an installation/maintenance diskette.
The procedure for booting off of these diskettes is a follows:
1. Switch the key in the front panel to Service Position (all the way to the right).
2. Insert the boot diskette into the floppy drive and power up the system.
3. When the LED reads c07, insert the first display diskette. Wait for c07 to insert the
second display diskette. Then after a few minutes the system will prompt you to choose
the console, asking you to press the F1 or F2 key and hit return.
4. At this point the display will take over and eventually prompt you to insert the
Installation/Maintenance diskette.5. When the system finishes processing the last diskette, it will display the
Installation/Maintenance menu. Select the option that says Standalone Maintenance Shell.
6. Here you will see a # prompt, but virtually nothing is available to you. You now need to
access the root volume group. At the # prompt, type the command getrootfs hdisk0.1
You are now in standalone mode.
System Shutdown
The following examples must be done while logged in as root.
To shut down the system in 10 minutes:
# shutdown +10
To do a fast shutdown now with no warnings:
# shutdown -F
To shut down with a warning for users to log off:
# shutdown now
To shut down with a one-minute warning and then reboot:
# shutdown -r
To reboot immediately:# shutdown -Fr
# reboot
To shut down AIX to single-user mode:
1This assumes that your root file system is on hdisk0. If it is not, use hdisk x, where x is the number of the physical
volume where the root file system resides.
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System Startup and Shutdown
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# telinit S
# init s
To shut down to maintenance mode:
# shutdown -m
2.3 HP-UX
Boot Process and System Startup
Normal Boot
HP-UX system startup occurs in two phases:
• The Boot ROM startup sequence.
• The HP-UX startup sequence.
Boot ROM Startup SequencePowering on the system or pressing the Reset button causes processor-dependent code (PDC) and
I/O-dependent code (IODC) firmware to be executed. The PDC runs self-tests and locates the
console, using IODC and the paths stored in Stable Storage. The PDC displays on the console
screen copyright information, PDC and IODC ROM revisions, and the amount of memory
configured. Then PDC displays copyright information as well as a message that reads:
Selecting a system to boot.To stop selection process, press and hold the ESCAPE key
If the Escape key is not pressed, PDC loads the initial system loader (ISL) from the primary path
in Stable Storage (for example, a SCSI disk with address scsi.6.0) and transfers control to it. The
ISL, scheduled by the autoboot sequence, finds the autoexecute file and executes the command
specified in it (usually hpux or hpux boot disc(;0)/hp-ux). By default, the autoexecute arguments
load /hp-ux. While loading, hpux displays information about the device and file being booted, the
text, data, and BSS size of the kernel and the kernel’s startup address.
CAUTION: Do not confuse the ISL utility hpux with the /hp-ux file that it loads. hpux is
invoked from the ISL prompt, and, during an automatic boot, loads /hpux, a file that contains
the HP-UX operating system kernel
HP-UX Startup Sequence
Once HP-UX starts (when the kernel is loaded), it searches for the root file system. Generally, the
root file system is found on the disk from which HP-UX booted. After finding the root file system,
the operating system starts a shell to read commands from /etc/pre_init_rc. Among thesecommands is fsck, which checks the root file system (currently in a read-only state). Any problems
fsck encounters that it is unable to fix are caught later by /etc/bcheckrc. After fsck exits, the
operating system remounts the file system in a read-write state.
CAUTION: Do not modify the /etc/pre_init_rc script; it might cause the system to be
unbootable.
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Then, HP-UX starts its first process, /etc/init. The init process has process ID one (1) and no
parent process. The init process reads /etc/inittab file to define the environment for normal
working conditions. The /etc/inittab file is similar to the one found in AIX, and once the entries in
that file have been started, the HP-UX machine, by default, is in multi-user state.
Standalone Boot A standalone boot in HP-UX is a manual boot, also known as an Attended Mode boot. Pressing
the Escape key at the boot banner halts the automatic boot sequence, puts you into Attended Mode,
and displays the Boot Console User Interface main menu.2 The system searches the SCSI, LAN,
and EISA interfaces for all potential boot devices—devices for which boot I/O code (IODC) exists.
The system then displays a table, such as the following:
Device Selection Device Path Device Type---------------- ----------- -----------P0 scsi.6.0 QUANTUM PD210SP1 scsi.1.0 HP 2213AP2 lan.ffffff-ffff.ff hpfoobar
At this point, the Boot Console User Interface main menu offers the following options:b) Boot from specified devices) Search for bootable devicesa) Enter Boot Administration modex) Exit and continue boot sequence?) Help
Using the b) option, you can direct hpux to boot from a specific device. For example, to direct
hpux to boot from the SCSI disk drive, you would type the key sequence P0. The key to booting to
standalone mode is first to boot to ISL using the b) option. The ISL is the program that actually
controls the loading of the operating system. To do this using the above as an example, you would
type the following at the “Select from menu:” prompt:
Select from menu: b p0 isl
This tells the system to boot to the ISL using the SCSI drive at address 6. After displaying a few
messages, the system then produces the ISL> prompt. From here you can run the hpux utility to
boot the kernel to single-user (or standalone) mode:
ISL>hpux -is boot disk(scsi.6;0)/hp-ux
This essentially tells hpux to load the kernel ( /hp-ux) into single-user mode (-is) off the SCSI disk
drive at address 6. The -is option says to pass the string s to the init process (i), and the command
init s puts the system in single-user (or standalone) mode. In fact, you will see something similar
to the following after typing the above command:
Secondary Loader 9000/700Revision 1.1Booting disk(scsi.6;0)/hp-ux966616+397312+409688 start 0x6c50
Kernel Startup Messages OmittedINIT: Overriding default level with level 's'
2This process is for models 715/33, 715/50, 715/75, 725/50, 725/75, 735, and 755. See appendix D for other models.
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System Startup and Shutdown
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INIT: SINGLE USER MODEWARNING: YOU ARE SUPERUSER!!
#
System Shutdown
To shut down and halt using HP-UX commands when HP VUE is running, you must first stop HP
VUE and then shut the system down.
• From the login window, choose No Windows and log in as root.
• At the prompt, type init 2; exit. This will stop VUE.
• Log in as root again and type one of the following shutdown commands.
To shut down HP-UX for power-off, you can do any of the following:
# telinit 0
# shutdown -h -y now
To shut down and reboot HP-UX:
# reboot
# shutdown -r -y now
To shut down HP-UX to single-user mode:
# telinit S
# shutdown -y now
# shutdown 0
Customizing shutdown in HP-UX
Administrators can customize their system’s shutdown through the use of user-supplied scripts. If,
for example, you have Oracle running on the system and want to shut the database down before
shutting the system down, you simply put the script that shuts the database down into a directory
called /etc/shutdown.d. A shutdown command first runs the scripts in the /etc/shutdown.ddirectory before shutting down the system. The order of execution is based on the scripts’ names:
the ASCII order of the script names is the order of execution.
Administrators can also allow non-root users to shut down the system by creating a file called
/etc/shutdown.allow. The hostname of the system and the user login name must be present in the
/etc/shutdown.allow file. For example, if /etc/shutdown.allow contains the following:
foobar bobby
foobar sissy
then users bobby and sissy can shut down system foobar.
2.4 Startup and Shutdown Summary
The bootup of the IBM and HP platforms, in typical UNIX fashion, is completely platform-
specific. The point at which the two platforms follow a similar procedure is when the init process
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is started. Both machines use the AT&T-style of startup by having init read the /etc/inittab file.
Both inittab files, though they may differ in some details, follow the same basic format.
Both platforms support a manual boot. The IBM needs bootable media, usually diskettes, in order
to do a manual boot. HP-UX requires pressing the Escape key at the appropriate time and then
booting to ISL and then to standalone mode. In both cases standalone mode gives whoever
performs the boot root privileges, something you should consider before doing such a thing in frontof a casual user.3
The shutdown procedures for the two platforms resemble each other quite a bit. Both support the
shutdown and reboot commands, as well as the telinit command to change init’s run level. In the
case of HP-UX, it is a good idea to stop HP VUE before rebooting. HP-UX supports running
special scripts to be run at shutdown by placing them in /etc/shutdown.d. HP-UX also supports
allowing users other than root to shut down a system by means of an /etc/shutdown.allow file.
AIX supports neither shutdown scripts nor non-root system shutdowns.
3 HP machines have a secure command in the BOOT_ADMIN command set that can be used to prevent the Boot
Console User Interface from appearing. Once the secure boot mode is set to on, however, the only way to turn it
off is to disconnect all boot devices. This will cause the Boot Console Interface to reappear, which will enable youto issue the secure off command. IBM machines use keys to maintain security: turning the key to the SECURE
position and then removing it prevents anyone from booting the machine.
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3. User Login and Logout
3.1 Introduction
If you were to look at a typical RS/6000 running AIX 3.2.5 and an HP 700 running HP-UX 9.0xboot at the same time, you would see a striking difference between the two login screens. The
RS/6000 would look essentially like an ASCII display, and the HP-UX would look like an X
terminal. On both machines a user simply types a user id and a password to access the system.
But although the process of logging in looks essentially the same for both machines, there are
significant differences between the two.
3.2 AIX
Login Process
After bootup the RS/6000 displays a login prompt on what looks like a character-based terminal,
but which in reality is part of what is known as a high-function terminal (hft). An hft is not just adisplay; it also includes the keyboard, the mouse, dials, and keypad. The hft display, along with
the appropriate graphics adapter, is capable of supporting the X Window system, but what you’ll
probably see after bootup is just ASCII text. You log in to this display and then either the X server
starts automatically (depending on your system configuration), or you use a script like startx to
start it manually.
Logging in to the RS/6000, therefore, follows the typical UNIX login process: The getty process
provides the login screen. If a user enters an id at this getty login prompt, getty starts the loginprocess to validate the user. Unlike most UNIX systems, including HP-UX, AIX’s login program
checks not only /etc/passwd, which contains user names, but also a shadow password file,
/etc/security/passwd, which contains the encrypted passwords of each of the users. login then
starts a login shell as defined in /etc/passwd for the user, which by default is the KornShell (ksh).4ksh then reads the user’s .profile. It is here in .profile that X Window frequently starts up, usually
by calling the xinit command either directly or via the startx script.
The xinit command starts the X server and then reads the $HOME/.xinitrc file to determine which
X programs to start. The three most likely applications to run from .xinitrc are 1) an aixterm (like
xterm but emulating an hft display instead of a vt100), 2) the AIX Windows desktop, an icon-
based application and file management system, and 3) Motif Window Manager (mwm). (These
applications will be discussed in more detail in the chapter on X Windows.) When a user exits his
or her X Window session and logs out, control of the terminal returns to the init process, which
spawns a new getty process, which in turn displays the Console Login on the display.
The following summarizes the AIX login process:
• A user enters an id at the login prompt.
• getty starts the login program to check /etc/passwd and /etc/security/passwd.
• login starts a login shell.
4 AIX also supports the Bourne and C shells.
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• .profile calls the xinit command.
• xinit starts the X server and client applications
• Upon logout, control returns to init, which respawns another getty login.
Other RS/6000 login environments include xdm (X Display Manager), which provides an X
Window login interface, and a ASCII-only display session. But the process described above is themost common.
Logout
If you are in an X Window session, stopping it by choosing End Session on the Root Menu will
usually log you out. However, if your system displays an ASCII screen with a command line
prompt (usually a “$” prompt) after you stop X, then you have to take the additional step of
closing the shell by typing either the exit command or the logout commands.
The reason you might see a command line prompt after stopping the X server is because of the
RS/6000 concept of virtual terminals. The hft device is capable of supporting multiple screens on
a single terminal. To create a virtual terminal you simply type the open command followed by thename of the program you want to run in the new virtual terminal. If you type open ksh, or if your
.profile contains such a command, then you get a second screen running a KornShell. To access
other screens, you simply type the CTRL+ALT/ACTION key sequence, and the terminal displays
each screen one at a time.
If the X server is started by the open command, for example open xinit, it appears in its own
screen. Thus ending the X Window session simply stops the X server in that particular screen and
leaves other virtual terminals still running. To log out requires closing all virtual terminals, so
whatever programs are running in them, be they shells or additional X servers, they must be closed
in order to logout
3.3 HP-UX
Login Process
The process described below is more accurately described as the HP VUE login process. VUE is
HP’s Visual User Environment, a graphical user interface for HP-UX. If you were to login to a
non-Windows console or were to telnet from another machine to an HP-UX system, the login
process would very much be the same as that of a typical UNIX system, which involves the init,
getty, and login programs. However, the /etc/inittab file of most HP machines has HP VUE as
part of the default run level; in other words, HP VUE starts by default. HP VUE’s login program,
vuelogin (which is a customized version of xdm), provides the same functions as init, getty, and
login, and does not normally read such files as /etc/profile and .profile.
The vuelogin process is as follows:
• init starts vuelogin upon bootup.
• vuelogin starts the X server.
• vuelogin starts another vuelogin process to actually control user logins.
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• The new vuelogin invokes vuegreet, which displays the login screen and handles the
user’s interaction with the login screen.
When a user logs in to the vuegreet display, vuelogin runs /usr/vue/config/Xstartup if it exists,
sets certain environment variables to default values, runs /usr/vue/config/Xsession, which in turn
reads $HOME/.vueprofile and invokes the session manager, vuesession. Obviously, this process
is a departure from the traditional UNIX login process. This is important to remember because if you are trying to customize a user’s environment under HP VUE, modifying the .profile file will
not by default have any effect. Instead, you must modify .vueprofile
Alternative Login Methods in HP-UX
The Options menu on the HP VUE login screen allows you to select several alternative types of
sessions, such as HP VUE Lite, or a fail-safe session. You can also select the language for your
session.
If you choose not to use HP VUE, you can select Options from the login window menu and No
Windows from the VUE login screen, at this time. In that case, enter your login name and
password after the appropriate prompts.To log into and out of a fail-safe session, select Fail-safe from the Options menu and log in. A
fail-safe session is a simple session that starts the Workspace Manager and a single terminal
window. It is useful when you need access to a single Terminal Emulator window to execute
several commands before logging into an HP VUE session.
Logout
To log out if you are in an HP VUE session, choose the logout control on the Front Panel, use the
log out control to end the session, or choose Log out from the workspace menu. When you log out
of a regular HP VUE session, Session Manager saves information about your current session so
that it can be restored the next time you log in.
3.4 Summary
Although the RS/6000 supports xdm, the most likely login configuration will be a more or less
standard UNIX one involving the init, getty, and login programs. By default you login to an
ASCII-like display, and one of two things happens: 1) the X server starts automatically from the
user’s .profile or 2) you have to start X manually with either the xinit or startx commands.
Although logging into an HP-UX ASCII terminal or pseudo-terminal will result in a typical UNIX
login process, logging in to the console will most likely involve vuelogin, a customized version of
xdm. In this case, setting a user’s environment does not entail changing /etc/profile or .profilebecause vuelogin does not normally read those files.
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4. Disks and File Systems
4.1 Directory Structure
Despite many attempts to come up with a standard UNIX file system tree, it is still elusive, and theAIX and HP-UX directory structures are good examples of this. Below is a listing of the main
directories in each of the operating systems.
Major AIX Directories
Path Purpose
/ Root directory
/usr/bin Shared executables (/bin is a link to /usr/bin)
/usr/sbin Shared administrative commands
/usr/lib Shared libraries
/etc Local configuration files
/sbin Files needed to boot and mount /usr from anothermachine
/dev Device files directory
/tmp World-writeable storage for temporary files
/home Default location for user home directories
/export Files needed for diskless machines
/var Host-specific files, accounting and spool files
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Major HP-UX Directories
Path Purpose
/ Root directory
/bin Basic commands
/usr/bin More commands and executables
/usr/etc System administration commands
/usr/adm Accounting files, system administration data files
/usr/spool Spooling directories
/etc Startup and configuration and some administration
commands
/lib C libraries
/dev Device files directory
/tmp World-writeable storage for temporary files
4.2 AIX
Logical Volume ManagerBefore you can understand the way in which AIX handles file systems, you must have a basic
understanding of the LVM, Logical Volume Manager. LVM is a disk management mechanism
that represents a significant departure from traditional UNIX partitioning schemes. Among its
advantages is the ability to allocate additional space to a file system without having to rebuild the
disk.
Under LVM, each physical disk in its entirety is a physical volume (PV). Each physical volume is
divided up into chunks known as physical partitions (PPs). The size of these PPs can vary, but the
default size is 4 MB. Physical partitions can be allocated to a logical volume (LV), which can
contain a file system, but these physical partitions come from different places on the disk(s). Thus
the term logical volume is quite accurate, for although it serves the same purpose as a traditional
UNIX partition, its physical components do not represent contiguous disk space.
Physical partitions, which are scattered throughout the disk(s), are represented to logical volumes
via sequential logical partitions (LPs). Unless you are using disk mirroring, there is a one-to-one
relationship between physical volumes and logical partitions. When you create a logical volume,
you allocate a certain number of logical partitions to it. Therefore, allocating 64 logical partitions
to a logical volume will create a 256MB logical volume, since the default size of the logical
partitions (and its accompanying physical partitions) is 4 MB.
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Logical volumes can and do contain paging spaces and dump areas, but most often they contain
file systems. The structure of AIX file systems very much resembles those of other UNIX systems.
Known as journaled file systems (JFS), AIX file systems each contain a superblock, inodes, and
data blocks. Journaled file systems differ from HP-UX file systems in that the former are based on
a log system which is used to reinstate a file system after a failure instead of fsck. Also, a JFS is
not confined to an entire disk, as in HP-UX, and its contents do not come from a partition of
contiguous disk space.
AIX Disk Installation and File System Creation
The following discussion will use as an example an RS/6000 system with one internal hard disk to
which we’ll add an external hard disk.
For the system to recognize the existence of the new disk, all you have to do is power down the
system, connect the disk, and reboot. The new disk will automatically be assigned a label of
hdisk<x>, where x is the next available disk number. For example, the internal disk’s label would
be hdisk0; the newly added external drive would be labeled hdisk1. After that you use the Logical
Volume Manager to configure the new device. This can be done either through SMIT (System
Management Interface Tool) or the command line. In most cases it is easier and safer to useSMIT.
If you wanted to connect the external hard drive using SMIT, type smit disk at the command line
and select Add a Disk from the menu:
Add a Disk
Type or select values in entry fields.Press Enter AFTER making all desired changes.
[Entry Fields]Disk type osdiskDisk interface scsiDescription Other SCSI Disk DriveParent adapter scsi0
* CONNECTION address [] +ASSIGN physical volume identifier yes +Queue DEPTH [1] +Queuing TYPE [none] +Use QERR bit [yes] +Device CLEARS its Queue on error [no] +READ/WRITE time out value [30] +START unit time out value [60] +REASSIGN time out value [120] +
If you are installing a non-IBM SCSI disk, choose osdisk from the Disk Type listing, select the
appropriate adapter in the Parent Adapter listing, and then enter the SCSI address in theCONNECTION address field. Note that SCSI hardware addresses for this field are a two-digit
address with the second digit a zero. For example, if your SCSI disk hardware address is 4, then
your connection address is 40. For the line that reads ASSIGN physical volume identifier choose
yes. At this point all you have to do is press Enter, and the disk is designated a physical volume
(PV) and assigned a physical volume identifier (PVID).
The next step is to make the PV part of a volume group (VG). It is only within the context of a
volume group that you can create a logical volume. A volume group consists of one or more
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physical volumes. If you create a volume group containing both the internal and external disks,
then the two disks are considered a single disk entity by LVM. In this way, a volume group
containing two or more disks is something like software disk striping in HP-UX.
There is a special volume group called rootvg. rootvg contains, among other things, the
operating system and boot area, which in many cases should reside on only one disk. If you were
to spread the rootvg over both your internal and external disks, then failure of just one of the diskswould require you to reload the operating system and reconfigure it as well as restore user data
from backups.
The new disk can be in its own volume group, or you can add it to an existing volume group, even
rootvg if you so choose. In our example so far of a machine with two disks, one internal and one
external, if you chose to add hdisk1 to the rootvg, you would use SMIT (smit extendvg) or just
the extendvg command:
# extendvg -f rootvg hdisk1
If you wanted to make physical volume hdisk1 its own volume group called datavg, you would use
SMIT (smit mkvg) or the mkvg command:
# mkvg -f -y datavg hdisk1
You must use the varyonvg command to activate the volume group before you access it:
# varyonvg datavg
If you were to put hdisk1 into the datavg this way, then the lsvg (list volume groups) command,
given our example so far, would produce:
# lsvgrootvgdatavg
If you were to type the lspv (list physical volumes) command, you would get something like:
# lspvhdisk0 0004038485e2483a rootvghdisk1 000013403f203af5 datavg
The first column would be the physical volume label, the second column would be the hexadecimal
PVID, and the third would be the volume group to which each physical volume belongs.
With the new disk now recognized by the system as a physical volume belonging to the datavgvolume group, it is now possible to create a logical volume. Before proceeding, it is worth noting
that you can customize the creation of a logical volume to a great extent. For example, you can
determine how many disks an LV can span, or whether the LV should be confined to inner edges,
center, or outer edges of a particular disk. However, LVM will provide default values for these
items if you prefer not to specify them yourself, and for purposes of this book we will assume thedefaults.
You can create a logical volume with the mklv command, but it’s easier to create it using SMIT.
Just type smit mklv at the command line. You will first be asked to provide the volume group
name (which in our case would either be rootvg or datavg), and then once you do you will see
something like the following:
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Add a Logical Volume
Type or select values in entry fields.Press Enter AFTER making all desired changes.
[TOP] [Entry Fields]Logical volume NAME [data]* VOLUME GROUP name datavg* Number of LOGICAL PARTITIONS [] #PHYSICAL VOLUME names [] +Logical volume TYPE []POSITION on physical volume midway +RANGE of physical volumes minimum +MAXIMUM NUMBER of PHYSICAL VOLUMES [] #
to use for allocationNumber of COPIES of each logical 1 +
partitionMirror Write Consistency? yes +Allocate each logical partition copy yes +
on a SEPARATE physical volume?RELOCATE the logical volume during yes +
reorganization?Logical volume LABEL []MAXIMUM NUMBER of LOGICAL PARTITIONS [128]Enable BAD BLOCK relocation? yes +SCHEDULING POLICY for writing logical parallel +
partition copiesEnable WRITE VERIFY? no +File containing ALLOCATION MAP []
Remember that in SMIT, any entry that starts with an asterisk (*), like in VOLUME GROUPname, is a required entry. So all you would have to provide in the above example is the number of
logical partitions. Assuming your logical partition size is 4MB, to create a logical volume of 512MB you would fill in 128. You also have the option of providing a name, preferably one with
some logic to it, for your logical volume. If not, the system will supply one for you which may be
no more descriptive than lv01. In our case, we will name our LV data.
Once the logical volume is created, you can then create a file system for it with either the crfscommand or by typing smit crfs. If you use SMIT command, the first thing you will see is the
following:
Add a File System
Move cursor to desired item and press Enter.
Add a Journaled File System Add a Journaled File System on a Previously Defined Logical VolumeAdd a CD-ROM File System
If you already have defined a logical volume, as in our example thus far, you would choose the
second option, Add a Journaled File System on a Previously Defined Logical Volume. Choose
the first option if you want to create a logical volume and a file system at the same time. Doing so,
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however, gives you less control over the attributes of the new logical volume. Choosing the second
option would produce:
Add a Journaled File System on a Previously Defined Logical Volume
Type or select values in entry fields.Press Enter AFTER making all desired changes.
[Entry Fields]* LOGICAL VOLUME name +* MOUNT POINT []Mount AUTOMATICALLY at system restart? no +PERMISSIONS read/write +Mount OPTIONS [] +Start Disk Accounting? no +
The required entries are LOGICAL VOLUME name and MOUNT POINT. However, it is
strongly recommended that you change the third option, Mount AUTOMATICALLY at system
restart, to yes if you want the file system available after each boot. The mount point of a filesystem is simply a directory name that designates the starting point of the file system. For
example, if you created a file system on a logical volume called data, and the mount point was the
directory /usr/local/data, the file system would be mounted—or made available—beginning at the
/usr/local/data directory. The mount point does not have to be an empty directory, but any files
that exist in a mount point directory will not be seen or available once a file system has been
mounted on that directory.
Which brings us to the last step. Once a logical volume has been created and a file system for that
logical volume has been created, making that file system accessible requires mounting the file
system. The easiest way to mount the new file system is simply to type the mount command
followed by the name of the mount point, for example:
# mount /usr/local/data
Here the newly created file system in the data logical volume is mounted on the /usr/local/datadirectory. AIX knows which file system to mount onto /usr/local/data because creation of a file
system results in an entry in the file /etc/filesystems like the following:
/usr/local/data:dev = /dev/datavfs = jfslog = /dev/hd8mount = truecheck = trueoptions = rwaccount = false
The mount command will look in /etc/filesystems for an entry called /usr/local/data. If it does,
and in this case it does, then it mounts whatever the dev line says (in this case /dev/data, the name
of our logical volume) onto the /usr/local/data directory.
AIX Disk and File System Summary
The AIX file system itself is very similar to the HP-UX file system to the extent that it contains
superblocks, inodes, and data blocks. However, AIX file system management is vastly different
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from most UNIX systems in that it requires the Logical Volume Manager, or LVM. LVM is a
utility that manages disk space in such a way that you do not have to have contiguous disk
partitions in order to create file systems. You can also expand space for a file system on the fly
(provided there is unallocated space in your volume group).
The essential steps to adding a disk and creating a file system on it are:
1. Connect the disk to the system.
2. Make the disk a physical volume.
3. Add the physical volume to a volume group or create a new volume group for it.
4. Create a logical volume with the characteristics you desire, such as mirroring or particular
placement on the disk.
5. Create a file system to be contained in the logical volume. If you create the file system
without first creating a logical volume, then AIX will create the latter for you.
6. Mount the file system.
You can do all of this via the command line or through SMIT. Use SMIT if you are a novice or
just like to make life easier for yourself.
4.3 HP-UX
Disk Installation and File System Creation
Setting up HP-UX for a disk drive differs considerably from that for an RS/6000. For a 700-series
machine running HP-UX 9.0x there is no Logical Volume Manager. Therefore, when adding a
disk you have two major tasks:
1. Creating the device file or verifying the correct device file already exists for
communication with the device.
2. Ensuring the appropriate HP-UX device driver is part of the current kernel configuration.
The latter is usually not necessary if you are adding a SCSI hard disk because the HP-UX kernel,
like nearly all UNIX machines, supports SCSI devices. If for some reason you had a device whose
driver is not part of the kernel configuration, or if the SCSI device driver is commented out of the
kernel configuration file, then you will have to rebuild the kernel. For purposes of this document,
however, we will assume that the SCSI driver is indeed part of the kernel.
Before starting, determine how you want to use the disk: 1) as a file system, 2) as swap space
only, or 3) as both a file system and swap space.
Using SAM to Install a Disk and Create a File System
1. Log on as root.
2. Run SAM.
3. Highlight Disks and File Systems-> and activate Open.
4. Highlight CD-ROM, Floppy, and Hard Disks and activate Open.
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5. From the Actions menubar title in the Disk and File System Manager window, highlight
and choose Add a Hard Disk Drive... .
6. Within the Add a Hard Disk Drive window, highlight and choose Select disk to add.
7. Within the Select disk to add window, highlight the disk you wish to add. You can
identify it by its model number, select code and bus address. Activate OK.8. Within the Add a Hard Disk Drive window, highlight and choose Set disk usage and
options.
9. Within the Set disk usage and options window:
• Activate the highlighted menu button. Highlight and choose the disk usage you prefer
(File System, Swap, or File System and Swap).
• In the Mount Directory: field, type in the name of the directory that will be the mount
point for the file system on this disk. Press Return.
10. Turn on the check box labeled Create a new file system.
11. Several check box options appear below Create a new file system. Turn on or off any of
these check box options as required by your new file system.
12. Activate OK.
13. You may need to change certain options, such as when to mount the disk and how its
access permissions are set. If so, within the Add a Hard Disk Drive window, highlight
and activate Modify Defaults, then within the dialog box, turn on the check boxes that
apply.
14. Within the Add a Hard Disk Drive window, highlight and activate OK.
15. A Messages box appears, reporting the progress of the task. When the task if finished,activate OK.
16. Exit SAM by returning to the System Administration Manager window and activating
Exit SAM.
Adding a disk in this fashion automatically creates a file system on the entire hard disk, which in
HP-UX is the norm: file systems are usually contained in one big partition. However, it is
possible to create multiple partitions and put file systems in them on a single disk, but this is a
specialized process which will be discussed separately in this chapter.
Using HP-UX Commands to Add a Disk and Create a File System
The basic steps are to:
1. Install your disk.
2. Create block and character device files for the disk.
3. Run mediainit to initialize the disk, if necessary.
4. Run newfs to create the file system.
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5. Mount the file system
Installing Your Disk
To install your disk drive, refer to the documentation that came with your disk and to the Installing
Peripherals manual. They will describe making the physical connections, determining the physical
address of your disk, and adding the disk to your system’s I/O configuration. For SCSI disks, besure to set the SCSI address to a number not being used.
Creating the Block and Character Device Files for Your Disk
Creating device files is an extensive topic which will be addressed in the next chapter, so we will be
brief and use SCSI device files as examples. SCSI devices files usually take the form
/dev/[r]dsk/c201dXsY
where c201 is the controller number, dX is the device number (X is usually a number from 1 to 6),
and sY (Y being an integer) is the section (or partition) number. You need to have both character
and block device files for the disk you are adding. Therefore the [r] indicates that you will have
one device file in the /dev/rdsk directory (for the character device files) and one in /dev/dsk. Youwill need to refer to the character device file when you use the newfs command to create the file
system, and you will need to use the block device file with other commands such as swapon. Thus
device files /dev/dsk/c201d6s0 and /dev/rdsk/c201d6s0 are for a disk on controller c201 at SCSI
address 6.
You can create device files using the /etc/mknod command. The mknod command has the
following syntax:
mknod name type major_number minor_number
Therefore, if you were to add another SCSI internal hard disk to a 700 series machine with a SCSI
address of 5, then you would type:
# mknod /dev/dsk/c201d5s0 b 7 0x201500
# mknod /dev/rdsk/c201d5s0 c 47 0x201500
For more information on major and minor numbers, see the chapter on device files.
Initializing Your Disk Using mediainit
New hard disks from Hewlett-Packard have been initialized at the factory. If your disk has been
initialized, it is not necessary to initialize it again. However, when in doubt, initializing a disk with
mediainit will guarantee the integrity of your disk. In the above example of installing a second
internal SCSI hard disk, you would type the following to initialize it:
# mediainit /dev/rdsk/c201d5s0
Note that the character device file is used, not the block device file
Creating a New File System Using newfs
The recommended command for creating a file system on a disk is newfs. You can use newfs
command without options, creating a file system based on the described in /etc/disktab for the type
of disk you are adding. The /etc/disktab file describes the file system layouts and parameters for
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supported disks; the value you specify for disk_type in the newfs command line must match an
entry in /etc/disktab.
For example, for the HP 2213A disk, /etc/disktab lists seven configurations. The listing in the file
looks like the following:
################################################ The HP2213A is a SCSI Coyote II# Total formatted capacity: 663 Mbytes# 512 Bytes/sector# 56 sectors/track; 16 heads; 1447 cylinders;# Total: 648256 1k sectorsHP_2213A|hp2213A|hp660S|hp97548S|HP_97548S|hp2213A_64MB|HP_2213A_64MB:\
:64 MBytes reserved for swap & boot:ns#28:nt#16:nc#1302:\:s0#583296:b0#8192:f0#1024:\:se#512:rm#4002:
HP_2213A_300MB|hp2213A_300MB|hp660S_300MB:\:300 MBbytes reserved for swap &boot:ns#28:nt#16:nc#763:\:s0#341824:b0#8192:f0#1024:\:se#512:rm#4002:
HP_2213A_96MB|hp2213A_96MB|hp660S_96MB:\
:96 MBytes reserved for swap & boot:ns#28:nt#16:nc#1229:\:s0#550592:b0#8192:f0#1024:\:se#512:rm#4002:
HP_2213A_42MB|hp2213A_42MB|hp660S_42MB:\:42 MBytes reserved for swap & boot:ns#28:nt#16:nc#1351:\:s0#605248:b0#8192:f0#1024:\:se#512:rm#4002:
HP_2213A_noreserve|hp2213A_noreserve|HP_2213A_noswap|hp2213A_noswap|hp660S_noreserve|hp660S_noswap:\
:no swap or boot:ns#28:nt#16:nc#1447:\:s0#648256:b0#8192:f0#1024:\:se#512:rm#4002:
HP_2213A_120MB|hp2213A_120MB|hp660S_120MB:\:120 MBytes reserved for swap &boot:ns#28:nt#16:nc#1173:\
:s0#525504:b0#8192:f0#1024:\:se#512:rm#4002:
HP_2213A_150MB|hp2213A_150MB|hp660S_150MB:\:150 MBytes reserved for swap &boot:ns#28:nt#16:nc#1104:\:s0#494592:b0#8192:f0#1024:\:se#512:rm#4002:
These entries seem a bit cryptic because of abbreviations like ns, nc, and s0. These abbreviations
are simply setting certain disk parameters, such as number of 1K sectors per track (ns), total
number of cylinders (nc), and size of the file system in 1k blocks (s0). For a complete description,
see the man page for disktab.
