Ajohnh NMW09 00 Introduction

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00: IntroductionJanuary 7, 2009

NanomanufacturingUniversity of Michigan

ME599‐002 / Winter 2009

©2009

A.J. Hart

1

[email protected]

http://www.umich.edu/~ajohnh

Today’s agenda

What is nanotechnology and why is it important?

Course specifications

Some history and characterization techniques

Examples of nanomaterials, research, applications, and

emerging trends

Introductions

Final (opening) motivation and advice

©2009

A.J. Hart

2



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Today’s readings (@ctools)

Feynman (1959), There’s plenty of room at the bottom

Foley and Hersam (2006), Assessing the

need

for

nanotechnology education reform in the United States

ASTM (2006), Standard terminology relating to

nanotechnology

Augustine (2008), Scilence

Gimzewski (2008), Nanotechnology: the endgame of

©2009

A.J. Hart

3

Nature Nanotechnology (2009), The other

nanotech

Definition

Nanotechnology is the ability to understand, control, and

manipulate matter at the level of individual atoms and molecules

as well as at the “supramolecular level” involving clusters of

molecules, in order to create materials, devices, and systems with

fundamentally new properties and functions because of their

small structure. The definition implies using the same principles

and tools to establish a unifying platform for science and

engineering at the nanoscale, and employing the atomic and

molecular interactions to develop efficient manufacturing

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A.J. Hart

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met o s.‐ National Science Foundation (NSF)

‐ National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI)

(M. Roco, Handbook of Nanoscience, Engineering, and Technology, p. 3‐2)



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Molecular rack and pinion

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A.J. Hart

5Chiaravalotti et al., Nature Materials 6:30, 2007.

Length scales

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Beneath 1 millimeter

©2009

A.J. Hart

7http://www.sustainpack.com/nanotechnology.html

Lots of atoms!

©2009

A.J. Hart

8Roduner, Nanoscopic Materials.



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Opportunity: economic growth

©2009

A.J. Hart

9J. Gimzewski, Leonardo 41(3):259‐264, 2008.

Pressure: competitiveness

More than half of the increase in the US gross domestic product (GDP)

has been attributed to advancements in science, technology, and

innovation. The solution to many of America’s, and the world’s,

greatest challenges depends on advancements in science and

technology—including providing energy, preserving the environment,

supplying food and water, ensuring physical security, providing health

care, and improving the global standard of living.

But there are a few problems. The United States ranks 16th and 20th

among nations in college and high‐school graduation rates,

respectively; 60th in the proportion of college graduates receiving

natural science and engineering degrees; and 23rd in the fraction of

©2009

A.J. Hart

10N. Augustine, Science 321:1605, 2008.

.

U.S. citizens receiving Ph.D.s in engineering and the physical sciences

has dropped by 22% in a decade. U.S. high‐school students rank near

the bottom in math and science.



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Need: education

A key challenge for nanotechnology development is the education and

training of a new generation of skilled workers in the multidisciplinary

perspective necessary for rapid progress of the new technology. The

concept at the nanoscale (atomic, molecular and supra‐molecular

levels) should penetrate the education system in the next decade in a

s m ar manner o ow e m croscop c approac ma e nroa s n e

last forty to fifty years…

It is estimated that about 2 million nanotechnology workers will be

needed worldwide in 10‐15 years. If one would extrapolate the current

portion of the users of key measuring instrumentation (atomic force

microscopes and scanning tunneling microscopes), it would obtain a

rou h distribution of nanotechnolo workers needed in 2010‐2020:

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‐ 0.8 million in US

‐ 0.5 – 0.6 million in Japan‐ 0.3‐ 0.4 million in Europe

‐ 0.1‐ 0.2 million in Asia/Pacific region excluding Japan

‐ and more in other regions.

M. Roco.

Nanomanufacturing: our mission

Realize the breadth and accelerating pace of nanotechnology and the imperative for nanomanufacturing

Understand the fundamental properties of nanostructures,

e.g., nanoparticles, nanotubes, and nanowires

Understand how nanostructures interact with one another

and the surrounding medium …the physics of interactions

Understand how to make nanostructures

Understand how to assemble nanostructures, e.g., top‐down

vs. bottom‐up, 1D, 2D, and 3D

Understand how the ro erties of nanostructures scale with

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assembly methods, and how interactions govern supra‐

nanoscale properties



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Nanomanufacturing: our mission

Learn how to design and manufacture new materials and

devices by harnessing the special properties and

interactions of nanostructures

Enhance our ability to define important research

questions, critica y ju ge t eir va i ity ase on

fundamental principles, and design experiments to answer

these questions

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Course outline

Part 0: Introduction to nanotechnology and taxonomy of

nanoscale structures

Part 1: Properties of nanostructures (“building blocks”)

Part 2: Interactions among nanostructures

Part 3: Synthesis of nanostructures

Part 4: Assembly of nanostructures and property‐

interaction scaling

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Part 5: Example materials and systems implementing

functional nanostructures

CONCLUSION: project presentations



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Assignments and grading

See syllabus (handout and on ctools)

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Nanomaterials are not new!

