Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy is defined as : The study of the structure and

shape of the organs and systems of the Human Body and their Structural relationships to one another

Physiology is defined as The functions of the parts of the

human body and the interaction of anatomic systems forming the human body as a whole

Characteristics of life

Structure Biochemical reactions Responsiveness- to maintain

Homeostasis Reproduction▪Growth-to gain mass▪Development-different abilities (diffferentiation)

Characteristics of life

Adaptation and evolution

Goal of almost all body systems is to maintain life Survival needs include

Water Food Oxygen Heat Atmospheric Pressure

Homeostasis

The body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world is constantly changing

Every organ system plays a role in maintaining stability

Homeostasis

Homeostatic Regulation:physiological adjustments Receptor –sensitive to stimulus Effector-activity has an effect on the

stimulus

Negative feedback effector that is activated by the control center opposes the stimulus

Positive Feedback-response reinforces the stimulus

Level of Organization

Molecular Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism

Each level is dependent of the others

Organ systems

Integumentary : skin Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic: defense against

infection/disease Respiratory Digestive

Organ systems

Urinary Reproductive

Anatomical Directions

Costal-ribs coxal-hip Crural-leg Cubital- elbow Digital- finger Dorsal-back Femoral- thigh Frontal- forehead Genital reproductive organs

Anatomical Directions

Inguinal-depressed area of the abdomen near the thigh

Dorsal Cavity-back of the body Cranial cavity-brain Vertebral cavity-spinal cord, spine

Ventral cavity-front or stomach Thoracic cavity-▪ Pleural-lungs

Ventral Cavity

Thoracic con’t- Mediastinal- esophagus/trachia/major

blood vessels Periocardial-heart

Abdominopelvic Abdominal cavity-digestive organs Pelvic- reproductive/urinary

Body cavities

Thoracic Membranes

Pleural Membrane Parietal Pleural Membrane-line inside of

the pleural cavity Visceral Pleural Membrare-adheres to the

surface of lungs Periocardial Membrane

Parietal Periocardial Membrane- line inside of periocardial cavity

Visceral Periocardial Membrane- adheres to the surface of the heart

Abdominal Membrane

Peritoneal Membrane Parietal peritoneal Membrane/Parietal

peritoneum-lines inside of abdominal cavity

Visceral Peritoneum-adheres to the surface of the stomach

Directional Terms

Superior (cranial or cephalic) Inferior –caudal Anterior- ventral Posterior- Dorsal Medial- midline Lateral- away from the longitudinal axis Proximal-toward an attached base,

toward the trunk Distal- away from an attached base,

away from the trunk

Body planes

Standard Anatomical Position

Abdominal quadrants