If you decide to accept the file system defaults for an entry in /etc/disktab, no options are required
for the newfs command. For example, let’s assume you want to create a file system for our secondinternal SCSI disk and use it in part for a file system and in part for swap. After checking the
optional disk layouts for the HP 2213A in /etc/disktab, you determine that the layout that reserves
a space of 150 MB for swap and boot (the last entry above) is appropriate.
So, using the character device file you created previously, issue the newfs command to create the
file system:
# newfs /dev/rdsk/c201d5s0 HP_2213A_150MB
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If you don’t have an entry for the particular disk you are adding, use the /etc/diskinfo command to
get some important information about the disk and create your own entry. The /etc/disktab file
contains guidelines on how to do this.
If you created a file system on your disk and used an option from /etc/disktab that specified a
swap area, as in our example, you can enable that swap area by using the swapon command:
# /etc/swapon -e /dev/dsk/c201d5s0
The -e option will make the space outside the file system available for swap.
Mounting File Systems
Once your new file system has been created on the new disk, /dev/dsk/c201d5s0, you mount it
using the mount command. Suppose the disk will contain user files and you want /users to be the
mount point. Then you would type:
# mount /dev/dsk/c201d5s0 /users
This command mounts (attaches) the file system on the disk using the device file
/dev/dsk/c201d5s0 to the mount point /users. After mounting the file system, you can edit the /etc/checklist file so that the file system is automatically mounted each time you boot the system.
For the file system mounted above, you would add a line in the checklist file such as:
/dev/dsk/c201d5s0 /users hfs defaults 0 3
You also need to make an entry in /etc/checklist for the swap space, such as:
/dev/dsk/c201d5s0 /users swap end 0 0 # swap at end
Multiple Partitions and File systems on a Single Disk
It is possible to have more than one file system on a disk in HP-UX, though this is not standard.
Essentially, you have to create an /etc/disktab entry that sets up file system sizes using the “s”
parameter. For example, to set up three file systems on your disk, the disktab entry must contain afile system block size for each partition:
Big_Disk_noswap:\:ns#108:nt#19:nc#1916:\:s1#205824:b1#16384:f1#2048:\:s2#1281024:b2#8192:f2#1024:\:s3#820224:b3#8192:f3#1024:\:se#512:rm#4002:
Here the first partition has a file system size (s1) of 205824 bytes, a block size (b1) of 16384
bytes, and a fragment size (f1) of 2048 bytes. The second and third partitions have their versions
of each of these parameters. If you were to add the s1, s2, and s3 parameters, you would get
2307072, the approximate size of the disk, since no swap space is being allocated.
You then use newfs to create file systems on each of the partitions by doing something like:
# newfs /dev/rdsk/c201d5s1 Big_Disk_noswap
# newfs /dev/rdsk/c201d5s2 Big_Disk_noswap
# newfs /dev/rdsk/c201d5s Big_Disk_noswap
The rest should be obvious, just follow the previous procedure for mounting the file systems and
making entries in the /etc/checklist file.
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HP-UX Disk and File System Summary
Usually file systems in HP-UX encompass an entire disk. A common configuration for two
internal hard disks is to have the root file system ( / ) on one internal and the /usr file system on
another. You create file systems by using SAM or HP-UX commands. The procedure requires
you to add a disk, create device files for it, initialize it, create the file system, and then mount it.
You use entries in /etc/disktab to create your file system and if your disk doesn’t appear in the file,then you have to create your own entry. To make mounting automatic you make entries in the
/etc/checklist file. If you have allocated swap space for your disk, then you have to activate it with
the swapon command. Like file systems, swap spaces need entries in /etc/checklist for automatic
activation.
4.4 Disks and File Systems: AIX vs. HP-UX
AIX and HP-UX differ quite a bit in disk and file system management. The root tree of each
machine is quite different, but that’s always the cases in different forms of UNIX. AIX uses LVM
to manage its disks; HP-UX 9.0x does not. AIX partitions (logical volumes) do not represent
contiguous slices of disks. HP-UX partitions, if used at all, do represent contiguous disk space.
AIX uses a file called /etc/filesystems to automate the mounting of file systems at bootup; HP-UXuses /etc/checklist. Each of these files has a different format from the other. AIX file systems are
log-based and do not call fsck at bootup to check file systems. HP-UX does use fsck to check file
systems, and the /etc/checklist file specifies under what conditions it does.
The two operating systems are alike in many ways, though sometimes in concept rather than
execution. Both systems use both character and block device files for file systems, though in AIX
these are created automatically when you create your logical volume. Both systems use the mountcommand in similar ways; both have mount points, mounts must occur in order for file systems to
be accessible, and both have mechanisms for automatic mounting. Both systems’ file system data
structures are much the same; each has superblocks, inodes, and data blocks. However, to check
the amount of space for each file system, AIX uses the df command, which displays file system
sizes in KB, while HP-UX uses the bdf command, which displays sizes in 512-byte blocks.
Finally, both AIX and HP-UX file systems are available for exporting across the network via NFS
(Network File Systems) in much the same manner. Therefore, if you want to share file systems
between the two platforms, it doesn’t really matter what the underlying method of file system
creation is because exporting and mounting across the network simply requires a file system,
regardless of how it got to be a file system.
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5. Devices
5.1 Introduction
One area of significant difference between AIX and HP-UX is that of device configuration. AIXsupports dynamic device configuration in which you can add devices even to a running kernel
without rebooting. HP-UX can be almost as simple for such things as SCSI devices, but
occasionally you might have to rebuild the kernel. AIX manages devices via the Object Data
Manager (ODM), HP-UX uses a more traditional UNIX approach. This chapter will concentrate
on the adding of SCSI devices, the most common type of peripherals next to printers. Adding
printers will be the subject of the next chapter.
5.2 AIX
Object Data Manager
It is necessary to know something of the Object Data Manager (ODM) in order to understand theway in which AIX handles devices. The ODM manages object-oriented databases of system
information. Among the databases it manages is that of device configuration. This database is
made up of two object classes: the predefined object class and the customized object class. The
predefined object class contains configuration information for all possible devices supported by
AIX, and the customized object class contains information for devices actually on the system.
Object Classes
An object class is a collection of objects with the same definition. Object class definitions
resemble C language structures and are found in the /etc/objrepos (short for object repository)
directory or in the directory specified by the ODMDIR variable. For example, the object definition
for customized devices attached to the system is found in /etc/objrepos/CudDv and can beobtained by typing the odmshow command.
# odmshow CuDvclass CuDv {
char name[16];short status;short chgstatus;char ddins[16];char location[16];char parent[16];char connwhere[16];link PdDv PdDv uniquetype PdDvLn[48];};
Each of the items in the CuDv object class definition is a descriptor. When an object is added to
the CuDv object class, values are associated with each of the descriptors. For example, a SCSI
hard disk with a location code of 00-00-0S-00 would have this code stored in the locationdescriptor.
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Objects
An object is an item that belongs to an object class. Each object has a set of configuration
parameters corresponding to the descriptors in the object class definition. For example, to see the
objects and their associated values that make up the CuDv object class, type:
# odmget CuDv
Among the stanzas in the output, you would likely see the following:
CuDv:name = "hdisk0"status = "1"chgstatus = "2"ddins = "scdisk"location = "00-00-0S-00"parent = "scsi0"connwhere = "00"PdDvLn = "disk/scsi/1000mb"
Each of the above lines corresponds to the CuDv object class definition. The last line is important
in that it illustrates the hierarchical classification of devices. As stated earlier, the ODM databaseconsists of more than device data, but within the realm of devices there is similar “class”
terminology, which can be confusing at times. In the last line above, for example, disk is the
device class, scsi is the device subclass, and 1000mb is the device type.
Device Classes
A device class describes the basic function of the device. For example, there is a device class
called adapter, a fairly generic description. A device subclass is a more specific description. sio(standard input/output) and mca (microchannel), for example, are subclasses of the adapter device
class. Finally, a device type is the most specific description of the device: keyboard, tablet,
mouse, and hscsi are types of the of the sio device subclass, which in turn is a member of the
adapter device class.Although there are many ways to get this information, the following command provides a sorted
list of currently defined devices on the system while at the same time illustrating further the concept
of device classes:
# lsdev -C -F "class subclass type description" | sortadapter mca ppr POWER Gt3i Graphics Adapteradapter mca sio_1 Standard I/O Planaradapter sio fda Standard I/O Diskette Adapteradapter sio hscsi Standard SCSI I/O Controlleradapter sio ient_1 Standard Ethernet Adapteradapter sio keyboard Keyboard Adapteradapter sio mouse Mouse Adapter
adapter sio ppa Standard I/O Parallel Port Adaptadapter sio s1a_1 Standard I/O Serial Port 1adapter sio s2a_1 Standard I/O Serial Port 2adapter sio tablet Tablet Adapterbus sys mca Microchannel Busdisk scsi 1000mb 1.0 GB SCSI Disk Drivediskette siofd fd Diskette Drivefpa sys fpa1 Floating Point Processorhft node hft High Function Terminal Subsystem if EN en Standard Ethernet Network Inter
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if EN ie3 IEEE 802.3 Ethernet Network Interif LO lo Loopback Network Interfaceioplanar sys ioplanar_1 I/O Planarkeyboard sio.kb kb101 United States keyboardlogical_volume lvsubclass lvtype Logical volumelogical_volume lvsubclass lvtype Logical volumelogical_volume lvsubclass lvtype Logical volume
logical_volume lvsubclass lvtype Logical volumelogical_volume lvsubclass lvtype Logical volumelogical_volume lvsubclass lvtype Logical volumelogical_volume lvsubclass lvtype Logical volumelogical_volume lvsubclass lvtype Logical volumelogical_volume lvsubclass lvtype Logical volumelogical_volume lvsubclass lvtype Logical volumelogical_volume lvsubclass lvtype Logical volumelogical_volume vgsubclass vgtype Volume grouplvm lvm lvdd N/Amemory sys memory 64 MB Memory Cardmouse sio.ms mse_3b 3 button mouseplanar sys sysplanar1 CPU Planarpty pty pty Asynchronous Pseudo-Terminal
sys node aio Asynchronous I/Osys node sys System Objectsysunit sys sysunit System Unittape scsi 8mm5gb 5.0 GB 8mm Tape Drivetcpip TCPIP inet Internet Network Extension
As you can probably deduce from the command, the four columns above represent the class,
subclass, type, and description of the currently defined objects on the system. Note that although
the ppr (POWER Gt3i Graphics Adapter) and fda (Standard I/O Diskette Adapter) both belong to
the same adapter device class, they belong to different subclasses: mca and sio, respectively.
Adding Supported Devices
Adding and removing devices requires manipulating the device configuration database via the
ODM, a daunting task. If you use AIX device management commands like mkdev, rmdev, lsdev,
lsattr, and chdev you need to be familiar with these class concepts and the ODM. However, two
tools can greatly simplify the task: the cfgmgr command and SMIT.
cfgmgr
The cfgmgr command, also known as the Configuration Manager, automatically configures
devices on the system. It is run twice at system boot and can be run at the command line as well.
When invoked, cfgmgr reads rules from the Config_Rules object class. These rules are
commands that configure devices and make them available for use by creating device files and
installing drivers. To see what these rules are, use the odmget Config_Rules command.
Thus one way of adding, say, an 8mm, 5GB SCSI tape drive is to:
1. Power down the system
2. Connect the drive
3. Power-on the drive
4. Boot the system
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During system boot, cfgmgr will recognize the new device and configure it for use. If you type the
following command, you will see that the drive is recognized:
# lsdev -C -c tapermt0 Available 00-00-0S-60 5.0 GB 8mm Tape Drive
The term “Available” refers to the tape drive’s state. A device has one of three states: undefined,
defined, or available. If the tape drive is undefined, it has not been configured by cfgmgr. If it isdefined, its configuration data is recorded in the customized database, but the device is not
available for use. Once a defined device is bound to the kernel it is in the available state. cfgmgrwill make sure your device is defined and then made available.
cfgmgr can also be run at the command line. If you add a device, such as the above tape drive, to
a running system (even if it is a SCSI device), you have to run the cfgmgr command to make it
available. Also, if you have an available but powered-down device when you reboot, the cfgmgrduring bootup will set the device to a defined state. To make it available, power-on the device and
rerun the cfgmgr command.
Adding a Device Using SMIT
You can attach a device to the system, power it on, and then use SMIT to configure it. To do so,
just type smit device at the command line. You will see the following:
Devices
Move cursor to desired item and press Enter.
Configure Devices Added After IPLPrinter/PlotterTTYAsynchronous AdaptersPTYConsoleFixed DiskCD ROM DriveDiskette DriveTape DriveCommunicationHigh Function Terminal (HFT)SCSI Initiator DeviceSCSI AdapterAsynchronous I/OMultimediaList Devices
Just select the item you wish to add and press Enter. If you were to add the example 8mm tapedrive to the system this way, you would select Tape Drive. The next screen would look like the
following:
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Tape Drive
Move cursor to desired item and press Enter.
List All Defined Tape DrivesList All Supported Tape DrivesAdd a Tape DriveChange / Show Characteristics of a Tape DriveRemove a Tape DriveConfigure a Defined Tape DriveGenerate Error ReportTrace a Tape Drive
Select Add a Tape Drive. You will then be presented a list of supported tape drives, something
similar to the following:
Tape Drive Type
Move cursor to desired item and press Enter.
1200mb-c scsi 1.2 GB 1/4-Inch Tape Drive150mb scsi 150 MB 1/4-Inch Tape Drive3490e scsi 3490E Autoloading Tape Drive4mm2gb scsi 2.0 GB 4mm Tape Drive4mm4gb scsi 4.0 GB 4mm Tape Drive525mb scsi 525 MB 1/4-Inch Tape Drive8mm scsi 2.3 GB 8mm Tape Drive8mm5gb scsi 5.0 GB 8mm Tape Drive9trk scsi 1/2-inch 9-Track Tape Driveost scsi Other SCSI Tape Drive
This list comes from the predefined device object class. If you are adding a non-IBM SCSI tape
drive, choose ost scsi Other SCSI Tape Drive. In fact, any time you add an non-IBM SCSI
device of any kind, there is always a generic SCSI option in SMIT for you to use. For our
example, we will choose 8mm5gb scsi 5.0 GB 8mm Tape Drive. This will produce a dialog
asking to choose a parent adapter:
Parent Adapter
Move cursor to desired item and press Enter.
scsi0 Available 00-00-0S Standard SCSI I/O Controller
Unless you have more than one adapter, you would choose scsi0 Available 00-00-0S Standard
SCSI I/O Controller.
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Finally, you will get the following screen:
Add a Tape Drive
Type or select values in entry fields.Press Enter AFTER making all desired changes.
[Entry Fields]Tape Drive type 8mm5gbTape Drive interface scsiDescription 5.0 GB 8mm Tape DriveParent adapter scsi0*CONNECTION address []BLOCK size (0=variable length) [1024] #Use DEVICE BUFFERS during writes yes +Use EXTENDED file marks no +DENSITY setting #1 140 +DENSITY setting #2 20 +Use data COMPRESSION yes +
Here the only required entry is the CONNECTION address, which is your SCSI address. Other
parameters you can change as needed. Herein is the advantage of adding a device through SMIT:
you can customize your configuration. Otherwise, using cfgmgr will add the device with default
attributes. If the tape drive in this example is set to SCSI ID 6, you would enter 60 in the
CONNECTION address field.5 Pressing the Enter key at this point will execute the mkdevcommand and this will configure the drive to an available state.
Adding Unsupported Devices
The predefined object class supports all kinds of devices, most of which are IBM products.
However, it does contain generic device objects. To see a list of those objects, enter the following
command:
# lsdev -P | grep -i otherprinter opp parallel Other parallel printerdisk osdisk scsi Other SCSI Disk Drivetape ost scsi Other SCSI Tape Drivetmscsi tmscsi scsi Other SCSI Initiator Deviceprinter osp rs232 Other serial printerprinter osp rs422 Other serial printercdrom oscd scsi Other SCSI CD-ROM Drive
If your device is not part of the predefined object class and closely resembles one of the above
objects, then using one of them when adding a device through SMIT may very well work. Often
cfgmgr will do just that when it encounters an unknown device. However, if this doesn’t work you
have no choice but to modify the predefined object database, write the necessary device methods,write a device driver (if necessary), and install the software to support the driver. Consult Device
Driver Kernel Extension Overview in InfoExplorer for more information.
5Remember that connection addresses need a zero appended to the SCSI hardware address.
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Removing Devices
When you physically remove a device from the system, cfgmgr resets the device state to definedthe next time a reboot occurs in case you want to reattach it later. If you want to set the device
state to defined without rebooting the system, use the rmdev command. The syntax of the rmdevis:
rmdev -l Name
Name is the logical name of the device. To find the logical names of the customized devices, use
the lsdev -C command. The first column of this command’s output is the logical names of the
devices. Thus, to remove our example 8mm drive you type:
# rmdev -l rmt0
This keeps the rmt0 device configuration information in the customized database but sets its state
to defined. To remove the drive entirely from the customized database, type:
# rmdev -d -l rmt0
The above can be done through SMIT. Just type smit device, select your device, and then choose
the appropriate menu selection to remove it. You will be prompted as to whether or not you wantto keep the device in the customized database.
5.3 HP-UX
HP-UX follows a more traditional method of adding a device: before a device can be used its
device driver must be compiled into the kernel. The default kernel configuration of HP-UX will
probably meet the needs of most systems. However, to keep the size of the kernel small, some
drivers may not be present. If you need to add a device whose driver is not a part of the kernel,
you will have to create a new one.
Adding a Device without Modifying the KernelThe basic steps of doing so are:
1. Add your device to the system. This usually requires shutting down the system, attaching
the device, and rebooting; for SCSI devices it is required.
2. Determine how the device is to be accessed: block or character (raw) mode. A device file
must exist for each type of access to the device.
3. Determine if the device file necessary to communicate with the device already exists on
your HP-UX system.
4. If the appropriate device file does not exist for the newly installed device, you must create
one. If you are using SAM to add your device, SAM will create the device file. If you arenot using SAM, use the mknod command to create the device file.
Device Files
Device files provide user-level access to the device drivers found in the kernel. These files are
found in the /dev directory. Consider the following command and its output:
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# ls -l /dev/console /dev/*dskcrw--w--w- 1 root sys 0 0x000000 Apr 16 12:56 /dev/console
/dev/dsk:total 0brw-r--r-- 1 root sys 7 0x410200 Apr 16 09:08 c42d0s0brw-r--r-- 1 root sys 7 0x201600 Jan 14 16:41 c201d6s0
/dev/rdsk:total 0crw-r--r-- 1 root sys 47 0x410200 Apr 16 09:08 c42d0s0crw-r--r-- 1 root sys 47 0x201600 Mar 18 15:30 c201d6s0
The first character of each line identifies the type of device file. A b denotes a block device, and a
c indicates a character device. A block device transfers data a block at a time by using the system
buffers. A disk drive holding a mountable file system is an example of a block device. A character
device reads or writes data one character at a time. Tape drives are usually character devices.
Some devices are capable of I/O in both block and character mode. Such devices require two
device files: one for block and one for character mode. A hard disk is an example of a device
which uses both character and block device files. For purposes of mounting the disk as a file
system, you will use the block device file. For purposes of accessing the disk for backups, thecharacter device file is used.
The major and minor numbers appear immediately before the date. The major number identifies
what kernel driver is being referred to by the device file. The value chosen for the major number is
based on both the device driver and on the access method (block or character). For devices needing
both a character and block device file, there are different character major numbers and block major
numbers. You can use the lsdev command to list the device drivers and their major numbers in the
system. For example:
# lsdevCharacter Block Driver
0 -1 /dev/console
1 -1 HP98628, HP 98626, and HP986422 -1 /dev/tty3 -1 /dev/mem, /dev/kmem, and /dev/null16 -1 Master pty17 -1 Slave pty23 -1 raw 8042 HIL24 -1 HIL25 -1 HIL cooked keyboards47 7 SCSI disk52 -1 IEEE 802 device121 -1 SCSI tape55 10 Optical Autochanger
The first two columns document character and block major numbers respectively. A -1 in either
column means that a major number does not exist for that type of driver. Note that in the example
above the SCSI disk driver has both a character and a block major number. Thus a long listing of
the device files for such a disk at SCSI address 6 would look like the following:
# ls -l /dev/*dsk/c201d6s0/dev/dsk:total 0brw-r--r-- 1 root sys 7 0x201600 Jan 14 16:41 c201d6s0
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/dev/rdsk:total 0crw-r--r-- 1 root sys 47 0x201600 Mar 18 15:30 c201d6s0
The directory containing the block device file, with a major number of 7, is /dev/dsk, and the
directory with the character device file in it is /dev/rdsk. (The letter r is used here because
character mode is often referred to as “raw” mode; block mode is sometimes called “cooked”mode.) You can also see device major numbers in the /etc/master file.
The minor number is an encryption of address and configuration information. It typically defines
one or both of the following: 1) the device’s physical address, and 2) operational information, such
as tape density or rewind options in the case of tape drives. Note that the minor number and the
device file name are similar. There is a reason for that, which brings us to the next topic.
Device File Naming Conventions
HP-UX follows a naming convention for device files which it employs on preloaded systems and
when SAM is used to create device files. You can use whatever name you want when you create a
device file, but if you follow the naming convention you will find it easier to locate and identify a
particular device file. To make the names easier to remember you can create the device file usingthe naming convention and then link that name to one like /dev/tape1 or /dev/cd.
The device file name for the most common devices begins with the letter c, which stands for the
controller number. What follows the letter c is either the number 20, which indicates the core I/O
module of the system bus, or 4, indicating the EISA bus adapter. Next is a number indicating
function of the controller. The number 1 is for the SCSI function. Next is usually the letter d ,
which stands for the device number, or bus address. Often there follows additional numbers or
letters that indicate additional information. The following are examples of disk device files. The
letter s indicates the section number, which is always zero unless software disk striping is used.
/dev/[r]dsk/c201d6s0 SCSI disk on the core I/O module at bus address 6
/dev/[r]dsk/41d3s0 SCSI disk on the EISA slot at bus address 3
The following is an example of an optical autochanger device file:
/dev/[r]ac/c201d3_1a SCSI optical autochanger at bus address 3, disk1,side a
Tape drive device files have the following possible values in addition to the controller number and
address number:
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h High density of 6250 bpi
m Medium density of 1600 bpi
l Low density of 800 bpi
c Indicates data compression (only for drives that supportcompression)
n Indicates no rewind upon close of device
b Indicates Berkeley-style tape behavior
525|150|120 Indicates the format of a quarter-inch tape drive
Example tape drive device files:
/dev/rmt/c201d3h SCSI tape drive at bus address 3, high density
/dev/rmt/c201d3mn SCSI tape drive at bus address 3, medium density, norewind on close
Creating Device Files
You can use SAM to create device files. SAM will create the files using the recommended naming
convention, create both block and character versions where needed, and assign the appropriate
major and minor numbers. In many cases using SAM to do these tasks is the best way to go,
especially in the case of tape drives, since there are often as many as 16 different device files for
each one you install. And since the minor numbers are hexadecimal values, using SAM can make
things a lot easier.
However, you can create device files manually by invoking the mknod command. The syntax of
mknod is:
mknod name c|b major number minor number
Name is the device name, preferably based on the naming convention. The c or b indicates that the
file is either a character device file or a block device file, respectively. Major number is derived
from either the lsdev command or the /etc/master file. That leaves us with an explanation of how
to form the minor number.
The minor number format is 0xSFDDD where:
0x indicates hexadecimal notation (hex is required)
S is the system bus module number. Remember that 20 is for core I/O, and 4 is for EISA.
F is the function number. The function numbers are:
• 1 for SCSI
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• 2 for LAN
• 3 for HIL
• 4 for serial port A
• 5 for serial port B
• 6 for parallel port
DDD is more specific information. Its format differs, depending on the driver that is used to
communicate with the device.
Driver-specific Designations
Peripheraltype
Format ofDDD
Syntax
SCSI diskdrive
TUV T is the target number (bus address)
U is the unit number for integrated devices
V specifies the volume number (0 for singlefile systems)
Tape drive TDO T is the bus address
D is density flag
O is the operation bits
Autochanger TS T is the bus address
S is the surface
Parallelprinter
T00 T is the bus address
00 is always set to 00
For details on creating the appropriate minor numbers for all devices, see Chapter 14 of Installing
Peripherals in the LaserRom documentation.
To help determine the appropriate minor number, you can use the ioscan -f command. ioscansearches the system provides, among other things, the hardware path number for each device it
finds, and it is the hardware path number that forms the basis of the minor number. For example:
# ioscan -fClass H/W Path Driver H/W Status S/W Status=======================================================scsi 2.0.1 c700 ok(0x7071) okdisk 2.0.1.1.0 scsi ok(0x5800202) okdisk 2.0.1.2.0 scsi ok(0x201) oktape_drive 2.0.1.3.0 scsitape ok(0x1800202) okdisk 2.0.1.4.0 scsi ok(0x201) okdisk 2.0.1.6.0 scsi ok(0x101) ok
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lan 2.0.2 lan01 ok(0x7072) okhil 2.0.3 hil ok(0x7073) okserial 2.0.4 asio0 ok(0x7075) okserial 2.0.5 asio0 ok(0x7075) okparallel 2.0.6 parallel ok(0x7074) okscsi 4.1.0 c700 ok(0x7680) okdisk 4.1.0.4.0 scsi ok(0x201) ok
disk 4.1.0.5.0 scsi ok(0x201) okdisk 4.1.0.6.0 scsi ok(0x201) ok
For the SCSI disk listed above whose hardware path number is 2.0.1.1.0, for example, the
appropriate minor number would be 0x201100. This can be interpreted as follows:
0x Hexadecimal notation
20 The core I/O card on system bus module 2
1 SCSI function number
100 Bus address 1, unit 0, volume 0
Remember, if you have difficulty in coming up with the correct minor number, or any other part of
the device file creation process, just use SAM to do it for you
Modifying the Kernel in Order to Add a Device
For most systems, the default kernel configuration is sufficient and you will not have to modify the
kernel configuration in order to add a device. However, kernel drivers such as cs80 (Series
300/400/700) and hshpib are not included in the default configuration. These drivers are needed
for the optional EISA HP-IB card and its peripherals (for example, to communicate with an HP-IB
DDS-format drive). To configure them, you must rebuild the kernel.
Using SAM to Rebuild the Kernel
Using SAM is the easiest way to rebuild the kernel. In the case of devices SAM will also make
sure your device files are created. SAM will make changes to the /etc/conf/dfile file, the kernel
configuration file, and will use it to build the new kernel. SAM will always show you a list of
whatever you are configuring with values in one of two categories: current and pending. The
pending values are those you have changed in /etc/conf/dfile and which will be the new kernel
values when you have created a new kernel and rebooted the system. The current values are those
in the current running kernel.
When you have completed all the kernel changes you wish to make using SAM, you should choose
the Create a New Kernel action. When the new kernel has been created, you will be given thechoice of 1) moving the kernel into place and rebooting the system immediately, 2) moving the
kernel into place but not rebooting the system, or 3) exit without moving the kernel into place.
Rebuilding the Kernel Manually
/etc/conf/dfile contains an entry for all peripheral devices, I/O cards, and major software
subsystems such as LAN, RJE, and X25. To add a device, card, or subsystem to the kernel, you
must add an entry for it in the dfile. To determine what entry to add to the dfile you should
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examine /etc/master. The /etc/master file is the device information table that contains the device
name, handler name, element characteristics, functions for the device, and major device number. If
what you are trying to add is not in the /etc/master file, then it is not supported by HP.
Let’s assume you want to add a SCSI floppy drive to your system. First you would check
/etc/master to make sure it’s supported and then add scsifloppy to the dfile. Assuming your
working directory is /etc/conf, you would enter the following commands:
# config dfile# make -f config.mk# mv /hp-ux /SYSBCKUP# mv hp-ux /hp-ux# cd /# reboot
5.4 Summary
The handling of device differs greatly between AIX and HP-UX. AIX uses the Object Data
Manager to handle devices, and HP-UX uses traditional AT&T-style device files and kerneldrivers. The easiest way to add a device in AIX is to connect it to a powered-down system, turn it
on, and boot the system. During the boot process the cfgmgr utility is run, which configures the
device and adds it to the customized device configuration database. It also runs rules that create
the appropriate device files. You can run cfgmgr at the command line or use SMIT to add a
device. These two methods ensure that not only the appropriate device files are created, but that
the ODM’s customized device database is maintained. If you need to add a device not listed in the
predefined device database, you can use generic entries that will work. This enables you to add
devices without having to rebuild the kernel, something not done in AIX. Also, you normally do
not create your device files with the mknod command, even though it exists in AIX.
HP-UX requires that the appropriate driver be included in the kernel. If it is, you just attach the
device to the system and create the appropriate device files with the mknod command, althoughmany device files are already created for you in a preloaded system. If the driver is not in the
kernel, you must 1) check that the appropriate driver is listed in the /etc/master file, 2) put an
entry for that driver in the /etc/conf/dfile file, and 3) rebuild the kernel. After that you can create
the appropriate device files. Both creating device files and rebuilding the kernel can be done
through SAM, which is often the best way to go because figuring out what minor numbers to use
can be a difficult task.
Regardless of how device files are created, both AIX and HP-UX use device files in the same way.
These files are special files that provide user-level access to device drivers, so commands like tarcan be used to read to and write from tape drives. For example, in AIX you can archive files in the
/home directory to tape by typing:
# tar -cvf /dev/rmt0 /home
Or in HP-UX:
# tar cvf /dev/rmt/c201d3mnb
All you have to do is remember the locations of the device files on the respective systems. The
following tables will help you do that for the most commonly used devices.
AIX File System Device Files
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Block Character
/dev/hd1 /dev/rhd1
/dev/hd2 /dev/rhd2
/dev/hd3 /dev/rhd3
/dev/hd* /dev/hd*
HP-UX File System Device Files
Block Character
/dev/dsk/c201d0s0 /dev/rdsk/c201d0s0
/dev/dsk/c201d1s0 /dev/rdsk/c201d1s0
/dev/dsk/c201d2s0 /dev/rdsk/c201d2s0
/dev/dsk/c201d*s0 /dev/rdsk/c201d*s0
AIX Tape Drive Device Files
File Meaning
/dev/rmt* Rewind on close, no retension on open, high density
/dev/rmt*.1 No rewind on close, no retension on open, high density
/dev/rmt*.2 Rewind on close, retension on open, high density
/dev/rmt*.3 No rewind on close, retension on open, high density
/dev/rmt*.4 Rewind on close, no retension on open, low density
/dev/rmt*.5 No rewind on close, no retension on open, low density
/dev/rmt*.6 Rewind on close, retension on open, low density
/dev/rmt*.7 No rewind on close, retension on open, low density
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HP-UX Tape Drive Device Files
File Meaning
/dev/rmt/c201d*c Rewind on close, compress data
/dev/rmt/c201d*cb Rewind on close, compress data, Berkeley style
/dev/rmt/c201d*cn No rewind on close, compress data
/dev/rmt/c201d*cnb No rewind on close, compress data, Berkeleystyle
/dev/rmt/c201d*h Rewind on close, high density
/dev/rmt/c201d*hb Rewind on close, high density, Berkeley style
/dev/rmt/c201d*hn No rewind on close, high density
/dev/rmt/c201d*hnb No rewind on close, high density, Berkeleystyle
/dev/rmt/c201d*l Rewind on close, low density
/dev/rmt/c201d*lb Rewind on close, low density, Berkeley style
/dev/rmt/c201d*ln No rewind on close, low density
/dev/rmt/c201d*lnb No rewind on close, low density, Berkeleystyle
/dev/rmt/c201d*m Rewind on close, medium density
/dev/rmt/c201d*mb Rewind on close, medium density, Berkeleystyle
/dev/rmt/c201d*mn No rewind on close, medium density
/dev/rmt/c201d*mnb No rewind on close, low density, Berkeleystyle
Note: High density is 6250 bpi, medium is 1600 bpi, and low is 800 bpi. For AT&T-style devices
the tape is positioned after the EOF following the data just read. For Berkeley-style devices, the
tape is not repositioned in any way.
AIX Floppy Drive Device Files
Block Character
/dev/fd0 /dev/rfd0
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HP-UX Floppy Drive Device Files
Block Character
/dev/floppy/c201d0s0 /dev/rfloppy/c201d0s0
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6. Managing Processes
6.1 AIX
The ps Command
AIX supports both the AT&T and the BSD form of the ps command. To use the BSD form,
simply leave off the minus sign for the command options, for example:
# ps alx
The AT&T version of the above command is:
# ps -elf
Priorities and Nice Values
Both of the above commands provide, among other things, the priority and nice values for each
process. The nice value is part of the calculation for the priority value, whose range is 0 to 127.The lower the priority value, the more frequently the process is scheduled. Higher numbers mean
lower priority.
