Anatomy Anatomy & &

PhysiologPhysiologyy

An An OverviewOverview

Science- Science- attempt to attempt to understand nature in a understand nature in a rational, logical mannerrational, logical manner

ProblemProblem

HypothesisHypothesis

ExperimentExperiment

Collect/Analyze Collect/Analyze DataData

Form a ConclusionForm a Conclusion

Scientific MethodScientific Method

Theory-Theory- repeatable repeatable experiments that verify experiments that verify hypothesishypothesis

LawLaw- theories with - theories with unusually high level of unusually high level of confidenceconfidence

AnatomyAnatomy

ana- “up”ana- “up”temos/tomas- “cutting”temos/tomas- “cutting”Def. -study of body Def. -study of body

structurestructure

Divisions of AntomyDivisions of Antomy

Gross AnatomyGross Anatomy – observation of – observation of large anatomical structures visible large anatomical structures visible to the naked eye to the naked eye

Microscopic AnatomyMicroscopic Anatomy – study of cells – study of cells (cytology) & tissues (histology)(cytology) & tissues (histology)

Radiological AnatomyRadiological Anatomy – noninvasive – noninvasive method of looking inside body –X-method of looking inside body –X-rays, Cat scans, MRI’s , PET scans, rays, Cat scans, MRI’s , PET scans, etcetc

Systemic AnatomySystemic Anatomy - study body by - study body by systemssystems

physisphysis- “nature”- “nature”LogosLogos- “science/study”- “science/study”Def.- body function; how Def.- body function; how body parts support lifebody parts support life

PhysiologyPhysiology

Divisions of PhysiologyDivisions of Physiology

Type of organism (human/plant)Type of organism (human/plant) Organizational level Organizational level

(molecular/cellular)(molecular/cellular) Specific/systemic Specific/systemic

(neurophysiology, respiratory (neurophysiology, respiratory physiology)physiology)

Characteristics of LifeCharacteristics of Life

MovementMovement – chg in position; – chg in position; motionmotion

ResponsivenessResponsiveness – reaction to a – reaction to a stimulus (chg) in/outside the bodystimulus (chg) in/outside the body

Growth/developmentGrowth/development – increase in – increase in body sizebody size

ReproductionReproduction – new organisms/new – new organisms/new cellscells

RespirationRespiration – obtain O – obtain O22, remove , remove COCO22, rls energy from food, rls energy from food

Characteristics of LifeCharacteristics of Life DigestionDigestion – breakdown of food into – breakdown of food into

absorbable sizesabsorbable sizes AbsorptionAbsorption – passage of – passage of

substances through membranes & substances through membranes & into body fluidsinto body fluids

CirculationCirculation – mvmt of substances – mvmt of substances in body fluidsin body fluids

AssimilationAssimilation – chg of absorbed – chg of absorbed substances into diff chem formssubstances into diff chem forms

ExcretionExcretion – removal of wastes – removal of wastes produced through metabolismproduced through metabolism

Requirements for Requirements for LifeLife

WaterWater– Most abundant substance in Most abundant substance in

bodybody– Req’d for metabolic processesReq’d for metabolic processes– Req’d for transport of Req’d for transport of

substancessubstances– Regulates body tempRegulates body temp

FoodFood– Provides necessary nutrientsProvides necessary nutrients– Supplies energySupplies energy– Supplies raw materials for Supplies raw materials for

production of necessary production of necessary substances/regulation of vital substances/regulation of vital reactionsreactions

Requirements for Requirements for LifeLife

OxygenOxygen– 1/5 of air1/5 of air– Used to rls energy from foodUsed to rls energy from food

Requirements for Requirements for LifeLife

HeatHeat– Form of energyForm of energy– Helps regulate rates of metabolic Helps regulate rates of metabolic

rxnsrxns

Requirements for Requirements for LifeLife

PressurePressure– application of force on an objectapplication of force on an object

- - atmospheric pressure – atmospheric pressure – important for important for

breathingbreathing

- hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood - hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowingflowing

Requirements for Requirements for LifeLife

Levels of Levels of OrganizationOrganization

CellularCellularTissueTissueOrganOrganOrgan systemOrgan systemOrganismOrganism

Anatomical Anatomical TerminologTerminolog

yyAnatomical Position – standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward and thumbs out

Bilateral Bilateral Symmetry- rt Symmetry- rt & l sides of & l sides of body are body are mirror images; mirror images; one plane one plane divides body divides body into rt & l sidesinto rt & l sides

IpsilateralIpsilateral – same side (rt lung – same side (rt lung & rt kidney)& rt kidney)

ContralateralContralateral – opposite side – opposite side ProximalProximal – closer to the torso – closer to the torso DistalDistal – farther from the torso – farther from the torso SuperficialSuperficial – near surface (also – near surface (also

peripheral)peripheral) DeepDeep – more internal – more internal InternalInternal - inside - inside External External - outside- outside

Positional TermsPositional Terms

Body CavitiesBody Cavities

Ventral- Ventral- –Thoracic/ChestThoracic/Chest– heart – heart & lungs; rt/l pleural & & lungs; rt/l pleural & mediastinummediastinum

–AbdominopelvicAbdominopelvic– – “guts”“guts”Abdominal (upper)Abdominal (upper)Pelvic (lower) Pelvic (lower)

Thoracic & Abdominal Thoracic & Abdominal Serous MembranesSerous Membranes

• Visceral layer – covers an organ• Parietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall

Thoracic Membranes• Visceral pleura• Parietal pleura• Visceral pericardium• Parietal pericardium