It is probable that “soluble” gold appeared

around the 5th or 4th century B.C. in Egypt

and China.

The Lycurgus Cup that was manufactured in

the 5th to 4th century B.C. It is ruby red in

transmitted light and green in reflected light,

due to the presence of gold colloids.

In 1857, Faraday reported the formation of

deep red solutions of colloidal gold by

reduction of an aqueous solution of

chloroaurate (AuCl4‐) using phosphorus in CS2

(a two‐phase system) in a well known work.

©2009

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Milan ‐ Duomo

thin films prepared from dried colloidal

solutions and observed reversible color

changes of the films upon mechanical

compression (from bluish‐purple to green

upon pressurizing).



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©2009

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So, nanomaterials are definitely not new!

but our ability to be nanoscientists is new, because we’ve

created instruments and machines for controlled

characterization and fabrication

these enable nanotechnology

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Robert Hooke’s work in 1665

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Electron microscopes

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20Goodhew, Microscopy and Microanalysis



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Scanning probe microscopes

Scanning tunneling

microscope (STM)

Atomic force

microscope (AFM)

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invented by Young and colleagues, NIST, 1972

Binnig and Rohrer, Nobel Prize, 1986

Binnig, Quate, Gerber, 1986

Nanotube on a

scanning probe tip

STM image of a “quantum

corral” of Fe on Cu (IBM)

©2009

A.J. Hart

22Crommie et al., Science 262:218‐220 1993.



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“Discovery” of carbon nanotubes, 1991

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Current resolution limits approach visibility

of individual

atoms

and

defects

©2009

A.J. Hart

24Suenaga et al., Nature Nanotechnology, 2:358, 2007.



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Building blocks

Nanoclusters / NanoparticlesMagic #’s of atoms 100s‐1000s of atoms

≤1 nm size ∼1‐100 nm diameter

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Nanowires / NanotubesFilled Hollow

∼1‐100 nm dia, up to mm long and beyond!

Semiconducting nanocrystals

“quantum

dots” for Au nanoclusters

photo by F. Frankel, MIT diameter

<100> CdSe <001> CdSe

©2009

A.J. Hart

26Hodes, Advanced Materials, 19:639, 2007.

1.5 nm



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Nanostructured carbons

Single‐wall CNT

(SWNT)

Multi‐wall CNT

(MWNT)

D = 0.4‐3 nm D = 3‐100 nm

Fullerene

D = 0.4‐3 nm

Graphite

sp2

Diamond

sp3

Carbon “nanofibers” Carbon fibersD = 10 nm – 1 mm D = 1–10 mmD = 10 nm – 1 mm

Va or‐ rown Melt‐s un

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27Compiled from many sourcesCore is a SWNT > 50,000 tons/yr

Exceptional properties of CNTs

+ High recoverable strains and

reversible kinkingIijima et al., J. Chem Phys., 104:2089:92,

1996.

+ Thermal conductivity

exceeding diamond; 3500

W/m‐K for an individual

SWNTPop et al., Nano Lett. 6:96‐100, 2006.

Advanced fibers

(carbon, aramid, glass)

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Compiled from National Academy of Sciences report (2005)

http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11268.htmland many other sources

+ Ballistic electron transport

over micron length scalesLi et al., PRL 96:057001, 2006.

+ Current density of

~109 A/cm2

Wei et al., APL 79:1172‐4, 2001.



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Nanowire chemical sensors

Reversible bindingof biomolecules

Principle of carrier injection on ac ecep or

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Nanowire

‐ Molecule‐sized binding sites = high S/N‐ Engineer binding to be molecule‐specific

‐ Arrays can be multiplexed to detect lots

of markers

Patolsky and Lieber, Materials Today, 2007.

CNT‐based memory (Nantero, Inc.)

The concept

(1998)

OFF

©2009

A.J. Hart

30Rueckes et al, Science 289, 2000; http://www.nantero.com

ON

Reversible electromechanical junction



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h i g h

Order = quality, purity, alignment

Quantity = #/vol

yarn/sheetforest (aligned) individual

C N T o r d e r

film (tangled)

dispersion

1 μm

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CNT quantity [#/vol]

l o

w

few many

Images from various sources including Baughman, Dai, Kim, Rinzler groups

h i g h

Transistors

R&D

Fibers/WiresInterfaces(mech, elect,

therm, fluidic)

Order = quality, purity, alignment

Quantity = #/vol

C N T o r d e r

Transparent

conductors

Emitters, memoryCommercialized

“bulk” nanotechnology

Limited by

©2009

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CNT quantity [#/vol]

l o w

few (<< 1g) many

ESD/plastics

current CNT

mfg technology

adapted from Hart, Rinzler, Kong, WTEC/NSF Report on Carbon Nanotube Manufacturing, Chapter 6, 2007.