The nice command follows the BSD value range of -20 to 20, again with the larger number
representing the lower priority. Though the AIX man page does not say so, the nice command
syntax takes two forms: nice -value and nice -n value. The latter is easier when you have to use
negative values. Otherwise, to set the nice value to -10, you have to type:
# nice --10 CommandName
The renice command, unlike in HP-UX, does not take a -n option. The syntax of renice is:
# renice Priority -p PID
Signals
Like HP-UX, AIX really has two kill commands: /bin/kill and the kill built-in KornShell
command. The signals for each differ. For example:
# /bin/kill -lNULL HUP INT QUIT ILL TRAP IOT EMT FPE KILL BUS SEGV SYS PIPE ALRMTERM URG STOP TSTP CONT CHLD TTIN TTOU IO XCPU XFSZ MSG WINCH PWR USR1USR2 PROF DANGER VTALRM MIGRATE PRE GRANT RETRACT SOUND SAK
# kill -l1) HUP 14) ALRM 27) MSG 40) bad trap 53) bad trap2) INT 15) TERM 28) WINCH 41) bad trap 54) bad trap
3) QUIT 16) URG 29) PWR 42) bad trap 55) bad trap4) ILL 17) STOP 30) USR1 43) bad trap 56) bad trap5) TRAP 18) TSTP 31) USR2 44) bad trap 57) bad trap6) LOST 19) CONT 32) PROF 45) bad trap 58) bad trap7) EMT 20) CHLD 33) DANGER 46) bad trap 59) bad trap8) FPE 21) TTIN 34) VTALRM 47) bad trap 60) GRANT9) KILL 22) TTOU 35) MIGRATE 48) bad trap 61) RETRACT10) BUS 23) IO 36) PRE 49) bad trap 62) SOUND11) SEGV 24) XCPU 37) bad trap 50) bad trap 63) SAK12) SYS 25) XFSZ 38) bad trap 51) bad trap
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13) PIPE 26) bad trap 39) bad trap 52) bad trap
AIX also has a killall command that any user can run to kill all of his or her processes except the
sending process. The syntax is:
# killall -Signal
System Resource Controller
AIX has a unique way of managing processes: the System Resource Controller (SRC). The SRC
takes the form of a daemon, srcmstr, which is started by init via /etc/inittab. srcmstr manages
requests to start, stop, or refresh a daemon or a group of daemons. Instead of typing the name of a
daemon to start it, or instead of using the kill command to stop a daemon, you use an SRC
command that does it for you. In this way you don’t have to remember, for example, whether to
use an ampersand when starting a daemon, or what signal to use when killing one. SRC also
allows you to stop and start groups of related daemons with one command.
AIX has a hierarchical organization of system processes, and this organization is configured into
the ODM in the form of the SRCsubsys and SRCsubsvr object classes. Daemons at the lowestlevels are subservers. On a newly loaded system the only subservers are those of the inetdsubsystem: ftp, telnet, login, finger, etc. To view these subservers, use the odmget command:
# odmget SRCsubvrSRCsubsvr:
sub_type = "ftp"subsysname = "inetd"sub_code = 21
SRCsubsvr:sub_type = "telnet"subsysname = "inetd"sub_code = 23
SRCsubsvr:sub_type = "finger"subsysname = "inetd"sub_code = 79
SRCsubsvr:sub_type = "tftp"subsysname = "inetd"sub_code = 69
...
The next level is that of subsystem. In the above command, we have the inetd subsystem listed in
each of the subserver stanzas. To see a list of all subsystems, use the odmget SRCsubsyscommand:
# odmget SRCsubsysSRCsubsys:
subsysname = "lpd"synonym = ""cmdargs = " "path = "/usr/lpd/lpd"uid = 0auditid = 0
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standin = "/dev/console"standout = "/dev/console"standerr = "/dev/console"action = 1multi = 0contact = 3svrkey = 0
svrmtype = 0priority = 20signorm = 0sigforce = 0display = 1waittime = 20grpname = "spooler"
SRCsubsys:subsysname = "inetd"synonym = ""cmdargs = ""path = "/etc/inetd"uid = 0auditid = 0
standin = "/dev/console"standout = "/dev/console"standerr = "/dev/console"action = 2multi = 0contact = 3svrkey = 0svrmtype = 0priority = 20signorm = 0sigforce = 0display = 1waittime = 20grpname = "tcpip"
...
Related subsystems form a subsystem group, the highest level of the SRC. Subsystem groups can
be ascertained from the above command by means of the grpname descriptor. Thus the above
output shows the lpd subsystem being part of the spooler subsystem group, and inetd a subsystem
of the tcpip subsystem group. An easier way to view all the subsystems and subsystem groups is
to use the lssrc -a command:
# lssrc -aSubsystem Group PID Statussyslogd ras 3363 activesendmail mail 4646 activeportmap portmap 4908 active
inetd tcpip 5167 activesnmpd tcpip 5428 activekeyserv keyserv 6206 activebiod nfs 6465 activenfsd nfs 8010 activerpc.mountd nfs 10067 activerpc.statd nfs 10325 activerpc.lockd nfs 10583 activeqdaemon spooler 5981 activewritesrv spooler 1631 active
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infod infod 13684 activelpd spooler 12151 activeiptrace tcpip inoperativegated tcpip inoperativenamed tcpip inoperativerouted tcpip inoperativerwhod tcpip inoperative
timed tcpip inoperativellbd ncs inoperativenrglbd ncs inoperativeypserv yp inoperativeypbind yp inoperativeypupdated yp inoperativeyppasswdd yp inoperative
The most commonly used SRC commands are startsrc, stopsrc, and refresh, each of which takes
the following options:
-s Apply this command to a subsystem, using the subsystem name provided in the lssrc -acommand
-g Apply this command to a subsystem group, using the subsystem group name provided in thelssrc -a command
The names of these commands imply their purpose: to start a subserver, subsystem, or subsystem
group, use the startsrc command. For example, to start the rpc.mountd subsystem (which is
actually the rpc.mountd daemon) type:
# startsrc -s rpc.mountd
To start the nfs subsystem group:
# startsrc -g nfs
This command starts all the subsystems (daemons) that comprise the nfs subsystem group: nfsd,
biod, rpc.mountd, rpc.lockd, and rpc.statd.
To stop a subsystem or subsystem group, use the stopsrc command in exactly the same way. To
stop and restart daemons, or to have daemons reread a configuration file such as /etc/inetd.conf ,
use the refresh command. For example:
# refresh -s inetd
Cron
AIX supports an AT&T-style crontab file with each one-line entry containing the following:
• The minute (0 through 59)
• The hour (0 through 23)
• The day of the month (1 through 31)
• The month of the year (1 through 12)
• The day of the week (0 through 6 for Sunday through Saturday)
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• The shell command
AIX also supports a convenient option to the crontab command: the -e option. This option will
load the contents of your crontab file into an editing session. The editor used is determined by the
value of the EDITOR variable. Once you save and exit from the editing session, your changes
become your new crontab file and take effect immediately.
Officially, the crontab spool directories are found in /var/spool/cron, although there is a link from
/usr/spool to /var/spool in AIX for compatibility with previous versions of the operating system.
6.2 HP-UX
ps, nice, and renice
The HP-UX ps command is strictly AT&T-style. Therefore a complete listing of every process is:
# ps -elf
Priorities range from 0 (highest priority) to 256 (lowest priority), and are classified by the
following:
• Real-time priority (0-127) Reserved for processes started with rtprio() system calls.
• System priority (128-177) Used by system processes.
• User priority (178-256) Assigned to user processes.
HP-UX uses the AT&T version of nice values, which run from 0 to 39 with a default of 20. 39 is
the lowest priority, 0 the highest. The HP-UX version of renice has the following syntax:
# renice -n priority_change PID
The new system nice value is equal to 20 + priority_change, and is limited to the range from 0
through 39. If priority_change is a negative value, priority is increased provided the user hasappropriate privileges.
Signals
HP-UX signals look like the following. For the HP-UX kill command:
# /bin/kill -lNULL HUP INT QUIT ILL TRAP ABRT EMT FPE KILL BUS SEGV SYS PIPE ALRMTERM USR1 USR2 CHLD PWR VTALRM PROF POLL WINCH STOP TSTP CONT TTINTTOU URG LOST DIL
For the ksh built-in command:
# kill -l1) HUP 16) USR12) INT 17) USR23) QUIT 18) CHLD4) ILL 19) PWR5) TRAP 20) VTALRM6) IOT 21) PROF7) EMT 22) POLL8) FPE 23) WINCH9) KILL 24) STOP10) BUS 25) TSTP
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11) SEGV 26) CONT12) SYS 27) TTIN13) PIPE 28) TTOU14) ALRM 29) URG15) TERM 30) LOST
The HP-UX killall command is a procedure used by /etc/shutdown to kill all active processes not
directly related to the shutdown procedure. It is not used in the same way as in AIX. killall is
chiefly used to terminate all processes with open files so that the mounted file systems are no
longer busy and can be unmounted.
The top Command
The top command displays and updates information about the top processes on the system. It
summarizes the general state of the system (load average), quantifies the amount of memory in use
and free, and reports on individual processes active on the system. Whereas ps gives a single
“snapshot” of the system, top samples the system and updates its display at intervals, the default
being five seconds. On multiprocessing systems, top reports on the state of each processor.
This command is not available in AIX.
Cron
crontab files are found in /usr/spool/cron/crontab and should not be edited directly. Unlike in
AIX, there is no -e option to crontab. Therefore to change your cron table you should do the
following:
# crontab -l > cron.new
# vi cron.new
# crontab cron.new
# rm cron.new
Of course, you can use any text editor besides vi if you want.
The one-line entries in crontab files are the same for AIX.
6.3 Summary
AIX supports both the BSD and AT&T versions of the ps command; HP-UX does not. AIX also
supports the nice and renice commands, though the nice values differ from those in HP-UX. AIX
nice values are from -20 to 20, whereas HP-UX’s are from 0 to 39. Both operating systems have
two versions of the kill command: /bin/ksh and the ksh built-in, each of which have slightly
different signal values. Both systems have similar cron tables, but AIX has a nifty -e option to the
crontab command. HP-UX supports the top command, but AIX does not.
The biggest difference to be found with regard to process management between AIX and HP-UX is
AIX’s System Resource Controller, a daemon that can start, stop, or refresh a daemon or a group
of daemons by means of a special set of commands. This mechanism allows for logical startup of
several daemons at once as well as for orderly shutdown of daemons. Therefore, in the various
“rc” files of AIX, you will see startsrc commands rather than commands to start individual
daemons.
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Interoperability Notes
Process management between the two systems, with the exception of the System Resource
Controller, is similar. To kill a process you can use the most common signals, such as SIGHUP,
SIGABRT, SIGKILL, and SIGTERM, which have the same values. Also, since the KornShell is
the default shell on both systems, the shell built-in kill and the bgnice option to the ksh set
command work the same way.
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7. BackupsNote: The AIX examples in this chapter use an 8-mm tape drive using the /dev/rmt0 device file,
which has the following characteristics: rewind on close, no retension on open, high density. The
HP-UX examples use a 4-mm DAT drive with the /dev/rmt/c201d3m device file, which has
rewind on close and medium density characteristics.
7.1 AIX
The backup Command
backup and restore are proprietary AIX commands that provide file system dumps and recovery
as well as backup of individual files and directories. These commands resemble dump and restoreand are provided in addition to the standard UNIX utilities of tar, cpio, dd, and pax. Doing a file
system dump with the backup command is known as “backing up by i-node format” in AIX
parlance. The basic syntax of backing up a file system by i-node is:
# backup -f Device -DumpLevel -u File system
Device can be a file or a device file. DumpLevel is a numeric value from 0 to 9, where 0
represents a full file system backup. The other dump levels represent incremental backups: an n
level backup includes all files modified since the last n - 1 level backup. If you do not specify a
dump level, backup defaults to a level 9 backup. The -u option updates the /etc/dumpdates file, a
log of your backups used by backup when doing an incremental backup. You should unmount a
file system before backing it up, the root file system being the exception, of course. If you dump
the root file system, file systems mounted on root, including journaled file systems, are not backed
up.6
Examples
Do a full backup of the /home file system to tape, rewinding upon close:
# umount /home
# backup -f /dev/rmt0 -0 -u /home
# mount /home
Back up the root file system’s files that have changed since the last 0-level backup to tape,
rewinding upon close:
# backup -f /dev/rmt0 -1 -u /
In the first example we used the mount point of /home as the name of the file system. You can do
that; in fact, it is easier to remember to do it this way. However, the /etc/dumpdates file willrecord the name of the file system using the raw device file instead of the mount point. In the case
of /home that raw device file is /dev/rhd1 (by default the /home file system’s device files are
/dev/hd1 and /dev/rhd1). Don’t be confused by this. If you prefer you can use either the raw
device or block device file name in the backup command instead of the mount point. To get the
6See Chapter 3 for a description of journaled file systems.
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block device file name of a file system, use the lsfs command. From that you can determine the
raw device file name by prepending the letter r to the block device file name.
To back up individual files and directories use the -i option (for individual files). This is also
known as backing up by name. The basic syntax is:
# backup -f Device -i
To use this option you must provide backup with a list of names as standard input by typing the
names of each file after typing the command (ending the list with a Ctrl-D), using redirection, or
using either the find command or the cat command. In the examples that follow the -q option is
used to prevent AIX from prompting you to mount the backup media:
# backup -f /dev/rmt0 -iq/.profile/etc/profile/home^D
# backup -f /dev/rmt0 < /tmp/filelist -iq
# cat /tmp/filelist | backup -f /dev/rmt0 -iq# find /home -print | backup -f /dev/rmt0 -iq
The last example above will back up the contents of the entire /home directory, but in the two
examples before that, if you have /home listed in /tmp/filelist, only the directory name will be
backed up. To construct the command in KornShell syntax so that it backs up directory trees as
well as files, type the following:
# find $(< /tmp/filelist) -print | backup -f /dev/rmt0 -iq
To see a list of the files and directories scroll on your screen while backup is running, use the -voption. To save this output, redirect standard output or use the tee command.
# find $(< /tmp/filelist) -print | backup -f /dev/rmt0 -iqv >\/var/adm/backed.up.files
# find $(< /tmp/filelist) -print | backup -f /dev/rmt0 -iqv | tee |\/var/adm/backed.up.files
The restore Command
The restore command is used to restore files backed up by i-node or by name. This command
works only on archives created by the backup command and is capable of determining which
format, i-node or by-name, was used for the backup. The basic syntax of restoring entire file
systems is:
# restore -f Device -r
The basic syntax of restoring files backed up by name is:
# restore -f Device -x
Examples
Restore an entire file system backed up by i-node from tape.:
# restore -f /dev/rmt0 -r
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You do not have to unmount the file system before restoring in this manner, but be sure to change
directories to the appropriate file system first because restore assumes relative path names.
To restore individual files backed up by i-node, use the -i option. This will start restore in
interactive mode, which will step you through the process of restoring your files. For example:
# restore -f /dev/rmt0 -i
Extract all files backed up by name from tape:
# restore -f /dev/rmt0 -x
Extract all files from tape and display file names while doing so (-v, for verbose):
# restore -f /dev/rmt0 -xv
Extract verbosely the file /home/partlist:
# restore -f /dev/rmt0 -xv /home/partlist
Extracts the entire /home directory from tape verbosely:
# restore -f /dev/rmt0 -xv -d /homeTo avoid frustration in restoring files, it is extremely important that you know whether files backed
up by name were done so using full or relative pathnames. To find out, use the -T option to get a
list of files, for example:
List files from the file /archive/backup1 created by the backup command:
# restore -f /archive/backup1 -T
List files from tape :
# restore -f /dev/rmt0 -T
Use the names of the files or directories exactly as listed in the output, even if the path names begin
with a “dot”, such as ./home/partlist
The mksysb Command
AIX provides a means to create an bootable tape containing an image of the root volume group.
This can be a life saver for single-disk systems in that you have a very quick means of recovery in
case of disk failure, provided, of course, your mksysb image is fairly current. You can also use
mksysb to install other machines, although this will require redoing some of the configuration,
such as IP addresses, because virtually everything on the original machine is copied to tape.
To do a system image backup:
1. Start SMIT:
# smit mksysb
2. You will see the following:
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Backup the System
Type or select values in entry fields.Press Enter AFTER making all desired changes.
[Entry Fields]WARNING: Execution of the backup command will
result in the loss of all materialpreviously stored on the selectedoutput medium. This command backsup only rootvg volume group.
FORCE increase of work space if needed no +* Backup DEVICE or FILE []
(example: /dev/rfd0)
Simply insert the device file name of your tape drive, such as /dev/rmt0, and choose yes for
FORCE increase of work space if needed. The latter is necessary if your system takes more than
one tape for the backup.
Keep in mind that mksysb creates an image backup of the root volume group only! If you have
other volume groups, you must have separate backups for those.
Tape Drives
It is important to understand how AIX handles tape drives because you may find yourself unable to
restore files from a tape you thought contained a good backup. One of the attributes in AIX’s
configuration of a tape drive is that of block size, the amount of data read or written in a single
operation. When a tape drive is added to AIX, a default block size is configured for you.
Frequently that block size is 512 bytes. However, you can change the block size through SMIT or
with the chdev command. If you have a backup tape written with a block size of 512 bytes, but
your AIX driver reads in 1024-byte blocks, you will not be able to restore the contents of the tapeunless you change the block size to 512 bytes. For example:
# chdev -l rmt0 -a block_size=512
If you want, you can let the application or command, such as dd, determine the block size, in
which case you can specify that your tape drive block size is variable in length. To do so use 0 as
the block size:
# chdev -l rmt0 -a block_size=0
If you are reasonably confident that you have a valid backup on tape, and you just can’t read it no
matter what you do, try changing the block size of the tape device until it works. Just remember:
restoration of data from a tape can only work if the block size used in the restore is the same as
that of backup block size.
For tape operations AIX uses the tctl command, similar to HP-UX’s mt command. The syntax of
tctl is:
# tctl -f Device Subcommand Count
The most common tctl subcommands are:
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fsf Moves the tape forward the number of file marks specified by Count.
bsf Moves the tape backwards the number of file marks specified by Count.
rewind Rewinds the tape.
erase Erases all contents on the tape and rewinds it.
retension Fast-forwards, then rewinds the tape
7.2 HP-UX
fbackup
Like AIX, HP-UX has a proprietary scheme for backups in addition to the standard UNIX utilities.
This scheme includes the fbackup and frecover commands. The basic syntax of the fbackupcommand is:
# fbackup -f Device [0-9] [-u] [-i path] [-e path] [-g graph]
Because fbackup does not by default write to standard output, the -f option is not optional. Devicecan be a file, device file, or a remote device file. A remote device file takes the form
machine:/dev/device_name. You can specify - as the device to have fbackup write to standard
output. The [0-9] option provides for incremental backups using the same scheme as that for
AIX’s backup: an n level backup includes all files modified since the last n - 1 level backup.
The -i, -e, and -g options provide a means of specifying which portions of a file system you want
backed up. If you recall, AIX’s backup command backs up either entire file systems, or individual
files. fbackup allows you to include a file system with the -i option and exclude portions of it with
the -e option. For example:
# fbackup -f /dev/rmt/c201d3m 0 -i /usr -e /usr/tmp
This command does a full backup to tape of the /usr file system with the exception of the /usr/tmpdirectory tree. You can also place your inclusion and exclusion parameters in a graph file. A
graph file is a text file containing the path names of the files and directories you either want
included or excluded from your backup. These path names are preceded with either an i (denoting
inclusion) or an e (denoting exclusion). For example, if your graph file contains the following
lines:
i /usre /usr/tmpe /usr/libi /userse /users/guest
Then the /usr file system will be backed up with the exception of the /usr/tmp and /usr/libdirectory trees, and the /users file system will be backed up with the exception of the /users/guestdirectory tree. If the name of this graph file is /usr/local/backup/graph1, then your command
would look something like:
# fbackup -f /dev/rmt/c201d3m 0 -g /usr/local/backup/graph1
fbackup uses the usr/adm/fbackupfiles/dates file to record backup information for purposes of
doing incremental backups. (This is similar to AIX’s /etc/dumpdates file.) This file is not updated
unless you use the -u option, which is only available with the -g option.
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Examples
Perform a level-8 backup to /dev/rmt/c201d0m using the graph file /usr/local/graph, and update
the /usr/adm/fbackupfiles/dates file:
# fbackup -f /dev/rmt/c201d0m 8 -u -g /usr/local/graph
Back up everything under the current directory except subdir to /dev/rmt/c201d0m:# fbackup -f /dev/rmt/c201d0m -i . -e ./subdir
Back up everything under the current directory except subdir to /dev/rmt/c201d0m on system
roberts:
# fbackup -f roberts:/dev/rmt/c201d0m -i . -e ./subdir
frecover
The frecover command is the counterpart to the fbackup command. frecover can restore only
files backed up with fbackup. There are four basic modes of operation for frecover.
Recover everything on a backup volume:# frecover -r
Extract certain files from a backup volume:
# frecover -x
Read the index from the backup volume and write it to path:
# frecover -I path
Restart an interrupted recovery:
# frecover -R path
As you can see, fbackup resembles AIX’s restore command’s options in the form of -r and -x.frecover -r and frecover -x have some options in common:
frecover -x | -r [ -fhoFX ]
frecover defaults to /dev/rmt/0mn, but you can use -f to specify a different device, including a
remote device. The -h option is used to restore only directories but not the files contained in them.
The -o option is used to force frecover to overwrite a newer file with an older one. Normally
frecover does not do this. The -F option causes frecover to strip all the leading directories from
the path names of files being recovered. This allows you to restore files backed up with full path
names to different directories. The -x option makes all recovered files relative to the current
directory. If, for example, you restored the file /usr/bin/vi and your current directory was
/users/root, then the restored file’s new path would be /users/root/usr/bin/vi.
For the frecover -x mode the -g option is available. This allows you to use a graph file in the same
way as with fbackup. The file format of the graph file is the same. This is useful for partial
recoveries.
Examples
Recover all files from medium-density tape:
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# frecover -rf /dev/rmt/c201d0m
Recover all files indicated in /usr/local/graph:
# frecover -x -g /usr/local/graph -f /dev/rmt/c201d0m
Retrieve an index of files from tape and put it in /tmp/index:
# frecover -I /tmp/index -f /dev/rmt/c201d0m
HP-UX and Cartridge Tapes: tcio
The wear and tear on a cartridge tape drive is extensive when redirection is used because the data
transfer rates between the host computer and the cartridge tape drive are not synchronized. Thus
HP developed the tcio command to “buffer up” data transfer between the backup command and the
cartridge tape drive. Instead of redirecting the output of the backup command straight to the
device, it is piped through tcio to enable streaming to occur. tcio can be used with cpio as well as
with fbackup.
Examples
Make relative backup on cartridge tape /dev/rct/0s0:
# find . -print | cpio -o | tcio -o /dev/rct/0s0
Back up /users to cartridge tape:
# fbackup -f - -i /users | tcio -o /dev/rct/0s0
HP-UX’s Equivalent to mksysb
HP-UX doesn’t have the mksysb command nor a command that all by itself does the same thing.
For one thing LVM doesn’t exist in 9.x for the 700 series. But you can create a bootable image of
a disk by taking the following steps:
1. Shut down to single user mode to minimize system activity:
# shutdown 0
2. Clear any remaining data in the buffers:
# sync;sync
3. Use dd to copy the LIF boot area:
# dd if=/usr/lib/uxbootlf.700 of=/dev/rmt/0mn bs=2k
4. Again, sync the disk:
# sync;sync
5. Use dd to append the Root file system:
# dd if=/dev/rdsk/c201d6s0 of=/dev/rmt/0m bs=64k
The first dd puts a boot area on the tape, making it a bootable image. Once the boot image is on
tape, the tape is not rewound. The next dd appends an image of the SCSI disk at address 6 to the
tape. Be sure to use the appropriate disk device file. This whole process takes about one hour for
a 660MB HP2213 disk.
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Once created, the tape can be used to completely restore the disk:
1. Insert the tape into the DDS tape drive.
2. Boot to ISL from the tape:
BOOT_ADMIN> b scsi.addr_of_dds ipl
3. Enter the following in response to the ISL prompt:
ISL> hpux restore disc(scsi.6.0;0)
7.3 Interoperability Issues
Standard UNIX Utilities
Both AIX and HP-UX support the following standard UNIX utilities, each of whose behavior is
nearly identical: dump, rdump, tar, cpio, dd, and pax. For doing interplatform backups it is
advisable to use one of these commands. HP-UX has the standard utility mt; AIX does not but has
the rough equivalent in tctl. AIX does not have the tcio command; instead you have to use dd tobuffer data when using redirection. The following table summarizes the backup commands for both
operating systems.
Backup Utilities Comparison
Command AIX HP-UX
backup yes no
restore yes no7
fbackup no yes
frecover no yes
dump yes yes
rdump yes yes
rrestore yes yes
tar yes yes
cpio yes yes
dd yes yes
tcio no yes
7This is not quite true. There is a restore command in HP-UX, but it is the counterpart to the dump command.
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Interplatform Backups
The following backup commands have been tested on an HP Model 712 and an IBM RS/6000 355.
Using tar to Copy Files from One System to the Other
You can tar a directory tree or a set of files on the HP, ftp the tar file to the RS/6000, and then
unpack the file. For example,
Back up the .vue directory to the /tmp/vue.tar archive file:
# tar -cvf /tmp/vue.tar .vue
Copy the file to the RS/6000:
# ftp RS_node
ftp> put /tmp/vue.tar
Login to the RS/6000:
# remsh RS_node
Restore the files from the /tmp/vue.tar archive:
# tar -xvf /tmp/vue.tar
Of course you can use rcp instead of ftp or rlogin or telnet instead of remsh.
A quicker way to do the above is to use remsh and tar in a pipe, but this works only if your
.rhosts is set up properly. For example:
# tar -cvf - .vue | remsh RS_node "(cd /tmp; tar -xvf -)"
This command writes the archive of .vue to standard output (the - option) and sends that output to
the tar command on the RS/6000 and puts the unpacked files in /tmp.
Instead of remsh AIX has the rsh command. So the above command going the other directionwould look something like:
# tar -cvf - doc | rsh HP_node "(cd /usr/local; tar -xvf -)"
This backs up the subdirectory doc and puts it in the HP's /usr/local directory.
You can also use cpio to copy a directory tree:
# find /.vue -print | cpio -ov | remsh RS_node cpio -idv
This copies the HP's /.vue directory to the RS/6000's / directory.
Using Another System’s Tape Drive
For the following examples, the HP Model 712 had a 4mm DAT drive, the RS an 5GB 8mm tape
drive. Since these involve using the network and the dd command, make sure the RS/6000 tape
drive is set to variable-length blocks.
Examples using tar
Archive the HP’s .vue directory onto the 8mm tape drive of the RS/6000:
# tar cvf - /.vue | remsh RS_node dd of=/dev/rmt0 obs=20b
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Archive the RS/6000’s /doc directory onto the 4mm DAT drive of the HP:
# tar cvf - /doc | rsh HP_node dd of=/dev/rmt/c201d3m obs=20b
Restore the contents of the tape from an RS/6000 drive to the HP:
# remsh RS_node dd if=/dev/rmt0 bs=20b | tar xvfb - 20
Restore the contents of the tape from an HP drive to the RS/6000:
# rsh HP_node dd if=/dev/rmt/c201d3m bs=20b | tar -xvBf -
Examples using backup and restore
These examples are for using the RS/6000’s backup command to write to an HP drive. HP-UX
cannot restore the files; you have to use AIX.
# find /usr/local/data -print | backup -f - -iv | rsh HP_node dd\of=/dev/rmt/c201d3m
# rsh HP_node dd if=/dev/rmt/c201d3m | restore -xvf -
Examples using pax
pax, short for portable archive exchange, is great for interplatform backups and restores. Both
HP-UX and AIX support the pax command, which looks and acts the same on both systems. By
default pax writes to standard output (with the -w option) and reads from standard input (with the -
r option). Without the -w or -r option pax simply lists the files contained in an archive.
To archive verbosely the /doc directory from the HP to the RS/6000’s tape drive:
# pax -wv /doc | remsh RS_node dd of=/dev/rmt0 obs=64k
To read the above archive tape from the RS/6000:
# dd if=/dev/rmt0 ibs=64k | pax
To restore the contents of the above archive on the RS/6000 from the RS/6000:
# dd if=/dev/rmt0 ibs=64k | pax -r
To copy the directory /usr/local/data from the RS/6000 to the HP using the network:
# pax -wv /usr/local/data | rsh HP_node pax -rv
General Tips
Variable block mode depends on the block size specified by the command itself (for example, the -
b option in tar). Because other systems, including HP, often break up larger reads and writes into
approximately 64K chunks, it is a good idea to keep your block sizes at no more than that amount.
Remember that if you are using an IBM 8mm tape drive, set the fixed block size to 1024 to avoidwasting tape. For example,
# chdev -l rmt0 -a block_size=1024
7.4 Summary
AIX and HP-UX support a wide variety of backup utilities, ranging from the proprietary to the
universal. AIX’s proprietary commands are backup and restore, based on dump and restore.
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backup can do a file system dump or it can back up individual files. restore can restore an entire
file system or individual files as well. AIX writes to tape either fixed-length blocks or variable-
length blocks. You can configure the system for one or the other by using SMIT or the chdevcommand. For network backups or when the application determines block size, it is best to set the
block size to variable length. Instead of having the mt command, AIX has the tctl command,
which is very similar to mt.
HP-UX’s proprietary backup utilities are fbackup and frecover. These commands resemble
backup and restore to an extent but are much more versatile, particularly in the area of graph files
and network backups. To improve performance while writing to a cartridge tape, HP-UX supplies
the tcio command.
Interplatform backups are possible using standard UNIX utilities like tar, cpio, dd, and pax, and
the networking commands of rsh (AIX) and remsh (HP-UX). These commands need the
appropriate .rhosts entries in order to work properly. If you write to another system’s tape drive,
you must use a common command like tar if you want to eventually restore to the other system.
But, for example, if you use backup to write to an HP-UX machine’s tape drive, you can only
restore your files to an AIX system. For best portability, use pax, the portable archive exchange
command.
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8. PrintingIn discussing UNIX printing, we have to be careful about the terms we use to avoid confusion.
The respective documentation for AIX and HP-UX often use similar terms but with different
meanings. In this document the following terms will be used consistently:
•• Local printer
A printer that is physically connected to your computer.
• Remote printer
A printer that is physically connected to another computer and accessed over a network
• Network-based printer
A printer or plotter that is directly connected to the local area network
8.1 AIX
The AIX Queuing System
To print in AIX you use a proprietary queuing system that is not confined to printing alone. In
other words, the queuing system accepts jobs other than print jobs. For purposes of this
discussion, however, we will assume all jobs are print jobs.
You can submit print jobs with the enq command, the general queuing command, or you can use
the qprt, lp, or lpr commands. AIX provides lp and lpr for purposes of compatibility with AT&T
and BSD-style printing, but they do not represent completely different printing subsystems; they
are simply front ends that do the same thing. All three print commands, qprt, lp, and lpr, call the
enq command when invoked.
enq submits jobs to a queue, either one you specify or a default queue. In AIX-speak a queue is
“an ordered list of requests for a specific device.”8 This device is known as a queue device, and is
not the printer or even its device file. A queue device is actually a set of parameters for the print
device. To illustrate this, let’s look at a sample /etc/qconfig file. /etc/qconfig is the master
configuration file for the queuing system. It is an ASCII file consisting of stanzas that describe
queues and their associated devices. For example, an entry might look like the following:
lp0:device = pdev0
pdev0:file = /dev/lp0header = never
backend = /usr/lpd/piobe
Queue lp0 is listed with an associated queue device of pdev0, which has three configuration
parameters. file is the special device file of the printer. header specifies whether or not header
8InfoExplorer, Queuing System Overview for System Management . HP-UX defines a queue as a directory used by
the lp spooler to hold print jobs for each print destination until they can be printed. Thus the concept of queue is
quite different.
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pages are printed; in this case, no. backend is the program that actually sends jobs to the printer;
in this case it is /usr/lpd/piobe.
The basic steps of the print process are:
1. enq, either directly or through the qprt, lp, or lpr commands, submits jobs to a queue as
defined in /etc/qconfig and places them in the /usr/lp/qdir directory.2. The qdaemon awakens and places the print spool file in /var/spool/qdaemon. The
qdaemon, which is started at boot time, tracks print requests and printer availability.
When a printer becomes available, qdaemon submits the job to the printer backend.
3. The backend program sends the job to the printer and at the same time keeps status of the
print job in the /usr/lpd/stat directory. This directory is consulted when you use one of the
queue checking programs: qchk, lpstat, or enq -A commands.
Adding a Local Printer
1. Start SMIT:
# smit pdp
2. Select Add a Printer/Plotter.
3. From the Printer/Plotter Type menu, select the printer that either matches or closely
resembles your printer.
4. From the Printer/Plotter Interface menu, select either parallel, rs232, or rs422,
depending on your connection.
5. From the Parent Adapter menu select the appropriate adapter. For parallel you should
see only one choice:
ppa0 Available 00-00-0P Standard I/O Parallel Port Adapter
For serial you should see two choices:
sa0 Available 00-00-S1 Standard I/O Serial Port 1
sa1 Available 00-00-S2 Standard I/O Serial Port 2
6. From the Add a Printer/Plotter menu type in the value for PORT number. If you are
not sure what the port number is, press the F4 key in the field to get a list of port numbers.
