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All of the following processes occur within mitochondria except:
A) the splitting of glucose.B) the formation of citric acid.C) the catabolism of citric acid to produce NADH, CO2, and H+.D) the transfer of electrons from NADH to the electron transport chain.E) the reduction of oxygen to form water.
In gylcolysis, a small amount of ATP is produced by substrate level phosphorylation.
A) TrueB) False
T F Phosphorylation of ADP in the electron transportchain is powered by the movement of electronsthrough an ATP-synthase molecule.
Outline
I. What is DNA?
II. How does DNA code for proteins?
III. Human Genome Project
The plans for all proteins are encoded
This plan is called DNA
DNA Function
• Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) serves as code for protein synthesis
DNA Function
• Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) serves as code for protein synthesis
• Gene – segment of DNA that codes for one polypeptide
• Genome - all the genes of one person
The Structure of DNA
• DNA is a polymer of __________
• ____________ consist of:
– sugar– phosphate group– nitrogenous base
Nitrogenous Bases of DNA
• Adenine (A)
• Thymine (T)
• Cytosine (C)
• Guanine (G)
Nitrogenous Bases of DNA
• Adenine (A)
• Thymine (T)
• Cytosine (C)
• Guanine (G)
DNA has roughly equal quantities of A & T,and equal quantities of C & G
Watson & Crick revealed the structure of DNA.Watson & Crick revealed the structure of DNA.
What Does your DNA Look Like?
What Does your DNA Look Like?
DNA Structure
• DNA is a Double Helix
• Free Railed Spiral Staircase
1
2
DNA Structure
• DNA is a Double Helix
• Free Railed Spiral Staircase
• Phosphate-sugar handrails
• Nitrogenous Base Pair steps
1
2
The Double Helix
Complementary Base Pairing
• Nitrogenous bases form hydrogen bonds
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Complementary Base Pairing
• Nitrogenous bases form hydrogen bonds
• Only certain bases can bond (A—T and C—G)
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Complementary Base Pairing
• Nitrogenous bases form hydrogen bonds
• Only certain bases can bond (A—T and C—G)
• One strand determines base sequence of other strand
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It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material.
- Watson & Crick, 1953, Nature
Structure of DNA• What is a gene?
– Short segment of DNA
~ 30,000 genes in your DNA– Each gene codes for 1 protein
Structure of DNA
• Total length of 3 meters
Three meters long?!But how does it all fit
in such a tiny cell?
Condensed
vs
Uncondensed DNA
5 Steps
Packaging of DNA
1. DNA
Almost never like this
Packaging of DNA
1. DNA
Almost never like this
2. Chromatin
Almost always like this
Proteins
3. Chromatin coils
3. Chromatin Coils 4. Super-coiling
3. Chromatin Coiling 4. Super-coiling
5. Chromosome
“Colored Body”
Chromatid
Super-Coiling Chain Demonstration
The DNA Code• Every 3 bases = codon
• Codons:– Interact with Ribosome
– Bring Amino Acid X
– __________ order determines protein function
1953 Watson & Crick reveal structure of DNA
1975 Developed method of sequencing DNA
1985 US Department of Energy explored the possibility of learning the human genome
1990 Mapping of human genome begins
Discovering The Human Genome
1998 Celera Genomics vows to discover entire genome within 3 years!
Craig Venter
Nerds in Competition
VS
NIH Celera Genomics
1953 Watson & Crick reveal structure of DNA
1975 Developed method of sequencing DNA
1985 US Department of Energy explored the possibility of learning the human genome
1990 Mapping of human genome begins
Discovering The Human Genome
1998 Celera Genomics vows to discover entire genome within 3 years!
2000 Teams publish joint rough draft of Human Genome
Craig Venter
Our Genome Revealed to the World
Oh yeah, I am going tobe sooo rich.
Mr. President, that man is an idiot!
Who’s that gorgeous ladysitting next to Hillary?
Left to Right: Craig Venter, President Bill Clinton, Francis CollinsLeft to Right: Craig Venter, President Bill Clinton, Francis Collins
What have we learned already?
• Genes are scattered through the genome and surrounded by regions of “Junk DNA”
What have we learned already?
• Genes are scattered through the genome and surrounded by regions of “Junk DNA”
• Coding regions are rich in _____ pairs while junk DNA is rich in _____ pairs
What have we learned already?
• Genes are concentrated in random areas throughout the genome; these areas are surrounded by vast regions of “Junk DNA”
• Coding regions are rich in _____ pairs while junk DNA is rich in _____ pairs
• Up to 30,000 G-C pairs bound the edges of coding regions, separating them from junk DNA
What is on the horizon?
• Identify risk for genetically-based diseases at birth
What is on the horizon?
• Identify risk for genetically-based diseases at birth
• Cure illnesses through Gene Therapy
What is Gene Therapy?
1. Take Cells
What is Gene Therapy?
1. Take Cells
Virus
2. Insert Gene
What is Gene Therapy?
1. Take Cells
Virus
2. Insert Gene
3. Insert Virus
What is Gene Therapy?
1. Take Cells
Virus
2. Insert Gene
3. Insert Virus
4. Gene Inserted
What is Gene Therapy?
1. Take Cells
Virus
2. Insert Gene
3. Insert Virus
4. Gene Inserted
5. Insert Cells
6. Synthesis
What is on the horizon?
• Identify risk for genetically-based diseases at birth
• Cure illnesses through gene therapy
• Genetically-based prescription drug reaction testing
Pharmacogenetics