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Merck produces >20 tons of silica particles per year for

cosmetic purposes

3M produces TiO2 nanoparticles for dental fillings

“Bulk” nanomaterials produced

commercially today

Cabot produces > 10 tons of carbon black nanoparticles as

polymers additives

Showa Denko (Japan), Mitsui (Japan), and Hyperion (USA)

produce > 250 tons of carbon nanotubes

©2009

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Database of consumer products incorporating engineered

nanostructures:http://www.nanotechproject.org/index.php?id=44&action=intro

©2009

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Lithium‐ion batteries using nanoporous

LiFePO4 electrodes (A123 systems)

©2009

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CNT‐enhanced sporting goods (Zyvex)

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Biocompatibility and health effects

©2009

A.J. Hart

37Dobrovolskaia et al., Nature Nanotechnology, 2:469, 2007.

Biocompatibility and health effects

©2009

A.J. Hart

38Dobrovolskaia et al., Nature Nanotechnology, 2:469, 2007.



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Looking forward…

©2009

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39

Forecast: an endgame?

©2009

A.J. Hart

40J. Gimzewski, Leonardo 41(3):259‐264, 2008.



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©2009

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41

Fun: marketing

©2009

A.J. Hart

42



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Nokia Morph phone concept

http://www.nokia.com/A4852062

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IX‐gTobCJHs

©2009

A.J. Hart

4343

Caution: too much hype

It is

hardly

a new

insight

to

observe

that

the

development

of

nanotechnology has been accompanied by exaggeration and oversold

promises. It is tempting for scientists to plead their innocence …after

all, nanobots, universal assemblers and other science fiction visions of

nanotechnology were proposed by members of fringe movements,

such as transhumanists and singularitarians, rather than mainstream

nanoscience researchers.

But are scientists completely blameless in the development

of what might be called the ‘economy of promises’ that surrounds

nanotechnology? The process by which a result from an academic

laboratory is turned into a story in the mainstream media naturally

©2009

A.J. Hart

44R. Jones, Nature Nanotechnology 3:65‐66, 2008.

research; the road from the an academic paper in a research journal to a press release from a university press office is characterized by a

systematic stripping away of the cautious language found in

most research papers, and a transformation of vague possible future

impacts into near‐certain outcomes.



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Certainly no one has made much of a media career by underplaying

the potential significance of scientific developments. This is not to say

that scientists should not exercise responsibility and integrity within

the constraints imposed by the requirements of the media, but

perhaps the ‘economy of promises’ is embedded more deeply in the

scientific enterprise than we realize.

Although the claims made by researchers individually might be

implausible, one can have a great deal more confidence that

collectively the research enterprise as a whole will deliver important

results. Thus scientists may not be at all confident that their own work

will have a big impact, but they are confident that science in general

©2009

A.J. Hart

45R. Jones, Nature Nanotechnology 3:65‐66, 2008.

. ,

memories for promises that science and technology have made but

failed to deliver (such as electricity from nuclear power being ‘too

cheap to meter’). The nanoscience community would do well to be

responsible in what they promise.

Imperative: communication and outreach

2008 – over 80% of Americans reported having heard ‘just a little’

(28%) or ‘nothing at all’ (54%) about nanotechnology.

©2009

A.J. Hart

46Kahan et al., Nature Nanotechnology doi:10.1038/NNANO.2008.341



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Imperative: communication and outreach

©2009

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47

Kahan et al., Nature Nanotechnology doi:10.1038/NNANO.2008.341

Scheufele et al., Nature Nanotechnology doi:10.1038/NNANO.2008.361

Standards

ASTM International Committee E56 Nanotechnology E2456‐06* Terminology for Nanotechnology

IEEE NESR Nanoelectronic Standards Roadmap IEEE1650‐2005* Electrical characterization of SWNTs

IEEE1784‐2008 Nanomaterials characterization and use in large scale

electronics manufacturing

IEC TC 113 Nanotechnology Standardization for Electrical and

Electronic Products and Systems JWG 1 Terminology and Nomenclature

JWG 2 Measurement and Characterization

©2009

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er ormance assessment

ISO/TC 229 Nanotechnologies ISO/AWI TS 10797 TEM characterization of SWNTs

ISO/AWI TS 10798 SEM & EDXA characterization of SWNTs

ISO/NP TS 10867 NIR photoluminescence spectroscopy of SWNTs

ISO/NP TS 10868 UV‐Vis‐NIR absorption spectroscopy of SWNTs



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Introductions

then closing advice

©2009

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©2009

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Stay on the leading edge! A. Slocum



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Those who stay…

©2009

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Posted above the exit door to the field,

home team

locker

room

at

Michigan

football

stadium(B. Schembechler, 1969)

Collaborate and learn from others

“The thing I want to say is collaborate. Collaborating with

talented people is not easy, but it’s the way to really shine – you

shine bri hter if ou are workin with reall reat eo le. The

important thing in the end is not that you are proved right every

time, the important thing is that the music is the best that it can

be. I want to wish you all that you would find your own voice.

But if you are so disposed that you would find collaborators to

work with, that you would shine as you could never shine on

your own.”

©2009

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Dave “The Edge” Evans (U2), at Berklee College of Music

Commencement, Boston, MA, May 2007.



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©2009

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One word…

©2009

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54

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WnvBK4_lGtU

Documents

Ajohnh NMW09 00 Introduction