Press Return.
7. SMIT then adds the printer to the customized configuration database and displays the
following message:
lp0 Available
The device file created for this process is /dev/lpN, where N is 0 for the first printer, 1 for the next
printer, and so on.
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Printing Locally
Adding a printer device to the system and creating its device file is not enough to get printing going
on the RS/6000. You must create a virtual printer for every queue you plan on creating.
Virtual Printers
A virtual printer is “a set of attributes that define a specific software view of a real printer.”9 Forexample, if you attach a printer that supports only ASCII data streams, then you would create a
virtual printer that sets up ASCII printing. If you have a PostScript printer, you need a PostScript
virtual printer. If your printer supports multiple data streams, such as ASCII, PostScript, and
PCL, you need to create a virtual printer for each. You create virtual printers for each workstation
hosting a printer and for each workstation printing to a network-based printer.
Use the mkvirprt command to create a virtual printer. The following is an example of creating a
virtual printer for a local HP LaserJet IIIsi. It assumes that the LaserJet device was added by the
process described above in Adding a Local Printer.
# smit mkvirprt
No. Description1 Printer or Plotter Attached to Host2 Printer or Plotter Attached to Xstation3 Printer or Plotter Attached to ASCII Terminal4 Network Printer (Hewlett-Packard JetDirect)
Enter number from list above (press Enter to terminate): -> 1
Choosing number 1 brings up the following:
Name Description
lp0 Hewlett-Packard LaserJet IIISilp1 IBM 2380 Personal Printer II
Enter device name (or, ! to exit): (lp0) ->
Under the Name column is the list of all printers by device name added to the system. Pressing
Return here means you want to create a virtual printer for the first device listed, in this case lp0.
At this point you get a list of printers. Following is a partial list.
9InfoExplorer, Printer Overview for System Mangement
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No. Description36 IBM 5589 Model H0137 IBM 6180 Color Plotter38 IBM 6182 Auto Feed Color Plotter39 IBM 6184 Color Plotter40 IBM 6185-1 Color Plotter41 IBM 6185-2 Color Plotter42 IBM 6186 Color Plotter43 IBM 6252 Impactwriter44 IBM 6262 Printer45 IBM 7372 Color Plotter46 Canon Laser Shot LBP-B406S/D/E, A404E, A304E47 Dataproducts BP2000 Line Printer48 Dataproducts LZR 2665 Laser Printer49 Hewlett-Packard LaserJet II50 Hewlett-Packard LaserJet III51 Hewlett-Packard LaserJet IIISi52 Hewlett-Packard LaserJet 453 OKI MICROLINE 801PS54 Printronix P9012 Line Printer55 Plotter
Enter number from list above (press Enter to terminate): -> 51
In this example we choose number 51, representing the HP LaserJet IIISi. What follows is a series
of questions.
Header pages wanted? (n=none; a=each file; g=each job): -> (n)Trailer pages wanted? (n=none; a=each file; g=each job): -> (n)NOTE: The hplj-3si printer supports multiple print data streams.
Each of the data streams will now be configured individually.-------------------- PostScript --------------------Enter print queue name (or, ! to bypass configuration): -> (ps)ps1Should this queue be the default queue? -> (y)hplj-3si (PostScript) configured for print queue ps1-------------------- PCL --------------------Enter print queue name (or, ! to bypass configuration): -> (pcl)pcl1hplj-3si (PCL) configured for print queue pcl1
In the first two questions we accepted the default value (n). Then we were informed that this
printer supports multiple data streams: PostScript and PCL, for each of which we had to create a
virtual printer. The first virtual printer was for the PostScript data stream and was given a queue
name of ps1. The second was for a PCL virtual printer and was given the queue name of pcl1.
The creation of these two virtual printers resulted in the following entries in the /etc/qconfig file:
ps1:device = lp0
lp0:file = /dev/lp0header = nevertrailer = neveraccess = both
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backend = /usr/lib/lpd/piobepcl1:
device = lp0lp0:
file = /dev/lp0header = nevertrailer = never
access = bothbackend = /usr/lib/lpd/piobe
The queue ps1 was made the default queue and therefore appears first in /etc/qconfig. Each queue
has the same queue device because we are printing to the same printer. However, if we want to
print in PostScript mode, we use the first queue; for PCL, the second. For example,
For queue ps1: For queue pcl1:
# enq -Pps1 file # enq -Ppcl1 file
# qprt -Pps1 file # qprt -Pps1 file
# lp -dps1 file # lp -dpcl1 file
# lpr -Pps1 file # lpr -Ppcl1 file
Printing to a Remote Printer
The basic process of printing to a remote printer is to
1. Attach a printer to the remote machine and add it as a local printer to the remote
workstation.
2. Start the lpd daemon on the remote machine and enable access to it from your local
workstation.
3. Create a remote queue on the local workstation.
Remote Workstation Setup
Attach a printer to the remote workstation in the same manner as described in Adding a Local
Printer. Though you are setting up remote printing, the printer is a local printer to the remote
workstation. The remote workstation with a printer attached is frequently called a print server; a
local workstation printing to a print server is often called a print client. We will use that
terminology here to help avoid some confusion in terminology. After you add the printer, do the
following:
1. Start SMIT:
# smit server
2. Select Host Access for Printing.
3. Select Add a Remote Host.
4. In the Add a Remote Host screen, fill in the name of your print client in the Name of
Remote HOST field.
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The terminology here is confusing, but try to remember: what is local to you
is remote to the remote workstation. You are adding a remote host name to
the print server’s list of authorized print client workstations This list is the
/etc/hosts.lpd file..
5. Return to the first menu by pressing the F3 key three times. Select lpd Remote Printer
Subsystem.
6. Select Start Using the lpd Subsystem.
7. Select Start BOTH Now and at System Restart.
This selection starts the lpd and puts an entry into the /etc/inittab file for it to
start upon boot.
Local Workstation Setup
1. Start SMIT:
# smit rq
2. Select Add a Remote Queue. Fill in the following required values:
* NAME of queue to add []* DESTINATION HOST for remote jobs []* Pathname of the SHORT FORM FILTER for queue [/usr/lpd/aixshort] +/
status output* Pathname of the LONG FORM FILTER for queue [/usr/lpd/aixlong] +/
status output* Name of QUEUE on remote printer []* NAME of device to add []* BACKEND PROGRAM pathname [/usr/lpd/rembak]
For NAME of queue to add, type in anything you want. It is a good idea, however, to use some
kind of logical naming system, such as rlp0 (remote line printer 0). For DESTINATION HOST
for remote jobs, type the hostname of the print server. Leave the FILTER fields the default
unless you are printing to an HP-UX machine. See the section on Interplatform Printing for more
information. For name of QUEUE on remote printer, type the name of the print server’s local
queue; typically it is lp0. For NAME of device to add, type anything you want, again something
like drlp0 (device for rlp0) might be useful. Leave the BACKEND PROGRAM pathname
/usr/lpd/rembak. This backend is designed to send print jobs to a print server running the lpd.
Thus when you print to a remote printer in AIX, the print job goes through two print queues. It is
processed locally and passed to the remote backend ( /usr/lpd/rembak), which then passes the job
to the remote lpd, at which time the print job is processed as a local print job on the remote printer.When you type the lpstat command to get status on a print job you will see two queues listed,
something like:
# lpstatQueue Dev Status Job Files User PP % Blks Cp Rnk------- ----- ------- --- ------------- ---------- ---- -- ----- --- ---rps1 drps1 READYlp0 dlp0 READY
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In this case queue rps1 prints to the remote queue lp0. Both queues service the same print job.
Printing to a Network-based Printer
AIX supports network-based printing if the networked printer supports a JetDirect card. For other
types of cards or network printers, you need to install the appropriate software that comes with the
card or printer. You use the mkvirprt command to create a virtual printer and associated queue tothe network-based printer. For example, if you were to run mkvirprt for an HP LaserJet IIIsi that
was hooked directly on the network, you would do the following:
# smit mkvirprt
You would then see the following screen:
No. Description1 Printer or Plotter Attached to Host2 Printer or Plotter Attached to Xstation3 Printer or Plotter Attached to ASCII Terminal4 Network Printer (Hewlett-Packard JetDirect)
Enter number from list above (press Enter to terminate): -> 4Enter the printer hostname: -> p2410l3si
Here we chose option 4 and entered the hostname of the printer, in this case p241013si. The next
screen asks if you want to make this printer a boot/tftp server. In most cases you choose 2, for no.
No. BOOTP/TFTP Server1 Make this system a BOOTP/TFTP server2 Do NOT make this system a BOOTP/TFTP server
Enter number from list above (press Enter to terminate): -> 2
The next screen displays possible printers. The example that follows shows a list that has beenscrolled through a few times:
45 IBM 7372 Color Plotter [ 44 more ]46 Canon Laser Shot LBP-B406S/D/E, A404E, A304E47 Dataproducts BP2000 Line Printer48 Dataproducts LZR 2665 Laser Printer49 Hewlett-Packard LaserJet II50 Hewlett-Packard LaserJet III51 Hewlett-Packard LaserJet IIISi52 Hewlett-Packard LaserJet 453 OKI MICROLINE 801PS54 Printronix P9012 Line Printer
55 Plotter56 PostScript Printer57 Bull PR-8858 ASCII printer59 Bull Compuprint Pagemaster 201 in HP-II Mode60 Bull Compuprint Pagemaster 411 in HP-II Mode
Enter number from list above (press Enter to terminate): -> 51
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After choosing number 51 we get the following:
Hewlett-Packard LaserJet IIISiHeader pages wanted? (n=none; a=each file; g=each job): -> (n)Trailer pages wanted? (n=none; a=each file; g=each job): -> (n)NOTE: The hplj-3si printer supports multiple print data streams.
Each of the data streams will now be configured individually.-------------------- PostScript --------------------Enter print queue name (or, ! to bypass configuration): -> (ps)Should this queue be the default queue? -> (y) nhplj-3si (PostScript) configured for print queue ps-------------------- PCL --------------------Enter print queue name (or, ! to bypass configuration): -> (pcl)Should this queue be the default queue? -> (y) yhplj-3si (PCL) configured for print queue pcl
Press Enter to continue.
Thus we created two queues, one for the PostScript data stream, and one for PCL. The PCL queue
was made the default queue, and no header or trailer pages were configured for this printer.
Our /etc/qconfig file looks like:
pcl:device = hp@p2410l3si
hp@p2410l3si:file = /var/spool/lpd/pio/dev/hp@p2410l3siheader = nevertrailer = neverbackend = /usr/lib/lpd/pio/etc/piojetd p2410l3si
ps:device = hp@p2410l3si
hp@p2410l3si:file = /var/spool/lpd/pio/dev/hp@p2410l3siheader = nevertrailer = neverbackend = /usr/lib/lpd/pio/etc/piojetd p2410l3si
The lpstat command displays:
# lpstatQueue Dev Status Job Files User PP % Blks Cp Rnk------- ----- --------- --- --------- ---------- ---- -- ----- --- ---pcl hp@p2 READYps hp@p2 READY
Both queues are for the same network-based printer. At this point you would submit jobs to the
appropriate queue, either PCL or PostScript.
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AIX Print Commands
Submit print jobs Status print jobs Cancel print jobs
enq enq -A enq -x
qprt qchk qcan
lp lpstat lpq
lpr lpq lprm
Queue Management Commands
To bring down the printer but not its queue:
# qadm -D Queue
To bring down the printer and kill all current jobs:
# qadm -K Queue
To kill all current jobs:
# qadm -X Queue
To bring down the entire queuing system, allowing queued jobs to finish before doing so:
# qadm -G Queue
To bring the queuing system back up:
# qadm -U Queue
8.2 HP-UX
The Components of the LP Spooler
The components of the lp spooler are:
• Printer names
• Printer classes
• Print destinations
• System default printer
• Printer interfaces
• Printer models
• Device files
• Line printer scheduler
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• Local printer
• Remote printer
• Print request identification number
Printer NamesWhen you configure a printer into the lp spooler, you assign it a name that you will use when you
later submit print requests. This name is referred to as the printer name. Printer names can
contain up to 14 characters, which can be alphanumeric or underscores. The name may or may not
be the same as the device file name. Some correspondence between the printer name and device
file name is suggested. The printer name is the name of the printer that shows up when you request
the status of the printer queue with the lpstat command.
A hypothetical system hypo1 has the following printers defined in its lp spooler. The printers have
the following names:
laser1laser2
phredletterheadinvoicescheck_printer
Printer Classes
You can treat a group of printers as if they were one printer. A printer class is a name that you
can use to refer to the group of printers. When submitting a print request you can specify a
particular printer name or a printer class name. When submitting a print request to a printer class,
the print requests will print on the first available printer in the group rather than on a specific
printer. Printers that are members of a printer class can still be referenced individually. Creating a
printer class is optional.
On the hypothetical system hypo1, three of the printers are grouped into a printer class called
laser.
Printer class: laserlaser1laser2phred
Printer class names can contain up to 14 characters, which can be alphanumeric or underscores.
Printer class names and printer names on the same system cannot be the same name. Printer names
and class names must all be unique.
Printer classes cannot include remote printers.
A printer class must contain at least one printer.
A printer can only belong to one printer class at a time.
To remove a printer from a printer class, you must remove the printer from the lp spooler and re-
add without specifying a printer class
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Print Destinations
Several of the commands for the lp spooler require you to specify a print destination. A destination
is the name of a printer or printer class.
For our example system hypo1, possible destinations are:
Printer class: laserlaser1laser2phredinvoicescheck_printerletterhead
System Default Printer (Destination)
You can appoint one of the print destinations in your lp spooler to be the system default printer. It
is not necessary to have a system default printer, but it is recommended. A system default printer
receives any print requests that are not sent to a specific print destination. You can have only one
system default printer.
In addition to, or instead of, a system default printer, you can assign each user a default printer to
use. To do this, simply set the user’s LPDEST shell environment variable to the name of the
system default printer. If LPDEST is set and a user does not specify a different printer to use, the
printer referenced by LPDEST will be used. If LPDEST is not set for a user, and the user does not
specify a printer, the system default printer (if one is set) will be used. If neither LPDEST or the
system default printer is set, a user must specify a printer (or printer class).
Printer Interfaces
A printer interface, also known as an interface script, is the final stage of the lp spooler. It is the
part of the lp spooler that is responsible for sending data to a printer. Each printer that you have
defined for use by the lp spooler has its own interface script (shell script) that resides in the /usr/spool/lp/interface directory. When printers are added to the lp spooler, an interface script is
copied from /usr/spool/lp/model to /usr/spool/lp/interface and given the printer name.
If we were to list the directory /usr/spool/lp/interface on our hypothetical system “hypo1,” it
would contain the printer interface files laser1, laser2, phred, letterhead, invoices, and
check_printer.
The entry for the class name laser would be located in the directory /usr/spool/lp/class; it would
not be found in the interface directory.
Printer Models
There are printer interface script “models” you can choose from that have been created for you inthe /usr/spool/lp/model directory. Many of them have names that match the model numbers of
Hewlett-Packard Printers and Plotters.
When you configure your printer into the lp spooler, you must specify which printer model
interface script you want to use. The model will be automatically copied from the
/usr/spool/lp/model directory into the /usr/spool/lp/interface directory and given the name that
you specified as your printer name.
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If you list the /usr/spool/lp/model directory, it should look similar to this:
HPGL1 draftpro hp2560 hp2932a hp7596aHPGL2 dumb hp2563a hp2934a laserjetPCL1 dumbplot hp2564b hp33440a laserjetIIISPCL2 fonts hp2565a hp33447a paintjetPCL3 hp2225a hp2566b hp3630a quietjet
PCL4 hp2225d hp2567b hp7440a rmodelPRINT3K.model hp2227a hp2631g hp7475a rmttroffbf_remote hp2228a hp2684a hp7550a ruggedwritercolorpro hp2235a hp2686a hp7570a thinkjetdeskjet hp2276a hp2686a.pif hp7595a
If you have an HP printer, you will probably find a model script that matches its model number or
name. Those interface model scripts that match your printers typically do not need to be changed.
If you know how to do shell programming, you can customize printer interface model scripts to
meet your specific printing needs.
If you do not have an HP printer, try using the dumb interface model. You might have to modify it
to be able to use all of the features of your non-HP printer, but “dumb” should work for basic
ASCII text printing. If the dumb printer interface model script does not work, contact your printersupplier for a UNIX line printer spooler interface script or try the script that most closely matches
your non-HP printer type.
Device Files
Device files are not part of the lp spooler; they are special files that define the necessary device
driver and hardware address needed to communicate with a particular physical device (in this case
a printer). The printer name referred to by the lp spooler and the name of the device file for a
printer are not required to be the same, but a correspondence is recommended.
You can create printer device files using SAM or HP-UX commands when you add a printer to the
lp spooler. SAM creates a device file for you. If necessary, SAM can override the default devicefile naming convention.
When you configure a printer into your lp spooler, you must supply the name of your printer’s
device file.
Line Printer Scheduler
The line printer scheduler is the heart of the lp spooler. It is the part of the lp spooler that prevents
intermixed listings (output from more than one print request mixed together on a printed page) and
controls flow of print requests to the printers. Its duties also include monitoring printer and print
request priorities, monitoring/adjusting printer status, and logging lp spooler activities. The
lpsched command starts the lp spooler. Because of the central role it plays, starting lpsched is
referred to as “starting the lp spooler”, and stopping lpsched is often referred to as “stopping thelp spooler.” You can use the lpsched command directly or through SAM.
Local Printer
A local printer is a printer that is physically connected to your system.
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Remote Printer
A remote printer is a printer that is not physically connected to your system, but can be accessed
by your system through a local area network (LAN). To configure a remote printer into your local
lp spooler, you must be able to access the remote system via a LAN. The process of adding a
remote printer is similar to that of adding a local printer, though you will need to supply some
slightly different information.
Network-Based Printer/Plotter
A network-based printer or plotter is connected directly to the local area network (LAN). A
network-based printer or plotter is not physically connected to any system.
Print Request Identification Number
When you submit a print request by means of the lp command, lp responds with a print request
identification number consisting of the name of the printer (or printer class) followed by a number.
Here are some examples of typical print request identification numbers:
laser-3456phred-2152letterhead-1547
Remote Spooling
If you have several systems connected to a Local Area Network (LAN) and would like the systems
to share the use of a printer, you can set up the lp spoolers of the systems that are not physically
connected to the printer to automatically send their print requests (via the LAN) to the lp spooler of
the system that does have the printer. The systems without printers act as though they were a user
on the system with the printer, submitting print requests to that system’s lp spooler. This is
accomplished by a special program known as the Remote Spooling Daemon (rlpdaemon).
The rlpdaemon program runs in the background (on the system with the printer) monitoring the
incoming LAN traffic for any remote print requests from other systems. When these requestsarrive, the rlpdaemon program submits them to its local lp spooler on behalf of the remote user.
In addition to remote print requests, the remote spooling daemon must also handle “cancel” and
“status” requests from remote systems.
There are special “interface scripts” on the remote systems that issue cancel and status requests.
These special interface scripts have a lot in common with printer interface scripts. They have a
model directory that can hold sample versions of these scripts, and they have an interface directory
where the scripts currently in use reside. The cancel and status models are copied into their
respective interface directories automatically when adding a remote printer.
The directory /usr/spool/lp/cmodel contains a sample interface script, rcmodel, that sends a
remote cancel command to the system with the printer. When you configure a remote printer intoyour lp spooler, the cancel model script is copied into the /usr/spool/lp/cinterface directory and is
given the same name as the printer.
The directory /usr/spool/lp/smodel contains a sample of an interface script, called rsmodel, which
sends a remote status command to the system with the printer. When you configure a remote
printer into your lp spooler, the status model script is copied into the /usr/spool/lp/sinterfacedirectory and is given the same name as the printer.
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It is unlikely that you will need to customize the remote cancel and status model scripts. If you do
customize these “remote control” scripts, you must copy them to a different file name to avoid
destroying your changes when updating the system with the update utility.
Configuring a remote printer into your lp spooler requires additional information beyond what is
needed to configure a local printer. In addition to the information you normally supply when
configuring a local printer into your lp spooler, you will need to tell your system:
• The name of the system with the printer
• The interface script to use when it issues a remote cancel request
• The interface script to use when it issues a remote status request
• The name of the printer (as it is defined in the lp spooler of the remote system) where you
want your printouts to be printed.
Setting Up the LP Spooler Using SAM
Adding a Local Printer 1. Physically connect the printer(s) to your system. Refer to the instructions shipped with
your printer. You should always shut down your system and turn off the power when you
are changing the hardware configuration of your system.
2. Gather the following information:
• The name you are giving to this printer or plotter. Printer names can be up to 14
characters in length, and the characters must be alphanumeric (A-Z, a-z, 0-9) or an
underscore (_).
• The name of the device file that the printer or plotter will use. SAM creates the device
file for you. SAM uses the default device file named lp_printer-name. You can
override the default device file name by specifying your device file name when filling
in the printer information.
• The model script from the /usr/spool/lp/model directory, for example, laserjetIIISi for
an HP LaserJet IIISi.
• The print request priority for this printer. The default is zero (0).
• The class to which the printer or plotter will be added (optional). Printer class names
can be up to 14 characters in length, and the characters must be from the set (A-Z, a-
z, 0-9). The underscore (_) character is allowed in printer class names.
• In addition, decide whether to make this device your system’s default printer.
3. Run SAM.
4. Highlight Peripheral Devices and activate the Open control button.
5. Highlight Printers and Plotters and activate the Open control button.
6. Highlight Printers/Plotters and activate the Open control button.
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7. Choose Add a Local Printer/Plotter > and the menu item associated with the printer
interface type from the Actions menu.
NOTE: The printer driver must be part of the kernel to add the printer to the lp spooler.
If the printer driver is not currently configured into the kernel, SAM prompts you to add
the driver(s) and reboot the system.
8. Highlight the interface to which you connected the printer and fill in and additional
information (port number or bus address) and activate the OK control button. If an
interface entry is not listed, activate the Diagnose Missing Card control button.
9. Fill in the printer interface dialog box fields, choose from the menu button values, and turn
on and off check box values.
10. Activate the OK control button.
Adding a Remote Printer
1. Ensure that the remote system has the printer installed and configured into the remote
system’s line printer spooler system. Gather the following information:
2. The name you are giving to this printer or plotter.
• Whether you wish to make this device your system’s default printer.
• The name of the remote system to which the printer or plotter is attached.
• The name of the remote printer or plotter.
• The “cancel” model on the remote system (optional).
• The “status” model on the remote system (optional).
• Whether you wish to allow any user to cancel any printing request.
• Whether the remote printer is on a system using BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution)
UNIX. Using BSD disables any lp -oparm options. BSD systems do not understand
the -o option.
3. Run SAM
4. Highlight Peripheral Devices and activate the Open control button.
5. Highlight Printers and Plotters and activate the Open control button.
6. Highlight Printers/Plotters and activate the Open control button.
7. Choose Add a remote printer/plotter > and the menu item associated with the printer
interface type from the Actions menu.
8. Fill in the printer interface dialog box fields and turn on off check box values.
9. Activate the OK control button.
To configure a remote printer into your lp spooler, you must be able to access the system with the
printer via a local area network (LAN). The process of adding a remote printer is similar to that of
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adding a local printer, though you will need to supply SAM with some slightly different
information.
Remote printers cannot be members of a printer class.
Adding a Network-Based Printer
To add a network-based printer or plotter using SAM:
1. Ensure that the printer is connected to the network according to the installation instructions
shipped with the network-based printer or the network interface card for the printer.
2. Gather the following information:
• The name you are giving to this printer or plotter.
• The printer node name.
• The model or interface that the printer will use.
• The link-level address of the network card installed in the printer.
• The TCP-IP protocol printer requires an Internet Protocol (IP) address.
• The priority for this printer.
• The class to which the printer or plotter will be add.
• In addition, decide whether you wish to make this device your system’s default printer.
3. Run SAM
4. Highlight Peripheral Devices and activate the Open control button.
5. Highlight Printers and Plotters and activate the Open control button.
6. Highlight Printers/Plotters and activate the Open control button.
7. Choose Add a network-based printer then Add TCP-IP protocol printer... from the
Actions menu.
8. Fill in the printer interface dialog box fields and turn on and off check box values.
9. Activate the OK control button.
Starting and Stopping the LP Spooler
To start the lp spooler:
1. Run SAM.
2. Highlight Peripheral Devices and activate the Open control button.
3. Highlight Printers and Plotters and activate the Open control button.
4. Highlight Printers/Plotters and activate the Open control button.
5. Choose Start up printer spooler from the Actions menu.
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To stop the LP spooler:
1. Run SAM.
2. Highlight Peripheral Devices and activate the Open control button.
3. Highlight Printers and Plotters and activate the Open control button.
4. Highlight Printers/Plotters and activate the Open control button.
5. Choose Shut down printer spooler from the Actions menu.
Determining the Status of the LP Spooler
To determine the status of the lp spooler:
1. Run SAM.
2. Highlight Peripheral Devices and activate the Open control button.
3. Highlight Printers and Plotters and activate the Open control button.
4. Highlight Printers/Plotters and activate the Open control button.
5. The status area of the object list will display the status of the scheduler as Scheduler:
RUNNING or Scheduler: STOPPED.
Disabling a Printer
1. Run SAM.
2. Highlight Peripheral Devices and activate the Open control button.
3. Highlight Printers and Plotters and activate the Open control button.
4. Highlight Printers/Plotters and activate the Open control button.
5. Highlight the printer you want to disable in the object list.
6. Choose Disable printer from the Actions menu.
NOTE: When you use SAM to “enable” or “disable” a printer, SAM performs both the
accept/reject operation and the enable/disable operation. If you wish to “disable” a printer but
still accept requests for that printer (letting them accumulate in the request directory for the
printer), you must use the HP-UX commands method to disable the printer.
Enabling a Printer
To enable a printer using SAM:
1. Run SAM.
2. Highlight Peripheral Devices and activate the Open control button.
3. Highlight Printers and Plotters and activate the Open control button.
4. Highlight Printers/Plotters and activate the Open control button.
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5. Highlight the printer you want to enable in the object list.
6. Choose Enable printer from the Actions menu.
Setting Up the LP Spooler Using HP-UX Commands
Adding a Local Printer To add a local printer using HP-UX commands:
1. Ensure that you have superuser capabilities.
2. Ensure the printer driver is in the kernel.
3. Ensure a device file exists for the printer.
4. Stop the lp spooler with the lpshut command:
# /usr/lib/lpshut
Add the printer to the lp spooler with the lpadmin command. There is an example later in this
section. The command has the following basic syntax:
/usr/lib/lpadmin -p pname -vdevfile -m model [-d]
where pname is the name that you use to refer to this printer when using the various lp spooler
commands, devfile is the name of the device file to be used to communicate with this printer, model
is the script you would like to “model” your printer’s interface script after. The lpadmin command
will make a copy of this model script and place it in the directory /usr/spool/lp/interface, with the
name you specified in the -p option described above. -d specifies that you want this printer to be
the system default printer.
When using the lpadmin command, do not put any spaces between the options and their respective
values.
Allow print requests to enter the request directory for the newly added printer with the accept
command:
/usr/lib/accept pname
where pname is the name you gave to this printer in the lpadmin command.
Enable the newly added printer to process print requests with the enable command:
/usr/bin/enable pname
Start the line printer scheduler with the lpsched command:
/usr/lib/lpsched
Examples
To determine the status of the lp spooler:
# /usr/bin/lpstat -rscheduler is running
To stop the lp spooler:
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# /usr/bin/enable pname
Start the line printer scheduler with the lpsched command:
# /usr/lib/lpsched
You only need to use the -ob3 option if your print request will be printed on or pass through a
system that uses the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) style lp spooler. BSD systems usethree-digit (rather than four-digit) print request-ID numbers (these are the numbers returned when
you send something to print). The -ob3 option disables any lp -oparm options. BSD systems do
not understand the -o option to the lp command.
Use the -orc if you want to restrict users to canceling only their own print requests.
Examples
To determine the lp spooler status:
# /usr/bin/lpstat -rscheduler is stopped
To add a remote printer, referred to locally as letterhead, physically connected to the system hypo2that uses the BSD style print request-ID numbers, and is known on the remote system as “memos”:
# /usr/lib/lpadmin -pletterhead -v/dev/null -mrmodel -ocmrcmodel \-osmrsmodel -ormhypo2 -ob3 -orpmemos
To add a remote printer, referred to locally as remote_drafts, physically connect to the system
system13, known on the remote system as old_reliable, and requires a printer priority of 3:
# /usr/lib/lpadmin -premote_drafts -v/dev/null -mrmodel -ocmrcmodel \-osmrsmodel -ormsystem13 -g3 -orpold_reliable
To allow print requests to enter the request directory for the newly added remote printers:
# /usr/lib/accept letterhead
# /usr/lib/accept remote_drafts
To enable the newly added remote printers:
# /usr/bin/enable letterhead
# /usr/bin/enable remote_drafts
To start the line printer scheduler, type:
# /usr/lib/lpsched
Adding a Network-Based Printer
To add a network-based printer or plotter using HP-UX commands, follow the instructions shipped
with the network-based printer or the network interface card for the printer.
The software needed to configure your network-based printer is shipped separately. Follow the
instructions shipped with your printer to load the software and configure the printer.
Accepting and Rejecting Print Requests for a Printer
To accept print requests for a printer or printer class, use the accept command:
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# /usr/lib/accept name
You can issue individual commands for each printer class or you can combine the printer classes in
one command.
To reject print requests for a printer or printer class, use the reject command:
# /usr/lib/reject [-r" message"] name [-r" message"] [name]
where message is a message to be displayed when users obtain status information about the printer
or printer class, name is the name of the printer or printer class whose request directory is being
prohibited from receiving print requests.
Examples
To accept print requests for the laser1, laser2, phred, invoices, check_printer printers and the laser
printer class:
# /usr/lib/accept laser1
# /usr/lib/accept phred
# /usr/lib/accept invoices laser2 check_printer laser
To reject print requests for the laser1, laser2, phred, invoices, check_printer printers and the laser
printer class:
# /usr/lib/reject -r"Printer on loan to seismology lab." laser1
# /usr/lib/reject -r"Printers being serviced" laser1 check_printer
# /usr/lib/reject -r"Invoice forms on order" invoices \-r "printers are being serviced" laser1 laser2 phred laser
Enabling or Disabling a Printer
To enable a printer to process print requests, use the enable command:
# /usr/bin/enable pname
You can issue individual commands for each printer or you can combine the printers in one
command separated by spaces.
To disable a printer to process print requests, use the disable command:
# /usr/bin/disable [-r" message"] pname [-r" message"] [ pname]
Examples
To enable the check_printer, laser1, laser2, and phred printers:
# /usr/bin/enable check_printer
# /usr/bin/enable laser1 laser2 phred
To disable the check_printer, invoices, phred, letterhead, and laser printers:
# /usr/bin/disable check_printer
# /usr/bin/disable invoices phred letterhead
# /usr/bin/disable -r "printer disabled to change paper" laser1
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Starting and Stopping the LP Spooler
To start the lp spooler, use the lpsched command:
# /usr/lib/lpsched
To stop the lp spooler, use the lpshut command:
# /usr/lib/lpshut
Canceling Print Requests
To cancel print requests, use the cancel command:
# /usr/bin/cancel req-ID [ printer ]
where req-ID is the print request identification number, and printer is the printer name.
To list print request identification numbers, use the lpstat command.
The cancel command has several useful options that allow you to do things such as cancel all print
requests that you have submitted or cancel all requests associated with a particular printer or
printer class. Here are a few helpful cancel options and their descriptions:
-a Remove all requests a user owns on the specific printer. The owner is determined by the
user’s login name and host name on the machine where the lp command was invoked
-e Empty the spool queue of all requests for the specified printer. Only users with
superuser capabilities can use the -e option
-i Cancel only local requests.
-u user Remove any requests queued belonging to user. Multiple -u options are allowed. Only
users with superuser capabilities can use the -u option.
Examples
# cancel laser-3456
# cancel phred-2152
# cancel letterhead-1547
# cancel laser-3456 phred-2152 letterhead-1547
Viewing the Status of Printers and Print Requests
To view the status of printers and print requests, use the lpstat command:
# /usr/bin/lpstat [-t]
If no options are given, lpstat displays the status of all requests made by the user. The -t option
lists the following additional information:
• Status of the lp spooler
• System default printer
• List of class names and their members
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• List of printers and associated device files
• Status of each print request directory (accepting or rejecting). If a reason was specified
when the requests were rejected the reason is displayed.
• Status of each printer (enabled or disabled). If a reason was specified when the printer
was disabled, the reason is displayed.• Priority for each printer
• List of print requests for each printer that includes the following attributes for each print
request:
Print request identification number
Name of user that submitted the print request
Priority
Date and time submitted
File name
Size
8.3 Interplatform Printing
AIX can print to an HP-UX print server and vice versa. For this to work you must verify the
following:
1. Basic network connectivity between the workstations
2. Each print server has the appropriate entries in either /etc/hosts.equiv or /etc/hosts.lpd.
3. For the queue of the AIX client printing to an HP-UX print server, use the following for
filters in /etc/qconfig:
/usr/lpd/attshort
/usr/lpd/attlong
4. For printing from and HP-UX client to an AIX print server, be sure to choose the BSD
option when adding a remote printer using SAM.
