Anatomy and Physiology

Dr. Michael RaucciPine Bush Medical Academy

Abbreviations & DefinitionsStructuresa – arteryaa – arteriesv – veinvv – veinsn – nervenn – nervesm – musclemm - muscles

Directional VocabularyAnt – anterior – nearer the frontPost – posterior – nearer the rearLat – lateral – away from midlineMed – medial – toward the midlineSup – superior – toward the head (up)Inf – inferior – toward the tail (down)Dist – distal – further from trunk or other stuctureProx – proximal – closer to trunk or other stuctureExt – external – outsideInt – internal – insideSup – superficial – near or on the surfaceDeep – further from the surfaceIpsi – ipsilateral – on the same side of median lineContra – contralateral – on the opposite side of median line

*yes, there are others but we will stick to these.

Anatomical Position

• If you are looking at a picture then right is left and left is right

Anatomical Planes

• Coronal Plane• Sagittal Plane• Transverse or Axial

Plane

Body Positioning

Systems

• Skeletal• Muscular• Nervous• Respiratory• Cardiovascular• Endocrine

• Integumentary• Digestive• Excretory• Lymphatic• Reproductive• Immune ?

Skeletal System – naming bones and knowing locations

• Bones, cartilage and ligaments• The bones in your skeleton are

alive

• Ligaments – link and hold bones together. They also prevent excessive motion

Types and parts of Bone

• Compact – hard outer surface

• Spongy – inner trabeculated

• Marrow inside the bone – stores fat and makes new red blood cells

• Cartilage lines the surface of a joint and is the flexible material found in the ears and tip of the nose

• Growth plates – cartilage surfaces which allow bones to grow in length. These close by age 15 in girls and 18 in boys

Shoulder joint

• This is a ball and socket joint.

• Fracture• Sprain• Bruise

• Protuberances• Tuberosities• Origins• Insertions

Muscular System

– Move bones – by contracting and relaxing– Maintain posture – continuously active– Squeeze and pump – assist the circulatory system– Very Important involuntary ones                                                 

3 types of muscles• Smooth – digestive system – moves food and waste

through the system via peristalsis. Uses predominantly involuntary muscles.

• found within the "walls” of hollow organs; such as blood vessels, bladders, uteri. gastrointestinal tracts

• Cardiac – found only in the heart – self excitatory• Skeletal – attached to the bones for movement

How would you characterize this muscle? The nuclei are centrally located, there are no striations, and the muscle fibers do not branch. Another good clue that this is smooth muscle is that when smooth

muscle contracts, the nuclei take on a corkscrew appearance.

•

How would you characterize this muscle? The nuclei are centrally located, striations are present, and there is branching of the muscle fibers. Several intercalated discs are

indicated by the white arrow heads.

How would you characterize this muscle? The nuclei are peripheral, striations are present, and there is no branching of the muscle fibers. Even when you cannot visualize striations, the peripherally placed nuclei allow you to differentiate skeletal muscle from

both cardiac and smooth muscle.

Muscle Definitions• Voluntary – under conscious control• Involuntary – work irregardless of

thought• Tendons – strands of connective

tissue located at the ends of muscle. Attach the muscle to the bone

• Flexor – bend a part of the body• Extensor – straighten a part of the

body• Muscle tone – a baseline

contraction that a muscle maintains even during relaxation

* Many muscles work in pairs

(contraction & relaxation)

Movement Types• Flexion• Extension• Rotation• Lateral flexion• Abduction• Adduction• Circumduction• Internal rotation• External rotation• Elevation • Depression

• Distraction• Translation• Inversion • Eversion• Dorsiflexion• Plantar flexion• Pronation • Supination• Protrusion• Retraction

Growth

• Muscles grow in length in response to a stretch.

• Muscles grow in bulk in response to a need.

Injury• Muscle strain• Ruptured tendon

•Overstretching or overuse•Overuse can be a singular event or a repetitive activity•Inflammation

Treatment

• Ice or heat?• Immobilization or mobilization?

R – restI – IceC – CompressionE - Elevation

                                

Steroids

• Anabolic Steroids – powerful chemicals that resemble the male hormone testosterone.

Damages: heart, liver, kidneys, testes in men, labido, hirsuitism in women, emotional instability.

• It also happens to be cheating

Thigh

Superficial Anterior & Medial Thigh Muscles

IliacusO: iliac fossa and AIISI: Lesser trochanter of hipA: Hip or trunk flexionN: femoral n & lumbar plexus

PsoasO: TPs of L1-L5 & Lat bodies of T12-L4I: Lesser trochanter of hipA: Hip or trunk flexion & hip ext. rot.N: ant. rami of L1-L4

SartoriusO: ASISI: prox. med. tibia as pes anseriniusA: flexing, abduction and lateral rotation of hip, and flexion

of kneeN: femoral n. ant branch

Gracillis O: pubic arch & symphysis pubisI: prox. Med. Tibial body as pes anseriniusA: adduction

Superficial Anterior Thigh Muscles (Quadriceps)

Rectus FemorisO:I: A:N:

Vastus LateralisO:I: A:N:

Vastus MedialisO:I: A:N:

Vastus IntermediusO:I: A:N:

Lateral Thigh MusclesTensor Fascia Lata (TFL)

O:I: A:N:

Iliotibial Band (ITB)O:I: A:N:

Deep Anterior Thigh Muscles

Adductor GroupO:I: A:N:

Posterior Thigh Muscles

• Semitendinosus• Semimembranosus• Biceps Femoris

Medial Thigh

Leg

Posterior:GastrocnemiusSoleusAchilles TendonAnterior:Tibialis AnteriorExtensor Digitalis

Longus

Foot

Arm

Forearm

Hand

Back Back

Neck

http://www.sciencephoto.com/image/302923/large/P1500110-Neck_muscles-SPL.jpg

Buttocks and Pelvis

Abdominals

Chest

Head

Need to Know Muscles and Aponeuroses

• Thigh– Quadriceps– TFL & ITB– Hamstrings

• Leg– Gastrocnemius– Soleus– Tibialis Anterior

• Foot– Plantar Fascia

• Arm– Rotator Cuff Group– Deltoid– Biceps– Triceps

• Forearm– Flexors– Extensors

• Hand

• Buttock– Gluteus Maximus & others– Piriformis– Psoas

• Back– Latissimus Dorsi– Trapezius– Thoracic & Lumbar Paraspinals

• Neck– SCM– Cervical Paraspinals– Suboccipitals– Occipital

• Abdominals– Abdominus Rectus– Abdominus Oblqus Group

• Chest– Pectoralis Major

• Head and Face– Temporalis– Masseter

The Most Important Muscle

• Diaphragm • Heart

Nervous System

Respiratory System

Cardiovascular System

Digestive System

Endocrine System

Excretory

Lymphatic

Reproductive

Integumentary