Abdominopelvic Membranes• Parietal peritoneum• Visceral peritoneum• Parietal perineum• Visceral perineum

Thoracic Serous Membranes

Abdominal Serous Membranes

Dorsal-Dorsal-Cranial- in skull; Cranial- in skull; brainbrain

Spinal- spinal Spinal- spinal column; spinal column; spinal cordcord

Body CavitiesBody Cavities

Righthypochondriacregion

Epigastricregion

Lefthypochondriacregion

Rightlumbarregion Umbilical

region

Leftlumbarregion

Rightiliacregion

Hypogastricregion

Leftiliacregion

Regions (9)

Abdominal Regions

Right upperquadrant (RUQ)

Left upperquadrant (LUQ)

Right lowerquadrant (RLQ)

Left lowerquadrant (LLQ)

Quadrants (4)

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

Body Terms p. 14

Body Planes & SectionsBody Planes & Sections

SagittalSagittal (“arrow”)– any (“arrow”)– any plane that cuts body into rt plane that cuts body into rt & l sides& l sides–MidsagittalMidsagittal – plane that – plane that divides equallydivides equally

–ParasagittalParasagittal – plane that – plane that divides unequallydivides unequally

Midsaggital

Parasaggital

TransverseTransverse – horizontal – horizontal plane that cuts into plane that cuts into upper & lower portionsupper & lower portions

FrontalFrontal ( (CoronalCoronal)– )– vertical plane that cuts vertical plane that cuts into front & back into front & back sectionssections

Transverse

Coronal (Frontal)

Directional TermsDirectional TermsSuperiorSuperior – “above”; twd head – “above”; twd head InferiorInferior – “below”; twd feet – “below”; twd feet AnteriorAnterior (ventral on 2 legs)– (ventral on 2 legs)–

twd fronttwd front PosteriorPosterior (dorsal on 2 legs)– (dorsal on 2 legs)–

twd backtwd back MedialMedial – twd midline – twd midline LateralLateral – twd sides – twd sides ProximalProximal – closer to torso – closer to torso DistalDistal – farther from torso – farther from torso

1)Superior

2)Inferior

3)Medial

4)Lateral

5)Proximal

6)Distal

7)Cranial

8)Caudal

12) Palmar

13) plantar

Want some practice on Want some practice on directional terms and directional terms and such?……such?……

http://www.wiley.com/legacy/college/bio/tortora366927/resources/student/anatomydrill/ch1.html

http://www.proprofs.com/flashcards/story.php?title=directional-terms-anatomy-lab

http://bio-alive.com/tutorials/anatomy.htm

http://www.medtrng.com/quia.htm

HomeostasisHomeostasis Maintaining constant internal conditionsMaintaining constant internal conditions

– Ex. Blood pH, body tempEx. Blood pH, body temp

•Homeostatic Control Mechanisms – monitors aspects of the internal environment & corrects as needed. Variations are within limits.

•There are three (3) parts:•Receptor •Control Center•Effector

Structure of Feedback Structure of Feedback LoopLoop

ReceptorReceptor = = senses change; senses change; provides info about change to provides info about change to control centercontrol center

Control Center/IntegratorControl Center/Integrator = = control center that responds;control center that responds; tells tells what a particular value should be what a particular value should be (called the set point)(called the set point)

EffectorEffector = = structures that restore structures that restore homeostasis; elicits responses that homeostasis; elicits responses that change conditions in the internal change conditions in the internal environmentenvironment

Homeostatic Control Homeostatic Control MechanismsMechanisms

Type 1:Type 1:– Negative Feedback MechanismNegative Feedback Mechanism

Homeostatic Control Homeostatic Control MechanismsMechanisms

Negative Feedback, Set Negative Feedback, Set PointPoint

Room temperature does not stay at Room temperature does not stay at set point of 68 degrees -- it only set point of 68 degrees -- it only averages 68 degreesaverages 68 degrees

Human ThermoregulationHuman Thermoregulation Brain senses change Brain senses change

in blood in blood temperaturetemperature– if if overheatingoverheating, ,

vessels vessels dilatedilate in in the skin & the skin & sweating beginssweating begins

– if too if too coldcold, , vasoconstrictionvasoconstriction in in the skin & the skin & shivering beginsshivering begins

Negative feedback summary:

• Prevents sudden, severe changes in body

• Reduces the actions of the effectors

• Corrects the set point

• Causes opposite of bodily disruption to occur, i.e. the ‘negative’

• Limits chaos in the body by creating stability

• Most common type of feedback loop

• Examples: body temperature, blood pressure & glucose regulation

Type 2:Type 2:– Positive FeedbackPositive Feedback

• Self-amplifying change– leads to change in the same

direction• Normal way of producing rapid

changes – occurs with childbirth, blood clotting, protein digestion,

& generation of nerve signals

Homeostatic Control Homeostatic Control MechanismsMechanisms

Positive feedback summary:

• Increases (accelerates) actions of body

• Produces more instability in body

• Produces more chaos in body

• There are only a few types necessary for our survival

• Positive feedback mechanisms are short-lived

• Controls only infrequent events that do not require continuous adjustments

• Considered to be the uncommon loop

• Examples: blood clotting & child birth

Life-Threatening Life-Threatening FeverFever

Temperature > 108 degrees FTemperature > 108 degrees F– increases metabolic rateincreases metabolic rate– body produces heat even body produces heat even

fasterfaster Cycle continues to reinforce Cycle continues to reinforce

itselfitself Becomes fatal at 113 degrees FBecomes fatal at 113 degrees F

Animation:Animation:Positive and Negative Positive and Negative

FeedbackFeedback

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