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9. Configuring TCP/IP
9.1 AIX
AIX supports a number of different networking technologies, including Ethernet, Token-ring, andFiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI). For purposes of this discussion we will assume Ethernet,
since its use is so widespread. You must have the bosnet.tcpip.obj software installed in order to
configure TCP/IP.
On most UNIX systems you configure TCP/IP with commands such as ifconfig and route, and
then make your configuration permanent by editing startup files. You can do this with AIX, but
since TCP/IP configuration is part of the ODM database, it is best to use SMIT to do all your
configuration.
Basic TCP/IP Configuration
1. Start SMIT:
# smit mktcpip
2. On the Available Network Interfaces screen, select the appropriate interface. Upon
bootup cfgmgr recognizes the network card and configures it into the ODM database.
3. On the Minimum Configuration & Startup menu, fill in, as a minimum, the
HOSTNAME, Internet ADDRESS fields. Also specify whether or not you want to start
TCP/IP now or at bootup in the START Now field.
4. Additional parameters that can be configured with this screen are network mask, name
service, gateway, and cable types. If you leave the Network MASK field blank, AIX will
provide you with a default value based upon the class of the system’s IP address. For the
CABLE Type field, bnc specifies thin cable and dix specifies thick; for other types,choose N/A.
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Example
Minimum Configuration & Startup
To Delete existing configuration data, please use Further Configuration
menus
Type or select values in entry fields.Press Enter AFTER making all desired changes.
[Entry Fields]* HOSTNAME [a2410bjv]* Internet ADDRESS (dotted decimal) [15.24.48.58]Network MASK (dotted decimal) [255.255.248.0]
* Network INTERFACE en0NAMESERVER
Internet ADDRESS (dotted decimal) [15.41.144.101]DOMAIN Name [nsr.hp.com]
Default GATEWAY Address [15.24.55.253](dotted decimal or symbolic name)Your CABLE Type N/A +START Now no +
Setting the Hostname
To set or reset your host’s name,
1. Start SMIT:
# smit hostname
2. Choose the Set the Hostname menu item.
3. Fill in the new hostname in the HOSTNAME field.
Adding a Route
1. Start SMIT:
# smit mkroute
2. Fill in the values for DESTINATION Address and Default GATEWAY Address. For
Destination Type you have a choice between net and host. AIX provides a default value
of 1 for the METRIC field.
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Add Static Route
Type or select values in entry fields.Press Enter AFTER making all desired changes.
[Entry Fields]Destination TYPE net +
* DESTINATION Address [](dotted decimal or symbolic name)
* Default GATEWAY Address [](dotted decimal or symbolic name)
* METRIC (number of hops to destination gateway) [1] #
Removing a Route
Removing a route in SMIT looks much as the same as adding a route. Just type in the following
and fill in the appropriate values:
# smit rmroute
Flushing the Routing Table
To flush the routing table,
1. Start SMIT:
# smit fshrttbl
2. This produces the following:
Flush Routing Table
Type or select values in entry fields.
Press Enter AFTER making all desired changes.
[Entry Fields]Flush Routing Table in the Current Running System yes +Flush Routing Table in the Configuration Data Base no +(effective in the next system restart)
If you want to flush the routing table temporarily but keep the routing information in the database,
accept the defaults. If you want to clear the ODM of routing information, select yes for Flush
Routing Table in the Configuration Data Base.
Changing Network Card ConfigurationTo alter the configuration of a network card, do the following:
1. Start SMIT:
# smit chinet
2. Select the appropriate interface in the Available Network Interfaces menu.
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3. Make the appropriate changes as needed. If you leave the BROADCAST ADDRESSfield blank, AIX will provide a default based on the subnet mask.
Example
Change / Show a Standard Ethernet Interface
Type or select values in entry fields.Press Enter AFTER making all desired changes.
[Entry Fields]Network Interface Name en0INTERNET ADDRESS (dotted decimal) [15.24.48.58]Network MASK (hexadecimal or dotted decimal) [255.255.248.0]Current STATE up +Use Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)? yes +BROADCAST ADDRESS (dotted decimal) []
Removing Network Card Configuration
There is no SMIT fastpath option to removing an interface. Instead,
1. Start SMIT:
# smit inet
2. Select the Remove a Network Interface option.
3. Select the appropriate interface.
CAUTION: SMIT removes the interface without prompting!
Managing Name ServersTo edit /etc/resolv.conf :
1. Start SMIT:
# smit resolv.conf
2. This produces the following:
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Domain Nameserver (/etc/resolv.conf)
Move cursor to desired item and press Enter.
Start Using the NameserverList All NameserversAdd a NameserverRemove a NameserverStop Using a Nameserver-------------------------------Set / Show the DomainRemove the Domain
Use this as a means to edit the /etc/resolv.conf file or use a text editor to do so.
Adding Entries to /etc/hosts
1. Start SMIT:
# smit hostent
2. This produces the following:
Hosts Table (/etc/hosts)
Move cursor to desired item and press Enter.
List All HostsAdd a HostChange / Show Characteristics of a HostRemove a Host
Use this as a means to edit the /etc/hosts file or use a text editor to do so.
Editing /etc/inetd.conf
To edit /etc/inetd.conf and ensure the ODM database is updated:
1. Start SMIT:
# smit inetdconf
2. This produces the following:
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inetd Subservers
Move cursor to desired item and press Enter.
List All inetd SubserversAdd an inetd SubserverChange / Show Characteristics of an inetd SubserverRemove an inetd Subserver
Use the menu selections to add or remove entries to the /etc/inetd.conf and update the ODM. If,
however, you edit /etc/inetd.conf with a text editor you must use the inetimp command to update
the new information in the InetServ object class in the ODM.
Editing the /etc/services File
You can use SMIT to edit /etc/services and at the same time ensure that the ODM database is
updated.
1. Start SMIT: # smit inetserv
2. This produces the following:
Services (/etc/services)
Move cursor to desired item and press Enter.
List All ServicesAdd a ServiceChange / Show Characteristics of a Service
Remove a Service
Follow the menus to make the changes you desire. As with the /etc/inetd.conf file, you must use
inetimp to update the ODM after using a text editor to change the /etc/services file.
Editing /etc/hosts.equiv
To create entries to or modify /etc/hosts.equiv using SMIT:
1. Start SMIT:
# smit hostsequiv
2. This produces the following:
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Host Access (/etc/host.equiv)
Move cursor to desired item and press Enter.
List All Remote HostsAdd a Remote HostRemove a Remote Host
Follow the menus to make the changes you desire.
Editing /etc/ftpusers
To edit /etc/ftpusers:
1. Start SMIT:
# smit ftpusers
2. This produces the following:
Restrict File Transfer Program Users (/etc/ftpusers)
Move cursor to desired item and press Enter.
Show All Restricted UsersAdd a Restricted UserRemove a Restricted User
Managing Other Services
1. Start SMIT: # smit otherserv
2. This produces the following:
Other Available Services
Move cursor to desired item and press Enter.
Super Daemon (inetd)syslogd Subsystem routed Subsystem
gated Subsystem named Subsystem rwhod Subsystem timed Subsystem portmap Subsystem (information only)
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Using BSD Style rc Configuration
The AIX style of TCP configuration is to use the ODM configuration information. Upon bootup
the /etc/rc.net file runs methods to configure the network card and set the hostname, default
gateway, and routes based upon the ODM database. If you would prefer not to use the ODM to do
this, you can elect to have a BSD style of TCP configuration. BSD style uses the ifconfig
command and reads /etc/rc.bsdnet to configure the network card. To elect BSD style,
1. Start SMIT:
# smit setbootup_option
2. Choose yes and press enter at the following screen:
Select BSD style rc Configuration
Please answer yes if you want BSD style rc configuration.The default is no.
Default style configuration uses the data in the ODM database anduses the file /etc/rc.net to define, load, and configure a correspondinginterface.
BSD style configuration uses the traditional ifconfig command and ituses the file /etc/rc.bsdnet to configure the corresponding interface.
Type or select values in entry fields.Press Enter AFTER making all desired changes.
[Entry Fields]Use BSD Style rc Configuration no +
A caveat about the above procedure: after selecting yes you will not have System Resource
Controller (SRC) support. In other words, you can’t use commands like refresh -s inetd. If you
want flat file configuration and SRC support, uncomment the commands in /etc/rc.net under the
heading Traditional Configuration. Below is that section in commented form:
################################################################### Part II - Traditional Configuration.################################################################### An alternative method for bringing up all the default interfaces# is to specify explicitly which interfaces to configure using the# ifconfig command. Ifconfig requires the configuration information# be specified on the command line. Ifconfig will not update the# information kept in the ODM configuration database.## Valid network interfaces are:# lo=local loopback, en=standard ethernet, et=802.3 ethernet# sl=serial line IP, tr=802.5 token ring, xt=X.25## e.g., en0 denotes standard ethernet network interface, unit zero.## Below are examples of how you could bring up each interface using
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# ifconfig. Since you can specify either a hostname or a dotted# decimal address to set the interface address, it is convenient to# set the hostname at this point and use it for the aress of# an interface, as shown below:##/bin/hostname robo.austin.ibm.com >>$LOGFILE 2>&1#
# (Remember that if you have more than one interface,# you'll want to have a different IP address for each one.# Below, xx.xx.xx.xx stands for the internet address for the# given interface).##/usr/sbin/ifconfig lo0 inet loopback up >>$LOGFILE 2>&1#/usr/sbin/ifconfig en0 inet 'hostname' up >>$LOGFILE 2>&1#/usr/sbin/ifconfig et0 inet xx.xx.xx.xx up >>$LOGFILE 2>&1#/usr/sbin/ifconfig tr0 inet xx.xx.xx.xx up >>$LOGFILE 2>&1#/usr/sbin/ifconfig sl0 inet xx.xx.xx.xx up >>$LOGFILE 2>&1#/usr/sbin/ifconfig xt0 inet xx.xx.xx.xx up >>$LOGFILE 2>&1### Now we set any static routes.
## /usr/sbin/route add 0 gateway >>$LOGFILE 2>&1# /usr/sbin/route add 192.9.201.0 gateway >>$LOGFILE 2>&1
9.2 HP-UX
Using SAM to Edit /etc/hosts
Note the following information before you begin:
• SAM edits only the /etc/hosts file; it does not edit an NFS, NIS, or BIND Name Service
database.
• If you must go through a gateway to reach the remote system that you are addingconnectivity information about, SAM will prompt you for the gateway’s hostname and IP
address. With this information, SAM will automatically configure the necessary routing
(by executing an /etc/route add host command and adding it to /etc/netlinkrc).
• If you use only one gateway to reach all systems on other parts of the network, use the
Modify Default Gateway action (under the Internet Connectivity screen of the Remote
Connectivity area) to avoid having to enter the same gateway information every time
SAM prompts you for it.
The following steps tell how to use SAM to automatically add entries to /etc/hosts:
1. Start SAM.2. Select the Networking/Communications menu item.
3. Select the Remote System Connectivity menu item.
4. Select the Internet Connectivity menu item.
5. Select the Add action.
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• Note: The Remove action lets you delete /etc/hosts file entries. If you have to reach
the remote system through a gateway, this action also removes the associated
/etc/route add host command from the /etc/netlinkrc file.
6. Fill in the form according to its instructions. View the help screens for information about
filling in the form.
7. Select apply to enter additional names of systems to be configured (use apply as a shortcut
to remain in the add screen). Then, press OK when you are done with the screen.
8. Repeat steps 4 through 7 to add connectivity to more remote systems.
9. Exit the Internet Connectivity screen by selecting Exit from the List menu. From the
Remote System Connectivity screen, select Exit SAM to exit from SAM.
Specifying a New Default Gateway
To replace the current default gateway (if there is one), select the Modify Default Gateway Action
from the Internet Connectivity menu (under the Remote System Connectivity area).
Deleting the Default Gateway
If you want to delete the default gateway that you added with SAM’s Specify the Default
Gateway form, you must do it manually with the following:
Enter the following command at the HP-UX prompt:
/etc/route delete default gateway_hostname
Edit the /etc/netlinkrc file to remove the corresponding /etc/route add default entry for the
gateway.
Editing /etc/inetd.conf You can modify /etc/inetd.conf if you have special requirements, but it is properly configured
when you receive it with the LAN product.
Anytime inetd is started up, it reads the /etc/inetd.conf file. If you modify the /etc/inetd.conf entry
for a service, use the inetd -c command to reconfigure inetd while it is still running.
The /etc/inetd.conf file contains an entry for each ARPA server started by inetd on your host, with
the exception of rcp, whose server is remshd. sendmail, named, and gated provide their own
daemons, and their servers are not started by inetd.
Editing /usr/adm/inetd.sec
The /usr/adm/inetd.sec file is a security file used by the daemon inetd. The /usr/adm/inetd.secfile provides an extra security layer beyond any security check done by the services. It allows the
node manager to determine how many remote services can run simultaneously on the local host and
which hosts or networks are allowed to remotely use the local host. This check is done before the
service’s security check. The inetd daemon reads the /usr/adm/inetd.sec file and checks the
address of any host requesting a service. The inetd daemon only allows the requesting host to
access a particular service if it is not forbidden by /usr/adm/inetd.sec.
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NOTE If inetd is running, it rereads /usr/adm/inetd.sec when you make changes to it. Your
changes are applied to any services started up after the file is reread, but not to any services
currently running.
Setting the Maximum Number of Remote Connections
If you choose to put a limit on the number of services that can be used remotely at any one time,use the following entry in the first line of /usr/adm/inetd.sec:
MAXNUM number
where number is the maximum number of simultaneous remote services allowed.
If MAXNUM is declared, it must be the first line of data in the file. MAXNUM default is 1000.
Allowing and Denying Nodes Access to Services.
You can allow and deny remote systems access to local ARPA Services by using SAM or by
manually editing the /usr/adm/inetd.sec file.
Using SAM to Edit /usr/adm/inetd.sec
SAM does not allow you to set the maximum number of connections by which remote users access
local services. If you want to set this number, edit /usr/adm/inetd.sec manually.
The following steps tell how to use SAM to allow or deny remote systems access to local ARPA
Services:
1. Start SAM.
2. Select the Networking/Communications menu item.
3. Select the Security menu item.
4. Select the Internet Service menu item.
5. To modify a single service, highlight it, and then select the Modify action item.
Alternatively, you can choose the Modify All Services action to change security for all
services.
6. Fill in the form according to its instructions. View the help screens for information about
filling in the form.
7. Select apply to enter additional names of systems to be configured (use apply as a
shortcut to remain in the add screen). Then, press OK when you are done with the screen.
8. Repeat steps 5 through 7 to allow or deny remote systems access to other local ARPA
Services.
9. Exit the Internet Service screen by selecting exit from the List menu. From the Securityscreen, select Exit SAM to exit from SAM.
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Creating /etc/ftpusers
The /etc/ftpusers file is a security file for ftpd. You must create this file if you want to use it.
ftpd checks locally for this file before allowing a remote login to the local host. If the remote user
specifies an account on the local host that is listed in /etc/ftpusers, the remote connection is denied.
Using SAM to Create /etc/ftpusersYou can use SAM to create /etc/ftpusers or you can manually create and edit this file.
1. Start SAM.
2. Select the Networking/Communications menu item.
3. Select the Security menu item.
4. Select the Internet Service menu item.
5. Select the ftp service and choose the Modify action. Highlight the “Select Denied Users”
item and fill in the list of users you wish to deny access to the ftp service. Select Add to
add each user to the list.
6. Select OK when you are done with the screen.
7. Exit the Internet Security screen by selecting exit from the List menu. From the Securityscreen, select Exit SAM to exit from SAM.
Creating /etc/hosts.equiv
If you have already manually configured an /etc/hosts.equiv file with entries other than those of
the form hostname or hostname username do not use SAM to configure /etc/hosts.equiv. SAM
does not recognize, display or add entries of other forms (such as +, -, %, or
+@example_nfsnetgroup).
1. Start SAM
2. Select the Networking/Communications menu item.
3. Select the Security menu item.
4. Select the Remote Login menu item.
5. Select the Add action.
6. Fill in the form according to its instructions. View the help screens for information about
filling in the form.
7. Select apply to enter additional names of systems to be configured (use apply as ashortcut to remain in the add screen). Then, press OK when you are done with the screen.
8. Repeat steps 5 through 7 to allow or deny remote systems’ easy access (via rcp, remsh, or
rlogin) to the local system.
9. Exit the Remote Login screen by selecting exit from the List menu. From the Securityscreen, select Exit SAM to exit from SAM.
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• NOTE: The Required choice deletes all /etc/hosts.equiv file entries for the remote
system you specify. Use this choice to remove unwanted entries. You may also
modify the list of users that are currently allowed access without a password. Choose
Select - Not Required and change the list of remote login names as desired.
Creating a .rhosts File for the Local Superuser Account.You can use SAM to create a $HOME/.rhosts file for the local superuser account only. (You
cannot create $HOME/.rhosts files for local non-superuser accounts with SAM.)
If you have already manually configured a $HOME/.rhosts file and did not use entries of the
following forms hostname or hostname username do not use SAM to configure $HOME/.rhosts.
SAM does not recognize, display or add entries of other forms (such as +, -, %, or
+@example_nfsnetgroup).
The following steps tell how to use SAM to let a remote system’s user(s) become superuser on
your local host without having to enter a password:
1. Start SAM.
2. Select the Networking/Communications menu item.
3. Select the Security menu item.
4. Select the Remote Login menu item.
5. Select the Add action.
6. Fill in the form according to its instructions. View the help screens for information about
filling in the form.
• NOTE: If you are the superuser, the Required choice deletes all $HOME/.rhosts file
entries for the remote system you specify. Use this choice to remove unwanted entries.7. Select apply to enter additional names of systems to be configured (use apply as a
shortcut to remain in the add screen). Then, press OK when you are done with the screen.
8. Exit the Remote Login screen by selecting exit from the List menu.
9. From the Security screen, select Exit SAM to exit from SAM.
Networking Startup Files
The /etc/rc script is executed when your system boots. It calls the /etc/src.sh file to set the
hostname of your system. The /etc/rc script calls the /etc/netlinkrc script which initializes your
networking. If you configure networking manually, this is the script to modify. The following areincluded in /etc/netlinkrc:
/etc/nettl, the logging daemon
/etc/ifconfig
/etc/lanconfig
/etc/route
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/bin/nodename
/etc/rlbdaemon, the remote loop back daemon
/etc/syslogd
/etc/netnfsrc, the script that starts NFS
/etc/inetd
/etc/netbsdrc, the script that starts ARPA/BSD networking services
/etc/netnfsrc2, which makes NFS mounts and starts automounter
/etc/netnssrc, which starts NS services
9.3 Summary
TCP/IP is a standard product, but configuring it differs considerably in AIX and HP-UX. Like so
many items in AIX, networking configuration by default is part of the ODM configuration
database. Therefore changes to networking files such as /etc/inetd.conf and /etc/services requirethe inetimp command to update the ODM. It is easier, however, to use SMIT to configure TCP/IP
because doing so insures that the ODM is brought up to date automatically. You do have the
option in AIX to configure TCP/IP using the traditional commands ifconfig and route, and to
make your changes permanent by either editing the /etc/rc.net file, in which case you retain SRC
support, or editing /etc/rc.bsdnet, entailing no SRC support.
HP-UX has a traditional means of configuring TCP/IP. However, using SAM can make the
process a lot easier. HP-UX also has a /usr/adm/inetd.sec file, which AIX does not, that adds an
extra layer of security for TCP/IP.
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10. Domain Name Service
10.1 AIX
named Data Files
AIX suggests the following naming convention for named data files, though you can use whatever
scheme suits you:
1. Names and internet addresses of the root name servers: named.ca
2. Address resolution information for local loopback: named.domain_namelocal
3. Address resolution data for all machines in the zone: named.domain_namedata
4. Reverse address resolution information: named.domain_namerev
These files are usually found in the /etc directory.
Note: AIX provides sample configuration files in the /usr/lpp/tcpip/samples directory.
Configuring a Primary Name Server
1. Edit the /etc/named.boot file, being sure to include the following:
• Name of the default domain
• Primary name server designation and names of named hosts data file and namedreverse hosts data file.
• Name of the local file (e.g., named.local)
2. Edit the /etc/named.ca file to include the names and addresses of the root servers.
3. Edit the /etc/named.domain_namelocal file. Include the following:
• Start of authority of the zone and the default time-to-live information.
• Name server (NS) record.
• Pointer (PTR) record.
4. Edit the /etc/named.domain_namedata file. Include the following:
• Start of authority of the zone and the default time-to-live information for the zone
• Name-to-address resolution information on all hosts in the name server’s zone of authority
• Name server records for all primary name servers in the zone
5. Edit the /etc/named.domain_namerev file. Include the following:
• Start of authority of the zone and the default time to live information
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• Address to name resolution information on all hosts to be in the name server’s zone of
authority
6. Create an empty /etc/resolv.conf file by issuing the following command:
# touch /etc/resolv.conf
7. Enable the named daemon using the following SMIT fastpath:
# smit stnamed
You get the following:
Start Using the named Subsystem
Move cursor to desired item and press Enter.
NOWNext System RESTARTBOTH
If you choose BOTH, SMIT starts named and then edits /etc/rc.tcpip to get it to start up on each
boot.
Configuring a Secondary Name Server
1. Edit the /etc/named.boot file. This is the same as for a primary server except that you
must include secondary lines for each of the domains for which the secondary server is
responsible and a secondary line to define the reverse name resolution information. Also,
you should include a primary line for the /etc/named.domain_namelocal file.
2. Edit the /etc/named.ca file.
3. Edit the /etc/named.local file.
4. Create an /etc/resolv.conf file by issuing the following command:
# touch /etc/resolv.conf
You may want to enter records to specify the name, domain, and address of the name
server.
5. Enable the named daemon using the following SMIT fastpath:
# smit stnamed
Configuring a Cache-Only Name Server
1. Edit the /etc/named.boot file. Specify a name server type of primary with a source of /etc/named.local as well as the domain for which the name server will be responsible.
2. Edit the /etc/named.ca file.
3. Edit the /etc/named.local file.
4. Create a /etc/resolv.conf file by issuing the following command:
# touch /etc/resolv.conf
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2. Move named.boot to the /etc directory after running hosts_to_named elsewhere.
Refer to the hosts_to_named man page for a complete description of this command and available
options.
Configuring a Secondary Name Server
A secondary server can use the same db.cache and db.127.0.0 files as the primary server, but
requires a different named.boot file. The named.boot file lists the IP addresses of servers from
which the secondary server gets its information. You can create the named.boot file by running
hosts_to_named, or by creating the file manually.
Creating the Boot File with hosts_to_named
When used with the -Z and/or -z options, hosts_to_named uses the primary server’s named.bootfile to create two secondary boot files: boot.sec.save and boot.sec. With boot.sec.save, the server
saves a backup copy of the information loaded over the network. With boot.sec, the server does
not save a backup copy. The -Z and -z options are used to list the IP addresses of servers from
which the secondary server gets its information.
To configure the secondary server, copy db.cache, db.127.0.0, and either boot.sec.save or
boot.sec to the host that will run the secondary server. Then rename boot.sec.save or boot.sec to
/etc/named.boot.
Configuring a Caching Only Name Server
No special line in the boot file is required to designate a server as caching only. Rather, caching
only is indicated by the absence of primary or secondary lines in the boot file. The only primary
line indicates the in-addr.arpa domain (the loopback interface), for which all name servers must be
authoritative.
To create a caching only server, do not run hosts_to_named again. Instead, copy boot.cacheonly,db.127.0.0, and db.cache from the primary server. Rename boot.cacheonly to /etc/named.boot.
Setting Up a Remote Name Server
If you want the resolver routines to use a remote server instead of a local server, you need to create
/etc/resolv.conf . This file designates which name servers on the network should be sent queries. If
you are running a local server, creating this file is not advisable, as it is read every time
gethostbyname or gethostbyaddr is called--though several applications (like HP VUE) do not
work without /etc/resolv.conf when running a name server.
/etc/resolv.conf has three configuration options:
•
domain followed by the default domain name. The domain entry is needed only when thehostname (hostname) of the local system is not a domain name.
• nameserver followed by the Internet address (in dot notation) of a name server that the
resolver should query. Up to three name servers may be listed here.
• search followed by up to six domains separated by spaces or tabs. The first domain in the
search list must be the local domain. The domain and search keywords are mutually
exclusive.
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NOTE When the name server is unavailable, NIS or /etc/hosts is used for hostname and address
resolution. However, certain remote server configurations may not detect that the remote name
server host(s) is unavailable and thus will not use NIS or /etc/hosts for lookups. The following
configurations may exhibit this behavior:
1. The remote server host is down.
2. More than one remote server is listed in /etc/resolv.conf and all the remote server hosts are
unreachable.
Setting the Local Domain
When you use domain names that are not fully qualified, the resolver completes the names with the
local domain. To do this, the resolver must know what the local domain is.
There are two ways in which you can set the local domain:
1. Set the hostname of the local system (hostname) to be a domain name without a trailing
dot. For example, you would set the hostname in /etc/rc for the machine indigo in the
domain div.inc.rom as follows:hostname indigo.div.inc.com
2. Create /etc/resolv.conf and add a domain or search entry. For example, create an
/etc/resolv.conf file that contains the following line:
domain div.inc.com
Starting the Primary Server
After you have created the primary name server’s boot file and domain data files, you are ready to
start the primary server and begin using the BIND name service. Before you start the name server,
make sure syslogd is running.
To start the name server, type the following:
# /etc/named
If you enter /etc/named without any arguments, it reads the default boot file /etc/named.boot,
reads any initial data, and listens for queries. If the name server boot file is in the /etc directory,
the /etc/netbsdsrc file will automatically start the name server at boot time.
The procedure for starting other types of servers is the same as above. Refer to the named entry in
the HP-UX Reference for information on additional options.
Maintaining Network and Domain Data Files
Once the name server is running, you may need to update network-related files to contain domainnames. Flat or string-type hostnames which are not hosts in the local domain must be converted to
domain names in the following files: all $HOME/.rhosts files, all $HOME/.netrc files,
/etc/hosts, /etc/hosts.equiv, and /usr/adm/inetd.sec.
When you convert the flat names to domain names, you must be sure that the domain name
contains every label from the host to the top-level domain. However, do not end the domain name
with a dot. For example, in an .rhosts file, do not use:
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indigo.div.inc.com. fred
Instead, use:
indigo.div.inc.com fred
A utility is available to convert the hostnames in .rhosts and hosts.equiv to fully qualified domain
names automatically. The shell script convert_rhosts, found in /etc/newconfig/bind, acceptsinput conforming to the syntax in hosts.equiv and converts it to fully qualified domain names.
Instructions for using this utility are in the comments at the beginning of the script itself.
Updating Domain Data Files
As the composition of your network changes, you may need to add or remove hosts.
NOTE: After modifying the domain data files, the name server must be restarted so that the files
are reread. You can use either kill -1 process-id or sig_named restart for this purpose. Both
signal the name server to reload its database. Refer to the sig_named entry in the HP-UX
Reference.
Adding or Deleting a Host
There are two ways to add or delete a host.
1. Add or delete the host to /etc/hosts and run hosts_to_named again.
2. Add or delete the host manually.
Name Resolution Order
If you are using DNS, the resolver attempts to find addresses in the following order:
1. The name server
2. The local /etc/hosts file
If you are using network information service (NIS) for name resolution, the name resolution order
is:
1. The name server
2. NIS
3. The local /etc/hosts file
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10.3 Summary
DNS is much the same on both AIX and HP-UX. The differences lie in the names and locations of
named files:
AIX name and location HP-UX name and location
/etc/resolv.conf /etc/resolv.conf
/usr/sbin/named /etc/named
/usr/sbin/named-xfer /etc/named-xfer
/etc/named.boot /etc/named.boot
/etc/named.ca /etc/named.data/db.cache
/etc/named.local /etc/named.data/db.127.0.0
/etc/named.data /etc/named.data/db.[domain]
/etc/named.rev /etc/named.db.[net]
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11. NIS
11.1 AIX
NIS Maps and Commands
On AIX 3.2.5 /etc/yp is a link to /var/yp. In the latter on servers is the domainname subdirectory
containing all the maps, and the following files:
Makefile Makefile.pre_ix26157aliases.timebindinggroup.timehosts.timenetid.timepasswd.time
protocols.timepublickey.timerpc.timeservices.timeupdaters
The make command uses the Makefile in this directory and can be used to create maps and to push
them. Unlike HP-UX, there is no ypmake script . Makefile calls the makedbm command to build
maps, create *.time files, and push the maps. The Makefile refers to various yp commands in the
/usr/etc/yp directory, but actually, all the commands in that directory are links:
chmaster -> /usr/sbin/mkmasterchslave -> /usr/sbin/mkslave
chypdom -> /usr/sbin/chypdomlsmaster -> /usr/sbin/lsmaster makedbm -> /usr/sbin/makedbm mkalias -> /usr/sbin/mkalias mkclient -> /usr/sbin/mkclient mkkeyserv -> /usr/sbin/mkkeyserv mkmaster -> /usr/sbin/mkmaster mknetid -> /usr/sbin/mknetid mkslave -> /usr/sbin/mkslave mrgpwd -> /usr/sbin/mrgpwdrevnetgroup -> /usr/sbin/revnetgrouprmkeyserv -> /usr/sbin/rmkeyservrmyp -> /usr/sbin/rmypstdethers -> /usr/sbin/stdethers
stdhosts -> /usr/sbin/stdhostsudpublickey -> /usr/sbin/udpublickeyypinit -> /usr/sbin/ypinityppoll -> /usr/sbin/yppollyppush -> /usr/sbin/yppushypset -> /usr/sbin/ypsetypxfr -> /usr/sbin/ypxfrypxfr_1perday -> /usr/sbin/ypxfr_1perdayypxfr_1perhour -> /usr/sbin/ypxfr_1perhourypxfr_2perday -> /usr/sbin/ypxfr_2perday
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Also, the yp commands in /usr/etc are actually links:
rpc.yppasswdd -> /usr/lib/netsvc/yp/rpc.yppasswddrpc.ypupdated -> /usr/lib/netsvc/yp/rpc.ypupdatedypbind -> /usr/lib/netsvc/yp/ypbindypserv -> /usr/lib/netsvc/yp/ypserv
Master Server Configuration
You can use SMIT to configure NIS or you can do so manually. If you do a manual configuration,
the process is the same as in HP-UX, with the exception of starting the yp daemons.
Restricting Access to the Master Server
You can use a password file other than /etc/passwd. To do so,
1. Edit the /etc/rc.nfs file and change the following stanza:
DIR=/etc
if [ -x /usr/etc/rpc.yppasswdd -a -f $DIR/passwd ]; then startsrc -s yppasswdd
fi
2. Change $DIR/passwd to the pathname of the actual password file, such as
/etc/passwd.nis:
DIR=/etc
if [ -x /usr/etc/rpc.yppasswdd -a -f $DIR/passwd.nis ]; then
startsrc -s yppasswdd
fi
3. Then enter the following command before starting the yppasswdd daemon:
# chssys -s yppasswdd -a '/etc/passwd.nis -m passwd'
Creating an NIS Master Server
1. If you haven’t done so already, set the domain name:
# smit chypdom
2. Start SMIT:
# smit mkmaster
3. You will see the following:
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Configure this Host as a NIS Master Server
Type or select values in entry fields.Press Enter AFTER making all desired changes.
[Entry Fields]HOSTS that will be slave servers []
* Can existing MAPS for the domain be overwritten? yes +* EXIT on errors, when creating master server? yes +* START the yppasswdd daemon? no +* START the ypupdated daemon? no +* START the ypbind daemon? yes +* START the master server now, both +
at system restart, or both?
4. In the HOSTS field, enter the names of your slave servers if you have any or going to
have any.
This is all that’s required. If you want a more secure setup, you can choose yes to START the
yppasswdd daemon and START the ypupdated daemon. See the man page for these daemonsfor more information. If you accept the default value of both for START the master server now,
at system restart, or both, SMIT will call ypinit -m, start the appropriate daemons, and make
changes to the /etc/rc.nfs file to make the changes permanent.
Creating an NIS Slave
1. If you haven’t done so already, set the domain name:
# smit chypdom
2. Start SMIT:
# smit mkslave
3. You will see the following:
Configure this Host as a NIS Slave Server
Type or select values in entry fields.Press Enter AFTER making all desired changes.
[Entry Fields]* HOSTNAME of the master server []* Can existing MAPS for the domain be overwritten? yes +* START the slave server now, both +
at system restart, or both?* Quit if errors are encountered? yes +
Enter the name of your master server. If the defaults are fine, press Enter. SMIT will run ypinit -
s and make sure the necessary changes are made to /etc/rc.nfs to make the changes permanent.
Creating an NIS Client
1. If you haven’t done so already, set the domain name:
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# smit chypdom
2. Start SMIT:
# smit mkclient
3. You will see the following:
Configure this Host as a NIS Client
Type or select values in entry fields.Press Enter AFTER making all desired changes.
[Entry Fields]* START the NIS client now, both +
at system restart, or both?
Pressing Enter at this point starts ypbind and edits /etc/rc.nfs.
Managing yp Daemons
You can manage all the yp daemons using SMIT or on the command line using SRC commands.
1. To use SMIT type:
# smit ypstartstop
2. You will see the following:
Start / Stop Configured NIS Daemons
Move cursor to desired item and press Enter.
Start the Server Daemon, ypservStart the Client Daemon, ypbindStart the yppasswdd DaemonStart the ypupdated DaemonStop the Server Daemon, ypservStop the Client Daemon, ypbindStop the yppasswdd DaemonStop the ypupdated Daemon
3. Follow the menu items to stop or start the appropriate daemons. Each selection above
gives you the option of starting or stopping daemons immediately, at system restart, or
both.
You can start or stop yp daemons using SRC commands, either individually or as a group.
To stop all yp daemons:
# stopsrc -g yp
To start all yp daemons:
# startsrc -g yp
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To stop a yp daemon, for example ypbind, individually:
# stopsrc -s ypbind
To start a yp daemon, for example ypserv, individually:
# startsrc -s ypserv
Following is excerpts from /etc/rc.nfs. To manually configure yp in /etc/rc.nfs, edit the following
stanzas with a text editor:
# Uncomment the following lines and change the domain# name to define your domain (domain must be defined# before starting NIS).if [ -x /usr/bin/domainname ]; then
/usr/bin/domainname elmofi
...
if [ -x /usr/etc/ypserv -a -d /etc/yp/`domainname` ]; thenstartsrc -s ypserv
fi
if [ -x /usr/etc/ypbind ]; thenstartsrc -s ypbind
fi
if [ -x /usr/etc/keyserv ]; thenstartsrc -s keyserv
fi
if [ -x /usr/etc/rpc.ypupdated -a -d /etc/yp/`domainname` ]; thenstartsrc -s ypupdated
...
#Uncomment the following lines to start up the NIS#yppasswd daemon.DIR=/etcif [ -x /usr/etc/rpc.yppasswdd -a -f $DIR/passwd ]; then
startsrc -s yppasswddfi
11.2 HP-UX
NIS Maps and Commands
On HP-UX 9.0x /etc/yp is a link to /usr/etc/yp. In the latter is the domainname subdirectory
containing all the maps, and the following files: Makefilelongfiles
makedbm mkaliasrevnetgroupstdhostsypinitypmake
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yppollyppushypserv.logypsetypxfrypxfr.log
ypxfr_1perdayypxfr_1perhourypxfr_2perday
The file ypmake is a shell script that builds one or more maps on a master NIS server. If no
arguments are specified, ypmake either creates maps if they do not already exist or rebuilds maps
that are not current. yppush is then executed to notify slave NIS servers of the change and make
the slave servers copy the updated maps to their machines. If any maps are supplied on the
command line, ypmake creates or updates those maps only. The make command can be used
instead of ypmake. The Makefile in /usr/etc/yp calls the ypmake script to actually construct the
maps. Better performance is achieved if ypmake is called.
Master Server ConfigurationYou must be superuser to create an NIS master server (i.e., to build the NIS master databases).
You should also be in a single user state of operation.
Preparations for Creating an NIS Master Server.
1. Perform the following steps before creating your master server:
2. Ensure /etc files are complete and current: passwd, hosts, group, networks, protocols,
rpc, and services.
3. If you know the correct configuration, create the /etc/netgroup file. (See netgroup(4) in
the HP-UX Reference.)
Restricting Access to the Master Server
If you want to restrict access to the master server to a smaller set of users than defined by the
complete /etc/passwd file, perform the following steps:
1. Copy the entire /etc/passwd file to a different file (e.g., /etc/passwd.nis).
2. Delete undesired users from the original /etc/passwd file. To prevent all entries in the NIS
passwd map from being able to log in, this smaller file should not include the following
line:
+::0:0:::
Edit /usr/etc/yp/ypinit. Change the line containing:
PWFILE=/etc/passwd
TO:
PWFILE=/etc/passwd.nis
3. Edit /etc/netnfsrc as follows:
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CHANGE:
/usr/etc/rpc.yppasswdd /etc/passwd -m passwd PWFILE=/etc/passwd
TO:
/usr/etc/rpc.yppasswdd /etc/passwd.nis -m passwd\
PWFILE=/etc/passwd.nis
4. If you have rpc.yppasswdd running, kill and restart it.
# /usr/etc/rpc.yppasswdd /etc/passwd.nis -m passwd\PWFILE=/etc/passwd.nis
If in the future you need to run ypmake and you have restricted access to the master server as just
described, enter the following line:
# /usr/etc/yp/ypmake passwd PWFILE=/etc/passwd.nis
Creating an NIS Master Server
1. Set the NIS domain name using the domainname command. # domainname nis_domain_name
2. Execute ypinit with the -m parameter in one of two ways:
• If you want to make this node a master server of the domain name that you set in Step
1, enter:
# /usr/etc/yp/ypinit -m
• If you want to make this node a master server of a different domain name than the one
you set in Step 1, enter:
# /usr/etc/yp/ypinit -m DOM=XXX XXX represents the domain name for which you are setting this node to be a master
server.
3. The system asks whether you want the procedure to quit at the first non-fatal error. Do
one of the following:
• Respond no or n for ypinit to continue regardless of the errors. After the procedure
finishes, correct all errors that occurred.
• Respond yes or y for ypinit to quit at the first error. Correct each error as it occurs.
This procedure takes longer since you have to correct the errors one by one and run
ypinit until no more errors occur.4. The ypinit script prompts you for a list of hosts that will become servers.
Manually Starting the NIS Master Server
1. If you have not already done so, set the NIS domain name using the domainnamecommand. This NIS domain name must be the same one used for all clients and servers
within this NIS domain.
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# domainname nis_domain_name
2. Execute ypserv.
# /usr/etc/ypserv
3. Execute ypbind.
# /etc/ypbind
Starting the NIS Master Server on System Restart
1. Edit /etc/netnfsrc:
• A zero in the NIS_CLIENT, NIS_MASTER_SERVER, or
NIS_SLAVE_SERVER field disables the node from working as a client, master
server, or slave server respectively.
2. Set NISDOMAIN to the NIS domain name:
NISDOMAIN=nis_domain_name You will need to use this same NIS domain name for all clients and servers within this NIS
domain.
3. Set NIS_MASTER_SERVER to a value other than zero. Changing this variable permits
users to change their NIS password:
NIS_MASTER_SERVER=1
4. Set the NIS_SLAVE_SERVER to zero to disable the node as a slave server:
NIS_SLAVE_SERVER=0
5. Set NIS_CLIENT to a value other than zero: NIS_CLIENT=1
Creating an NIS Slave Server
1. Set the NIS domain name using the domainname command. This NIS domain name must
be the same one used for all clients and servers within this NIS domain:
# domainname nis_domain_name
2. Execute ypinit with the -s parameter in one of two ways:
If you want to make this node a slave server of the domain name that you set in Step 1,
enter:
# /usr/etc/yp/ypinit -s master_server_name
If you want to make this node a slave server of a different domain name than the one you
set in Step 1, enter:
# /usr/etc/yp/ypinit -s master_server_name [DOM=XXX ]
XXX represents the domain name for which you are setting this node to be a slave server.
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3. The system asks whether you want the procedure to quit at the first non-fatal error. Do
one of the following:
• Respond no or n for ypinit to continue regardless of the errors. After the procedure
finishes, correct all errors that occurred.
•
Respond yes or y for ypinit to quit at the first error. Correct each error as it occurs.This procedure takes longer since you have to correct the errors one by one and run
ypinit until no more errors occur.
4. Since the slave server is also a client, customize the files which traditionally implement the
database.
Manually Starting the NIS Slave Server
1. If you have not already done so, set the NIS domain name using the domainnamecommand. This NIS domain name must be the same one used for all clients and servers
within this NIS domain.
# domainname nis_domain_name
2. Execute ypserv.
# /usr/etc/ypserv
3. Execute ypbind.
# /etc/ypbind -ypsetme
Starting NIS Slave Server on System Restart
1. Go into /etc/netnfsrc.
•
A zero in the NIS_CLIENT, NIS_MASTER_SERVER, orNIS_SLAVE_SERVER field disables the node from working as a client, master
server, or slave server respectively.
2. Set NISDOMAIN to the same NIS domain name used on all clients and servers within
this NIS domain.
NISDOMAIN=nis_domain_name
3. Set the NIS_MASTER_SERVER to zero to disable the node as a master server.
NIS_MASTER_SERVER=0
4. Set NIS_SLAVE_SERVER to a value other than zero.
NIS_SLAVE_SERVER=1
5. Set NIS_CLIENT to a value other than zero.
NIS_CLIENT=1
Creating an NIS Client.
Customize the following files that traditionally store the information:
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/etc/passwd/etc/group/etc/hosts/etc/protocols/etc/netgroup/etc/rpc
/etc/networks/etc/services
Manually Starting the NIS Client
1. If you have not already done so, set the NIS domain name using the domainnamecommand. This NIS domain name must be the same one used for all clients and servers
within this NIS domain.
# domainname nis_domain_name
2. Execute ypbind.
# /etc/ypbind -ypsetme
Starting the NIS Client on System Restart
1. Edit /etc/netnfsrc.
2. Set NISDOMAIN to the same NIS domain name used on all clients and servers within
this NIS domain.
NISDOMAIN=nis_domain_name
3. Set NIS_CLIENT to a value other than zero.
NIS_CLIENT=1Note: A zero in the NIS_CLIENT field disables the node from working as an NIS client
11.3 Summary
There are many common features of NIS on each platform: the yp daemons have the same name
and function, domains work the same, commands like ypwhich, ypset, and ypinit work the same.
The differences lie in configuring NIS on each platform. AIX supplies a number of scripts that
make configuring NIS relatively easy: mkmaster, mkslave, mkclient, chypdom. If you use SMIT
to configure NIS, then you are actually providing parameters for these scripts. HP-UX does not
have equivalent commands, but it does provide the ypmake script to make map propagation easier.
You also use SRC commands in AIX to control the yp daemons.Each system has a different way of creating NIS maps: on AIX it involves editing
/var/yp/Makefile while on HP-UX you have to change /usr/etc/yp/ypmake. Each of these scripts
differs in its makeup. However, they ultimately call the makedbm command and produce maps
that can be read across platforms. For example, if you have a map of user account names called
/etc/auto.user, regardless of which platform the corresponding .dbm and .pag files are created on,
they can be read by NIS utilities on any system, as long as that system is in the same domain.
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12. NFS
12.1 AIX
Controlling NFS Daemons
You can stop and start most NFS daemons either by using SRC commands or by using SMIT,
which ultimately calls SRC commands. The exceptions are rpc.rexd, rpc.ruserd, rpc.rwalld, and
rpc.rsprayd, which are started by inetd. The following subsystems are part of the nfs group:
nfsd, biod, rpc.lockd, rpc.statd, and rpc.mountd.
To start the nfs group, type:
# startsrc -g nfs
This starts all of the daemons of the nfs group as well as the appropriate number of each. For nfsdand biod the default number of daemons is eight. To change these defaults, you must do one of the
following:1. Run the smit chnfs command.
2. Run the chnfs command, for example:
# chnfs -n4 -b4
3. Run the chssys command, for example:
# chssys -s biod -a6
The chnfs command stops currently running nfsds and biods, updates the ODM database to reflect
the new defaults (in this case four daemons each), and then restarts the daemons using SRC
commands. The chssys command changes the cmdargs descriptor in a subsystem definition, inthis case the biod subsystem. Therefore anytime you run the following command:
# startsrc -s biod
the value of the -a parameter is used to determine the number of biods to start, in this case six.
You can start any subsystem with the startsrc -s command or stop one with the stopsrc -scommand. For example:
# startsrc -s rpc.lockd
# stopsrc -s rpc.mountd
The file that controls the NFS (and NIS for that matter) daemons on startup is /etc/rc.nfs. To
disable NFS upon bootup, either remove the line containing that file name from the /etc/inittab file
or run the smit rmnfs command and select restart in the STOP NFS now, system restart or bothfield. To enable NFS upon bootup it is best to use the smit mknfs command because it is easy to
make a syntax error trying to edit /etc/inittab by hand.
Note that /etc/rc.nfs controls the startup of both NFS and NIS. If you want to disable NIS but not
NFS you can comment out the appropriate lines in /etc/rc.nfs or run smit rmypserv or smit
rmypclient. Do not remove the rcnfs line in /etc/inittab if you want only to disable NIS.
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Configuring an NFS Server
To configure an NFS server in AIX, all you do is create an /etc/exports file and then run smit
mknfs. You can use a text editor to create /etc/exports or you can do the following:
1. Run SMIT:
# smit mknfsexp
2. You will see the following:
Add a Directory to Exports List
Type or select values in entry fields.Press Enter AFTER making all desired changes.
[Entry Fields]* PATHNAME of directory to export [] /* MODE to export directory read-write +HOSTNAME list. If exported read-mostly []
Anonymous UID [-2]HOSTS allowed root access []HOSTS & NETGROUPS allowed client access []Use SECURE option? no +
* EXPORT directory now, system restart or both both +PATHNAME of Exports file if using HA-NFS []
The required entries are PATHNAME of directory to export, MODE to export directory, and
EXPORT directory now, system restart or both. Fill in these parameters and press Enter.
SMIT will create or update the /etc/exports file and then run the exportfs -a command. The other
parameters are optional and can be determined by consulting the exports man page. Run the smit
chnfs command.To start the NFS daemons,
1. Run SMIT:
# smit mknfs
2. You will see the following:
Start NFS
Type or select values in entry fields.Press Enter AFTER making all desired changes.
[Entry Fields]* START NFS now, on system restart or both both +
Pressing Enter at this point starts all the daemons of the nfs group and puts an entry in the
/etc/inittab file to make the changes permanent.
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Configuring an NFS Client
You can use the same procedure as above, run smit mknfs to start the NFS daemons—and in the
case of an NFS client the biods are the only ones you might want—or you can simply start making
NFS mounts from a server by doing the following:
1. Start SMIT:
# smit mknfsmnt
2. You will see the following:
Add a File System for Mounting
Type or select values in entry fields.Press Enter AFTER making all desired changes.
[Entry Fields]* PATHNAME of mount point [] /* PATHNAME of remote directory []* HOST where remote directory resides []
Mount type NAME []* Use SECURE mount option? no +* MOUNT now, add entry to /etc/filesystems or both? now +* /etc/filesystems entry will mount the directory no +
on system RESTART.* MODE for this NFS file system read-write +* ATTEMPT mount in foreground or background background +NUMBER of times to attempt mount [] #
Buffer SIZE for read [] #Buffer SIZE for writes [] #NFS TIMEOUT. In tenths of a second [] #Internet port NUMBER for server [] #* Mount file system soft or hard hard +Allow keyboard INTERRUPTS on hard mounts? yes +
Minimum TIME, in seconds, for holding [3] #attribute cache after file modificationMaximum TIME, in seconds, for holding [60] #attribute cache after file modificationMinimum TIME, in seconds, for holding [30] #attribute cache after directory modificationMaximum TIME, in seconds, for holding [60] #attribute cache after directory modificationMinimum & Maximum TIME, in seconds, for [] #holding attribute cache after any modificationThe Maximum NUMBER of biod daemons allowed [6] #to work on this file system
* Allow execution of SUID and sgid programs yes +in this file system?
* Allow DEVICE access via this mount? yes +* Server supports long DEVICE NUMBERS? yes +
The required entries are denoted by the asterisk (*), are fairly obvious, and have default values
which you will in most cases prefer. However, a couple entries need some additional explanation.
For MOUNT now, add entry to /etc/filesystems or both? the default value is now. If you accept
the default, SMIT will make the mount, but the mount will be in effect only until system restart or
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until you explicitly unmount the file system with the umount command. Selecting the value of
both will not only result in the mount but also an entry in the /etc/filesystems file.
As explained in the chapter on disks and file systems, /etc/filesystems is AIX’s equivalent to HP-
UX’s /etc/checklist file, which determines which file systems are mounted on bootup. Both files
will mount networked file systems as well as local ones; the only difference is their format. If, for
example, you mounted the file system /doc from the machine elmo and had an entry for that mountin /etc/filesystems, that entry would look something like:
/doc:dev = "/doc"vfs = nfsnodename = elmomount = falseoptions = bg,hard,intraccount = false
This example also illustrates the other entry in the mknfsmnt screen which needs a little
explanation: /etc/filesystems entry will mount the directory on system RESTART. The default
value is no, which results in a mount=false line in /etc/filesystems, like in the one above. This
means that the remote file system will not be mounted by default upon system restart. If the line
reads mount=true, then the system will attempt to make the NFS mount upon system restart. If it
cannot because the server is unavailable, then additional mount requests will occur in the
background (options=bg denotes this). In some cases it is better to have the mount parameter be
false. If, for example, you have several mounts from the same server and it is down, the boot
process will not be bogged down by attempting to make remote mounts for each networked file
system, in which case it might be better to have an /etc/rc.local file to complete the mounts once
everything else is up and running.
For additional information on the options available in making NFS mounts, see the mount,
mknfsmnt, and filesystems man pages.
Additional SMIT Fastpath Commands
Remove an entry from the /etc/exports file:
# smit rmnfsexp
Change an exported file system:
# smit chnfsexp
Remove an NFS mount:
# smit rmnfsmnt
Configuring Automount
The basic configuration steps are listed below and detailed in the sections that follow.
1. Configure the nodes for NFS if they are not already configured.
2. Create the master map file.
3. Create the map files.
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4. If you will be using NIS to administer the maps, integrate the maps with NIS.
5. Start automounter.
Configure for NFS
Configure the systems for NFS if you have not already done so.
Create the Master Map
The master map is usually created as /etc/auto.master and then made into the NIS map
auto.master. By default, automount tries to get master map information from the NIS map
auto.master. If a local master map file is specified on the command line, automount reads it
before reading the NIS auto.master map.
The format of the auto.master file is:
DirectoryPath AutomountMapName
where:
• DirectoryPath is the full pathname of the directory that triggers automount.
• AutomountMapName is the file that contains the map information.
Create Maps
Automount maps are usually named auto.xxx, where xxx is the name of the map. The name does
not have to correspond to any mount points, but it is recommended that the map name correspond
to the directory contents (for example, auto.man for man pages).
As with all NIS maps, names must be 10 characters or less if you have file systems that do not
allow file names longer than 14 characters. This is because NIS adds four-character suffixes (.dir
and .pag) to the map name.
The format of the map entries is:
key [-mount options] server:directory
where:
• key is the name of the subdirectory under the mount directory.
• mount options can be any valid NFS mount options. This field is optional. Mount
options specified here override any mount options specified in the master map.
• server:directory specifies the remote server name and the path of the remote file hierarchy
(file system or directory) to mount.
Automount recognizes special characters in direct and indirect maps to be used for substitutions
and to escape other characters. They are:
& can substitute key values into the directory path names
* is recognized as a catch all entry (a wildcard). It is the last or only entry in a
map. It matches all keys and provides a value for the & substitutions that may
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exist in the right-hand side of a map. For example: * -ro,intr server:/users/&
+ mapname The contents of another map can be included within the current map. If
mapname is a directory with no slashes, automount interprets it as an NIS map.
If the directory has slashes then automount looks for a local map with that name.
Integrate with NIS
Automount maps can be local files or administered as NIS maps. By default, automount tries to
read master map information from the NIS map auto.master. Automount also reads master map
information from a local file if you specify one on the command line.
The master map can contain NIS map names for the indirect and direct maps instead of file names.
To specify an NIS map, preface the map name with a plus (+).
To create an NIS map, edit the /var/yp/Makefile:10
1. Add auto.master to the all: listing.
2. Add an entry for $(DIR)/auto.master.
3. Add the following stanza to Makefile:
auto.master.time: $(DIR)/auto.master
-@if [ -f $(DIR)/auto.master ]; then \
$(MAKEDBM) $(DIR)/auto.master $(YPDBDIR)/$(DOM)/auto.master; \
touch auto.master.time; \
if [ ! $(NOPUSH) ]; then \
$(YPPUSH) auto.master; \
echo "pushed auto.master"; \
else \
: ; \
fi \
else \
echo "couldn't find $(DIR)/auto.master"; \
fi
4. Build the map:
# cd /var/yp
# make auto.master
Start Automounter The full pathname in AIX is /usr/sbin/automount. The options found in the automount man page
are the same as those for the HP-UX version. You can also start automount by typing the smit
mkautomnt command. If you want to start automount on bootup, the best place to put it is at the
end of the /etc/rc.nfs file, something you will have to do manually since SMIT doesn’t do it for
you.
10Taken from NIS Automounter, Infoexplorer
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Shutting Down Automount
Automount is normally started and stopped only when the machine is rebooted. To shut down
automount gracefully during system operation, take the following steps:
1. Make sure no processes have their current working directory set to any automount
directories or subdirectories.
2. Then, send automount the SIGTERM (-15) signal (SIGTERM is the default signal sent by
the kill command).
CAUTION: No other automount daemon should be started until the first has successfully cleaned
up and exited. If a second automount daemon is started when the first is in its shutdown process,
the second daemon will start its shutdown process. This means that there will now be four
automount daemons: the first, the second, and their children. These daemons will not exit until all
the mount directories they are serving have been unmounted.
Do not send the SIGKILL signal (kill -9, kill -KILL) to the automount daemon. This will cause
any processes accessing mount directories served by automount to hang. The file hierarchies
mounted by automount under /tmp_mnt will still be accessible.
12.2 HP-UX
Using SAM to Configure an NFS Client
At the SAM Main window, highlight Networking/Communications and activate the OPENbutton.
1. At the Networking/Communications window, highlight Networked File Systems (NFS)and activate the OPEN button.
2. Highlight Remote File Systems Mounted and activate the OPEN button. This edits your
/etc/netnfsrc file.
3. To add remote directories to be mounted, choose Add from the Actions menu and then
enter the information about the remote directory you want to mount to.
• Enter the Remote System Name. This is the system name where the directory or file
you wish to access resides.
• Enter the Remote Directory Name. This is the name of the directory you wish to
access.
• Enter the Local Directory Name. This is the local directory where you want the
remote directory to be mounted.
• Choose when to mount. You have two mount options to choose from: Now and On
Boot. If Now is chosen, the directory will be available when the information in this
window has been accepted. If On Boot is chosen, the directory will be available when
this system is booted.
• Choose Access Permissions. Write protection provides the type of access the user
will have on the remote directory. There are two options to choose from: Read-Only,
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meaning the user can only read the information in the directory and Read/Write,
meaning the user can read and write to the directory.
• Set User ID execution. This indicates whether the user must have a user ID when
trying to access the remote directory. Choosing Yes means a user ID is not required.
•
Change Default Mount Options. This takes you into the NFS Mount Optionswindow. You can change the following mount options:
Choose one of the mount options. There are two choices: Hard mounted
directories or files cause NFS to retry a request until the server responds. Softmounted directories or files abort requests after one attempt.
Read Buffer Size (rsize). This specifies the maximum read request size used
in communicating with the server.
Write Buffer Size (wsize). This specifies the maximum write request size
used in communicating with the server.
4. When you are finished entering mount information, activate the OK button to perform thetask and return to the Add Remote Directory window.
5. When you are finished entering the remote directory information, activate the OK button
to add this remote directory information to your /etc/hosts file.
6. In the Remote File Systems Mounted window, you can enable the NFS client by choosing
Enable NFS client from the Actions menu. You should see the remote directory
information displayed in the window.
Using SAM to Configure an NFS Server
1. At the Networking/Communications window, highlight Networked File Systems (NFS)
and activate the OPEN button.
2. Highlight Local File Systems Exported and activate the OPEN button. This edits your
/etc/exports file.
3. To add local directories that can be exported to remote systems, choose Add from the
Actions menu and then enter the information about the directory you want to export to the
remote systems. This will take you into the Add File System to Export window.
• Enter the Local Directory Name. This the directory that will be exported to remote
systems.
• Enter an Unknown Userid. You can map anonymous, or unknown, user requests to
uid. By setting the anonymous user ID in /etc/exports, the unknown user in ananonymous request is mapped to a well-known local user. If the anonymous user is
mapped to nobody (the default), anonymous requests are accepted but have very few
permissions to access files on the server. The information you need to complete this
task is the remote system names to which you are allowing or denying access. If you
specify uid for unknown user, you will be prompted for a login name.
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• Select asynchronous writes. Yes means that asynchronous write will be done. Nomeans no asynchronous writes will be done.
• Specify Permission for File Access. Selecting read only will cause the Read Only
Access window to be displayed. The window enables you to add, modify or remove
remote systems to have read-only access to your local directory. Selecting read/write
will cause the Read/Write Access window to be displayed. This window enables youto add, modify or remove remote systems to have read/write access to your local
directory.
4. In the Local File Systems Exported window, you can enable the NFS server by choosing
Enable NFS server from the Actions menu. You should see the local directories and the
directories access information displayed in the window.
Using SAM to Allow or Deny Access to Specific RPC services
This task lets you allow or deny access to specific RPC services (servers). When you perform this
task, you are editing the /usr/adm/inetd.sec file. The information you need to complete this task is
the remote system names to which you are allowing or denying access.To perform this task:
1. At the Networking/Communications window, highlight Security and activate the OPENbutton.
2. Highlight Internet Service and activate the OPEN button.
3. To modify RPC services, highlight the RPC services you want to modify, or you can
choose to modify all Internet Services from the Actions menu. This will take you into the
Modify Internet Security window. Select the system permissions you would like your
RPC services to have.
4. When you have completed your task, activate the OK button.
Creating an NFS Server Manually
You must be superuser to create an NFS server. To create an NFS server, complete the following
steps. These steps are described in detail in the sections that follow.
1. Edit /etc/netnfsrc.
2. Edit /etc/inetd.conf (optional).
3. Edit /usr/adm/inetd.sec (optional).
4. Edit /etc/netgroup (optional).
5. Create and edit /etc/exports.
6. Reboot the system (if necessary) or run /etc/netnfsrc.
Edit /etc/netnfsrc
The /etc/netnfsrc file activates the NFS daemons and servers. To define the node as an NFS
server, set the NFS_SERVER variable to any digit other than zero. Set START_MOUNTD to
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any digit other than 0. mountd can be started from netnfsrc on inetd. If mountd has an entry in
inetd.conf the START_MOUNTD should be 0. If the node is also a client, you may want to set
the NFS_CLIENT variable to any digit other than zero now. If the node is also a server for PC-
NFS requests, set the PCNFS_SERVER variable to any digit other than zero.
Client Only NFS_CLIENT=1
NFS_SERVER=0
Server Only NFS_CLIENT=0
NFS_SERVER=1
START_MOUNTD=1
Both Client and Server NFS_CLIENT=1
NFS_SERVER=1
START_MOUNTD=1
Neither Client norServer
NFS_CLIENT=0
NFS_SERVER=0
PC-NFS Server PCNFS_SERVER=1
START_MOUNTD=1
You can refer directly to the comments for editing instructions and for descriptions of each activity
executed by /etc/netnfsrc:
#!/bin/sh## Configured using SAM by root on Tue Jul 18 14:41:23 1995## @(#)netnfsrc: $Revision: 1.51.109.9 $ $Date: 92/08/18 13:48:27 $# netnfsrc -- NFS startup file### Depending on the configuration parameters you set within,# this script sets up some or all of the following:# NIS specific:# domainname -- the NIS domain name## and starts up some or all of the following programs:# portmap -- RPC (program_#,version) -> port_# mapper# nfsd -- NFS daemons# biod -- async BIO daemons# pcnfsd -- PC-NFS daemon# NIS specific:# ypbind -- NIS client process (all NIS nodes)# ypserv -- NIS server process (NIS server only)# yppasswdd -- NIS password daemon (NIS master server only)### NFS_CLIENT -- 1 if this node is an NFS client, 0 if not# NFS_SERVER -- 1 if this node is an NFS server, 0 if not
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# Note: it is possible for one host to be a client, a server, both# NFS_SERVER -- 1 if this node is an NFS server, 0 if not# Note: it is possible for one host to be a client, a server, both# or neither! This system is an NFS client if you will be# NFS mounting remote file systems; this system is a server# if you will be exporting file systems to remote hosts.# See Also: nfsd(1M), mount(1M).
##NFS_CLIENT=1NFS_SERVER=1### START_MOUNTD -- 1 if this script should start rpc.mountd.# 0 if /etc/inetd.conf has an entry for mountd.# Note: rpc.mountd should be started from netnfsrc. However, it# can be started from either netnfsrc or inetd, and# MUST only be configured in one place.##START_MOUNTD=1##. . .
###PCNFS_SERVER -- 1 if this node is a server for PC-NFS requests.# This variable controls the startup of the# pcnfsd(1M) server. See Also: pcnfsd(1M).##PCNFS_SERVER=0
Edit /etc/inetd.conf (optional)
To activate the RPC services, remove all # comment marks from /etc/inetd.conf lines beginning
with #rpc. After editing /etc/inetd.conf , you must reconfigure inetd by entering:
/etc/inetd -c
RPC Services Security
The inetd security facility works only when the inetd executes a server. For the RPC services that
do not exit after each service request, inetd provides a security check only for the first request.
Successive requests bypass the inetd and are subject only to the security checking performed by
the individual RPC services. However, you can make the inetd perform a security check for every
RPC request by doing both of the following steps:
1. Add the -e option to the /etc/inetd.conf entry for the RPC service.
2. Specify the RPC service in the first field of /usr/adm/inetd.sec.
NOTE: Adding the -e option makes the RPC server respond slower since it has to restart for
each request.
Example
Suppose /etc/inetd.conf contains the following:
rpc dgram udp wait root /usr/etc/rpc.mountd 100005 1 rpc.mountd -e
The rpc.mountd program is the server for the mount command and reads /etc/exports to see what
the available directories or files are and to whom they are exported. It also keeps a list of all
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mounted directories or files. The -e option forces inetd to perform a security check for
rpc.mountd on every request.
Edit /usr/adm/inetd.sec (optional)
NFS operates under the assumption you have a friendly network; meaning, you can trust all users
attached to your network. Since this assumption may not apply to everyone, refer to the followingsections to improve your file security.
The /usr/adm/inetd.sec configuration file is provided in the ARPA Services product. It is not
solely for NFS access. This file allows you to determine:
• How many remote services can run simultaneously on the local host.
• Which hosts are allowed to remotely use the local host.
Set Maximum Number of Remote Connections
On the first line in /usr/adm/inetd.sec, enter the maximum number of simultaneous remote
services to be started by inetd as shown in the following example:
MAXNUM number
If you do not specify a MAXNUM value, the default is 1000.
Specify Accesses to Services
Each entry in /usr/adm/inetd.sec has the following format (enter either allow or deny):
service_name allow/deny host_specifier(s)
Where:
service_name Name of a valid service (include RPC services) with an entry in
/etc/inetd.conf For RPC services, service_name is the name of the service that matches
its program number in /etc/rpc. This entry must have a corresponding
entry in /etc/inetd.conf which contains the -e option.
Specify only one service per entry.
If an entry in /usr/adm/inetd.conf specifies the service name and nothing
else, inetd allows all hosts to attempt access.
allow/deny The allow entry instructs inetd to approve the host or network for access
to the specified service.
The deny entry instructs inetd to disapprove the host or network foraccess to the specified service.
host_specifier(s) Name of a host or a network listed in /etc/hosts or /etc/networks, or an
internet address in the standard internet notation.
You can specify more than one host or network by separating each
host_specifier with a blank or tab.
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You can use the asterisk (*) or dash (-) in any field of a network or host
address.
You cannot use aliases.
Edit /etc/netgroup (optional)
The /etc/netgroup file enables you to define a specific network-wide group of nodes as a netgroup.
You can then limit directory access by exporting directories or files (via /etc/exports and exportfs)
to the netgroups defined. The system uses /etc/netgroup to verify host names whenever clients
perform remote mounts.
Create and Edit /etc/exports
You make the directories or files and their access restrictions, if any, available by your entries in
the server’s /etc/exports file. When you boot up the NFS server, the /etc/netnfsrc file will
automatically run the exportfs daemon, which looks up /etc/exports and makes the directories or
files available for NFS clients to access. You can export and unexport directories or files after theserver is up or change access permissions of the exported directory by using the exportfscommand. The exportfs command can be run at any time by the superuser to alter the list or
characteristics of exported directories and filenames. For details on constructing the /etc/exportsfile, see the man page on exports(4). Also refer to exportfs(1M).
Reboot
After you finish the configuration procedure, execute /etc/netnfsrc or reboot the system to activate
the daemons and servers. The rebooting process does not unmount any of the server’s directories
or files that were remotely mounted by other network nodes. However, these nodes will not be able
to access any of the server’s files until the server is operating again.
Automount
The basic configuration steps are listed below and detailed in the sections that follow.
1. Configure the nodes for NFS if they are not already configured.
2. Create the master map file.
3. Create the map files.
4. If you will be using NIS to administer the maps, integrate the maps with NIS.
5. Start automounter.
Configure for NFS
Configure the systems for NFS if you have not already done so. This task includes adding NFS to
the kernel and editing /etc/netnfsrc. On the servers, edit /etc/exports.
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Create the Master Map
The master map contains the names of the indirect and direct maps. It also contains the names of
common mount directories for indirect maps. You do not need a master map if you pass all the
map information to automount in the command line.
The master map is usually created as /etc/auto.master and then made into the NIS map
auto.master. By default, automount tries to get master map information from the NIS map
auto.master. If a local master map file is specified on the command line, automount reads it
before reading the NIS auto.master map.
The format for indirect map entries in the master maps is:
mount directory indirect map [-mount options]
The format for direct map entries in the master map is:
/- direct map [-mount options]
where:
• mount directory is the absolute path of the mount directory for the indirect map.
Automount manages this directory. The directory should not be an existing directory, if a
local directory by the same name already exists, automount will cover it.
• /- indicates that the entry is for a direct map.
• indirect map or direct map is the file name or NIS map name of the indirect map or direct
map. If the map name is prefaced with a plus (+), automount searches for an NIS map.
This field can also be one of the following special maps:
-hosts Indicates the hosts map. The name of the remote host is used as the
subdirectory name under the mount directory.
-password Indicates the password map
-null Cancels a previous map for the indicated mount directory. For example, if
you use this in a local master map, it cancels the entry in the NIS
auto.master map.
• mount options can be any NFS mount options. Mount options in the master map are
overridden by mount options in the indirect/direct maps.
Create Map Files
Automount maps are usually named auto.xxx, where xxx is the name of the map. The name does
not have to correspond to any mount points, but it is recommended that the map name correspond
to the directory contents (for example, auto.man for man pages).
As with all NIS maps, names must be 10 characters or less if you have file systems that do not
allow file names longer than 14 characters. This is because NIS adds four-character suffixes (.dirand .pag) to the map name.
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By convention, maps are usually created under /etc/autoconfig or /etc. If you use NIS to
administer the maps, you should create the source files under the ypmake (1m) source directory;
the default ypmake source directory is /etc.
Indirect Maps
Each indirect map has a mount directory associated with it that is controlled by automount. Themount directory contains symbolic links to the actual mount points under /tmp_mnt. The mount
directory is specified on the automount command line or in the master map.
The format of the indirect map entries is:
key [-mount options] server:directory
where:
• key is the name of the subdirectory under the mount directory.
• mount options can be any valid NFS mount options. This field is optional. Mount
options specified here override any mount options specified in the master map.
• server:directory specifies the remote server name and the path of the remote file hierarchy
(file system or directory) to mount.
Automount recognizes special characters in direct and indirect maps to be used for substitutions
and to escape other characters. They are:
& can substitute key values into the directory path names
* is recognized as a catch-all entry (a wildcard). It is the last or only entry in a
map. It matches all keys and provides a value for the & substitutions that may
exist in the right-hand side of a map. For example: * -ro,intr server:/users/&
+ mapname The contents of another map can be included within the current map. If mapnameis a directory with no slashes, automount interprets it as an NIS map. If the
directory has slashes then automount looks for a local map with that name.
Direct Maps
Direct maps can contain any number of unrelated mount points. No common mount directory is
maintained.
The format of the direct map entries is:
key [-mount options] server:directory
where:
• key is the absolute path of the mount point.
• mount options can be any valid NFS mount options. This field is optional. Mount
options specified here override any mount options specified in the master map.
• server:directory specifies the remote server name and the path of the remote file hierarchy
(file system or directory) to mount.
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The special characters listed above are also valid for direct maps.
Integrate with NIS
Automount maps can be local files or administered as NIS maps. By default, automount tries to
read master map information from the NIS map auto.master. Automount also reads master map
information from a local file if you specify one on the command line.
The master map can contain NIS map names for the indirect and direct maps instead of file names.
To specify an NIS map, preface the map name with a plus (+).
To create NIS maps, edit the /usr/etc/yp/ypmake shell script as shown below. In the following
text, assume that you want to create NIS maps for auto.master and a direct map called auto.xxxx.
Within the scripts, auto_master and auto_direct are used for local variable names to avoid
regular expression evaluation, but the map and file names are auto.master and auto.direct.
Under the function section, add the following blocks for auto.master and auto.xxxx:
auto_master() {grep -v "^[ ]*#" $1 | grep -v "^[ ]*$" | \awk 'BEGIN { OFS="\t"; } { print $1, $2, $3 }' | \$MAKEDBM - $MAPDIR/auto.master
}
auto_xxxx() {grep -v "^[ ]*#" $1 | grep -v "^[ ]*$" | \awk 'BEGIN { OFS="\t"; } { print $1, $2, $3 }' | \}$MAKEDBM - $MAPDIR/auto.xxxx
}
In the block
for ARG in $*; do
case "$ARG" in
add an entry for auto.master and auto.xxxx before the “*)” in the case statement as follows:
auto_master )if [ `expr "$MAPS" : ".* auto.master.*"` -eq 0 ]; then
MAPS="$MAPS auto.master"fi;;
auto_xxxx )if [ `expr "$MAPS" : ".* auto.xxxx.*"` -eq 0 ]; then
MAPS="$MAPS auto.xxxx"fi;;
In the definition for
MAPS=${MAPS:-'passwd groups hosts ...
add an entry for auto_master and auto_xxxx.
In the block
for MAP in $MAPS; docase $MAP in
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add an entry for auto.master and auto.xxxx as follows:
auto_master) build $DIR/auto.master auto.master ;;auto_xxxx) build $DIR/auto.xxxx auto.xxxx;;
You should also modify /usr/etc/yp/ypinit on the master server. Add auto.master and auto.xxxxto the list of MASTER_MAPS.
Start Automounter
Automount is started by executing /usr/etc/automount at boot time. It is executed by default from
the /etc/netnfsrc2 file. You can specify map information on the command line. Any map
information you specify is read before information in the NIS map auto.master and takes
precedence over the NIS map. See automount(1m) for specific command line options.
Shutting Down Automount
Automount is normally started and stopped only when the machine is rebooted. To shut down
automount gracefully during system operation, take the following steps:
1. Make sure no processes have their current working directory set to any automount
directories or subdirectories.
2. Then, send automount the SIGTERM (-15) signal (SIGTERM is the default signal sent by
the kill command).
WARNING: No other automount daemon should be started until the first has successfully cleaned
up and exited. If a second automount daemon is started when the first is in its shutdown process,
the second daemon will start its shutdown process. This means that there will now be four
automount daemons: the first, the second, and their children. These daemons will not exit until all
the mount directories they are serving have been unmounted
Do not send the SIGKILL signal (kill -9, kill -KILL) to the automount daemon. This will cause
any processes accessing mount directories served by automount to hang. The file hierarchies
mounted by automount under /tmp_mnt will still be accessible.
12.3 Summary
NFS, originally a Sun product, works mostly the same in both AIX and HP-UX. However, some
of the details differ, as always. AIX controls NFS daemons through the System Resource
Controller (SRC) while HP-UX allows for direct commands. Both operating systems’ system
management tools (SMIT and SAM) support NFS configuration, which in most cases is the
preferred way to go. Automatic NFS mounts on bootup are controlled by /etc/filesystems (AIX)
and /etc/checklist (HP-UX). Though the format of each file differs, the principle in each is thesame.
Both systems support automount, though you have to configure it manually on each. The biggest
difference in the automount area is its integration with NIS. Otherwise, NFS has the same “look
and feel” across AIX and HP-UX platforms. Both platforms export file systems listed in
/etc/exports via the exportfs command. Both systems have nfsds, biods, rpc.mountd, rpc.lockd,
and rpc.statd. Since NFS uses the External Data Representation (XDR) protocol, there is no
problem in data representation across the two systems.
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13. Mail
13.1 AIX
AIX user agents are mail, mailx, and Mail, all of which are the same program since these are allhard links to the same executable. This program most closely resembles the mailx program found
on HP-UX systems. Another user agent, mhmail, just composes, sends, and files messages. The
default routing agent is the sendmail program, and the default delivery agents are /usr/bin/bellmail(for local users), Basic Networking Utilities (BNU, a version of UUCP), and SMTP (for TCP/IP).
Customizing the /etc/sendmail.cf file
The default /etc/sendmail.cf file defines configuration for local, TCP/IP, and BNU delivery. This
should be enough for most sites, but if you need further customization, do the following:
1. Edit the /etc/sendmail.cf file. You can use the vi editor or an editor that does not convert
tabs to characters, or you can use the /usr/lib/edconfig command.
2. Create the database file, /etc/sendmail.cfDB with the following command:
# sendmail -bz
3. Refresh the sendmail daemon:
# refresh -s sendmail
Stopping and Starting the sendmail Daemon
sendmail by default should start up at bootup. If it doesn’t, then uncomment the following line
from /etc/rc.tcpip:
start /usr/lib/sendmail "$src_running" "-bd -q${qpi}"
To start the sendmail daemon using the SRC:
# startsrc -s sendmail -a "-bd -q30m"
To stop the sendmail daemon using the SRC type the following:
# stopsrc -s sendmail
To start the sendmail daemon using the command line:
# sendmail -bd -q30m
To stop the sendmail daemon using the KornShell kill command:
# kill $(cat /etc/sendmail.pid)
Mail Aliases
AIX keeps mail aliases in /etc/aliases. In addition to aliases you provide, this file must contain an
alias for each of the following:
• MAILER-DAEMON (usually set to root)
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• postmaster (usually set to root)
• nobody (usually set to /dev/null)
To compile the aliases database file type one of the following:
# sendmail -bi
# newaliases
This command creates the following dbm files:
•• /etc/aliasesDB/DB.dir
•• /etc/aliasesDB/DB.pag
The Mail Queue
In AIX the mail queue directory is /var/spool/mqueue. The naming convention for the files in this
directory is virtually the same as that for HP-UX:
A file beginning with is a
df data file
qf queue control file
tf temporary file
xf transcript file
nf backup file
lf lock file
The sendmail queue processing interval, as in HP-UX, is set with the -q option to the sendmailcommand.
To process the mail queue once:
# sendmail -q
To process the mail queue every 15 minutes:
# sendmail -q15m
To process the mail queue every 30 seconds:
# sendmail -q30s
To change the processing interval permanently, edit the following line in /etc/rc.tcpip to the value
you desire:
qpi=30m
The qpi variable is used as an argument in the next line:
start /usr/lib/sendmail "$src_running" "-bd -q${qpi}"
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To install sendmail, you must do the following:
1. Install a sendmail configuration file as /usr/lib/sendmail.cf .
2. Make sendmail executable.
3. Create system-wide mail aliases.
4. Invoke the sendmail daemon.
Installing a Configuration File
The supplied configuration file, /etc/newconfig/sendmail.cf is appropriate for many installations
without modification. In particular, when initially installing sendmail, simply copying the supplied
configuration file into place provides basic connectivity and permits you to integrate your system
into your mail environment without immediately having to edit the configuration file. In addition, a
number of localizations and routing options are provided. Descriptions of these options and
detailed editing instructions are provided in the supplied configuration file itself.
To install the supplied configuration file unmodified, copy the file /etc/newconfig/sendmail.cf to
/usr/lib/sendmail.cf . To make any of the supported modifications, copy
/etc/newconfig/sendmail.cf to /usr/lib/sendmail.cf and edit /usr/lib/sendmail.cf according to the
instructions in the file itself.
Making sendmail Executable
To make sendmail executable, as superuser, issue the command:
# chmod 5555 /usr/lib/sendmail
sendmail is normally run setuid to root (mode 5555). The default configuration is believed to be
safe. However, it is possible to misconfigure sendmail so that it inappropriately promotes the
privilege of ordinary users.
If sendmail does not run setuid to root, this risk is eliminated. Note that this causes sendmail to
ignore the “S” mailer flag (not specified in the mailers defined in the default configuration file) and
the values of the “u” and “g” configuration options, since it is unable to setuid to these users when
executing mailers.
sendmail can be run non-setuid (mode 1555) if the following changes to the default configuration
are made:
1. The queue directory (by default /usr/spool/mqueue) must be writeable by all (mode
0777).
2. The alias database (by default /usr/lib/aliases.dir and /usr/lib/aliases.pag) must be
writeable by all (mode 0666). If these files do not already exist, the superuser must firstcreate them and then chmod them:
# /usr/lib/sendmail -bi
# chmod 666 /usr/lib/aliases.dir /usr/lib/aliases.pag
Making these changes creates some security risk. Anyone will be able to delete mail from the mail
queue. However, no one will be able to read other people’s mail in the mail queue.
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Creating System-wide Mail Aliases
The /etc/newconfig aliases file is an example alias file that contains default aliases needed by
sendmail. To create system-wide mail aliases, copy /etc/newconfig/aliases to /usr/lib/aliases.
You can add any aliases that are appropriate for your system by editing the /usr/lib/aliases file.
Once sendmail is executable issue the following command:
# newaliases
This creates the alias database files, /usr/lib/aliases.dir and /usr/lib/aliases.pag.
Invoking the sendmail Daemon
To start the sendmail daemon, as superuser, issue the following command:
# /usr/lib/sendmail -bd -q30m
The -bd mode initializes the sendmail daemon to receive mail from the network. The -q30m flag
causes sendmail to process the mail queue every 30 minutes.
Whenever your system is rebooted, if sendmail is executable, the /etc/netbsdsrc script does the
following:
1. Starts the sendmail daemon to accept SMTP connections from the network and to process
the mail queue every 30 minutes.
2. Logs the restart of the sendmail daemon in the mail log, usually
/usr/spool/mqueue/syslog.
Stopping and Starting the sendmail Daemon
If the sendmail configuration file or frozen configuration changes, you should kill and restart the
sendmail daemon so that it re-reads the configuration file.
The command
# /usr/lib/sendmail -bk
run by the superuser, kills a sendmail daemon started with -bd, whether or not it was started with
the -q interval flag. It does not kill a sendmail daemon started only with -q interval. You must kill
this type of daemon by finding its process ID and killing it explicitly.
NOTE: Do not kill sendmail with kill -9. This may cause sendmail to corrupt the alias
database. Use kill-15 instead.
The sendmail frozen configuration file is /usr/lib/sendmail.fc. To freeze the configuration file,
issue one of the following commands as superuser:
# /usr/lib/sendmail -bz
# /etc/freeze
Then restart the sendmail daemon:
# /usr/lib/sendmail -bd -q30m
To use SAM to refreeze the configuration and kill and restart the sendmail daemon, do the
following:
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1. Start SAM.
2. Select the Networking/Communications menu item.
3. Select Services Enable/Disable.
4. Select the sendmail menu item.
5. Select the Restart action.
6. Fill in the form according to its instructions or answer the prompt in the window. View the
help screens for information about filling in the form.
7. Exit the Services Enable/Disable screen to a previous level by selecting Exit from the
List menu. Then, to exit the Networking/Communications screen, select either Previous
Level to exit to a previous level or Exit SAM to exit from SAM.
8. Select apply to enter additional names of systems to be configured (use apply as a shortcut
to remain in the add screen). Then, press OK when you are done with the screen.
The Mail Queue
The HP-UX mail queue directory is /usr/spool/mqueue. The naming conventions for the files in
this directory are nearly identical to those found in AIX. See AIX “The Mail Queue” for more
information on the file name formats.
The System Log
sendmail logs its mail messages through the syslogd logging facility. The syslogd configuration
on diskless clients should forward all logging that results from sending mail to the cluster root
server. The syslogd configuration on cluster servers and standalone systems by default write mail
logging to the file /usr/spool/mqueue/syslog. To change this file, edit the /etc/syslog.conf file
13.3 An Interoperability Exercise: Creating Mail Hubs
There several ways to create a central mail hub or server. You can use MX records in DNS, you
can use the aliases database, or you can configure sendmail.cf . Below are two examples of using
sendmail.cf . This example assumes the machines are on the same network, are part of the same
DNS domain, and have the same users available.
Sending AIX Mail to an HP-UX Hub
Configuring AIX’s sendmail.cf file to route to an HP-UX hub is quite simple. Consider the
following lines from /etc/sendmail.cf :
##################################################################### Host name for central mail server (YOU MAY OPTIONALLY DEFINE THIS)## Optionally defined macro specifying name of host to which you want# to relay all local mail. This is used if there is a central mail# server that should receive all mail for a given area.## When this macro is defined, mail that would otherwise be delivered# to "user" on the local machine is delivered to "user@server" on the
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# server machine. Note that this is similar to what would occur if# the mail spool directory were remote-mounted from the mail server.# For this reason, this macro can be used to achieve the same effect# as remote-mounting the mail spool directory, but without the access# and locking problems that can sometimes occur with remotely mounted# filesystems.#
#DLMailServerName####################################################################
If, for example, your mail hub’s hostname was elmo, you would need to create a line that reads:
DLelmo
Mail sent to dylan@sadie, for example, would be directed to the machine elmo, even if elmo was
an HP-UX box, provided of course that sadie’s /etc/sendmail.cf file contains the above line and
that the user dylan was recognized on both systems. The user dylan would then have to either log
on to sadie to get his messages, or the /usr/mail directory on sadie would have to be mounted on
/var/spool/mail on elmo. NFS mounts of the respective mail spooling directories on both systems
seem to have no problem with permissions as long as they are exported read-write with either rootaccess granted to machines within the domain or with the anonymous userid set to 0.
Remember that making the above change in /etc/sendmail.cf is not enough: you have to rebuild
/etc/sendmail.cfDB and refresh the sendmail daemon.
Sending HP-UX Mail to an AIX Hub
This direction is a bit harder to implement. There are several steps involved:
1. Set the “S” macro. By default it is blank. The line that reads
DS
should have the hub’s name appended. For example:
DSsadie
2. Comment out the following line:
R$+<@$+> $#tcp$@$2$:$1<@$2> user@domain
3. Uncomment the following line:
R$+<@$+> $#tcp$@$S$:$1<@$2> user@domain to SMTP relay
4. Comment out the following line:
R$+ $#local$:$1 name5. Add the following rule:
R$+ $#tcp$A$S$:$1
6. Uncomment and change the following line:
From:
#R$+ $:$1<@$w> add local domain
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To:
R$+ $:$1<@$S> add local domain
Assuming that the above sendmail.cf file belongs to the HP-UX machine called elmo, mail sent to
dylan@elmo would be routed to dylan@sadie, an AIX machine. You can export /usr/mail from
elmo for NFS mounting to /var/spool/mail on sadie. Again, the export must either grant rootaccess or set the anonymous userid to 0.
13.4 Summary
AIX and HP-UX have similar mail agents in mail and mailx, respectively, but there the similarity
ends. AIX’s mailx is actually a hard link to mail. HP-UX’s mail program is the old AT&T
version and is not found in AIX. elm is packaged with HP-UX but not AIX.
Each of the two system’s sendmail files look and feel much the same, though their locations are
different. Below lists the major files and their locations.
AIX HP-UX
/etc/sendmail /usr/lib/sendmail
/etc/sendmail.cf /usr/lib/sendmail.cf
/etc/aliases /usr/lib/aliases
/etc/aliasesDB/DB.dir /usr/lib/aliases.dir
/etc/aliasesDB/DB.pag /usr/lib/aliases.pag
/etc/sendmail.cfDB /usr/lib/sendmail.fc
/var/spool/mail /usr/mail
/var/spool/mqueue /usr/spool/mqueue
/usr/share/lib/Mail.rc /usr/lib/mailx/mailx.rc
/usr/sbin/mailq /usr/bin/mailq
/usr/sbin/mailstats /usr/bin/mailstats
/etc/sendmail.st /usr/lib/sendmail.st
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14. X11
14.1 AIX
AIX’s version of the X Window system is called AIXwindows, a separately purchased product thatincludes the X Window System and Motif. It also includes a graphical user interface (GUI) called
the AIXwindows Desktop. With AIX 3.2.5 you can get either AIXwindows Environment/6000
Version 1.2.4, which is based on X11R4, or Version 1.2.5, which provides support for X11R5 and
binary compatibility for X11R4. The material in this chapter is based on the latter.
Files and Directory Structure
AIX puts all of its X Window files in a single directory, /usr/lpp/X11, but has links to maintain
compatibility with traditional X files and directories. The major links are:
/usr/bin/X11 -> /usr/lpp/X11/bin/usr/lib/X11 -> /usr/lpp/X11/lib/X11
/usr/include/X11 -> /usr/lpp/X11/include/X11/usr/include/Xm -> /usr/lpp/X11/include/Xm
The following standard X commands are found in /usr/lpp/X11/bin:
Xbdftopcffs
mkfontdirresizestartxxauthxclock
xdm xhostxinitxmodmapxprxrdbxrdbxsetrootxterm xwd
The command mwm is a link to /usr/lpp/X11/Motif1.1.4/bin/mwm.
The following commands in /usr/lpp/X11/bin are actually links to files in the /usr/lpp/X11/Xamples directory:
aixwm appresatobm bitmapbmtoademodrdemomon
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of xinit was a script, but with X11R5 it is an executable that initializes the X server and starts a
client, which by default is an aixterm. xinit looks for a startup file in the following order:
1. The command line
2. XINITRC variable
3. $HOME/.xinitrc
4. /usr/lib/X11/$LANG/xinitrc
5. /usr/lpp/X11/defaults/xinitrc
startx is a script that sets the DISPLAY variable, starts the X server, and then starts clients.
startx looks for a startup file in the following order:
1. The command line
2. XINITRC variable
3. The user’s .Xinit, .xinit, .Xinitrc, .xinitrc, or .xsession file
If no startup file is found, startx starts the window manager specified by the command line or
indicated by the appropriate configuration file, such as .mwmrc. If no such file exists or no
window manager is specified on the command line, startx starts mwm by default.
startx reads the resource file specified in the command line or, if not supplied, the resources from
one of the following: .Xdefaults, .xdefaults, .Xresources, or .xresources.
Stopping X
You can stop the X server by selecting End Session from the Root Menu or by pressing the
Ctrl+Alt+Backspace key combination.
aixterms
The default terminal emulator on AIX is an aixterm, which emulates a High Function Terminal (or
hft, see Chapter 2 for more information on hfts). If you telnet, rlogin, or rsh to a machine that
does not have aixterm terminal definitions—and HP-UX machines are among those—you can set
the TERM variable to vt100, vt102, vt220, vt320, or xterm to use programs like vi properly, or
you can add aixterm terminfo entries by doing the following:
1. On the HP-UX box, cd to /tmp.
2. ftp to the RS/6000.
3. While in ftp change directories to /usr/share/lib/terminfo.
4. Do a get on ibm.ti.
5. Quit ftp.
6. Back on the HP machine, type the following command:
# tic ibm.ti
This procedure will put aixterm terminfo entries into the HP’s /usr/lib/terminfo/a directory.
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For purposes of interoperability some people like using xterms in order to avoid procedures like
the above. However, there are problems in doing so. For example, if you run the smitty command
in an xterm instead of an aixterm you will not have all the normal function keys available to you.
This is also true for the smit command run remotely via telnet, rlogin, or rsh. Instead, you have
to use escape sequences for certain functions. Also, the tn3270 command works best in an
aixterm.
Fonts
If you have X11R4 instead of R5 installed, you will find fonts in /usr/lpp/X11/lib/X11/fonts, and
these fonts will be in bdf or snf format. For X11R5 the fonts are in /usr/lib/X11/fonts and are in
pcf format. AIXwindows proprietary fonts are in the top level of this directory. If you want
access to these fonts from an HP X server you can install them by:
1. Copying them into the HP’s /usr/lib/X11/fonts/misc directory (or any directory, though
this one makes sense).
2. Running the mkfontdir utility:
# cd /usr/lib/X11/fonts/misc; mkfontdir
3. Entering the following command:
# xset fp rehash
Note: This works only if the fonts are in pcf format. Use utilities like snftobdf and bdftopcf to
get older formats into pcf , then do the above.
Making the RS a Font Server
AIX’s generic font server configuration file is /usr/lpp/X11/lib/X11/fs/config. If you cd to the
linked directory /usr/lib/X11/fs you will find it as well. This file is simple and similar to those
found on other platforms except that it stipulates port 7500 instead of 7000. Any free port will do,but just remember the correct number when you run the xset command on the font client.
To start the font server type:
# fs -config /usr/lpp/X11/lib/X11/fs/config &
To verify the font server type (assuming you’re using the KornShell):
# export FONTSERVER=server_name:7500; fsinfo
or
# fsinfo -server server_name:7500
To list the font server fonts (assuming you’re using the KornShell):
# export FONTSERVER=server_name:7500; fslsfonts
To get the font client to include the font server fonts in its font path:
# xset +fp tcp/server_name:7500
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bitmap is replaced by vueicon.
• Font Display
Handled by the terminal emulation option -fn override. xfd is supplied but not supported.
• Demos
Obtained from the INTERWORKS users group.
A number of unsupported core MIT clients and miscellaneous utilities are provided in
/usr/contrib/bin. In addition, the entire core MIT distribution, compiled for Hewlett-Packard
platforms, can be obtained from HP’s users group INTERWORKS for a nominal fee. See the
release notes for details.
Many other utilities, window managers, games, toolkits, etc. are included as user-contributed
software in the MIT distribution, or are available using anonymous ftp on the Internet. See your
site administrator for details.
Files and Directory StructureThe following standard directories for X binaries and configuration files are provided:
/usr/bin/X11/usr/lib/X11
The include files for OSF/Motif and X11 are delivered for HP-UX 9.0x in subdirectories with
names specific to their release:
/usr/include/Motif1.1/usr/include/Motif1.2/usr/include/X11R4/usr/include/X11R5
Shared libraries are also delivered in subdirectories with names specific to their release:
/usr/lib/Motif1.1/usr/lib/Motif1.2/usr/lib/X11R4/usr/lib/X11R5
The Motif and X libraries ship as shared libraries in HP-UX 9.0x run-time products. HP-UX
developer’s products include archived libraries for X11R5 and Motif1.2. Applications that use
shared libraries incorporate an absolute path to the location of the shared library. The libraries
were relocated to subdirectories in /usr/lib so that applications can run on a system that uses either
Motif 1.1 or Motif 1.2. The header files appear in release-specific subdirectories so that
developers can use release-specific versions of Motif and X. All versions of HP-UX 9.0x containthis directory structure.
Hewlett-Packard has selected a set of the X Consortium clients to support for the HP-UX release
9.0. Some clients that were supported in earlier releases are no longer supported. This is due to
current and announced future level of X Consortium support for certain clients, as well as new
functionality in R5. In addition, several new clients are not supported
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xinitcolormapxlsfontsxmodmapxprxrdbxseethru
Xserverxsetxsetrootxterm xwcreatexwdxwd2sbxwdestroyxwininfoxwud
Unsupported Clients
bitmap
columnsdr_vuevuefincalcxclipboardxcutselxdpyinfoxfdxpropxrefresh
Starting X
On HP systems, the X Window System is normally started via the Visual User Environment
(VUE), which uses xdm (X Display Manager) technology rather than xinit to start X. When VUE
is not used, the normal method of starting X is via the x11start script which is simply a “wrapper”around xinit providing environment and command line setup appropriate for HP systems.
Specifically, x11start performs the following startup tasks:
• PATH environment variable set-up appropriate for the X environment
• X server startup
• Selected client(s) startup from a specific client file
• General user resource loading from a specific resource file
x11start encompasses the following components:
• The /usr/bin/x11start script
• The /usr/bin/X11/xinit program
• The default client script, /usr/lib/X11/sys.x11start
• The default resource file, /usr/lib/X11/sys.Xdefaults
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Customized client and resource files can be created by copying the default files to
$HOME/.x11start and $HOME/.Xdefaults, respectively, and then customizing them.
Customized files that exist (with the appropriate permissions) will be used by the x11startcomponents in place of the default files.
Client options pass from the x11start command line to all clients in the .x11start file that have a
$@ parameter. The options replace the parameter. This method is most often used to specify adisplay other than the usual one on which to display the client. You can, however, use the
command-line option to specify a non-default parameter, such as a different background color.
The default .x11start file starts the following clients:
• A terminal emulation client, such as hpterm
• mwm
Server options are preceded with a double hyphen (--). If the option following the double hyphen
begins with a slash ( / ) or a path and a slash, it starts a server other than the default server. If the
option begins with a colon followed by a digit (:#), it specifies the display number (0 is the default
display number). Additional options specified after the server or display refer to the specifiedserver or display. See the XSERVER page in the reference section for more information on server
options.
Examples
# x11start
This starts the default xinit server and executes the client script (either /usr/lib/X11/sys.x11startor $HOME/.x11start) without passing arguments to either.
# x11start -bg black -fn 24x36
This starts the default xinit server and executes the client script, passing it all of the arguments. If
the default client script is used, -bg black -fn 24x36 is passed to both mwm and hpterm since bothof their default command lines contain $@. If the default client script is used, the actual xinit
command executed is xinit /usr/lib/X11/sys.x11start -bg black -fn 24x36.
# x11start -fg white -- :1
This starts the default server on display 1 and executes the client script with the arguments, -fg
white. If the customized client script is used, the xinit command line is xinit $HOME/.x11start -
fg white -- :1.
# x11start -- Xhp -a2 -t 5
This starts the server, Xhp with the arguments, -a2 -t 5 and then executes the client script without
any arguments.NOTE: Beginning with the next release of HP-UX, x11start and its components (xinit,
sys.x11start, and sys.Xdefaults) will not be supported. Instead, startup will be via the program
vuelogin, which is directly based on the X Consortium’s startup mechanism, xdm. vuelogin is not
tied to the VUE environment (and xdm is not) and can be used to start up a non-VUE standard X
session without using xinit. The main difference between the xinit startup method and the xdm or
vuelogin method is that the former starts the X server, whereas the latter operates with the X
server pre-started automatically. This is consistent with X terminals.
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Stopping X
After stopping all application programs, stop the window system by holding down the Ctrl and
Left Shift keys, and then pressing the Reset (Pause-Break) key. This stops the display server,
and with it the window system.
FontsA font server is shipped with Hewlett-Packard’s X11R5 distribution but, by default, is not
automatically started. To start the font server, execute:
# /usr/bin/X11/fs -daemon
This starts a font server in its default configuration (see below for information on modifying font
server configuration). Any X server started on the same system after the font server is started will
automatically gain access to the fonts provided by that font server, including the licensed scalable
Intellifont and Type 1 fonts in the /usr/lib/X11/fonts/ifo.st and /usr/lib/X11/fonts/type1.stdirectories.
By default, a font server accepts connections from font clients (such as X servers) at TCP address
7000, and configures itself according to information in the file /usr/lib/X11/fs/config. Both of these defaults can be overridden with command-line options. See the fs(1) man page for more
information.
Once you have determined your font server configuration -- one font server per machine, a
centralized font server, or whatever -- and determined which machines you wish to use as font
hosts, you should configure these hosts to start a server whenever they boot. You can do this by
adding the appropriate commands to the /etc/rc startup file. For example, add the following
definition to the function definitions at the beginning of the file:
start_fontserver(){
if [ -x /usr/bin/X11/fs ]then
echo "starting fontserver"/usr/bin/X11/fs -daemon
fi}
You also need to add start_fontserver to the appropriate list of startup actions in the “Actions
based on system type” section. As defined above, whenever the host boots, a font server starts at
the default TCP address of 7000 using the default configuration file /usr/lib/X11/fs/config.
If the font server is to be run on the same machine as the X server and if the font server is started
before the X server, the font server does not need to be added to the font path of the X server.
However, if the font server is started after the X server is already running, or if a font server is
running on a different machine than the X server, then the font server must be added to the font
path of the X server as follows:
# xset +fp tcp/:7000
This adds the font server port to the front of the font path list searched by the X server. If you are
adding a font server that is not running on the same machine as the X server, the xset command is
extended to also specify the font server host:
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# xset +fp tcp/host_name:7000
Once the font server is running and has been added to the font path of an X server, the server must
rehash its fonts. This is also done with the xset client via:
# xset fp rehash
hpterms
The hpterm client emulates a Term0 terminal. The syntax of the hpterm client is as follows:
# hpterm [-options] [&]
There are too many options to cover here. Refer to the hpterm man page for all the options
available.
Two different flavors of hpterm are available. The one built on X11R4 versions of Xlib, Xt, and
Motif 1.1 is delivered by default. The version built on X11R5 versions of Xlib, Xt, and Motif 1.2
is delivered in /usr/bin/X11/hpterm.R5.sh.Z, which is a compressed shar file. To install this
version, uncompress and unshar hpterm.R5.sh.Z. For more information on how to choose between
the R4-based hpterm and the R5-based hpterm, see README.hpterm in hpterm.R5.sh.Z.When running block mode applications, it may be necessary for hpterm to identify itself to
application programs as some terminal other than “X-hpterm.” Most applications understand the
terminal id “2392A.” Newer applications also understand the terminal id “700/92” while older
applications may only understand the terminal id “2622A.” To set the terminal identification
string, use the -ti command line option, the termId resource, or the TermId class.
To put hpterm terminfo entries on an RS/6000:
1. cd to /tmp
2. Type the following command to put the hpterm terminfo entry into an ASCII file:
# untic hpterm > hpterm.ti
3. Put the hpterm.ti file on the RS/6000:
ftp RS_node
ftp> cd /tmp
ftp> put hpterm.ti
ftp> quit
4. On the RS/6000, compile the hpterm.ti file:
# tic /tmp/hpterm.ti
This will put the appropriate terminfo entries in /usr/share/lib/terminfo/h on the RS/6000.
HP-VUE
The HP Visual User Environment (HP VUE) is a graphical user interface that is based on the X
Window system. The X Window System can be run alone, or as part of HP VUE.
HP VUE consists of six components, known as “managers”:
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vuelogin Validates user login
vuesession Starts and later saves the user’s session
vuewm The user’s workspace and window manager
vuefile Application launcher, file, and directory browser
vuestyle Interactive application resource customizer
vuehelp On-line help and man page browser
vuelogin is the first interface the user sees. It provides services similar to in init, getty, and loginon character terminals: prompting for login and password, authenticating the user, and running a
user’s session. Specifically, vuelogin is responsible for:
• Reading initial configuration files
• Starting the X server
• Displaying the login screen and validating the login and password supplied by the user
• Invoking the HP VUE session manager
A session in the VUE context is defined as the time between logging in and logging out, or the
lifetime of the session manager. The session manager provides the ability to save and restore
sessions. The following are characteristics of sessions stored and restored by the session manager:
• Which applications are running
• What the application windows look like
• Other settings such as the X server, mouse behavior, audio volume, etc.
The system-wide HP VUE directories are:
/usr/vue/bin HP VUE executables
/usr/vue/config Configuration files for the login, session, and workspace manager
/usr/vue/types Built-in actions and file types
/usr/vue/app-defaults Application defaults for HP VUE clients
/usr/vue/icons HP VUE system-wide icons
For each user the .vueprofile file contains environmental settings and takes the place of the
standard .profile or .login files. The .vue subdirectory in $HOME contains other configuration
files, applications, tools, and palettes.
Configuration files comparison
Remember that VUE and X can be used at different times. A user could need Motif and regular X
one day and HP VUE the next. So it is very important to keep these files separate. Notice there is
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no equivalent to the .Xdefaults file. Instead, the RESOURCE_MANAGER property is used.
Resources are loaded into the RESOURCE_MANAGER property by the session manager at the
beginning of a session. The session manager stores resources at the end of a session. System-wide
resources are stored in /usr/vue/config/sys.resources. Properties can be modified during a session
using the style manager, the EditResources action, or the xrdb command.
X11 VUE
.profile (or .login) .vueprofile
.Xdefaults RESOURCE_MANAGER
.x11start vuesession
.mwmrc vuewmrc
14.3 X11 Interoperability
X, like TCP/IP, NFS, NIS, DNS, and sendmail, is essentially the same on both AIX and HP-UX.
Only the details differ. X has made interoperability among UNIX systems much easier in that
clients can run on one platform and display on another. This is even true of clients such as SAM
and SMIT, which you may find necessary to access from a box of another ilk.
Displaying to a Remote Host
Using xhost, you can add or delete a remote host’s permission to access the local display server.
For example, the following command allows the remote host stargate to access your local display.
# xhost +stargate
The default display on which a client is displayed is obtained from the DISPLAY environmentvariable of the system on which the client starts. It sets the host, display number, and screen
number to which the client directs its output. This is typically display 0, screen 0. Most clients
have a -display option that lets you set the host, display number, and screen on which the client
will display its output. The -display option has the syntax:
-display [host:display.screen]
where:
host is the hostname of a valid system on the network.
display is the number of the display on the system on which you want the output to appear. A
display can include more than one screen.
screen is the number of the screen where the output is to appear. The default is 0.
For example, executing the command:
# hpterm -display rs_node:0.1 &
starts an hpterm process on the local system and displays the window on display 0, screen 1 of the
rs_node system. The window has the default size, location, and color. Conversely, you can run
the following command on an RS/6000:
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# aixterm -display hp_node:0 &
If you need the capabilities of these terminal emulators on machines other than the ones they were
designed for, this is the way to do it. However, the HP machine will not have the proprietary IBM
fonts that will give the aixterm the same appearance it has when run locally on an RS/6000. The
same is true for RS/6000s displaying hpterms. This fact does not hinder the functionality of these
emulators, but if you prefer for each to look exactly the same whether running locally or remotelyon another platform, you must do one of two things:
• Make one machine from each platform a font server and put the font server in the font path
of the client with the xset command. Details for font servers are described above.
• Install the appropriate fonts on the other machine. This is very easy to do with HP-UX
9.0x and AIX 3.2.5 because both have pcf -style fonts, which are very portable. A
description of how to install fonts is described in Fonts in the AIX section above.
There are several ways to run programs on a remote host from a command line:
• Use rlogin to log into the remote host.
• Use remsh (HP) or rsh (RS) to start a client remotely without formally logging in.
If the client produces output on a display, you must specify the display and screen on which you
want the output to appear.
Running Programs Using rlogin
You can use an existing terminal emulator window to log into a remote host. Once the window is
acting as a terminal off the remote host, you can run clients there and direct the output to any
display. For example, the following commands log into and start xload on remote host rs_nodeand display the output on local system hp_node.
# rlogin rs_node
# xload -display hp_node:0.0 &
Using Remote Shells to Start Programs
The benefit of using remsh or rsh instead of rlogin is that the local system starts only one process
(the client) with a remote shell; with the remote login, the local system starts both the remote login
and the client.
The following syntax starts a remote shell on a remote host, redirects remsh input, starts a client,
and directs output to the local display.
# remsh remote -n client -display local:display.screen &
where:
remote is the remote host name.
client is the absolute path of the executable client file (remsh and rsh does not allow the PATH
variable).
local is the local host name.
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For example, the following command runs xload on remote host rs_node and directs output to the
display of system hp_node.
# remsh rs_node -n /usr/bin/X11/xload -display hp_node:0.0 &
Going the other way:
# rsh hp_node -n /usr/bin/X11/xload -display rs_node:0.0 &
NOTE: To make these examples run flawlessly requires use of the xhost command and the
appropriate .rhosts entries. For more information on executing remote commands without a
password check the remsh man page on the HP and the rsh man page on the RS/6000.
Turning Your Workstation into an X Terminal
Occasionally you might want to connect to a machine of a different platform and perform
administrative tasks completely within the environment of the remote machine. If you do, all you
need to do is convert your local workstation into an X terminal connected to the remote machine.
To convert an HP workstation into an X terminal running off an RS/6000 called rs_node:
1. Make sure xdm is running on the RS/6000. See the section on xdm in the RS/6000
section above for more details.
2. Stop the X Window system on the HP by choosing a No Windows login from the login
screen.
3. Log in to the ASCII display.
4. Type the following command:
# X -query rs_node
5. At this point you will see an RS/6000 xdm session running on your HP. Login as you
normally do.
6. To stop your session choose End Session from the Root Menu.
7. To stop your X server on the HP press the Ctrl+Left Shift+Pause key combination. You
will return to your HP ASCII screen. Type exit to resume your HP VUE session.
To convert an RS/6000 workstation into an X terminal running off an HP 9000 called hp_node:
1. Make sure VUE is running on your HP.
2. Login to your hft. If X starts up automatically, stop it by pressing Ctrl+Alt+Backspace.
3. Type the following command:
# X -query hp_node
4. At this point you will seen HP VUE appear on your RS/6000. Login as you normally do.
5. Logout as you normally do on an HP system.
6. To stop the X server, press Ctrl+Alt+Backspace.
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Appendix A
Common Command Pathnames
AIX HP-UX
/etc/accton /usr/lib/acct/accton
/etc/arp /etc/arp
/etc/backup /etc/backup
/etc/bootpd /etc/bootpd
/etc/catman /etc/catman
/etc/cron /etc/cron
/etc/devnm /etc/devnm
/etc/dumpfs /usr/bin/dumpfs
/etc/fingerd /etc/fingerd
/etc/fsck /etc/fsck
/etc/fsdb /etc/fsdb
/etc/ftpd /etc/ftpd
/etc/fuser /etc/fuser
/etc/gated /etc/gated
/etc/getty /etc/getty
/etc/ifconfig /etc/ifconfig
/etc/inetd /etc/inetd
/etc/init /etc/init
/etc/link /etc/link
/etc/lsdev /etc/lsdev
/etc/mkfs /etc/mkfs
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/etc/mklost+found /etc/mklost+found
/etc/mknod /etc/mknod
/etc/mount /etc/mount
/etc/mvdir /etc/mvdir
/etc/named /etc/named
/etc/named-xfer /etc/named-xfer
/etc/ncheck /etc/ncheck
/etc/ping /etc/ping
/etc/rc /etc/rc
/etc/rdump /etc/rdump
/etc/reboot /etc/reboot
/etc/renice /bin/renice
/etc/restore /etc/restore
/etc/rexecd /etc/rexecd
/etc/rlogind /etc/rlogind
/etc/rmt /etc/rmt
/etc/route /etc/route
/etc/rrestore /etc/rrestore
/etc/rwhod /etc/rwhod
/etc/savecore /etc/savecore
/etc/shutdown /etc/shutdown
/etc/swapon /etc/swapon
/etc/syslogd /etc/syslogd
/etc/telinit /etc/telinit
/etc/telnetd /etc/telnetd
/etc/tftpd /etc/tftpd
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/etc/tsm /usr/bin/tsm
/etc/umount /etc/umount
/etc/unlink /etc/unlink
/etc/update /etc/update
/usr/bin/acctcom /usr/lib/acct/acctcom
/usr/bin/at /usr/bin/at
/usr/bin/awk /usr/bin/awk
/usr/bin/banner /usr/bin/banner
/usr/bin/basename /bin/basename
/usr/bin/batch /usr/bin/batch
/usr/bin/bc /usr/bin/bc
/usr/bin/bdiff /usr/bin/bdiff
/usr/bin/bfs /usr/bin/bfs
/usr/bin/c89 /bin/c89
/usr/bin/cal /usr/bin/cal
/usr/bin/calendar /usr/bin/calendar
/usr/bin/cancel /usr/bin/cancel
/usr/bin/captoinfo /usr/bin/captoinfo
/usr/bin/cat /bin/cat
/usr/bin/cc /bin/cc
/usr/bin/checknr /usr/bin/checknr
/usr/bin/chfn /usr/bin/chfn
/usr/bin/chgrp /bin/chgrp
/usr/bin/chmod /bin/chmod
/usr/bin/chown /bin/chown
/usr/bin/chroot /etc/chroot
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/usr/bin/chsh /usr/bin/chsh
/usr/bin/cksum /bin/cksum
/usr/bin/clear /usr/bin/clear
/usr/bin/cmp /bin/cmp
/usr/bin/col /usr/bin/col
/usr/bin/comm /usr/bin/comm
/usr/bin/compress /usr/bin/compress
/usr/bin/cp /bin/cp
/usr/bin/cpio /bin/cpio
/usr/bin/crontab /usr/bin/crontab
/usr/bin/csh /bin/csh
/usr/bin/csplit /usr/bin/csplit
/usr/bin/ct /usr/bin/ct
/usr/bin/cu /usr/bin/cu
/usr/bin/cut /usr/bin/cut
/usr/bin/date /bin/date
/usr/bin/dc /usr/bin/dc
/usr/bin/dd /bin/dd
/usr/bin/deroff /usr/bin/deroff
/usr/bin/df /bin/df
/usr/bin/diff /bin/diff
/usr/bin/diff3 /usr/bin/diff3
/usr/bin/diffmk /usr/bin/diffmk
/usr/bin/dircmp /usr/bin/dircmp
/usr/bin/dirname /bin/dirname
/usr/bin/disable /usr/bin/disable
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/usr/bin/diskusg /usr/lib/acct/diskusg
/usr/bin/domainname /bin/domainname
/usr/bin/du /bin/du
/usr/bin/dump /etc/dump
/usr/bin/e /usr/bin/e
/usr/bin/echo /bin/echo
/usr/bin/ed /bin/ed
/usr/bin/edit /usr/bin/edit
/usr/bin/egrep /bin/egrep
/usr/bin/enable /usr/bin/enable
/usr/bin/env /bin/env
/usr/bin/ex /usr/bin/ex
/usr/bin/expand /usr/bin/expand
/usr/bin/expr /bin/expr
/usr/bin/factor /usr/bin/factor
/usr/bin/fgrep /bin/fgrep
/usr/bin/file /usr/bin/file
/usr/bin/find /bin/find
/usr/bin/finger /usr/bin/finger
/usr/bin/fold /usr/bin/fold
/usr/bin/from /usr/bin/from
/usr/bin/ftp /usr/bin/ftp
/usr/bin/gencat /usr/bin/gencat
/usr/bin/getconf /usr/bin/getconf
/usr/bin/getopt /usr/bin/getopt
/usr/bin/grep /bin/grep
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/usr/bin/groups /usr/bin/groups
/usr/bin/grpck /etc/grpck
/usr/bin/head /usr/bin/head
/usr/bin/help /usr/bin/help
/usr/bin/hostname /bin/hostname
/usr/bin/hp /usr/bin/hp
/usr/bin/hyphen /usr/bin/hyphen
/usr/bin/iconv /usr/bin/iconv
/usr/bin/id /usr/bin/id
/usr/bin/install /etc/install
/usr/bin/iostat /usr/bin/iostat
/usr/bin/ipcrm /bin/ipcrm
/usr/bin/ipcs /bin/ipcs
/usr/bin/join /usr/bin/join
/usr/bin/kill /bin/kill
/usr/bin/killall /etc/killall
/usr/bin/ksh /bin/ksh
/usr/bin/last /etc/last
/usr/bin/lastcomm /usr/bin/lastcomm
/usr/bin/leave /usr/bin/leave
/usr/bin/line /bin/line
/usr/bin/ln /bin/ln
/usr/bin/locale /usr/bin/locale
/usr/bin/localedef /usr/bin/localedef
/usr/bin/lock /usr/bin/lock
/usr/bin/logger /usr/bin/logger
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/usr/bin/login /bin/login
/usr/bin/logname /usr/bin/logname
/usr/bin/look /usr/local/bin/look
/usr/bin/lp /usr/bin/lp
/usr/bin/lpr /usr/bin/lpr
/usr/bin/lpstat /usr/bin/lpstat
/usr/bin/ls /bin/ls
/usr/bin/mailx /usr/bin/mailx
/usr/bin/man /usr/bin/man
/usr/bin/mesg /bin/mesg
/usr/bin/mkdir /bin/mkdir
/usr/bin/mkfifo /bin/mkfifo
/usr/bin/mm /usr/bin/mm
/usr/bin/more /usr/bin/more
/usr/bin/mt /bin/mt
/usr/bin/mv /bin/mv
/usr/bin/neqn /usr/bin/neqn
/usr/bin/netstat /usr/bin/netstat
/usr/bin/newform /usr/bin/newform
/usr/bin/newgrp /usr/bin/newgrp
/usr/bin/news /usr/bin/news
/usr/bin/nice /bin/nice
/usr/bin/nl /usr/bin/nl
/usr/bin/nroff /usr/bin/nroff
/usr/bin/nslookup /usr/bin/nslookup
/usr/bin/od /bin/od
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/usr/bin/rsh /bin/rsh
/usr/bin/rup /usr/bin/rup
/usr/bin/ruptime /usr/bin/ruptime
/usr/bin/rusers /usr/bin/rusers
/usr/bin/rwho /usr/bin/rwho
/usr/bin/script /usr/bin/script
/usr/bin/sdiff /usr/bin/sdiff
/usr/bin/sed /bin/sed
/usr/bin/sh /bin/sh
/usr/bin/showmount /usr/etc/showmount
/usr/bin/sleep /bin/sleep
/usr/bin/soelim /usr/bin/soelim
/usr/bin/sort /bin/sort
/usr/bin/spell /usr/bin/spell
/usr/bin/split /usr/bin/split
/usr/bin/stty /bin/stty
/usr/bin/su /bin/su
/usr/bin/sum /bin/sum
/usr/bin/sync /bin/sync
/usr/bin/tabs /usr/bin/tabs
/usr/bin/tail /bin/tail
/usr/bin/talk /usr/bin/talk
/usr/bin/tar /bin/tar
/usr/bin/tbl /usr/bin/tbl
/usr/bin/tee /bin/tee
/usr/bin/telnet /usr/bin/telnet
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/usr/bin/test /bin/test
/usr/bin/tftp /usr/bin/tftp
/usr/bin/tic /usr/bin/tic
/usr/bin/timex /usr/bin/timex
/usr/bin/touch /bin/touch
/usr/bin/tput /usr/bin/tput
/usr/bin/tr /usr/bin/tr
/usr/bin/tset /usr/bin/tset
/usr/bin/tty /bin/tty
/usr/bin/ul /usr/bin/ul
/usr/bin/uname /bin/uname
/usr/bin/uncompress /usr/bin/uncompress
/usr/bin/unexpand /usr/bin/unexpand
/usr/bin/uniq /usr/bin/uniq
/usr/bin/units /usr/bin/units
/usr/bin/unpack /usr/bin/unpack
/usr/bin/uptime /usr/bin/uptime
/usr/bin/users /usr/bin/users
/usr/bin/uucp /usr/bin/uucp
/usr/bin/uudecode /usr/bin/uudecode
/usr/bin/uuencode /usr/bin/uuencode
/usr/bin/uulog /usr/bin/uulog
/usr/bin/uuname /usr/bin/uuname
/usr/bin/uusnap /usr/bin/uusnap
/usr/bin/uustat /usr/bin/uustat
/usr/bin/uuto /usr/bin/uuto
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/usr/bin/uux /usr/bin/uux
/usr/bin/vacation /usr/bin/vacation
/usr/bin/vedit /usr/bin/vedit
/usr/bin/vi /usr/bin/vi
/usr/bin/view /usr/bin/view
/usr/bin/vmstat /usr/bin/vmstat
/usr/bin/w /usr/bin/w
/usr/bin/wall /etc/wall
/usr/bin/wc /bin/wc
/usr/bin/what /usr/bin/what
/usr/bin/whereis /usr/bin/whereis
/usr/bin/which /usr/bin/which
/usr/bin/who /bin/who
/usr/bin/whoami /usr/bin/whoami
/usr/bin/write /bin/write
/usr/bin/xargs /usr/bin/xargs
/usr/bin/yes /usr/bin/yes
/usr/bin/ypcat /usr/bin/ypcat
/usr/bin/ypmatch /usr/bin/ypmatch
/usr/bin/yppasswd /usr/bin/yppasswd
/usr/bin/ypwhich /usr/bin/ypwhich
/usr/bin/zcat /usr/bin/zcat
/usr/sbin/automount /usr/etc/automount
/usr/sbin/biod /etc/biod
/usr/sbin/edquota /etc/edquota
/usr/sbin/exportfs /usr/etc/exportfs
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/usr/sbin/mailq /usr/bin/mailq
/usr/sbin/mailstats /usr/bin/mailstats
/usr/sbin/mkboot /etc/mkboot
/usr/sbin/newaliases /usr/bin/newaliases
/usr/sbin/nfsd /etc/nfsd
/usr/sbin/nfsstat /usr/etc/nfsstat
/usr/sbin/portmap /etc/portmap
/usr/sbin/quot /etc/quot
/usr/sbin/quota /usr/bin/quota
/usr/sbin/quotacheck /etc/quotacheck
/usr/sbin/quotaoff /etc/quotaoff
/usr/sbin/quotaon /etc/quotaon
/usr/sbin/repquota /etc/repquota
/usr/sbin/rpc.lockd /usr/etc/rpc.lockd
/usr/sbin/rpc.mountd /usr/etc/rpc.mountd
/usr/sbin/rpc.rexd /usr/etc/rpc.rexd
/usr/sbin/rpc.rstatd /usr/etc/rpc.rstatd
/usr/sbin/rpc.statd /usr/etc/rpc.statd
/usr/sbin/rwall /usr/etc/rwall
/usr/sbin/sendmail /usr/lib/sendmail
/usr/sbin/snmpd /etc/snmpd
/usr/sbin/spray /usr/etc/spray
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171
Appendix B
Creating AIX Boot Diskettes
First you need four AIX-formatted 1.44 MB diskettes. Formatting diskettes in AIX is easy; justinsert the floppy into the drive and type:
# format
This formats the floppy in about two minutes.
1. Label a diskette Boot, place in the drive, and type:
# bosboot -d /dev/fd0 -a
2. Label a diskette Display, place in the drive, and type:
# /usr/sbin/mkdispdskt
3. Label a diskette Display Extension, place in the drive, and type:
# /usr/sbin/mkextdskt
4. Label a diskette Install/Maintenance, place in the drive, and type:
# /usr/sbin/mkinstdskt
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Appendix C
A Quick Comparison of SMIT and SAM
SMIT and SAM perform many of the same functions, but there are differences. The followingprovides a quick comparison of the two programs.
Task SMIT SAM
Install software Yes No, done throughupdate command
Add/remove disks, tape drives,cdroms
Yes Yes
Manage ttys Yes No
User and group management Yes Yes
Change passwords Yes Yes
Diskless workstationmanagement11
Yes Yes
Manage file systems Yes Yes
Manage swap/paging space Yes Yes
Disk space recovery No Yes
Kernel configuration No12
Yes
Sendmail start and stop No Yes
NCS management No Yes
bootp management Yes Yes
UUCP management No Yes
Remote administration13 No Yes
Setting up a trusted system No Yes
NIC configuration Yes Yes
11AIX 3.2.5 and HP-UX 9.0x approaches to diskless workstations differ but configuration can be done through the
respective system administration tools.
12SMIT does not offer this because the ODM precludes kernel configuration in AIX.
13IBM provides a remote administration tool called Distributed System Management Interface Tool (DSMIT) that can
be used to administer both AIX and non-AIX machines. This product is a separate purchase.
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Set hostname Yes Yes
Manage routing tables Yes Yes, but onlyfor defaultgateway
Edit /etc/resolv.conf Yes No
Edit /etc/services Yes Yes
Edit /etc/hosts.equiv Yes Yes
Edit /etc/ftpusers Yes Yes
Manage syslogd Yes No
Manage routed Yes No
Manage gated Yes No
Manage named Yes No
Manage rwhod Yes No
Manage timed Yes No
Configure NFS Yes Yes
Configure NIS Yes No
Printer management Yes Yes
Manage print requests Yes Yes
Hardware diagnostics Yes No
Process management Yes Yes
Performance monitoring Yes No
Schedule at jobs Yes No
Schedule cron jobs No Yes
Backup and restore operations Yes Yes
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Appendix D
Alternate HP Boot Console User Interface
This describes the Boot Console User Interface for models 712, 715/64, 715/80, 715/100, and725/100.
Accessing the Boot Console User Interface
1. Power-on the system.
2. Press and hold the Escape key at the boot banner.
3. Release the Escape key when the screen displays the boot administration command menu
followed by the BOOT_ADMIN> prompt.
Searching for Bootable Media
To list devices that contain bootable media, type the following at the BOOT_ADMIN> prompt:
BOOT_ADMIN> search
This causes your workstation to search for bootable media. It searches all types of I/O devices in
the following order:
1. Built-in SCSI
2. Built-in LAN
Booting from BOOT_ADMIN
The bootable devices are displayed by the search command in Mnemonic Style Notation. Use this
notation when specifying a particular device from which to boot.
Examples:
BOOT_ADMIN> boot scsi.5.0
This will boot off the SCSI device at address 5.
BOOT_ADMIN> boot scsi.6.0 isl
This causes the ISL to be loaded from the SCSI device at address 6 (usually your internal hard
drive).
Once you get to the ISL prompt you can boot to single-user mode with the following (assuming
you want to boot from the device at address 6): ISL>hpux -is boot disk(scsi.6;0)/hp-ux
—.—
.mwmrc, 145, 155
.profile, 9, 10, 11, 50, 154, 155
.rhosts, 57, 59, 97, 104, 105, 157
.vueprofile, 11, 154, 155
.Xdefaults, 145, 150, 151, 155
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—/—
/etc/autoconfig, 131
/etc/bcheckrc, 5
/etc/checklist, 23, 24, 120, 133
/etc/diskinfo, 23
/etc/disktab, 21, 22, 23, 24
/etc/dumpdates, 49 /etc/exports, 118, 120, 124, 125, 127, 129, 133
/etc/filesystems, 18, 24, 119, 120, 133
/etc/freeze, 139
/etc/ftpusers, 91, 96
/etc/hosts, 89, 93, 94, 101, 104, 105, 116, 124, 128
/etc/hosts.equiv, 83, 90, 96, 97, 104
/etc/hosts.lpd, 66, 83
/etc/inetd, 98, 127, 159
/etc/inetd.conf , 44, 89, 90, 94, 98, 125, 127, 128
/etc/init, 3, 6
/etc/inittab, 3, 6, 8, 10, 42, 66, 117, 118, 147
/etc/master, 33, 34, 37
/etc/netbsdrc, 98
/etc/netbsdsrc, 104, 139
/etc/netgroup, 112, 116, 125, 129
/etc/netlinkrc, 93, 94, 97
/etc/netnfsrc, 98, 112, 114, 115, 116, 123, 125, 126,
129, 133
/etc/objrepos, 25
/etc/passwd, 9, 108, 112, 113, 116
/etc/pre_init_rc, 5
/etc/profile, 10, 11, 50
/etc/qconfig, 61, 62, 64, 65, 68, 83
/etc/rc.boot, 3
/etc/rc.bsdnet, 92, 98
/etc/rc.net, 92, 98
/etc/rc.nfs, 108, 109, 110, 111, 117, 122
/etc/rc.tcpip, 100, 135, 136, 147
/etc/resolv.conf , 88, 89, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106
/etc/security/passwd, 9
/etc/services, 90, 98, 116
/etc/shutdown.allow, 7, 8
/etc/shutdown.d, 7, 8
/etc/syslog.conf , 137, 140
/etc/syslogd, 98
/hp-ux, 5, 6, 37
/usr/adm/inetd.sec, 94, 95, 98, 104, 125, 127, 128
/usr/lpd/attlong, 83
/usr/lpd/attshort, 83
/usr/lpd/rembak, 66
—A—
accept, 78, 79, 81AIX, 2
Backups, 49–53
Boot process, 3–4Devices, 25–31
Directory structure, 13Domain Name Service, 99–101
File systems, 15–19
Logical Volume Manager, 14–15Login process, 9–10
Logout process, 10Mail, 135–37
NFS, 117–23
NIS, 107–11
Object Data Manager, 25–27Printing, 61–69Processes, 41–45
Shutdown, 4–5
System Resource Controller, 42–44TCP/IP, 85–93
X11, 143–47
aixterm, 9, 145, 146, 156
—B—
BackupsAIX, 49–53
HP-UX, 53–56
bdf , 24bdftopcf , 143, 146, 149
bdftosnf , 149Boot Console User Interface, 6
Boot process
AIX, 3–4HP-UX, 5–7
—C—
cancel, 82
cfgmgr, 27, 28, 27–28, 30, 31, 37, 85
chdev, 27, 52, 58, 59
chnfs, 117
chssys, 117convert_rhosts , 105
cpio, 49, 55, 56, 57, 59, 162
crfs, 17
crontab, 45, 46
—D—
dd, 30, 49, 52, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 162
Devices
AIX, 25–31HP-UX, 31–37
df , 24, 162Directory structure
AIX, 13HP-UX, 14
disable, 81Domain Name Service
AIX, 99–101HP-UX, 102–5
domainname, 107, 111, 113, 114, 115, 116, 163
dump, 49, 53, 56, 58, 159, 160, 163
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—E—
elm, 137
enable, 78, 79, 80, 81
enq, 61, 62, 65, 69
exportfs, 118
extendvg, 16
—F—
File systems
AIX, 15–19HP-UX, 19–24
frecover, 53, 56
fs, 146, 152
fsck, 5, 24
fsinfo, 146
fslsfonts, 146
—G—
getty, 9, 10, 11, 154, 159
—H—
hft, 9, 10, 144, 145, 157
hosts_to_named, 102, 103HP VUE, 7, 8, 10, 11, 153, 154, 157
hpterm, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 156HP-UX
Backups, 53–56
Boot process, 5–7Description, 1
Devices, 31–37Directory structure, 14
Domain Name Service, 102–5File systems, 19–24Login process, 11
Logout process, 11Mail, 137–40
NFS, 123–33NIS, 111–16
Printing, 69–83
Processes, 45–46Shutdown, 7
TCP/IP, 93–98X11, 147–55
—I—ifconfig, 85, 92, 93, 97, 98, 159
inetimp, 90, 98
init, 3, 6, 7, 10, 11, 42, 154
ioscan, 35
—K—
kill, 41, 42, 45, 46, 47, 105, 113, 123, 133, 135, 139,164
killall, 42, 46, 164
—L—
Logical Volume Manager, 3, 14–15, 19, 24, 55
login, 9, 10, 11Login process
AIX, 9–10HP-UX, 11
logout, 10Logout process
AIX, 10
HP-UX, 11
lpAIX, 61, 62, 65, 69
lpadmin, 78, 79, 80
lpd, 43, 65, 66
lpr, 61, 62, 65, 69, 165
lpsched, 72, 78, 79, 80, 82
lpshut, 78, 79, 82
lpstat, 62, 66, 68, 69, 70, 78, 80, 82, 165
lsattr, 27lsdev, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 34, 159
lspv, 16
lssrc, 43, 44
lsvg, 16
LVM. See Logical Volume Manager
—M—
mail, 135, 137
AIX, 135–37HP-UX, 137–40
mailx, 135, 137
make, 122
AIX, 107
mediainit, 20, 21
mkdev, 27, 30
mkfontdir, 143, 146, 149
mklv, 16
mknod, 21, 31, 34, 37, 160
mkvg, 16
mkvirprt, 63, 67
mount, 18, 23, 49, 120, 127, 160
mt, 52, 56, 59, 165
mwm, 143, 145, 151
—N—
named, 91, 94, 99, 100, 101, 102, 104, 106, 160
newaliases, 136, 139, 170
newfs, 20, 21, 22, 23
NFSAIX, 117–23
HP-UX, 123–33
nice, 41
HP-UX, 45NIS
AIX, 107–11
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HP-UX, 111–16
—O—
Object Data Manager, 2, 3, 25–27, 85, 87, 89, 90, 92,98, 117
ODM. See Object Data Manager
odmget, 26, 27, 42odmshow, 25
—P—
pax, 49, 56, 58, 59, 166
Printing
AIX, 61–69HP-UX, 69–83
ProcessesAIX, 41–45
HP-UX, 45–46
ps, 41, 45, 46, 166
—Q—
qchk, 62, 69
qprt, 61, 62, 65, 69
—R—
rcp, 94, 96
rdump, 56, 160
refresh, 42, 44, 46, 92, 135, 137, 141
reject, 81
remsh, 96, 156
remshd, 94
renice, 41
rlogin, 96
rlpdaemon, 73
rmdev, 27, 31
rootvg, 3, 16, 52
route, 93, 94, 97
rsh, 146, 157
—S—
sendmail, 94, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141,142, 155, 170
ShutdownAIX, 4–5
HP-UX, 7
sig_named, 105
SMIT fastpathschinet, 87
chnfs, 117
chnfsexp, 120chypdom, 108
crfs, 17device, 28
disk, 15
extendvg, 16
fshrttbl, 87
ftpusers, 91hostent, 89
hostname, 86hostsequiv, 90
inet, 88
inetdconf, 89
inetserv, 90mkautomnt, 122mkclient, 110
mklv, 16
mkmaster, 108mknfs, 117, 118
mknfsexp, 118mknfsmnt, 119
mkroute, 86
mkslave, 109mksysb, 51
mktcpip, 85mkvg, 16
otherserv, 91
pdp, 62resolv.conf, 88, 101
rmnfsexp, 120rmnfsmnt, 120
rmroute, 87rmypclient, 117
rq, 66
server, 65setbootup_option, 92
stnamed, 100stnamerslv2, 101
ypstartstop, 110
SRC. See System Resource Controller
srcmstr, 42
Standalone bootHP-UX, 6
startsrc, 44, 46, 108, 110, 111, 117, 135
startx, 9, 11, 143, 144, 145
stopsrc, 44, 110, 111, 117, 135
swapon, 21, 23, 24, 160
System Resource Controller, 2, 42–44, 92, 98, 110,116, 117, 133, 135, 147
—T—
tar, 37, 49, 56, 57, 58, 59, 167
tcio, 55, 56, 59
TCP/IP
AIX, 85–93HP-UX, 93–98
tctl, 52, 56, 59
telnet, 10, 42, 57, 145, 146, 160, 167
terminfo, 145, 153
tic, 145, 153
tn3270, 146
top, 46
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http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aixhpux 185/185
—U—
umount, 49, 120, 161
untic, 153
—V—
varyonvg, 16vuefile, 154
vuegreet, 11
vuehelp, 154
vuelogin, 10, 11, 147, 149, 151, 154
vuesession, 154
vuestyle, 154
vuewm, 154
—X—
X11AIX, 143–47
HP-UX, 147–55
x11start, 150, 151
xdm, 10, 11, 143, 147, 150, 151, 157
xdmconf , 147
xdt3, 147
xhost, 143, 155, 157
xinit, 9, 10, 11, 143, 144, 145, 149, 150, 151
xinitrc, 9, 144, 145, 147xload, 156
xmodmap, 144
xset, 146, 152
xterm, 146
—Y—
ypbind, 108, 109, 110, 111, 114, 115, 116
ypinit, 107, 109, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 133
ypmake, 107, 111, 112, 113, 116, 131, 132
ypserv, 108, 110, 111, 112, 114, 115, 117
ypupdated, 108, 109, 110, 111